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Roles and functions of government for promoting MFA application and resource management
- (A-2) Case Studies for Japan- Yuichi
Yuichi MoriguchiMoriguchi, Dr. Eng., Dr. Eng.
Director Director
Research Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
Visiting Professor, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
Vice Chair (Ex-Chair), OECD/EPOC/WGEIO
Member, International Panel for Sustainable Resource Management
Sustainable Resource Management Workshop hosted by CTCI, 5-6 October 2009
Yen Tjing Ling Industrial Research Institute, National Taiwan University , Taipei Course A (for Governmental Agencies)
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Background in Japan
¾ Visible problems associated with increasing volume and diversified quality of solid wastes (shortage of disposal site, risk of environmental pollution by waste treatment facilities, illegal dumping, increasing cost, etc,)
¾ High dependency on imported natural resources and problems hidden behind (indicated e.g. by Ecological rucksack, ecological footprint and so on)
¾ The spirit of “Mottainai”
Mottainai is a long-established Japanese concept meaning that it is a shame for something to go to waste without having made use of its potential in full. This expression incorporate a respect for the environment that das been handed down from ages past.
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Environmental implications of
mass-production and mass-consumption
Treat
ment Landfill Illegal
dumping Produc
tion
Supply chain
Consump
tion Disposal Resource
extraction
Increasing cost for increasing waste to
be managed
Shortage of landfill, Not-in-my-back-
yard (NIMBY) Environmental
impact by extraction and
harvest
Consumption of energy and resources, emissions of environmental burdens throughout the whole life-cycle
Extended Producer Responsibility
Remarkable reduction of Dioxins Significant reduction of landfill
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Reform of waste management and recycling policy toward a Sound Material-cycle Society
1. Three main trends of waste and recycling measures z Responsibility of waste-generating businesses
(mainly for industrial wastes)
z Recycling measures through Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
z Collaboration between local and central governments, (mainly for municipal wastes)
2. Crosscutting approach
Promotion of various technical developments
(EcoDesign, 3R technologies, Incineration and final disposal technologies)
New approaches toward lifestyle change
(“Mottainai” spirit, everyday life, education, green purchasing)
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Transition of socio-economic structure
One-way
Recycling-based Cycle-oriented Sound material-cycle
循環型社会
“Junkan”
大量生産・大量消費・
大量廃棄型社会
Mass-production, mass-consumption, mass-disposal society
Sound material-cycle society (SMCS)
Saving resources
Reducing burdens
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Concept of a Sound Material-Cycle Society
¾ Japan is undertaking the transition to a Sound Material-Cycle Society.
A sound material-cycle society, in which the consumption of natural resources is
minimized and the environmental load is
reduced as much as possible, is established by promoting reduction, reuse, recycling,
energy recovery and appropriate disposal.
7 Final Disposal Proper Disposal
Dispose of those cannot be used by any means
Treatment
(Recycling, incineration, etc.)
Production
(Manufacturing, distribution, etc.)
Consumption, Use
Discard
Energy Recovery
Recover energy from those having no alternatives but incineration and unable to be materially recycled
Material Recycling
Recycle those cannot be reused as raw materials
Input of Natural
Resources First: Reduction
Reduce generation of wastes and byproducts Reduce
Reduce generation of wastes and byproducts
Reuse
Use goods repeatedly
Scheme of a Sound Material
Scheme of a Sound Material- - Cycle Society Cycle Society
8 Waste Management and
Public Cleansing Law
Law for Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources
Container and Packaging
Home Appliances
Construction Materials
Food Wastes
End-of-life Vehicles Law on Promoting Green Purchasing
Fundamental Environmental Law
(Establishment of General Systems)
Fundamental Law for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society
(Regulations according to the characteristics of respective Items)
Law and Regulation Law and Regulation
Fundamental Plan Fundamental Plan
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Present Situation: Unsustainable Activity Patterns of the 20th Century Problems: ･Realization of Social and Economic Systems Based on Recycling
・Solution of Waste Problems
Present Situation: Unsustainable Activity Patterns of the 20th Century Problems: ･Realization of Social and Economic Systems Based on Recycling
・Solution of Waste Problems
Lifestyle: Using high quality goods with care, "Slow" Lifestyle Manufacturing: DfE (Design for Environment), Long-life products, Lease & Rental
Lifestyle: Using high quality goods with care, "Slow" Lifestyle Manufacturing: DfE (Design for Environment), Long-life
products, Lease & Rental Image of a sound material-cycle SocietyImage of a sound material-cycle Society
1 Targets for Indicators Based on Material Flow Accounts
(1) "Input”: Resource Productivity FY2010: About 390 thousand yen/ton (About 40% improvement from FY 2000) (2) "Recycling": Rate of Reuse and Recycling FY2010: About 14% (About 40% improvement from FY 2000)
(3)"Output": Final Disposal Amount FY2010: About 28 million tons (Almost 50% reduction from FY2000)
2 Targets for Effort Indicators
・Reducing the quantity of municipal solid waste: reducing the amount of garbage discharged from households per person per day by 20% from FY2000
・Expanding the sound material-cycle business market 1 Targets for Indicators Based on Material Flow Accounts
(1) "Input”: Resource Productivity FY2010: About 390 thousand yen/ton (About 40% improvement from FY 2000) (2) "Recycling": Rate of Reuse and Recycling FY2010: About 14% (About 40% improvement from FY 2000)
(3)"Output": Final Disposal Amount FY2010: About 28 million tons (Almost 50% reduction from FY2000)
2 Targets for Effort Indicators
・Reducing the quantity of municipal solid waste: reducing the amount of garbage discharged from households per person per day by 20% from FY2000
・Expanding the sound material-cycle business market
Quantitative Targets: FY2000-2010 Quantitative Targets: FY2000-2010
Efforts of Entities Efforts of Entities
Citizens: Changing their lifestyle to establish a sound material-cycle society, etc.
