Basic English Sentence Patterns

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Unit 1

Basic English Sentence Patterns

A. When we make simple English sentences, we usually follow the Subject-Verb-Object pattern.

Steps:

1. put the subject and the adjectives such as ‘fat’, ‘thin’ etc. or any words describing the subject at the beginning of the sentence

2. put the verb and some adverbs such as ‘often’, ‘usually’ etc. after the subject

3. put the object of the verb, the adjectives or other words describing the object and the adverbs describing the verb at the end of he sentence

Subject Verb Object

Paul Mary

My father and mother The fat girl

That little boy

often eats ate are eating has eaten will eat

biscuits.

two apples quickly.

mangoes now.

a watermelon.

some bread soon.

Exercise 1

Rearrange the words in correct order to make complete sentences.

e.g. the fat cat / a mouse / is chasing.

The fat cat is chasing a mouse.

1. that thin girl / is drinking / milk now

2. the robbers yesterday / the police / caught 3. our teacher / like /we

4. my mother / my baby sister / is looking after 5. has just written / a letter / the tall man

6. the students / have solved / some Mathematics problems 7. her aunt tomorrow / will visit / Mary

8. newspapers every day / my boss / reads 9. enjoyed / the movie / the audience

10. the cook / some chocolate cakes / has made

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Answers

Exercise 1

1. That thin girl is drinking milk now.

2. The police caught the robbers yesterday.

3. We like our teacher.

4. My mother is looking after my baby sister.

5. The tall man has just written a letter.

6. The students have solved some Mathematics problems.

7. Mary will visit her aunt tomorrow.

8. My boss reads newspapers every day.

9. The audience enjoyed the movie.

10. The cook has made some chocolate cakes.

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B. Some verbs can be followed by two objects without an ‘and’ connecting them.

One of these objects is called the ‘direct object’ and the other the ‘indirect object’. Below is the pattern of a sentence containing both direct object and indirect object:

Subject – Verb – Indirect Object – Direct Object

Subject

Verb Indirect Object Direct Object

I

My parents We

They

gave always tell have lent are asking

my sister me him the teacher

a birthday present.

stories.

some money.

some questions.

Exercise 2

Rearrange the words in correct order to make complete sentences.

e.g. my sister / a birthday cake yesterday / me / baked My sister baked me a birthday cake yesterday.

1. the short man / has bought / some crayons from the stationery shop / his son 2. the policeman / has just shown / the driver / his driving license

3. the patient / gave / some medicine / the nurse

4. brought / me / a bouquet of flowers last week / my uncle 5. the shopkeeper / the customer / is paying / two hundred dollars 6. he / his brother / the secret / has never told

7. a postcard from Japan / sent / her / her best friend

8. did not lend / his new model car / the child / his classmate 9. her mother / cooked / her / some congee

10. has ever given / any help / the blind woman / no one in the street

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Answers

Exercise 2

1. The short man has bought his son some crayons from the stationery shop.

2. The driver has just shown the policeman his driving license.

3. The nurse gave the patient some medicine.

4. My uncle brought me a bouquet of flowers last week.

5. The customer is paying the shopkeeper two hundred dollars.

6. He has never told his brother the secret.

7. Her best friend sent her a postcard from Japan.

8. The child did not lend his classmate his new model car.

9. Her mother cooked her some congee.

10. No one in the street has ever given the blind woman any help.

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C. Sometimes a preposition is put in front of the indirect object. The pattern of such sentence is :

Subject – Verb – Direct Object – Preposition – Indirect Object

Subject Verb Direct Object Preposition Indirect Object

My friend His parents

has sent bought

a letter a computer

to for

me.

him.

Exercise 3

Rewrite each of the following sentences by placing the word in brackets before the indirect object.

e.g. My brother showed me his new wallet. (to) My brother showed his new wallet to me.

1. The postman took her a letter yesterday. (to)

2. The dog owner gives his dog a bone every day. (to) 3. The students sent their teacher a present. (to) 4. The gardener handed me some flowers. (to)

5. My mother has already taken my father a cup of coffee.(to) 6. She found me a seat in the concert last Sunday. (for)

7. Betty has painted her best friend a beautiful picture. (for) 8. We bought our uncle a pair of gloves on his birthday. (for) 9. The tailor made the princess a new dress. (for)

10. Judy has baked me some chocolate cookies. (for)

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Answers

Exercise 3

1. The postman took a letter to her yesterday.

2. The dog owner gives a bone to his dog every day.

3. The students sent a present to their teacher.

4. The gardener handed some flowers to me.

5. My mother has already taken a cup of coffee to my father.

6. She found a seat for me in the concert last Sunday.

7. Betty has painted a beautiful picture for her best friend.

8. We bought a pair of gloves for our uncle on his birthday.

9. The tailor made a new dress for the princess.

10. Judy has baked some chocolate cookies for me.

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Unit 2 Parts of Speech

Words perform different functions in a sentence. Details are as follows:

Parts of speech Usage Example

Noun it names a person, a place or a thing

Mary is beautiful.

Paris is the capital of France.

Freedom is very important.

Pronoun it is a word used instead of a noun

They are good students.

The pencil is hers.

Adjective it describes a noun My father is tall but my mother is short.

Verb it tells an action Birds fly.

Adverb it describes the adjective and / or verbs

The children always talk loudly.

Preposition it tells the relationship between nouns / pronouns and other words in a sentence

My parents will meet me at the station tomorrow.

Conjunction it joins sentences, clauses, phrases and single words

Jimmy opened the door and went in.

Exclamation it tells sudden feeling or emotion

Hurrah! We won the football match.

Exercise 1

Pick out the nouns in the following sentences. There may be more than one noun in each sentence.

e.g. Terry told his friends many secrets.

Nouns: Terry, friends, secrets 1. His success made his parents happy.

2. Cows give us milk.

3. The train has just left the station.

4. Paris is the capital of France.

5. Our family spent the holiday in London.

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6. Do you drink coffee with milk and sugar?

