Table of Contents
Unit 1 Infinitives
Part A Causative Verbs and Infinitive Form 6
B To-infinitives as Subjects 10
C To-infinitives in Predicates 14
D To-infinitives with Too, Enough, and In Order 18
E Review 22
Unit 2 Gerunds
Part A Gerunds and Common Verbs with Gerunds 24
B Infinitives vs. Gerunds 28
C Gerunds after Prepositions 32
D Special Expressions with Gerunds 36
E Review 40
Unit 3 Participles
Part A Present and Past Participles 42
B Perfect Participle Clauses 46
C Review 50
Unit 4 Perfect Tenses
Part A Simple Past vs. Present Perfect 52
B Past Perfect 56
C Present Perfect Progressive 60
D Past Perfect Progressive 64
E Adverbs with Perfect Tenses 68
F Review 72
Unit 5 Modal Auxiliaries
Part A Expressing Ability 74
B Polite Requests 78
C Necessity and Obligation 82
D Advice and Suggestion 86
E Expectation 90
F Review 94
Unit 6 Noun Clauses
Part A Noun Clauses with Question Words 96 B Noun Clauses with That, If, and Whether 100 C Noun Clauses vs. Noun Phrases 104
D Review 108
Unit 7 Relative Clauses
Part A Restrictive Clauses 110
B Non-restrictive Clauses 114
C Review 118
Unit 8 Direct and Indirect Speech
Part A Direct Speech 120
B Indirect Speech 124
C Review 128
Unit 9 Active and Passive Voices
Part A Active and Passive Voices 130
B Active and Passive Forms 134
C Stative Passives 138
D Review 142
Unit 10 Prepositions with Nouns
Part A Nouns Followed by Prepositions 144 B Prepositions Followed by Nouns 148
C Review 152
Appendix
154Index
155Transcripts & Answer Key
Grammar Explanation Preview
Dear Diary,
I was so happy today because I overcame my fear of speaking in front of the class. My friend Emily was so helpful because she helped me realize that standing and speaking in front of others was not a big deal. After class was over, Emily had me stand on a desk. Then, she made me give my speech over and over until I became comfortable in front of her. She convinced me to speak confidently with a loud voice and also forced me to stand up straight while speaking. I am so grateful for all of her help.
Claire
A causative verb is a verb that enables, causes, or allows a person to do something to another person.
* For help, both to-infinitives and bare infinitives are acceptable.
I helped them to move the sofa. I helped them move the sofa.
Causative Verbs
with To-infinitives Get, force, allow, encourage, persuade,
convince, and help* are followed by an object and the to-infinitive form of a verb.
Let, make, have, and help* are followed by an object and the bare infinitive form of a verb.
They persuaded us to join their group.
She convinced me to leave early.
My parents did not let me go to the rock concert.
That food made my stomach feel sick.
The teacher had me do the sum on the board.
Causative Verbs and Infinitive Form
Part A
Unit 1
■Infinitives
with Bare Infinitives
Part A 7 1. My teacher forces me ● ● do chores around her house.
2. I always help my grandmother ● ● to do my homework.
3. Mark’s brother had his friend ● ● help him with his homework.
4. Jenny encourages others ● ● do the dishes after dinner.
5. Allen hates it when his mom makes him ● ● to try new things.
Exercise 2 Match the sentence parts.
1. My violin teacher (made / convinced) me to practice for two hours every night.
2. Are you sure I can’t (convince / make) you to come with us?
3. Sometimes late at night, my father (gets / lets) me drive the car.
4. Emily and Claire are always (having / persuading) us to go shopping with them.
5. My teacher is going to (get / have) me take a special math class next month.
6. Even though Peter doesn’t like it, his father always (forces / has) him to go to music lessons after school.
Exercise 3 Choose the correct causative verb.
1. After begging for three hours, I finally convinced my friend to let me borrow his laptop.
2. My mother made me take ballet lessons when I was younger.
3. My mother has me make my bed every morning.
4. My desire to get into a good university forces me to study hard every day.
5. They convinced me to go to the shop for them.
6. Hopefully, she can persuade her father to let her stay out late on Friday.
Exercise 1 Circle the causative verbs in the sentences. Some sentences have more than one causative verb.
