2.4 ନ N/N+1 prescaler ϐी
2.4.5 ٿ dual-modulus ନᓎᏔϐ่ӝ
2.4.3ǵ2.4.4ޑႝၡࢎᄬࢂҔঁӕଯೲdual-modulusନᓎᏔ کߚӕޑø2ႝၡಔԋ܌ሡޑନኧǶӵ݀ޔௗ٬Ҕٿঁdual-modulus ޑ ନ ᓎ Ꮤ բߚ ӕ Ս ௗ Ǵ Ψࢂ ёа ी р ଯନ ኧЪ ೲ ࡋ ၨ זޑ dual-modulusޑprescalerǶ
კ2.25൩ࢂҔঁ÷2/3کঁ÷4/5ޑନᓎᏔբߚӕՍௗǴу
ঁ÷2ک٤logic gateࡕ൩ёаၲԋ÷22/23Ƕ೭ԛ÷2/3ޑᡄᒠௗጕࢂ
όҔ”(Q2,Q1)=00” stateࡕᄽрٰޑ(კ2.21ǵკ2.22)ǶԶ÷4/5ࢂό Ҕ”(Q3,Q2,Q1)=(0,0,0)ǵ(0,1,0)ǵ(1,0,1)” state(კ2.23ǵკ2.24)Ƕ÷2/3ک
÷4/5ޑMCࢂҗfoutڋǴ܌аfoutѝाԖ1ʈ0܈0ʈ1ޑᡂϯǴѬॺޑMC ൩ᡂϯԛǶ÷4/5ႝၡϐࡕᗋௗঁ÷2ႝၡǴࢂᡣMCޑᡂϯᓎࢂ
gpvuޑΒϩϐǴ܌аԋᡏޑନᓎኧࣁǺ2u43u5 23@MC=1ǹ
22 4 3 5
2u u @MC=0Ƕ
კ2.21 ÷2/3ႝၡ(όҔ(0,0)ރᄊ)
კ2.22 ÷2/3ႝၡϐਔᡂკ
კ2.23 ÷4/5ႝၡ
კ2.24 ÷4/5ႝၡϐਔᡂკ
კ2.25 ÷22/23ᡄᒠႝၡკ
კ2.26 ÷22/23ႝၡϐਔᡂკ
2.5 ჴբǴø4/5 Dual-Modulus Prescaler (GaAs HBT)
2.5.1 ࣴزᐒ
ᚈኳኧޑନᓎᏔҞςቶݱޑճҔӧᓎӝԋᏔύǴԜᅿନ ᓎᏔڀԖٿᅿёᒧޑନኧǴЪճҔٰቚуёำԄϯନᓎᏔޑନᓎ ጄൎǶࣁΑၮҔӧfractional-NޑSynthesizerǴٿঁନኧޑৡѸ
ۓࣁ1ǴջନኧѸࣁPϷP+1Ƕ 2.5.2 ࢎᄬᙁϟ
ҞதـޑᚈኳኧନᓎᏔϐႝၡࢎᄬӵკ2.27܌ҢǴҗܭԜႝၡ ନΑD-type Flip-FlopϐѦǴѸќуٿঁNANDᡄᒠ႔Ǵόՠቚуᚐ ѦޑфǴΨቚуΑТޑय़ᑈǴ׳ᝄख़ޑࢂफ़եႝၡޑനଯπ բೲࡋǶࣁΑׯ๓аޑલᗺǴҁԛीޑᚈኳନᓎᏔஒѦௗޑ NANDᡄᒠ႔ٳΕD-type flip-flopޑႝၡύǴӵკ2.28܌ҢǴόՠёа फ़եޔࢬфǴ׳ёගϲႝၡޑೲࡋǶ
კ2.27 ø4/5ᡄᒠႝၡკ
ʳ
DFF1 DFF2 DFF3
კ2.28 ٳΕNAND gateޑø4/5ႝၡ
ځύӝϐࡕޑD-type Flip-Flopႝၡӵკ2.29܌ҢǴԜDFFࣁӄ ৡᏹբޑႝၡǴёаԖਏޑफ़եѦࣚᚇૻϷޔࢬႝᓸόᛙۓޑυ ᘋ Ǵ Ъ ࣁ Α ૈ ӧ ଯ ᒡ Ε ᓎ ਔ ҭ ё ҅ த π բ Ƕ җ ܭ ᒧ Ҕ CML (Current-mode Logic)ޑૻဦӸڗБԄǴѝߚதλޑႝᓸᡂϯǴջё ղձрᡄᒠǶ
Ԝ DFF ӧ ঁ D ࠠ Ӹ ᙹ Ꮤ (d-latch) ϐ ໔ у ಔ Emitter FollowerǴόՠගٮঁଯߔלޑॄၩǴ׳ёቚуfan-outޑኧҞǴЪ җܭᡄᒠ٬ҔޑႝࢬόѦࢬǴࡺ׳ёගଯႝၡޑπբᓎǶ!