7. Lead is softer than iron.

8. What’s more important, health or wealth?

9. A swarm of rabbits ran out of the forest.

10. My brother had a toothache last week.

Answers

Exercise 1

1. success, parents

2. cows, milk 3. train, station.

4. Paris, capital, France.

5. family, holiday, London.

6. coffee, milk, sugar 7. lead, iron.

8. health, wealth

9. swarm, rabbits, forest 10. brother, toothache, week

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Pick out the pronouns in the following sentences. There may be more than one pronoun in each sentence.

e.g. These socks are hers.

pronoun: hers

1. The yellow car over there belongs to him.

2. This cat is beautiful, but mine is more beautiful.

3. Who gave her the money?

4. He cut himself when he was shaving.

5. Which do you prefer, an apple or an orange?

6. There is nobody here.

7. The teacher can hear them talking.

8. She explained it to me yesterday.

9. I found these tickets on the floor yesterday. Are they yours?

10. You should help yourself.

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Answers

Exercise 2 1. him.

2. mine 3. Who, her 4. He, himself, he 5. Which, you 6. nobody 7. them 8. She, it, me 9. I, they, yours 10. You, yourself

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Exercise 3

Pick out the adjectives in the following sentences. There may be more than one adjective in each sentence.

e.g. He is a hard-working student.

adjective: hard-working

1. These apples are sweet but expensive.

2. Whose umbrella is this?

3. There is some milk in the refrigerator.

4. Tai Mo Shan is the highest mountain in Hong Kong.

5. We have not got any mango trees in our garden.

6. Which dress do you like, the blue one or the red one?

7. Peter is fatter than Maurice.

8. It is dangerous for children to play with matches.

9. This book is very interesting. Have you read it?

10. Alan is an honest boy.

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Answers

Exercise 3

1. These, sweet, expensive 2. Whose

3. some 4. highest 5. any, our

6. Which, blue, red 7. fatter

8. dangerous 9. interesting 10. honest

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Pick out the verbs in the following sentences. There may be more than one verb in each sentence.

e.g. There are thirty students in my class.

verb: are

1. After the rain had stopped, the children went out to the playground.

2. My sister enjoys listening to classical music.

3. We will visit the museum tomorrow.

4. Who has finished doing the exercise?

5. The tiger was shot by the hunter.

6. The train is leaving soon.

7. Snakes are found in Sai Kung.

8. John occupies a very important position in the company.

9. I was bathing when the telephone rang.

10. That is the woman who knows my parents.

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Answers

Exercise 4 1. had stopped, went 2. enjoys

3. will visit 4. has finished 5. was shot 6. is leaving 7. are found 8. occupies

9. was bathing, rang 10. is, knows

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Pick out the adverbs in the following sentences. There may be more than one adverb in each sentence.

e.g. The soldiers fought bravely in the war.

adverb: bravely

1. The little girl smiled sweetly at me yesterday.

2. Please hang the wet clothes here.

3. The chairman seldom arrives on time.

4. You must spend your money more wisely.

5. It is raining heavily. You must drive carefully.

6. He shouted at the dog that was barking noisily.

7. Jane spoke the least throughout the meeting.

8. You must work hard if you want to pass the examination.

9. Have you ever visited Thailand?

10. The box is too heavy for him to carry.

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Answers

Exercise 5

1. sweetly, yesterday 2. here

3. seldom 4. more wisely 5. heavily, carefully 6. noisily

7. least 8. hard 9. ever 10. too

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Exercise 6

Pick out the prepositions in the following sentences. There may be more than one preposition in each sentence.

e.g. My father works in a factory. . preposition: in

1. Take off your hat before you go into the room.

2. I bought this book for fifty dollars.

3. There is a bridge over the river.

4. I like walking along the riverbank.

5. She kept her jewellery in a box under the bed.

6. The lifeguard had to swim against the currents to reach the drowning child.

7. He is afraid of snakes.

8. Homework should be finished at home.

9. My parents do not work on Sundays.

10. Rose is absent from school today.

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Answers

Exercise 6 1. off, into 2. for 3. over 4. along 5. in, under 6. against 7. of 8. at 9. on 10. from

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Exercise 7

Pick out the conjunctions in the following sentences.

e.g. A fish can swim but a bird cannot. . conjunction: but

1. Although he was late, he managed to catch the bus.

2. My father had locked the door before he went to bed last night.

3. I am dark but my sister is fair.

4. We must hurry or we will be late.

5. Do not move until the general gives the order.

6. Since she was not there, I talked to her husband.

7. They were disqualified because they cheated during the game.

8. We can’t carry on for it is raining heavily.

9. My brother had a serious stomachache, so he returned home.

10. Though she was suffering much pain, she did not complain.

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Answers

Exercise 7 1. Although 2. before.

3. but 4. or 5. until 6. Since 7. because 8. for 9. so 10. Though

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Pick out the exclamations in the following sentences.

e.g. Hush! Don’t make any noise.

exclamation: Hush

1. Oh! I am sorry to hear that.

2. Ah! This is my dream car.

3. Hush! Be quiet. The baby is asleep.

4. How wonderful! It can fly.

5. Alas! The dog is dead.

6. Ha! Ha! I have won the first prize.

7. Good heavens! A storm is coming.

8. Dear me! What a fool he is.

9. Well done! Please play it once more.

10. Hurrah! Our team won the game.

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Answers

Exercise 8 1. Oh 2. Ah 3. Hush

4. How wonderful 5. Alas

6. Ha, Ha

7. Good heavens 8. Dear me 9. Well done 10. Hurrah

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Unit 3

Simple Present Tense

The Simple Present Tense is used to talk about:

1. things that are usually true e.g. The Earth goes round the sun.

2. situations which are true at the time of speaking although they may change e.g. He is in Paris at the moment.

3. habits, or things which happen regularly e.g. He takes a shower every evening.