Practice 1
Practice 2
Exercise 5 Underline the mistakes. Write the corrections on the lines. If there are no mistakes, write OK on the line.
1. Yesterday, Peter and Allen let Jenny to beat them in the race. _______
2. The woman convinced the filthy boy to take a shower after he had been playing in the mud. _______
3. Every day, my friend convinces me eat the same thing for lunch. _______
4. Yesterday, Allen’s father had him to go to the hair stylist with his little sister. _______
5. After-school academies help children reinforce topics that they learn in school.
_______
6. Tomorrow, we will get his friend help us move the giant sofa. _______
Exercise 6 Use the pictures to write sentences with causative verbs.
1. __________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________
Exercise 4 Listen and answer the questions.
Track 2 1. What is the client’s name?→__________________________________________________
2. What does the lawyer want the jury to do?
→__________________________________________________
3. What does “not guilty” mean?
→__________________________________________________
4. What was Mr. Pearson forced to do?
→__________________________________________________
Part A 9
Grammar in Use
Exercise 7 Circle the four mistakes in the passage.
1. __________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________
Exercise 8 Rewrite the incorrect sentences correctly.
Bruce,
I can’t believe what happened to me yesterday! I was walking with Joe, and he persuaded me play a joke on Michelle. We took her backpack. Then we told her it was stolen. But we made a mistake
and took the wrong bag. The one we took belonged to the teacher’s daughter. The teacher made us to say sorry to her
daughter. Then she forced us tell Michelle about the joke. It was really embarrassing.
I’ll never let myself to listen to Joe again!
Brian
Part B To-infinitives as Subjects
A to-infinitive phrase may be used as the subject of a sentence. When the to-infinitive phrase is long, the sentence begins with it and the to-infinitive phrase comes at the end of the sentence.
For + an object preceding an infinitive gives that infinitive a specific subject.
An indirect object may follow take and cost.
A to-infinitive can begin a sentence. This is usually done with short infinitive phrases or to give the sentence a more formal feeling.
It is unusual to see an owl during the day.
It takes time to learn a new language.
It is worthwhile for people to invest their savings.
It is unusual for owls to come out during the day.
How long did it take her to do her homework?
It cost her a lot of money to get a good tutor.
To ski takes strong legs and good balance.
To be kind to others is important.
To-infinitives as Subjects
Grammar Explanation Preview
Leadership
To lead requires good organization and a clear set of goals. It takes good communication skills to pass the vision of the goals to others, and it is always important for the leader to inspire his followers to work hard for that goal.
Practice 1
Part B 11 1. to do / that / again. / for me / would be / It / awful
→ ________________________________________________________
2. eighty years / the championship. / to win / took / the team / It
→ ________________________________________________________
3. dollars / lunch. / to buy / It / four / costs
→ ________________________________________________________
4. everyone / to fail / Not / to do / requires / job. / their
→ ________________________________________________________
Exercise 2 Unscramble the sentences.
1. necessary - adults
→ ________________________________________________________
2. important - president
→ ________________________________________________________
3. unfortunate - a child
→ ________________________________________________________
4. rude - teenagers
→ ________________________________________________________
Exercise 3 Make sentences using it and the words given.
1. ____ It cost her three hundred dollars repair her computer.
2. ____ To respect your parents is very important.
3. ____ Every morning, it takes him one hour to fix his hair.
4. ____ It is bad for business to too many customer complaints.
5. ____ When did it occur to you to ask for directions?
6. ____ How long does take you to finish a pint of ice cream?
Exercise 1 Check the sentences that are correct.
Practice 2
1. ______________________________ for me to help do chores around the house.
2. ______________________________ to never do your homework.
3. ______________________________ one dollar to take the bus.
4. ______________________________ to stand up for what you believe.
5. ______________________________ to hear my friend sing.
Exercise 6 Complete the sentences with your own information. Begin each sentence with it.