Vdd
Gnd 1 D
1 D
2 D
2 D CLK
CLK
Q Q
Vbias
AND Gate
! კ2.29 ٳΕNAND gateޑDFF
ҁႝၡǴᕴӅёϩࣁΟεϩǴϩձࣁǺ
ᒡΕભǺ
ஒൂᆄᒡΕϐߞဦǴᙯࣁৡኳޑߞဦаගٮӄৡޑႝၡ(DFF)
٬ҔǶ٠ӧᒡΕᆄբ50ȍޑߔלϰଛǴёаԖਏ႖๊ሺᏔᆄ܈ࢂჹ
ᆄႝၡޑቹៜǶႝၡӵკ2.30܌ҢǶ ᚈኳନᓎᏔǺ
Ьाႝၡϩӵკ2.29܌ҢǴځύMC=1ޑਔংǴߞဦӧଯ
ྗՏ(D=1)ۯᒨΟԛϐࡕωᡂဦԿեྗՏ(D=0)ӆۯᒨٿԛǴջࣁନ5 ϐբǶԶMC=0ਔǴ߾DFF1คբҔǴѝഭDFF2ϷDFF3բҔǴߞဦ ӧଯྗՏۯᒨٿԛࡕᡂဦԿեྗՏӆۯᒨٿԛǴջࣁନ4ϐբǶ
ᒡрፂભǺ
Ӣࣁ٬ҔCMLޑᡄᒠ႔ǴऩΠભႝၡޑॄၩၨλǴӞӭႝ
ࢬǴԶ٬ᡄᒠྗՏό҅ዴǴࣁΑᗉխԜރݩޑวғǴךॺӧᒡрᆄ уಔᒡрፂભǴόՠё҅ዴޑрႝᓸྗՏǴ׳ёஒߞဦܫ εǶ(კ2.31)!
outa
outb
RFin
! კ2.30 ᒡΕભႝၡ
IF IF
! კ2.31 ᒡрፂભႝၡ!
2.5.3 Ⴃीೕӈ߄
Itemʳ Specʳ
Supply Voltageʳ 5 Vʳ Supply Currentʳ 32 mAʳ
Supply Powerʳ 75 mWʳ Operation Range 0.4~12GHz
RF Output Powerʳ -2 dBm for differential outputʳ Die size 1000 um Ø 1000 um 2.5.4 ჴෳ่݀
1.ёନ4ᓎጄൎᓎკ
ᒡΕᓎࣁ0.5GHzਔǴ ᒡΕᓎࣁ1GHzਔǴ ᒡр0.125GHzǺ ᒡр0.25GHzǺ
ᒡΕᓎࣁ2GHzਔǴ ᒡΕᓎࣁ3GHzਔǴ ᒡр0.5GHzǺ ᒡр0.75GHzǺ
ᒡΕᓎࣁ4.4GHzਔǴᒡр1.1GHzǺ
2.ёନ5ᓎጄൎᓎკ
ᒡΕᓎࣁ0.25GHzਔǴ ᒡΕᓎࣁ0.5GHzਔǴ ᒡр0.05GHzǺ ᒡр0.1GHzǺ
ᒡΕᓎࣁ1.5GHzਔǴ ᒡΕᓎࣁ2.5GHzਔǴ
Input power (dBm)
Incident frequency (GHz)
Min. input power Max. input power Dynamic range
0 1 2 3 4 5
Input power (dBm)
Incident frequency (GHz)
Max. input power Min. input power Dynamic range
4. output powerǺ
0 1 2 3 4 5
-25 -24 -23 -22 -21 -20 -19 -18 -17 -16 -15
Output power (dBm)
Output frequency (GHz)
Divided-by-4 Divided-by-5
2.5.5 ่ፕᆶፕ 1. Die Photo
2. Chip performance summary
Itemʳ Measurementʳ Core Supply Voltageʳ 5 Vʳ Core Supply Currentʳ 33 mAʳ Output buffer supply voltage 5V Output buffer supply current 6.5mA
Total Supply Powerʳ 202.3 mWʳ Functional frequency range 0.5~4.4 GHz for /4
0.25~3.8 GHz for /5 RF output Powerʳ ~ -19dBm for /4
~ -21dBm for /5ʳ Die size 1000 um Ø 1000 um
ҁԛჴբޑႝၡவ0.5~3.8GHzዴჴԖᚈኳନᓎޑфૈǴф
ᆶኳᔕਔ࣬Ƕନ4фૈޑനଯᏹբᓎࢤၨନ5ଯǴЬाᗋࢂӢࣁନ5 ሡाҔډ3ঁDFFᡄᒠޑၮᆉǴᗨฅٳΕNAND gateࡕёа෧၀ਏ ᔈǴόၸໆෳਔᗋࢂᢀჸډځ໔ޑৡຯǶԜѦǴኳᔕਔёၲډޑനଯ ᏹբᓎ(12GHz)ᡉฅКჴሞໆෳॶ(4.4GHz)ଯрӭǴёૈচӢࢂ