Exercise 1

Fill in the blanks with the simple present form of the verbs in brackets.

e.g. He drinks a cup of coffee every morning. (drink)

1. Smoking __________ a bad habit. (be)

2. Annie ___________ her homework every day. (do) 3. He __________ the plants every other day. (water) 4. I ____________ up early every morning. (get) 5. Birds ___________ south in the winter. (fly)

6. My parents ___________ work on Sundays. (not work) 7. Amanda ___________ T.V. most evenings. (watch) 8. She often __________ her grandparents. (visit)

9. His brother ___________ football on Mondays. (play) 10. _____ you ______ the way to the restaurant? (know)

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Answers

Exercise 1 1. is 2. does 3. waters 4. get 5. fly

6. do not work 7. watches 8. visits 9. plays

10. Do you know

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Choose verbs from the box to complete the following sentences. Remember to use the correct form of the verbs.

e.g. An honest person always tells the truth.

put have lose enjoy boil tell like need open make go

1. Water ___________ at 100 degrees Celsius.

2. Firefighters __________ out fires.

3. Most children ____________ to eat chocolate and ice-cream.

4. His parents seldom ___________ to movies.

5. We ____________ English lessons every day.

6. The shops in this mall __________ at eleven daily.

7. She often ___________ her temper, so she has no friends.

8. Plants usually ____________ sunlight and water.

9. ______ you _________ listening to classical music?

10. Practice __________ perfect.

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Answers

Exercise 2 1. boils 2. put 3. like 4. go 5. have 6. open 7. loses 8. need

9. Do you enjoy 10. makes

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The following sentences are taken from Living Geography Book 1A published by Addison Wesley Longman China Limited.

e.g. A baby is helpless and needs parental care. (be, need)

1. A four-grid reference __________ four numbers. The first two numbers __________ the easting. The second two numbers __________ the northing.

(contain, be, be)

2. Recreational activities __________ place wither indoors or outdoors. For example, playing squash __________ one type of indoor recreational activity. Cycling and flying kites __________ outdoor recreational activity. (take, be, be)

3. Pollution problems __________ us very much in recent years. Many Hong Kong people __________ abroad for the clean air and unspoilt beaches. (affect, go)

4. Different people __________ different preferences. Some people __________

sightseeing, some people __________ adventures and some people __________

shopping or food. (have, prefer, like, like)

5. Tourism __________ service industry. It __________ many jobs in transport, hotel, catering and entertainment businesses. Examples __________ tourist guides, coach drivers, waiters and waitresses in hotels and restaurants. (be, create, be) 6. Some factories __________ inflammable raw materials and may catch fire easily.

This __________ a very serious threat to buildings nearby. For example, the factories in San Po Kong __________ very near to residential blocks. This __________ an example of land use conflict. (use, be, be, be)

7. The buildings __________ often small and a lot of people __________ there.

Windows __________ not sufficient and so ventilation __________ poor. The shops __________ a lot of rubbish and pollutants like waste gases from restaurant kitchens. The dense traffic and slow-moving vehicles also __________ out a lot of smoke and harmful gases. Living there __________ very unpleasant. (be, live, be, be, produce, give, become)

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Answers

Exercise 3

1. contains, are, are 2. takes, is, are 3. affect, go

4. have, prefer, like, like 5. is, creates, are

6. use, is, are, is

7. are, live, are, is, produce, give, becomes

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The following sentences are taken from Living Geography Book 1B published by Addison Wesley Longman China Limited.

8. Guangzhou __________ a good public transport system. Many people __________ their bicycles to work or school. This __________ down the traffic, especially in the rush hours. Every day more than 800,000 vehicles __________ in Guangzhou, so congestion __________ common along the narrow streets, bridges and tunnels. (not have, ride, slow, run, be)

9. Some factories __________ their waste water properly. They just __________

them down the drain pipes. This waste water __________ toxic chemicals and metals. These then __________ concentrated in seafood like oysters and shrimps. (not treat, pour, contain, become)

10. Since the Second World War, the two cities __________ better sanitary conditions and medical facilities. Now fewer babies __________ after birth and people __________ a longer life. Therefore, as the number of deaths __________, population __________. (have, die, live, drop, increase)

11. Some factory owners __________ their waste water into the drain pipes. Many cars __________ black smoke but the drivers __________ them. People __________ a lot of paper and plastic and therefore __________ a large amount of solid waste. (pour, emit, not fix, use, produce)

12. As factories __________ to the mainland of China, the government __________

the factory landowners to change the purpose of the industrial buildings. (move, encourage)

13. Some countries, like the USA, __________ to protect their own industries. They __________ up quotas to restrict the quantity of imported products. They also __________ the price of imported goods by using tariffs on imports. (want, set, increase)

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14. The government __________ training courses for industrial workers who __________ to change jobs. These courses __________ free and all retrainees __________ a retraining allowance of $4,000 per month for attending full-time courses. (provide, want, be, receive)

Answers

Exercise 4

8. does not have, ride, slows, run, is 9. do not treat, pour, contains, become 10. have, die, live, drops, increases 11. pour, emit, do not fix, use, produce 12. move, encourages

13. want, set, increase

14. provides, want, are, receive

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The following sentences are taken from Journey Through History – A Modern Course Book 1 published by Aristo Educational Press Limited.

1. We __________ about the past from the writings of historians. Historians __________ a record of past events from primary sources and secondary sources.

(learn, make)

2. Hong Kong __________ to Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon Peninsula and the New Territories. It __________ in Guangdong province in south China. (refer, be) 3. Each walled village __________ an ancestral hall. The ancestral hall __________

the soul tablets of the clan’s founding ancestor. Clan members __________ their ancestors, __________ celebrations and __________about clan affairs there.

(have, houses, worship, hold, talk)

4. Damiao __________ the oldest and largest of all the Tianhou temples in Hong Kong. Some 30000 worshippers __________ there on Tinahou’s birthday. At Damiao, they __________ incense, and __________ fruit and roasted pigs to Tianhou. (be, go, burn, offer)

5. Civilization __________ citizens or persons living in a village, a town or a city.

Historians __________ this word to describe how people __________ in villages, towns or cities. (mean, use, live)

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Answers

Exercise 5 15. learn, make 16. refers, is

17. has, houses, worship, hold, talk 18. is, go, burn, offer

19. means, use, live

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The following sentences are taken from Understanding Integrated Science for 21^st Century Book 1A published by Aristo Educational Press Limited.