1. It costs about eight dollars to see a movie.
→________________________________________________________
2. It takes a while to get to school in the morning.
→________________________________________________________
3. It takes a lot of studying to do well in school.
→________________________________________________________
4. It is strange for our boss to take us out for dinner.
→________________________________________________________
5. It is quite common for Peter to forget his homework.
→________________________________________________________
Exercise 5 Rewrite each sentence into a more formal sentence beginning with an infinitive.
Exercise 4 Look at the pictures and answer the questions you hear.
1. __________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________
Track 3
Part B 13
Grammar in Use
Exercise 7 Complete the conversation with words from the box.
1. To find my house is ____________________________________________.
2. It takes around _______________________________________________.
3. It is important for _____________________________________________.
4. It is also important for __________________________________________.
5. Finally, ____________________________________________________.
Exercise 8 Give directions to your house using the prompts.
Man: OK, how do we get to your house?
Woman: Well, 1.
_________________
my house is pretty easy. It takes about twenty minutes 2._________________
there from here. Start by taking Orchard Road for about fifteen minutes. It is important for you 3._________________
slowly because there is a school nearby.It is unusual for there 4.
_________________
children playing in the street, but be careful. It is also important for you5._________________
to the big grey wall on your left because you must turn right on the street after the wall. After turning, go to the end of the street and look for the big blue house.
Man: OK, let’s go!
to pay attention to drive to find to be to get
Part C To-infinitives in Predicates
Grammar Explanation Preview
Q: Why should you be admitted to Tiger College?
Even though there are many other opportunities for me, I want to attend Tiger College. Ever since I was a small child, my father expected me to work my hardest, so I could go to the best college. I did well on my tests and refused to settle for number two in my class, and I hope to study under the guidance of Tiger’s
world-renowned faculty. I will be delighted to start classes this fall, and I promise to maintain my high work ethic.
The to-infinitive comes after a verb.
The to-infinitive comes after an object.
The to-infinitive comes after an adjective.
A to-infinitive can be placed at several different positions within a sentence.
They wanted to stay for a few extra days.
We asked to see the menu.
I asked her to stay for a few more hours.
I lifted the heavy box to impress the girls.
He will be disappointed not to see you.
It will be strange to meet her after so many years.
To-infinitives in Predicates
Practice 1
1. me / to give / my teacher / less / My mother / persuaded / homework.
→ ________________________________________________________
2. information / allows / to get / The Internet / us / anywhere. / from
→ ________________________________________________________
3. off / forgot / to / Peter / oven. / the / turn
→ ________________________________________________________
4. embarrassed / are going / the play. / We / to be / to act / in
→ ________________________________________________________
5. to travel / the world. / around / Jenny’s / planning / sister / is
→ ________________________________________________________
Part C 15
Exercise 2 Unscramble the sentences.
1. The President promised the citizens something. He listened to their problems.
→ ________________________________________________________
2. After not eating all day, my brother will need food. He will eat a big dinner.
→ ________________________________________________________
3. She was very nervous. She flew for the first time.
→ ________________________________________________________
4. I expect to have a good job when I grow up. I am going to be a doctor.
→ ________________________________________________________
5. After the airplane landed, I was so excited. I saw my grandparents.
→ ________________________________________________________
Exercise 3 Combine the two clauses using an infinitive.
Exercise 1 Write A if the infinitive comes after an adjective, O if it comes after an object, or V if it is after a verb.
1. _____ I will be happy to finish this essay.
2. _____ My grandmother plans to give me a diamond ring when I get married.
3. _____ The skier appeared to injure his leg after the girl ran into him.
4. _____ When will your father ask Peter to finish building the dresser?
5. _____ Claire and Emily were very sad to leave Italy and return home.
Practice 2
Exercise 5 Choose the correct answer for each sentence.
Exercise 4 Listen and answer the questions.
1. She really _________ to like her new boyfriend.
a. prefers b. seems c. agrees d. decides
2. “I am sorry, I can’t _________ to ignore it any longer. You have food on your face.”
a. wish b. deserve c. attempts d. pretend
3. My father always reminds me that he _________ me to lose every time we play basketball against each other.
a. expects b. plans c. determines d. agrees 4. Hollywood actors are always eager _________ for the camera.
a. to fly b. to sneeze c. to smile d. to sleep 1. What is the speaker’s profession?