deviceޑmodelؒૈྗዴޑႣрଯᓎᏹբਔ܌рޑғਏᔈǴ܌а ӧኳᔕႝၡਔӧၨགྷޑݩΠኳᔕрၨଯޑᏹբᓎࢤǶҗໆෳ่
݀ё࣮рӧёᏹբᓎࢤޑsensitivityᖿ༈ᆶኳᔕ࣬߈Ǵ׳ёዴᇡdevice modelӧଯᓎਔόᅰྗዴǶ
2.6 ଯೲନΒႝၡޑၮҔᆶচ
2.6.1 ନ3ႝၡࢎᄬᙁϟ
÷2ႝၡቶݱၮҔӧ҅Ҭ࣬ՏૻဦޑౢғаϷSynthesizerύǶҗܭ
÷2ޑೲࡋКځдନኧޑନᓎᏔᗋाזǴ܌аҔٰௗӧsynthesizer ޑ VCOϐࡕǴஒᓎफ़ډprogrammable divider(ёำԄନᓎᏔ)ёҔޑጄ ൎ(კ2.32)ǶόၸуΕ÷2ႝၡډsynthesizerࡕǴfREFѸᡂࣁচٰؒу÷2
ႝၡޑъǴаᆢӕኬޑှࡋǴSynthesizerޑloop bandwidth൩ᡂ λǶ
PFD
Loop Filter VCO
fRFF fout
yM
escaler
Pr DTCs
y2
კ2.32 ନ2ႝၡӧSynthesizerޑၮҔ
ᙁ ൂ ޑ ٰ ᇥ Ǵ ÷2 ႝ ၡ ൩ ࢂ ஒ ٿ ޑ D-type ޑ latch բ ॄ ӣ ( კ
2.33)ǴΨ൩ࢂஒD-typeޑFlop-FlipޑQௗӣDǴૻဦҗCKᆄᒡΕǶࣁ ΑၲډനଯޑၮբೲࡋǴѸ௦ҔനזೲޑႝၡࢎᄬǺӧBJTᆀࣁ ECL(emitter coupling logic)܈ ӧ MOS ᆀ ࣁ CML(current mode logic)ǶӧECLࢎᄬΠჴрٰޑlatchႝၡࢂҗಔdifferential pairу
regenerative pairԋ(კ2.34)ǴԶ០၀ႝၡሡाҔಔdifferential ޑclockૻဦǶൂD-latchޑၮբၸำӵΠǺCLKࣁhighਔǴૻဦҗ Dᆄ᠐Εdifferential pairύǴԜਔޑregenerative pairೀܭoffރᄊǹ
CLKࣁlowਔǴdifferential pairଶЗ᠐ڗբǴregenerative pair໒ۈஒ
ૻဦᙹӧ၀cross-coupledޑlatchࢎᄬύǶᗨฅҔECLჴрޑlatchё
კ2.33 D-latchಔԋޑDFF
Vdd
Differenti RegenerativePair
კ2.34 ൂD-latchޑႝၡკ
კ2.34ӧ٬Ҕวғ٤ୢᚒǴᒡрૻဦޑswingࡐεਔǴ
ԋRegenerative pairޑႝᡏᡂԋsaturationǴૻဦ൩คݤᙹՐǴӢ Ԝӧcross-coupledޑၡ৩уಔemitter followerǴᡣQr1کQr2ό
วғsaturateޑຝǶ”ჴբ”کௗΠٰޑჴբࢂҔԜࢎᄬٰჴ
ECLޑਡЈႝၡǶ
Vdd
D D
CLK CLK
კ2.35 ჴሞ٬ҔޑD-latchႝၡკ
2.6.2 Emitter-Coupled Inverterϐႝၡ܄
ECLޑਡЈځჴ൩ࢂঁDifferentialܫεᏔǴѝࢂӧόࢂҔٰ
ౢғଯቚǶკ2.36ࢂճҔGaAs HBTޑdevice modelٰኳᔕჴሞޑ ECLႝၡ܄ǴځύDifferentialᒡΕޑᆄVref=2.5VǴჹVinբ
ႝᓸޑբǶၸኳᔕࡕёаฝрout1کout2ޑᡂϯკ2.37Ǵკύ ёـlogic level highܭVdd=5VǴԶlogic level lowܭVdd-RcIeeǴ RcࢂӧᒡрᆄޑႝߔǹIeeࢂECLޑcurrent sourceගٮޑႝࢬελǶ ӧԜኳᔕΠ٬ҔRc=50ǵIee=1mAǴ܌аӧკ2.37ё࣮рႝၡޑᒡр swing=RcIee=50mVǴᒡрૻဦޑελѝၟRcᆶIeeԖᜢǶԜѦǴVin ѝᡂϯ340mV൩ёарlogic levelޑղᘐǴ࣬ჹܭMOS inverterλ
ΑࡐӭǴ܌аӧೲࡋHBTޑ߄ၨ٫Ƕ
! კ2.36 ኳᔕECL Inverter܄ޑႝၡკ
! კ2.37 ECL Inverterޑᒡрᡂϯკ
ECLޑനεቚӵΠǺ
Vin Vref