Citizens: Changing their lifestyle to establish a sound material-cycle society, etc.
Local governments: Enforcing laws and regulations, acting as a coordinator among various local entities, etc.
Local governments: Enforcing laws and regulations, acting as a coordinator among various local entities, etc.
Present Situation and Problems Present Situation and Problems
NPOs/NGOs: Promoting activities that contribute to establishing a sound material-cycle society, etc.
NPOs/NGOs: Promoting activities that contribute to establishing a sound material-cycle society, etc.
Business organizations: Promoting appropriate reuse, recycling and disposal of wastes based on EPR, etc.
Business organizations: Promoting appropriate reuse, recycling and disposal of wastes based on EPR, etc.
The State: Fostering partnerships among social stakeholders, leading activities for establishing a sound material-cycle society, etc.
The State: Fostering partnerships among social stakeholders, leading activities for establishing a sound material-cycle society, etc.
The Fundamental Plan for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society (Outline) The Fundamental Plan for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society (Outline)
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Fundamental Plan for Establishing Fundamental Plan for Establishing
a Sound Material
a Sound Material- - Cycle Society Cycle Society
z National Government
Fostering partnerships among stakeholders z Citizens
Changing their lifestyle z NPOs and NGOs
Promotion of their activities z Business Organizations
Promoting the “3Rs” based on EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility) z Local Governments
Enforcing laws and regulations; acting as coordinators z National Government
Fostering partnerships among stakeholders z Citizens
Changing their lifestyle z NPOs and NGOs
Promotion of their activities z Business Organizations
Promoting the “3Rs” based on EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility) z Local Governments
Enforcing laws and regulations; acting as coordinators Efforts Required of Entities
Efforts Required of Entities
Quantitative Targets: FY2000-2010 Quantitative Targets: FY2000-2010
11 Image of a Sound Material-Cycle Society
Image of a Sound Material-Cycle Society
1 Targets for Indicators Based on Material Flow Accounts a) Resource Productivity
b) Cyclical Use Rate
c) Final Disposal Amount
2 Targets for Indices Related to Efforts
z Reducing the quantity of municipal solid waste
20% reduction of garbage discharged from households per person per day compared with FY2000
z Promoting sound material-cycle related businesses
Doubling the size of the related market and the number of related jobs compared with FY 1997
1 Targets for Indicators Based on Material Flow Accounts a) Resource Productivity
b) Cyclical Use Rate
c) Final Disposal Amount
2 Targets for Indices Related to Efforts
z Reducing the quantity of municipal solid waste
20% reduction of garbage discharged from households per person per day compared with FY2000
z Promoting sound material-cycle related businesses
Doubling the size of the related market and the number of related jobs compared with FY 1997
Quantitative Targets: FY2000-2010 Quantitative Targets: FY2000-2010
Manufacturing: DfE (Design for Environment), long-life products, lease & rental Waste management: cyclical use, appropriate disposal system
Fundamental Plan for Establishing Fundamental Plan for Establishing
a Sound Material
a Sound Material- - Cycle Society Cycle Society
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0 25 50
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 （FY）
（10000JPY／t）
0 50 100 150
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 （FY）
（million ton）
0 5 10 15
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 （FY）
（％）
Trend of 3 material flow indicators
Resource productivity
Cyclical use
Resource productivity
=
Direct Material Input（DMI) GDP
DMI＋Cyclically used amount Cyclically used amount
=
Cyclical use
Final disposal of solid wastes
=
Final disposal
Final disposal
40%increase
40% Increase 50％
reduction
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Decomposition of resource productivity
GDP F F
F F
R DMI
R DMI
DMI GDP
DMI
ii
i k i
k
k i k k
k
+ ⋅ ⋅
+ ⋅
= ∑∑ , ,
Reduction of dependence on imports
To increase the use of recycled materials out of total input of resources
To reduce direct & indirect material required by the production of each commodity （by technology
improvement）
Changing the pattern of
consumption and investment
（transition to less material- intensive demands）
DMI:Direct Material Input
R: Amount of recycled materials
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Decomposition analysis of resource productivity (by materials)
( ) ( )
∑∑
+ × + × ×=
k i
i i
i k i
k k
k k
GDP F F
F F
R DMI
R DMI
DMI GDP
DMI , ,
1 – Cyclical
Use Rate
Induced Material
Use Intensity
Structure of Final Demand
1 + Average Propensity
To Import Material
Use Intensity
(Inverse of RP)
× × ×
=
Minerals Machinery Construction Services Other
1995-2002
Hashimoto S. et al., Journal of Industrial Ecology, 12(5-6), 657 – 668, 2008
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The Extension of Indicators under the 2nd Fundamental Plan for Establishing a Sound Material Cycle Society (Mar. 2008)
（material flow based indicators）
1 Indicators with target setting （as compared with 2000)