1. Scientists __________out experiments in laboratories. A laboratory ____________a lot of apparatus and equipment. (carry, provide)

2. Most of the time a detective _____________some materials from the scene and _____________them to the laboratory for analysis. (collect, send)

3. No one _____________exactly how many different kinds of living things ______________on Earth today. (know, exist)

4. Life _____________ when a sperm __________ ovum. The sperms ____________up the uterus to the oviduct. (begin, meet, swim)

5. When a person _____________puberty, he or she ____________sexual maturity.

(reach, reach)

6. The lining of the uterus ____________down and a small amount of blood and cells _____________out through the vagina. (break, pass)

7. If pregnancy_____________, the lining of the uterus ___________thick and - ______________down. (occur, stay, not break)

8. The menstrual cycle _____________usually about 28 days, but it ___________in different women.(be, vary)

9. If you _______________abortion as the solution when you _____________a pregnant, __________you ___________the serious effects of abortion? (choose, get, know)

10. Some __________ sex as something casual and ____________much attention to the consequences which might be very serious. (take, not pay)

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Answers

Exercise 6

1. carry, provides 2. collects, sends 3. knows, exist

4. begins, meets, swim 5. reaches, reaches 6. breaks, pass

7. occurs, stays, does not break 8. is, varies

9. choose, get, do you know 10. take, do not pay

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The following sentences are taken from Understanding Integrated Science for 21^st Century Book 1B published by Aristo Educational Press Limited.

1. When two objects __________ the same speed, which one __________ more kinetic energy, the heavier one or the lighter one? (have, have)

2. The China Light and Power Company Limited __________ electricity to Kowloon and the New Territories, including Lantau. (supply)

3. When acid rain __________ into stream and lakes, it __________ them acidic and this __________ most of the fish. (fall, make, kill)

4. As the tide __________, seawater __________ through the dam tunnels into the river and __________ the turbines. When the tide __________ out, the turbines __________ in the opposite direction. (rise, flow, turn, flow turn)

5. Every day the sun __________, the wind __________, the rain __________ and the tide __________ in. (shine, blow, fall, come)

6. Water pollution not only __________ our health, but also __________ nature.

(affect, harm)

7. When you __________ onto cold glass, the water vapour breathed out __________ into liquid water. (breathe, condense)

8. Atoms of the same matter __________ the same and __________ the same size.

Atoms of different elements __________ different sizes (be, have, have)

9. The difference between steel and wood __________ that steel __________

denser than wood. (be, be)

10. When an electric iron __________ the required temperature, the bimetallic strip __________, breaking the circuit and switching off the heater. (reach, bend)

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Answers

Exercise 7 20. have, has 21. supplies

22. falls, makes, kills

23. rises, flows, turns, flows, turn 24. shines, blows, falls, comes 25. affects, harms

26. breathe, condenses 27. are, have, have 28. is, is

29. reaches, bends

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Unit 4

Simple Past Tense

The Simple Past Tense is used to talk about actions that are completed in the past.

e.g. Sam’s father died last Sunday.

Exercise 1

Fill in the blanks with the simple past form of the verbs in brackets.

e.g. I slept early last night. (sleep)

1. Who _____________ the vase while I was away? (break)

2. He _____________ a lot of photographs during his last trip. (take) 3. The little boy ____________ a bad dream last night. (have)

4. Some men ___________ a hole under the fence last week. (dig)

5. She ________________ from the drinking fountain although she ___________

(not drink, be) thirsty.

6. The baby ____________ asleep ten minutes ago. (fall)

7. The boys ___________ into the house when it ___________ to rain. (go, start) 8. Eve ___________ the apples into halves and ___________ them to the guests.

(cut, give)

9. There ____________ a serious traffic accident two days ago. (be)

10. We ___________ money, so we _________ our car last week. (need, sell)

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Answers

Exercise 1 1. broke 2. took 3. had 4. dug

5. did not drink, was 6. fell

7. went, started 8. cut, gave 9. was

10. needed, sold

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e.g. The choir sang well last Sunday.

drop hear be go get give sing move post knock plant stop

1. Amy ___________ over a case. Luckily, she didn’t cut herself.

2. When I _____________ the news, I couldn’t believe my ears.

3. Mr. Chan _____________ a cold last week.

4. The temperature _____________ sharply last night.

5. My father _____________ to bed early last night.

6. ____________ they late for the concert last weekend?

7. The clerk ____________ the letter this morning. I am sure the client will get it tomorrow.

8. It ____________ raining an hour ago.

9. My parents ____________ me this watch on my last birthday.

10. We ____________ this apple tree when we ____________ in this house last year.

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Answers

Exercise 2 1. knocked 2. heard 3. got 4. dropped 5. went 6. Were 7. posted 8. stopped 9. gave

10. planted, moved

Exercise 3

e.g. He did not go to school yesterday because he was sick. (not go, be)

1. The British _______________ to Hong Kong in 1842 because they ___________

to find a good port for trade with China. They _____________ Victoria Harbour very useful. It ______________ large and deep enough for the ships of that time.

And it was protected from strong winds and typhoons by the surrounding hills.

Therefore, the British ______________ to build the city along the northern shore of Hong Kong Island. (come, want, find, be, begin)

2. Compared with the market towns in the New Territories, Central _____________

more accessible. At that time, business people ______________ and __________

their goods mainly by sea. They _______________ sea transport _____________

convenient in this area. So, they _______________ their offices and warehouses around Victoria Harbour. It ________________ the most accessible part of the city. (be, import, export, find, be, build, become)

3. As more and more offices and houses were built, land was not enough. The CBD therefore _______________ to Wan Chai and across the harbour to Tsim Sha Tsui on the Kowloon Peninsula. Also, the government _______________ to reclaim

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4. To help solve these problems, the Hong Kong government in 1988 ____________

the Hong Kong Land Development Corporation. (establish)

5. It _______________ increasingly difficult to find enough space in the old urban areas to house the ever-growing population of Hong Kong. So the government of Hong Kong ________________ the New Town Development Programme in 1973.