out1 out2
Q2x2 R=50 Ohm
R R2 R=50 Ohm
I_DC SRC4 Idc=1 mA
V_DC SRC2 Vdc=2.5 V V_DC
SRC3 Vdc=vin V
V_DC SRC1 Vdc=5.0 V
ЪVin Vref Ǵ аᓯӸӧ၀logic gateύǶԶനλޑSwingѸεܭ3VTǴAV1ωૈεܭ
Ǵόၸ೯தӧीਔڗ5VTѰѓǴаխڙnoiseυᘋࡕԋlogic levelᒱᇤǶ
HBTޑ reჹ Av1Ψ ԋቹ ៜǴ Ӣࣁ re൩ Ⴝࢂ sereis-series ܈ ࢂ emitter degenrationࢎᄬǴ٬ቚΠफ़ǴᒡΕૻဦѸౢ׳εޑSwing
ٰዴߥfull swithingǶ೯தीreIee dVTफ़եreჹႝၡޑቹៜǴόၸ
ԖаΠޑtrade-offǺ(1)ӵ݀फ़եIeeǴࣁΑᆢ࣬ӕޑOutput swingǴ RcѸᡂεǴRC time constantΨ൩ၟϲǴԋೲࡋΠफ़Ƕ(2)ӵ݀
གྷעreᡂλǴѸ٬ҔၨεႝᡏǴՠࢂғႝΨӢԜᡂεǴႝ
ၡೲࡋᗋࢂڙज़Ƕ
2.6.3 ECLϐຼᜐႝၡ
(1) Current SourceǺ
уR1کR2ႝߔࡕёаᡣI1کI2КၨόڙVBE mismatchቹៜǴόၸ
I2
I1
Q1 Q2
1
VB
R1 R2
კ2.38 ႝࢬྍႝၡკ
(2) Emitter FollowerǺ
ගٮVBEޑlevel shiftаϷىޑ០ႝࢬǶ Vdd
Q1
Vin
IE
Vout
კ2.39 Emitter Followerႝၡკ
(3) Differential clockౢғБԄǺ
ӧଯᓎᏹբޑރᄊΠाౢғঁbalanceޑclockૻဦ٠όܰǶ
ૻဦౢғᏔ܈ࢂѦௗޑResonatorࢂsigle-endedޑǴाҔႝၡޑБݤ
ٰ ౢ ғ differentail ޑ ᒡ р ( კ 2.40) ൩ ӧ phase ᆶ amplitude ԋ imbalanceǶӵ݀ؒԖᒤݤౢғbalanceޑclockǴाճҔ÷2ႝၡٰౢғ quadratureૻဦǴIǵQ൩Ԗεޑphase errorǶ
sonator External Re
CLK
CLK
კ2.40 ৡޑclockౢғᏔ (4) ECLႝၡޑीኳԄǺ(аკ2.41ٰᇥܴ)
(4.1) ๏ۓঁoutput swingǴIeeRc൩ёаዴۓǶࣁΑуזႝၡޑೲ ࡋǴѸᡣRcᡂλǴӢԜIeeѸፓεǶ
(4.2) ೯தIeeᒧӧᚆfT,maxัեޑॶǴӧόวғhigh-level injection ޑݩΠǴᡣႝၡೲࡋᆢӧཱུॶǶ
(4.3) IFޑीࢂ٩Ᏽfan-outޑӭϿǴനӭऊࣁIeeǴόၸ೯தКၨϿ
ᗺǴεཷҔ1/2Iee൩ىǶനಖᗋሡाҔኳᔕ೬ᡏٰᡍࢂցीִ
Ƕ
Rc
IF
Iee in
V Vin
out
V Vout
Rc
IF
2.7 ჴբΒǴStatic Frequency Divider (GaAs HBT)
2.7.1 ࣴزᐒ
Master-slave D-flip-flopsа2ՏϡᓎᏹբਔǴё٩ځ܄ޑӳ ᚯٰຑஒٰёૈीрኧՏႝၡޑೲࡋ܄ǶӢԜҁԛჴբЬा
ճҔGaAsଯೲϡҹޑ܄Ǻၨଯޑႝη౽Ϸၨอޑᒡਔ໔Ǵ
ीрନΒႝၡٰෳ၂GaAsᇙԋΠёၲډനଯନᓎጄൎǶ 2.7.2 ࢎᄬᙁϟ
ԜТႝၡх֖ΟঁϩǴхࡴsingle to differentialᒡΕભǴECL ନΒႝၡǴϷᒡрፂભǶᡏࢎᄬࢂ٬ҔৡߞဦٰᏹբǴගଯ לᚇૻޑૈΚЪ٬Ҕঁᙁൂޑୃᓸᆛၡٰౢғঁႝၡ܌ሡाޑ
ୃᓸǶӵΠკҢǺ
Latch
Buffer Input
Buffer Output
Latch
! კ2.42 Divide-by-2 block diagram
(1) Input buffer stageǺ
٬ҔޑᒡΕભڀԖൂᆄᒡΕᙯৡᒡрϐфૈǴЪૈԖਏ႖๊
ӧໆෳਔޑሺᏔᆄ܈ࢂჴሞӧႝၡޑVCOჹନΒႝၡϐυᘋǶԜ ѦǴΨૈၲԋinput matching (50ȍ)ޑਏ݀Ƕ
(2) ନΒႝၡǺ!