→________________________________________________________
2. Which city are they in?
→________________________________________________________
3. What does he want everybody to do?
→________________________________________________________
4. What is he going to show the audience how to do?
→________________________________________________________
Exercise 6 Use the pictures to write sentences using infinitives.
Track 4
1. __________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________
Part C 17
Grammar in Use
Exercise 7 Complete the passage with words from the box.
wake up seems try excited home in the middle
My daily life 1.
____________
to be pretty boring. Every day, I go to school to listen to my teachers talk about the same thing. After school, Iget 2.
____________
to meet my friends so we can go play soccer. I then go 3.____________
to eat dinner.After that I 4.
____________
to finish my homework, but I usually stop 5.____________
to take a nap. I then 6.
____________
to finish my homework before going back to sleep for the night.Exercise 8 Complete the sentences with information about your daily life.
1. After I come home from school, I want _______________________________.
2. Every day, I am happy __________________________________________.
3. Every day, my parents require me __________________________________.
4. Every day, I am amazed _________________________________________.
To-infinitives with Too, Enough, and In Order
Part D
Grammar Explanation Preview
My parents are always telling me that their lives were so much harder when they were kids. When I want to get a ride to go to a friend’s house, they say they had to walk in a meter of snow to get to school. Or if I don’t like my dinner, they say that they never had enough to eat. When I need new clothes because mine are too old to wear, they tell me that they always wore clothes that were too small to wear because their family never had enough money to buy new ones. I don’t believe everything they say. I think they tell me this in order to make me feel guilty.
Too shows that an adverb or adjective is excessive*
for a certain purpose.
* (i.e., that there is more than a person would want or like)
Enough shows that an adverb, adjective, or noun is sufficient* for a certain thing.
* (i.e., that a person does not need any more of that thing)
In order to is used to show purpose.
It can also be implied when just a to-infinitive is used.
Using a comma, it can precede the main clause. It can also follow the main clause. In this case, there is no comma.
To-infinitives with Too, Enough, and In Order
I was too tired to do any work.
too + adjective/adverb + to-infinitive I have too much work to do today.
too much + uncountable noun + to-infinitive I have too many presents to buy.
too many + plural countable noun + to-infinitive
We had enough time to finish the project.
Enough + noun + to-infinitive
He’s not fast enough to play for the team.
adjective/adverb + enough + to-infinitive I studied hard in order to pass the test. I studied hard to pass the test.
My father drove down Oak Street (in order) to avoid traffic. (In order) to avoid traffic, my father drove down Oak Street.
Practice 1
Part D 19 1. Emily doesn’t have ____________ time to go to all her after-school classes and
finish her homework.
2. My parents sent me ____________ chocolate to finish before I leave.
3. There are ____________ cars on the road to drive home quickly.
4. With forty students and only twenty-five desks, there are ____________ students to place in desks.
5. Jenny feels that there is ____________ pressure on her to perform well in school.
Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with too much, too many, or enough.
1. I must have creativity. I want to write novels.
→ ________________________________________________________
2. After doing poorly on my exam, I must have a good interview. I want to get into a good college.
→ ________________________________________________________
3. You want to see all of France. You must climb to the top of the Eiffel Tower.
→ ________________________________________________________
4. Peter kept his brother from telling their parents that he broke the vase. Peter cleaned his brother’s room for a week.
→ ________________________________________________________
5. Allen wants to buy his girlfriend a bracelet. Allen will need to get a job.
→ ________________________________________________________
Exercise 3 Combine the two sentences to form one sentence using in order +
to-infinitive.1. In order to fly a kite, ● ● in order to get my work done.
2. My friend doesn’t practice enough ● ● to become a great pianist.
3. He weighs too much ● ● to fly to America.
4. I need to wake up early tomorrow ● ● to make sure I don’t get thirsty.
5. It usually costs a thousand dollars ● ● it must be a windy day.
6. When hiking, I always take enough water ● ● to sit on the baby’s swing.
Exercise 1 Match the sentence parts.
Practice 2
Exercise 4 Listen and choose the best responses.