Its aim ________________ to build new urban areas in the New Territories so that more people could live there. (become, start, be)

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Answers

Exercise 3

1. came, wanted, found, was, began

2. was, imported, exported, found, was, built, became 3. expanded, began

4. established

5. became, started, was

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Exercise 4

.

1. In the past, land use planning __________ less important. There ___________ no control over land use. (be, be)

2. In 1994, the government __________ a sewage disposal scheme. (start)

3. In 1996, outward processing in the mainland __________ HK$222,200 million worth of goods. (produce)

4. In the past, Hong Kong products __________ popular in the overseas market because they __________ cheaper. (be, be)

5. In the 1970s and 1980s, the problem of pollution caused by manufacturing industry __________ more serious. Factories __________ noisy. They also __________ out smoke and gas, solid waste and dirty water. All these _________

our environment and __________ harmful to our health. Therefore, the government __________ to pass laws to restrict pollution from factories. (be, be, give, pollute, be, begin)

6. From 1989 to 1996, Guangdong Province __________ the most important production base of Hong Kong’s manufacturing. It __________ 95 per cent of the value of Hong Kong’s imports from the mainland related to outward processing in 1996. (remain, create)

7. In 1997, the average daily traffic figures at the three crossing points __________

about 1,900 at Sha Tau Kok, 8,400 at Man Kam To and 15,700 at Lok Ma Chau.

(be)

8. In 1991, the unemployment rate __________ 1.8 percent, but it __________ a peak of 3.2 per cent in 1995. The unemployment rate also __________ from 1.6 per cent to 2.1 per cent during the same period. (be, reach, rise)

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9. In the 1960s and 1970s many people in Hong Kong __________ their farms in the countryside and __________ to the urban areas. They __________ in the factories and offices. Rural-urban migration __________ the growth of the city.

But there __________ not enough urban land for the increased population. Urban problem such as overcrowding and traffic congestion __________. (leave, move, work, cause, be, occur)

10. In the 1960s and 1970s, Hong Kong __________ steady rural-urban migration and urbanization.

Answers

Exercise 4 1. was, was 2. started 3. produced 4. were, were

5. was, were, gave, polluted, were, began 6. remained, created

7. were

8. was, reached, rose

9. left, moved, worked, caused, was, occurred 10. experienced

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Exercise 5

1. History __________ when people first __________ written records in about 4000 BC (or 6000 years old). (begin, make)

2. The Stone Age __________ from about 2500000-4000BC. During this prehistoric period, people mainly __________ stone to make tools and weapons. They __________ no written records. (last, use, leave)

3. Early Old Stone Age people __________ probably apemen. They __________

any clothes. They __________ only 1.5 metres tall. They __________ how to talk.

They __________ate uncooked food. They __________ in caves to keep warm.

(be, not wear, be, not know, eat, live)

4. In the 18^th century, some Westerners trading in Guangzhou __________ about Hong Kong. Before sailing to Guangzhou, their ships sometimes __________

fresh water at a waterfall near Shek Pai Wan. There __________ a Hong Kong Village nearby. Westerners __________ few Chinese words. They __________

the place Hong Kong. They __________ it for the name of the whole island. (hear, get, be, know, call, mistake)

5. In 221 BC, Hong Kong __________ a part of the Qin Dynasty. Yet there __________ few official records about Hong Kong. (become, be)

6. One or two hundred years ago, Hong Kong’s rural life __________ quiet. People at that time __________ few entertainments. Rural people __________ the custom of worshipping their ancestors. Ancestor worship __________ a part of the religious life in a rural community. Its main purpose __________ to show filial piety to ancestors. (be, have, have, form, be)

7. Ancient Egyptians __________ an early civilization in the Nile Valley. Their golden age __________ from about 3200-1200BC. (build, last)

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8. The Greek civilization __________ in about 800 BC. It mainly __________ from the Minoan civilization. The Minoans __________ on a Mediterranean Island called Crete in about 3000BC. They __________ writing through trade with the Egyptians. So the Minoan civilization __________. It __________ in about 1450BC. That year, the Mycenaeans from Greece __________ Crete. (begin, develop, live, learn, begin, end, conquer)

9. Ancient Greeks __________ democratic rule. They __________ many gods and goddesses. Each god or goddess __________ its own myth. (start, worship, have) 10. Muslims __________ to Mecca to worship idols. Trade __________. Traders

__________ losing money. They __________ Mohammed. They __________ to kill him. To save his life, Mohammed __________ Mecca for Yathrib on July 16,622. (not go, fall, start, hate, want, leave)

11. Feudalism __________ people into the aristocracy. Nobles and their families __________ the aristocracy. They __________ great landowners. (divide, form, be)

12. Craftsmen and traders in medieval Europe __________ to group themselves into guilds. The guilds __________ rules for their trade and craft. They __________

prices, wages and the quality of goods. (like, make, fix)

Answers Exercise 5

1. began, made 2. lasted, used, left

3. were, did not wear, were, did not know, ate, lived 4. heard, got, was, knew, called, mistook

5. became, were

6. was, had, had, formed, was 7. built, lasted

8. began, developed, lived, learned, began, ended, conquered 9. started, worshipped

10. did not go, fell, started, hate, want, leave 11. divided, formed, were

12. liked, made, fixed

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The following sentences are taken from Understanding Integrated Science for the 21^st Century Book 1A published by Aristo Educational Press Limited.