ࣁΑଯೲԵໆǴ௦Ҕemitter coupled logic (ECL)ЬவԄ҅ϸᏔಔ ԋନΒႝၡаၲଯೲϐाǶԜନΒႝၡΏҗٿભ DࠠӸᙹᏔ (d-latch)܌ಔԋǹભႝၡ֡җৡܫεᏔᆶӸᙹႝၡಔԋǴ ճҔႝࢬϪඤБԄϪඤႝࢬǶCLKߞဦวಃঁlatchਔǴஒߞ ဦ᠐ΕlatchǹӧCLK=lowਔǴ᠐ΕޑૻဦᙹӧಃঁlatchύǹΠ
ঁCLKߞဦౢғࡕॊޑᡯӆԛวғӧಃΒભޑlatchύǴ٠Ъ ஒૻဦϸӛଌӣಃભޑlatchǴӢԜ႖ঁCLKᒡрᆄωϸ࣬Ǵ ᓎࣁCLKϐъǴԜջࣁନΒႝၡϐচǶԜѦǴࣁΑගϲ differential pairᆶregenerative pairޑ᠐ቪೲࡋǴӧૻဦᒡΕᆄ(D)ᆶ regenerative pairޑfeedbackΕ৩ӭуಔemitter followerǴӵΠკ
܌Ңޑinputᆄemitter followerکoutput emitter followerǴёᡣႝၡၮ բ׳זǶ
კ2.43 D-Latch Schematic (3) Output Buffer StageǺ
ନݤᏔϐᒡрᆄΨࢂࡐܰڙΠભቹៜǴޔࢬՏྗϷߔלϰ ଛΨόܰၲԋǹӢԜाԖঁؼӳޑᒡрፂભωૈԖਏޑၲԋ
ֹޑႝၡǶ܌аҁႝၡᒧҔৡჹϷemitter followerȐECLύၨ
ӳޑᒡрϟय़ႝၡȑಔԋᒡрፂભǴЪёᙖׯᡂᒡрભޑႝࢬٰ
ၲډOutput Matchingޑਏ݀ǶҔଯႝࢬٰౢғեਏಔלǴᡣε
ϩޑᒡрૻဦૈ50ኻۅloadௗԏǶ 2.7.3 Ⴃीೕӈ߄
Itemʳ Specʳ Supply Voltage (core)ʳ 5 Vʳ Supply Current (core)ʳ 13 mAʳ Supply Current (input buffer)ʳ 7.37 mA Supply Current (output buffer) 12.3 mA Supply Powerʳ 163 mWʳ Operational Frequencyʳ 2GHz ~ 10GHzʳ
Output Power 5GHzǺ-1.763dBm 2.6GHzǺ-1.933dBm 1.2GHzǺ-0.174dBm Die size 1mm Ø 1mm Sensitivity
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
-32 -30 -28 -26 -24 -22 -20 -18 -16 -14
Input Power [dBm]
Frequency [GHz]
2.7.4 ჴෳ่݀
(1) @ Input 2GHzǺ
Spectrum analyzerǺ OcilloscopeǺOutput waveform Output peck @ 1GHz,-18dBm
(2) @ input 4GHzǺ Spectrum analyzerǺOutput peak @2GHz, -25dBm
(3) @ input 6GHzǺOcilloscopeǺOutput 3GHz
ޑໆෳؒԖocilloscope ޑໆෳკǶ
(4) @ input freq. 7.3GHz : (5) @ input freq. 7.4GHz :
output freq. 3.65GHz, -22dBm output freq. 3.71GHz, -22dBm
(6) Input sensitivity characteristic of the prescaler.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Input Power (dBm)
Frequency (GHz)
power
(7) Input matching performance :
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency (GHz) S11
2.7.5 ่ፕᆶፕ
(1) Die photo
(2) chip performance
Item Measurement Supply Voltage 5 V
Supply Current 31.7 mA Core Current 12.12mA Supply Power 158.5 mW Operational Frequency 2GHz ~ 7.4GHz