1. He brought enough candy to share with everyone.
→Did ____________________________________________________?
2. We have too much work to do it properly.
→Do _____________________________________________________?
3. You must always watch the ball in order to hit a baseball.
→What ___________________________________________________?
4. I take cooking lessons to impress Jenny.
→Why ___________________________________________________?
5. Allen wants to be taller in order to be a good basketball player.
→Why ___________________________________________________?
Exercise 6 Rewrite the sentences in question form.
1. __________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________
Exercise 5 Use the pictures to write sentences using too, enough, and in order to.
Track 5
1. a. b. c.
2. a. b. c.
3. a. b. c.
4. a. b. c.
Part D 21
Grammar in Use
Exercise 7 Complete the sentences with too, enough, or in order to.
1._____________ make the best Chocolate Chip cookies, follow these easy steps.
2.Get your flour, baking soda, and salt and mix them together. Be sure to add _____________ baking soda or your cookies will look like crackers.
3.Next, make sure to add _____________
sugar and vanilla to make your cookies
sweet, and mix them together along with the flour and a couple of eggs.
4.After that, stir in the chocolate chips evenly _____________ avoid some cookies having _____________ many chips and some cookies with too few.
5.Then, put your dough in the refrigerator for ten minutes _____________
let the baking soda rise so your cookies aren’t flat like cardboard.
6.Next, preheat your oven to 350 degrees, and put spoonfuls of cookie dough onto a cookie sheet. Don’t make your cookies _____________ thick or the middle will never bake.
7.Finally, put your cookies into the oven for ten minutes. Be sure to allow _____________ time for the oven to preheat _____________ ensure that your cookies are baked properly.
8.Now you can take the cookies out of the oven and enjoy them!
1. In order to make cookies, what ingredients do you need?
→ ________________________________________________________
2. Why must you put the dough in the refrigerator?
→ ________________________________________________________
3. Why shouldn’t you make your cookies too thick?
→ ________________________________________________________
Exercise 8 Answer questions about the reading.
Review
Part E
A: I bought a new English bookin order to study harder.
A: Yes, but sometimes I don’t have enough time to study.
A: Yes, I will just do my best!
B: Cool. It’s a good idea to learn a new language.
B: Well, don’t studytoo much. It takes time to learn a new language.
Exercise 1 Practice the conversations with a partner. Change roles for each conversation.
1. 2. 3.
bought a new English book joined a new gym got a canoe
study harder get fit take up a sport
to learn a new language get in shape learn a new sport
study exercise practice
1. My mother promised ● ● the author to finish his book.
2. Because he misbehaved, the teacher had ● ● we need to have tickets.
3. It took three years for ● ● Allen stand outside of the classroom.
4. In order to get into the stadium, ● ● to buy me new shoes for my birthday.
5. I never agreed to ● ● allow my cousin to stay in my room.
1. successful. / It / hard work / to / takes / become
→________________________________________________________
2. finish / homework. / sister / I / help / her / will / my
→________________________________________________________
3. to / care. / irresponsible / One / be / not / must
→________________________________________________________
4. strange / others. / It is / very / help / to see / a selfish / man
→________________________________________________________
Exercise 2 Match the sentence parts.
Exercise 3 Unscramble the sentences.
It is better to be safe than sorry.
Proverb
Exercise 4 Write a complete sentence using the words and tense given.
1. (present) I - too tired - to do
→ ________________________________________________________
2. (future) My friend - convince - comic books
→ ________________________________________________________
3. (past) We - invite - our friends
→ ________________________________________________________
4. (future) He - not have - enough - cake
→ ________________________________________________________
5. (past) In order to - catch - friend - he - run
→ ________________________________________________________
Exercise 5 Circle two mistakes in each sentence and then rewrite the sentence correctly.
1. Yesterday, Peter makes his friend to go with him to the doctor’s office.
→ ________________________________________________________
2. Mark wanted her help he with his homework.
→ ________________________________________________________
3. She doesn’t got a high enough score pass the test.
→ ________________________________________________________
4. I’m study French order to go to Paris.
→ ________________________________________________________
5. You can never to do enough help others to live well.
→ ________________________________________________________
Review 23