1) “Input": Resource Productivity increase 2010 40% 2015 60%
2) “Recycle”: Cyclical use Rate increase 2010 40% 2015 40-50%
3) “Output": Final Disposal Amount reduction 2010 50% 2015 60%
2 Supplementary indicators with target setting
1) Resource productivity not including resource input of construction minerals 2) Collaboration with the action for low carbon society
- the amount of reduction by the measures of waste sector to reduce GHGs emission
- GHGs emission associated with waste sector and fossil fuels to be substituted by waste power generation （monitoring）
3 Indicators to monitor progress
1) Resource productivity related to fossil fuels 2) Input rate of biomass resources
3) Hidden Flow and TMR （Total Material Requirement） （the example of estimation：about 21 times larger than the import of metal resources）
4) Indicators considering international resource circulation 5) Resource productivity of each industrial sector
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Examples of progress in recycling
¾ Aluminum Cans
• Recovery rate > 90%
• Can-to-can recycling is practiced
• Recycling of Aluminum avoids energy intensive smelting process and accompanied CO
2¾ Recycling of waste packaging plastics
• e.g. Chemical feedstock recycling such as substitute to coking coal for steel making
• 2kg CO
2avoided per 1kg waste plastics,
compared with incinerator with power generator
of 10% efficiency
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Opportunities and limitation of recycling
¾ Opportunities
• Reducing primary resource requirement and associated environmental impacts of mining (e.g. of Copper)
• Reducing energy consumption and carbon emission of material production (e.g. of Iron and Aluminum)
¾ Limitations
• Negative environmental impacts by application of immature recycling process
• Imbalance between supply and demand of secondary resources (e.g. Steel scrap availability from developed economies are not sufficient for meeting demand from developing economies)
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Energy vs. Material resources
Possibilities for Win-win relations
¾ A common framework of material and energy flow analysis can describe both material flows and energy flows.
¾ Majority of raw material industries are energy-intensive and carbon intensive, so the reduction of raw material consumption through 3Rs will contribute to mitigate GHG emissions.
Needs for integrated understanding and management
¾ When is the best timing for consumers to replace less-energy efficient durables (cars, refrigerators, air-conditioners, etc.) with up-to-date efficient models ?
¾ Isn’t it “Mottainai” to discard equipments still durable ? Is it adequate to export 2nd hand electric equipment to developing countries ?
¾ Energy pay-back time considers only trade-off between increasing energy requirement in initial stage and reduction in later stages, and additional non- energy mineral use is usually not taken into account.
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Trade-off and substitution between energy and material resources
¾ Both fossil fuels and non-energy minerals (e.g. metals) are non-renewable.
¾ More energy is sometimes required to reduce material requirement, and more materials are required to reduce energy requirement.
¾ Additional use of non-energy resource may lead to the
increase of future energy consumption for lower-grade ore processing.
¾ How should we account for increasing use of precious/rare metals for photovoltaic, fuel cell vehicle ?
¾ Methodology of life-cycle impact assessment for this kind of trade-off should be elaborated.
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Products, By-products General framework of Material Flow Analysis
Material resources
Energy Resources
Pollutants, Wastes
Target unit
Process Company
Sector City Region Nation
Parts,
Materials,
Products
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Trends of Crude Steel Production by Region
(1000t)
0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 1,400,000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
W orld A sia Japan C hina U S A EU 15
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Metabolism of Cities
Cities
Infrastructure
Fossil fuels
GHGs, air pollutants
Solid waste Waste water
Products and services with
value added
Indirect GHGs
Electricity
Foods Ind. Products
Raw materials Water
Traditional
“materialized”
urban activity
throughput
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Urbanization is carbon & energy intensive
¾ Steel and cement, key materials for building urban infrastructure, are carbon-intensive.
ca. 0.8t-CO
2/t-cement production ca. 1.5t-CO
2/t-steel production
¾ Once urban infrastructure is built, it prompts energy consumption through operation, e.g.,
heating/cooling space, driving on road, pumping
sewage, etc.
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Metabolism of Cities
Solar energy (Renewable)
Cities
Infrastructure
Fossil fuels
GHGs, air pollutants
Solid waste Waste water
“Urban mine”
Products and services with
value added
Indirect GHGs
Electricity Ind. Products
Raw materials Water
Recyclable
Foods
More ecological
“dematerialized”
urban activity
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MFA in a corporate environmental reporting
27 http://www.env.go.jp/en/recycle/smcs/material_flow/2006_en.pdf
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