Die size 1mm × 1mm
ҁԛჴբ่݀ӧDCϷmatchingБय़ᆶኳᔕԿǴനଯᏹբᓎ
ؒၲډኳᔕႣයޑ10GHzǴёૈࢂғޑਏᔈӧኳᔕਔؒԖֹӄᆉ ډǶவໆෳޑsensitivityკё࣮рӧinputᆄکӣᆄӚӭуΕಔ emmiter followerዴჴёஒႝၡޑᏹբᓎ۳ଯᓎኖǴջ٬ᓎຬၸന sensitiveޑᓎǴനλᒡΕૻဦόΠηኪቚǴӧᒡΕ-10dBmޑ
ݩΠᗋёᏹբډ7.4GHzǴ೭ԛޑ่݀ёբࣁGaAsᇙำΠଯೲႝၡޑ ᏹբᓎࡰǶ
2.8 ჴբΟǴDynamic Frequency Divider (GaAs HBT)
2.8.1 ࣴزᐒ
ନݤᏔύനቶࣁ٬ҔޑࢂаStatic D-FFࣁbuilding blockಔԋޑ ନݤᏔǴՠࢂځӧଯᓎਔᏹբڙज़ܭϡҹޑނ܄(fmax)Զคݤ ᏹբǹ܌аଞჹԜᗺǴךॺᒧҔΑDynamic D-FFࢎᄬǴаၲډၨ
ଯᓎޑᏹբጄൎǶ߈ԃٰӀᠼ೯ૻΨ໒ۈጲࠁวǴځᜢᗖޑ building blockǺMUX ǴDEMUX൩ࢂճҔD-FFಔԋǴ܌аीрଯ ೲޑD-FFӀᠼ೯ૻޑᓎёӆගϲǶ
2.8.2 ࢎᄬᙁϟ
Divide-by-twoႝၡх֖Οঁϩ(კ2.39)ǴхࡴǺ(1) single to differentialޑclock bufferǴ(2) ECLନΒႝၡǴЪ٬ҔStaticޑFlip-Flop
ٰჴǶ(3)നࡕࢂᒡрፂભǴаගϲ០ॄၩޑૈΚǶᡏࢎᄬ
ࣣ٬ҔৡߞဦٰᏹբǴගଯלᚇૻޑૈΚЪ٬Ҕঁᙁൂ଼ӄޑ
ୃᓸᆛၡٰౢғঁႝၡ܌ሡाޑୃᓸǶ
კ2.44 ᄊନᓎႝၡϐҢཀკ
೭ԛޑჴբύǴӧclock bufferΑׯᡂ٠ӧਡЈႝၡޑD-FF
ϩׯ௦DynamicޑႝၡࢎᄬǶ
(1) Clock buffer stageǺ
ޑclock bufferޑᒡрӧଯᓎਔाᆢ1800ޑӛՏৡک࣬ӕਁ
൯ελ٠όܰǴ೯தளуΕpeakingႝགᡣbufferޑᏹբᓎኖډଯ ᓎǴόၸТय़ᑈϷႝགޑԾਁᓎᗋࢂԋीޑज़ڋǹӵ݀ा
ᙖrate-raceٰౢғdifferentialૻဦǴੁ׳εໆޑТय़ᑈǶӢԜǴ ೭ԛႝၡޔௗஒsingle-endedޑᒡΕૻဦឲΕVin+
ǴԶVin
-߾ࢂҔႝ
(Cap1)ՍௗډӦ(კ2.40)ǶᙖᒡΕୃᓸႝၡ(Node A)ගٮAC coupling ޑၡ৩٬differentialޑᏹբϝёՉǶӧinput matchingБय़ёፓinput networkύޑRm1~Rm3ႝߔٰᕇள܌ሡޑS11ॶǶ
კ2.45 Differential ClockޑౢғБԄ
(2) ନΒႝၡǺ
ࣁΑଯೲԵໆǴ܌аҗemitter coupled logic(ECL)ЬவԄ҅ϸᏔಔ ԋନΒႝၡаၲଯೲϐाǶԜନΒႝၡҗٿભDࠠӸᙹᏔ(d-latch)
܌ಔԋǴЪճҔDynamicޑࢎᄬٰჴǶޑmaster-slave D-FF(კ 2.46)ࢂஒӚભlatchޑႝࢬྍӚԾᐱҥǶҔbipolarٰჴନΒႝၡޑ
၉Ǵ೯தѝૈπբډѤϩϐԿΟϩϐޑfmaxᓎǴӵၸךॺ׆ఈ ஒନΒ ICၮҔډoptical fiberسύǴѸԖfmaxԭGHzޑϡҹωԖ ёૈၲډኧΜGb/sޑ܄ૈǶ൩ҞޑICמೌٰᖱǴૈၲډӵԜଯೲޑ ϡҹޑሽ࣬ଯǴ٬ౢࠔޑԋҁε൯ϲǶ
Vdd
D D
CLK CLK
Vss
კ2.46 Static DFF
ӵ݀٬ҔdynamicޑD-FF(კ2.47)Ǵ၀่ᄬԖаΠ܄Ǻǵread کlatchޑbiasႝࢬၡ৩ϩ໒ǶΒǵᡣlatchޑႝࢬКreadޑλǶ
Vdd
D D
CLK CLK
Vss
კ2.47 Dynamic DFF
dynamicૈКstaticזޑচӢӵΠǺ
(a)
(b) ʳ
კ2.48 ᄊନᓎᏔޑλૻဦਏႝၡ (a) clock = high (b) clock = low җλૻဦႝၡ(კ2.48)ёޕclockܭhighаϷclockܭlowޑ RC time constantаϷVRޑtime domainޑresponseǺ
@ clock=high
)
)) ߄Ңlatch-partόૈᆢՐdataǶ܌аךॺѝाעlatch-partޑGm2ޑፓډ КstaticޑD-FFλǴIJlow൩ૈКstaticޑλǴdynamicޑD-FFޑϪඤೲࡋ ൩ૈКstaticޑזǶ!