1. In 1912, the big ocean liner Titanic ___________ across the Altantic Ocean from England to New York. (sail)

2. Michael Faraday (1791-1867) ____________ a famous scientist. He ___________53 observations when observing a burning candle. (be, make)

3. Around 3000 B.C., the Chinese ____________a ‘fire clock’. It was a rod. (invent) 4. Many living things around us ___________ once living. (be)

5. Robert Hooke ____________ the first one to use a microscope to observe ‘cells’

in 1665. (be)

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Answers

Exercise 6 1. sailed 2. was, made 3. invented, was 4. were

5. was

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The following sentences are taken from Understanding Integrated Science for the 21^st Century Book Book 1B published by Aristo Educational Press Limited.

1. In the past, most people in Hong Kong __________ kerosene for cooking. (use) 2. In the past, people __________ little energy. (require)

3. In the past, we __________ heavily on collected rain water which was stored in reservoirs. (depend)

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Answers

Exercise 7 1. used 2. required 3. depended

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Unit 5

Present Perfect Tense

The Present Perfect Tense is used to talk about:

1. an immediate past action

e.g. I have just finished my dinner.

2. an action which started in the past and continues up to the present e.g. He has worked in this company since 1990.

3. the present result of a past action e.g. I have been to the Ocean Park.

Exercsie 1

Fill in the blanks with the present perfect form of the verbs in brackets.

Example: We have known each other for a long time. (know) 1. The boys ____________________ that movie before. (see) 2. ________ you ever __________ to the Space Museum? (be) 3. The rain ___________________ yet. (not stop)

4. I _______ never _________ on a motorcycle. (ride)

5. Mr. Wong __________________ in this company since 1980. (work) 6. Oh dear! I _________________ my new glasses. (break)

7. The fishermen _______ just ____________ several large fish. (catch) 8. She _____________________ the vegetables already. (cook)

9. The old man ____________________ in that little hut for ten years. (live) 10. Everyone __________________. Let’s start the meeting. (arrive)

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Answers

Exercise 1 1. have seen

2. Have you ever been 3. Has not stopped 4. Have never ridden 5. has worked 6. have broken 7. have just caught 8. has cooked 9. has lived 10. has arrived

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e.g. Has Mary told her father the bad news?

lose forget fall not hear go tell sing look take make put

1. Oh! I ____________________ my wallet.

2. ‘I am sorry that I __________________ to bring my homework’ said Amy.

3. _______ you ever _____________ at a karaoke club?

4. My mother _______ just _____________ to the market.

5. He __________________ my book without my permission. It is very impolite of him.

6. Bob complained, ‘I __________________ everywhere, but I can’t find it.’

7. I __________________ from my cousin for a long time.

8. The secretary cannot remember where she __________________ the files.

9. The little boy ___________________ into a hole.

10. Daisy __________________ a careless mistake.

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Answers

Exercise 2 1. have lost 2. have forgotten 3. Have you ever sung 4. has just gone 5. has taken 6. have looked 7. have not heard 8. has put

9. has fallen 10. has made

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e.g. Have you ever observed any plant cells under the microscope? (observe) 1. Nowadays traveling abroad ____________________ an easy task. (become)

2. Tourism _______________________ cultural change to the local people who lived in traditional villages before. (bring)

3. Tourism _______________________ many Malaysian farmers unemployed.

(make)

4. There are more and more people living in the old urban areas. The land value ________ thus ______________ too high for factories, so many factories ______________________ out to the New Territories. (become, move)

5. Hong Kong people ________________________ higher income as the economy grows, so they can afford the expenses of travelling abroad. (earn)

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Answers

Exercise 3 1. has become 2. has brought 3. has made

4. has thus become, have moved 5. have earned

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e.g. Have you ever observed any plant cells under the microscope? (observe)

1. Both Hong Kong and Guangzhou ____________________ natural increase.

(experience)

2. To solve the city’s traffic problems, the Guangzhou government _____________

____________ a number of projects to improve the transport system. (start) 3. In 1994, the government started a sewage disposal scheme. Under the scheme, all

of Hong Kong’s coastal waters _____________________ water control zones.

(become)

4. The government ____________________ the land use of the whole territory to solve the urban problems. (plan)

5. The unpleasant living environment in the old urban area____________________

people to leave. Over the last twenty years, many Hong Kong people ____________________ to the New Territories. (cause, move)

6. During the 1990s, Hong Kong ____________________ from a manufacturing centre towards a service and commercial centre. Many workers _____________

__________ their jobs because of the relocation of manufacturing operations to the mainland. (change, lose)

7. With the relocation of low-cost manufacturing industry to the mainland of China, Hong Kong ____________________ to develop modern and high-technology industries such as microprocessor industries. (begin)

8. Urbanisation ____________________ very rapid in South American countries.

In Brazil, Argentina and Chile, over 60 per cent of the people are living in cities now. The rapid movement of people from villages to cities in Brazil _________

_______________ many serious urban problems. (be, cause)

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9. In many cities of the developed countries, the process of suburbanization ______

_______________ the inner city area. (affect)

10. The unpleasant living environment in the old urban areas ___________________

people to leave. Over the last twenty years, many Hong Kong people _________

___________ to the New Territories. (cause, move)

Answers

Exercise 4

1. have experienced 2. has started 3. have become 4. has planed

5. has caused, have moved 6. has changed

7. has begun 8. has been 9. has caused 10. has affected

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Unit 6

Simple Future Tense

The Simple Future Tense is used to talk about an action which will happen in future

e.g. He will move to a new flat very soon.