ӵ݀όҔॊޑλૻဦٰϩStaticᆶDynamicೲࡋޑৡ౦Ǵᙖ җtiming diagram(კ2.49)ޑᡂϯΨёаᇥܴDynamicೲࡋזޑচӢǶ ӢࣁStaticӧreadϷlatchޑႝࢬελኬǴ܌аԋޑoutput swingࢂ
Iread×RLǴ࣬ჹޑӧDynamicࢎᄬΠlatchޑႝࢬКreadλǴ܌аӧlatch ਔoutput swing෧λډIlatch×RLǴ܌аૻဦҗlowᙯhigh܌ሡޑਔ໔
࣬ჹᡂλǴջ٬latchਔޑslew rateКၨեǴӧޑीΠDynamic ൩ёаКStaticזǻtǶ
read latch
High
Low
L
latch R
I u
Vout
Vout
read latch Clock
კ2.49 StaticᆶDynamicޑtiming diagram
(3) Output Buffer StageǺ
Output bufferޑࢎᄬᆶҔک”ჴբΒ”ኬǶ
2.8.3 Ⴃीೕӈ߄
Item Spec Supply Voltage 5 V
Current of Dynamic D-FF core 13.1 mA Current of Input Network&
Output buffer 21.52 mA Supply Power ~ 173.1 mW Operating frequency range 9GHz~18GHz
Die size 1000 um × 1000 um Sensitivity
8 10 12 14 16 18
-24 -22 -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6
Input Power (dBm)
Input Frequency (GHz)
2.8.4 ჴෳ่݀
(1) output 1GHz (2) output 2.5GHz when input 2GHz: when input 5GHz
(3) output 4GHz (4) output 5.5GHz when input 8GHz when input 11GHz
(5)SensitivityǺ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Min. input power Max. input power
Input Power (dBm)
Input Frequency (GHz)
0 5 10 15 20 25
Dynamic range
2.8.5 ่ፕᆶፕ (1) Die photo
(2) chip performance
Item Measurement Supply Voltage 5 V
Input buffer Current 3.4 mA Core & Output buffer
Current 24.7mA Core bias current 0.74mA Output buffer bias current 0.98mA Total Supply Power 149.1 mW Operational Frequency 2GHz ~ 11GHz
Die size 1mm × 1mm
೭ԛ܌٬ҔޑᄊࢎᄬዴჴКϐΠጕޑᓉᄊࢎᄬ׳ૈӧଯᓎ ၮբǴᓉᄊޑനଯᏹբᓎऊ7GHzǴԶᄊޑനଯᏹբᓎёၲ
11GHzǴӧόቚуфޑගΠගϲΑऊ48.6%ޑᏹբᓎࢤǶவ ኳᔕύႣෳޑᏹբᓎКჴሞໆෳޑ׳ଯǴёૈࢂGCT܌ගٮޑϡ ҹmodelӧଯᓎਔԖϩғਏᔈؒᆉډǴЪؒԖගٮpost-layout simulationޑфૈǴ೭٤ғਏᔈӧଯᓎਔѦܴᡉǴ܌аႝၡӧໆ
ෳਔ٠ؒૈᆶኳᔕठǴՠsensitivityޑᖿ༈࣬߈Ƕ
2.9 ჴբѤǴSuperdynamic Frequency Divider (GaAs HBT)
2.9.1 ࢎᄬᙁϟ
೭ԛीޑD-FF௦ҔSuper-dynamicࢎᄬǶSuper-dynamicࢂճҔ dynamicޑ ่ ᄬ ӧ regenerative pair ӆ ᠄ у ಔ Emitter-coupled negative feedback pair(ECNFP)(კ2.50)Ǵ܌а೭่ᄬϝߥԖdynamic ޑ܄Ǵӧೲࡋёа׳уගϲǶ
კ2.50 Super-dynamic D-FF circuit