Exercise 1

Fill in the blanks with the simple future form of the verbs in brackets.

e.g. Tony will join us for lunch tomorrow. (join)

1. I ___________________ my classmate with his homework later in the evening.

(help)

2. Who __________________ to the party next Sunday? (come) 3. He __________________ the project next week. (finish)

4. My uncle from Singapore _________________ us next month. (visit) 5. I am sure that she _________________ about it by tomorrow. (forget) 6. She is ill. She _____________________ the doctor this afternoon. (see)

7. The shops in this mall ____________________ close in an hour’s time. (close) 8. Susan ________________ her birthday in the coming Saturday. (celebrate) 9. The tour-guide _________________ us to the zoo tomorrow. (take)

10. We _________________ hiking if it rains. (not go)

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Answers

Exercise 1 1. will help 2. will come 3. will finish 4. will visit 5. will forget 6. will see 7. will close 8. will celebrate 9. will take 10. will not go

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e.g. We will do it for him next Monday.

hear paint deliver find bake do return leave take off drop organise

1. The boys _____________________ the gate and the wall next weekend.

2. He __________________ the books after he have finished reading them.

3. According to the weather forecast, the temperature ________________ sharply tomorrow.

4. The furniture shop ____________________ the cabinet to us this afternoon.

5. There is no need for you to tell him what to do. He __________________ out the answer soon.

6. The plane __________________ in a few minutes’ time.

7. I am sure nobody __________________ us as we are quite alone.

8. My grandparents __________________ for Canada early tomorrow morning.

9. I _________________ a cake for him tomorrow.

10. Judy ___________________ a party at her house sometime this month.

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Answers

Exercise 1

1. will paint 2. will return 3. will drop 4. will deliver 5. will find 6. will take off 7. will hear 8. will leave 9. will bake 10. will organise

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e.g. Within the next two years, the government will build many new car parks in the city. (build)

1. The West Rail ____________________ Yuen Long and Tseun Wan. The railway ____________________ to Tuen Mun through the existing Light Rail Transit System. (link, connect)

2. The government ____________________ about 1,300 hectares of new land around Victoria Harbour. The new land will be used for: building more flats for residential purposes so that the old urban areas ____________________ less crowded, building more roads, building more office buildings and community facilities, and providing more urban parks and open spaces. By these new developments, the living environment of the urban areas ____________________

better and healthier. (reclaim, become, become)

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Answers

Exercise 3

1. will link, will connect

2. will reclaim, will become, will become

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The following sentences are taken from Understanding Integrated Science for the 21^st Century Book 1A by Aristo Educational Press Limited.

1. You ____________ burnt easily if you are not careful enough. (get)

2. If you observe carefully during the experiment, you _____________ many changes. (see)

3. The golf course and residential development at Sha Lo Tung ____________ Hong Kong’s best dragonfly habitat. (destroy)

4. When conditions are suitable, each bacterium ____________ once every 30 minutes. (divide)

5. What _____________ if a group of living things do not reproduce fast enough to replace those which have died? (happen)

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Answers

Exercise 4 1. will get 2. will see 3. will destroy 4. will divide 5. will happen

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The following sentences are taken from Understanding Integrated Science for the 21^st Century Book 1B by Aristo Educational Press Limited.

6. Even the sources of nuclear fuels, such as uranium, are also limited and _______

finally _____ out. (run)

7. Most of the wastes _____________ thousands of years to become harmless. (take) 8. A solution which ____________ any more solute is called a saturated solution.

(not dissolve)

9. What ____________ if a breaker of saturated copper (II) sulphate solution at 50 degrees Celsius is cooled down to 20 degrees Celsius? (happen)

10. When an electricity company installs overhead wires in the summer, they should be slack enough because they _____________ in the winter. (contract)

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Answers

Exercise 5

1. will finally run 2. will take

3. will not dissolve 4. will happen 5. will contract

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Unit 7

The Passive Voice (Simple Present Tense)

The Passive voice is used when

1. you want to emphasize the object of the sentence e.g. His pets are fed by his maid every day.

2. the doer of an action is unknown

e.g. This article is taken from his new book.

Exercise 1

Fill in the blanks with the passive verb form in simple present tense:

Example: Singapore is known to be an industrialised country.

1. Glass ____________________ from sand. (make)

2. Many cars in Hong Kong _________________ from Japan. (import) 3. This magazine ____________________ weekly. (publish)

4. Salt _________________ to preserve food. (use)

5. Our classroom _________________ by us every day. (clean) 6. English ___________________ in many countries. (speak) 7. Cakes ___________________ by the bakers every day. (bake) 8. Vegetables _________________ by people all over the world. (eat) 9. The warehouse __________________ day and night. (guard) 10. Milk __________________ by cows. (give)

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Answers

Exercise 1 1. is made 2. are imported 3. is published 4. is used 5. is cleaned 6. is spoken 7. are baked 8. are eaten 9. is guarded 10. is given

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e.g. Seeds are sown in spring.

switch send feed catch deliver sow water drink read need like

1. Letters _____________________ by postmen.

2. Mice _____________________ by cats.

3. A cup of milk ______________________ by her every day.

4. Babies ____________________ by their mothers.

5. Sunlight ___________________ by plants.

6. Plush toys ____________________ by most children.

7. A story book ___________________ by the little boy every week.

8. A birthday card ___________________ to me by my aunt in Canada every year.

9. The heater ____________________ on in winter.

10. The plants _____________________ by the gardener every morning.

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Answers

Exercise 2 1. are delivered 2. are caught 3. is drunk 4. are fed 5. is needed 6. are liked 7. is read 8. is sent 9. is switched 10. are watered

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Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

e.g. Large shopping areas are usually found in the commercial centre of a city. (find) 1. Whole circle bearing ____________________ from the north in a clockwise

direction. (measure)

2. Rural areas ____________________ mainly in the New Territories, the outlying islands and the middle and south-eastern parts of Hong Kong Island. The land ___________________ by trees, grasses, farmland and fish ponds. (find, cover) 3. The old buildings ______then ______________ down and the small pieces of

land ____________________ together to form a larger piece. Streets __________________ wider, new facilities like drain pipes ________________, and new buildings of different uses _____ then _______________. The land uses _____ carefully _______________ to avoid the problem of land use conflict. (pull, group, make, build, construct, plan)

4. On many maps, the column and the rows of squares ___________________by letter and number respectively. (name)

5. Government and community land use means those places where services __________________ to the public. (provide)

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Answers

Exercise 3 1. are measured

2. are found, is covered

3. are then pulled down, are grouped, are made, are built, are then construct, are carefully planned

4. are named 6. are provided

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e.g. Large shopping areas are usually found in the commercial centre of a city. (find)

1. Most of the waste water ____________________ and it ____________________

directly into the Zhu Jiang. (not treated, discharge)

2. Some solid wastes like metals and paper ____________________, but most of them ____________________ into landfills. (recycle, dump)

3. In Hong Kong, most commercial acrivities and job opportunities ____________________ in Kowloon and Peninsula or on Hong Kong Island, but nearly half of the population lives in the New Territories. (find)

4. The main urban areas ____________________by Victoria Harbour. (separate) 5. Within each new town, public housing estates ____________________ by the

government. Basic facilities such as hospitals, markets and schools ____________________. (build, provide)

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Answers

Exercise 4

5. is not treated, is discharged 6. are recycled, are dumped 7. are found

8. are separated

7. are built, are provided

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The following sentences are taken from Understanding Integrated Science for 21^st Century Book 1B published by Aristo Educational Press Limited.

e.g. Large shopping areas are usually found in the commercial centre of a city. (find) 1. Energy __________ to useful forms or the forms that we desire. (convert) 2. Towngas __________ from naphtha which is a petroleum product. (produce) 3. How many wind turbines __________ to match the output of a 600 megawatt

coal-fired station? (need)

4. Smaller crystals __________ during rapid cooling. (form)

5. Brownian motion also occurs when small particles __________ in a liquid.

(suspend)

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Answers

Exercise 5 1. is converted 2. is produced 3. are needed 4. are formed 5. are suspended

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Unit 8

The Passive Voice (Simple Past Tense)

The Passive voice is used when

1. you want to emphasize the object of the sentence

e.g. His umbrella was taken away by his sister this morning.

2. the doer of an action is unknown e.g. The tree was cut down yesterday .

Exercise 1

Fill in the blanks with the passive verb form in simple past tense:

Example: The thief was caught by the police this morning. (catch)

1. The football match yesterday ____________________ by our team. (win) 2. These gloves _________________ at a jumbo sale. (buy)

3. That magazine ____________________ in 1970. (publish)

4. The shopping mall _________________ two weeks ago. (complete) 5. My watch _________________ last week. (steal)

6. This apple tree ___________________ by my grandfather long time ago. (plant) 7. Bill ___________________ the chairman of the English Club yesterday. (elect) 8. My hat _________________ off by the wind when I was crossing the road.

(blow)

9. Thousands of soldiers __________________ during the Second World War. (kill) 10. This room __________________ last month. (paint)

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Answers

Exercise 1 1. was won 2. were bought 3. was published 4. was completed 5. was stolen 6. was planted 7. was elected 8. was blown 9. were killed 10. was painted

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e.g. The suspect was questioned by the police this morning.

save attack build punish use question break write check trap eat

1. A little girl _____________________ by a shark when she was swimming.

2. These buildings _____________________ fifty years ago.

3. There was a fire last night. Many residents ______________________ in the burning building and had to be saved by the firemen.

4. All the sweets ____________________ by my cousin yesterday.

5. Cindy ___________________ from being drowned some days ago.

6. I ____________________ a watch on my last birthday.

7. The vase ___________________ by the careless servant last week.

8. Every vehicle ___________________ by the police after the prisoners had escaped.

9. The naughty boys ____________________ for not doing their homework last week.

10. Romeo and Juliet _____________________ by William Shakespeare.

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Answers

Exercise 2

1. was attacked 2. were built 3. were trapped 4. were eaten 5. was saved 6. was given 7. was broken 8. was checked 9. were punished 10. was written

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e.g. Were vitamins discovered long time ago? (discover)

1. As more and more offices ____________________ in Central, land was not enough. (build)

2. The streets in the inner city ____________________ many years ago when there were very few cars. (build)

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Answers

Exercise 3 1. were built 2. were built

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3. Industries ___________________ in residential areas, like the Yuexiu District of Guangzhou and San Po Kong of Hong Kong. Highways or flyovers __________

_______________ right in the front of people’s homes. (find, build)

4. In more developed countries, city centres ___________________ a long time ago.

(develop)

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Answers

Exercise 4

3. were found, were built 4. were developed

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5. Hong Kong ________________ by the British in the period 1842-1997. (rule) 6. Christianity , the world’s largest religion, ________________ by Jesus Christ in

the 1^st century A.D. (start)

7. At first, ancient Egypt ________________ into Upper and Lower Egypt. (divide) 8. Finally, in 395, Christianity ________________ the empire’s official religion.

(make)

9. After Alexander’s death, ancient Greece grew weak. In 146BC, it ____________

__________ by the Romans. (conquer)

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Answers

Exercise 5 5. was ruled 6. was started 7. was divided 8. was made 9. was conquered

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The following sentences are taken from Understanding Integrated Science for the 21^st Century Book 1A published by Aristo Educational Press Limited.

1. Radio signals ____________ by Titanic asking for help.(send)

2. The Bunsen burner ________ first ___________by a British physicist and chemist called Michael Faraday in the early 19^th century. It___________ then

____________by a famous German chemist called Robert Bunsen in 1850.

(invent, improve)

3. The earliest scale for measuring temperature ____________ by a Dutchman named Gabrief Fahrenheit in the early 1700s. (invent)

4. During the construction of the new airport at Chek Lap Kok, a huge area of the sea ___________ into land. (turn)

5. Microscopes _____________ by Hans and Zacharias Janssen in 1590. (invent)

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Answers

Exercise 6 1. were sent

2. was invented, was improved 3. was invented

4. was turned 5. were invented

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The following sentences are taken from Understanding Integrated Science for the 21^st Century Book 1B published by Aristo Educational Press Limited.

1. In the past, we depended heavily on collected rain water which __________ in reservoirs. (store)

2. It is because the ancients thought that common quartz crystals __________ by intense freezing of water (form)

3. Brownian motion __________ by a Scottish scientist called Robert Brown in 1827. (discover)

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Answers

Exercise 7 1. was stored 2. were formed 3. was discovered

Basic English Sentence Patterns

CONTENTS

Unit 1