super-dynamic D-FFၮӧեᓎ(clock=1GHz; Data=500MHz) ਔǴځᒡрݢࠠӵკ2.51Ƕӧԛreadکlatchޑၸำύѝӧread ک latchޑ໒ۈǴᒡрޑdataԖλࢤਔ໔ஒᒡΕޑdata҅ዴޑ߄Ң рٰ(correct data information)ǴϐࡕcomplementaryޑᒡрႝᓸӢ ECNFPޑ բ Ҕ ம ॐ ࣬ (equalized by ECNFP) Ǵ Զ ѳ ᑽ ӧ চ ٰ Dynamicᒡрਁ൯ޑύ໔ՏǶSuper-dynamic D-FF൩ࢂճҔԜ܄
ٰჴǴclockޑᒡΕᓎࡐଯਔǴᡣECNFPԋޑНѳႝᓸྗՏ
ុޑਔ໔൳Яࣁ႟ǴDFFޑ܄൩рǶӕਔECNFP෧λΑԖ ਏޑlogic swingԶόफ़եslew rateǴ٬ᏹբᓎ׳уගϲǶ
read latch
High
read latch Clock
c uperdynami S
Dynamic High
Low
L
latch R
I u
კ2.51 Super-dynamic output waveform
2.9.2 Ⴃीೕӈ߄
Itemʳ Specʳ Supply Voltage (core)ʳ 5 Vʳ Supply Current (core)ʳ 5.88 mAʳ Supply Current (input buffer)ʳ 11 mA Supply Current (output buffer) 13.7 mA
Supply Powerʳ 152.9 mWʳ Operational Frequencyʳ 10GHz ~ 16GHzʳ
Die size 1mm ͪ 1mm Sensitivity:
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
-42 -40 -38 -36 -34 -32 -30 -28 -26 -24 -22
Input power (dBm)
Operation Frequency (GHz)
2.9.3 ჴෳ่݀
(1) @ Input 9.7GHz Spectrum analyzerǺ Output peak @4.85GHz, -12.13dBmǺ
(2) Input sensitivity characteristic of the prescalerǺ
5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5
Input Power (dBm)
Input Frequency (GHz)
Min. Input Power Max. Input Power
2.9.4 ่ፕᆶፕ (1) Die photoǺ
(2) Chip performanceǺ
Item Measurement Supply Voltage 5 V
Supply Current 31.5 mA Supply Power 157.5 mW Operational Frequency 6GHz ~ 9.7GHz
Die size 1mm × 1mm
ҁԛჴբ่݀ӧDCБय़ᆶኳᔕठǴനଯᏹբᓎؒၲډኳ ᔕႣයޑ16GHzǴёૈࢂғޑਏᔈӧኳᔕਔؒԖֹӄᆉډǶவ ೭ԛޑໆෳ่݀ᆶԛΠጕޑstatic frequency dividerբКၨǴ೭ԛޑ നଯᏹբᓎዴჴКԛଯ31%ǴόၸΨ഼ѨΑϩեᓎᏹբޑૈ
ΚǴѸଯܭ6GHzωૈନᓎǶSuper-dynamicޑႝၡࢎᄬচӃࢂҔܭ CMOSǴӳೀࢂёаஒMOSޑoutput swing෧λǴаቚуᏹբᓎǴ ՠ ࢂ HBT ޑ ႝ ၡ ܄ output swing চ ҁ ൩ ό ε Ǵ ӵ ݀ ा ࣮ ډ super-dynamicޑ܄༈Ѹाуεinput powerᡣoutput swingε٤Ƕ җ sensitivity კ ё ࣮ р ೭ ԛ ޑ input power Ѹ ε ܭ 6dBm Ǵ ӧ dynamic rangeޑ߄όճܭନᓎ٬ҔǶ
2.10 ჴբϖǴInjection-locked Frequency Divider (GaAs HBT)
2.10.1 ࣴزᐒ
೭ԛޑନᓎႝၡόҔޑMaster-SlaveޑDFFǴԶࢂҔVCOբࣁ ਡЈႝၡǶа۳ନᓎᏔӧଯᓎᏹբ܌ޑфэPLLᕴфޑ๊ε
ϩǴӢԜ೭ԛ၂ҔVCOޑInjection-locked ޑ܄ǴуVCOҁ يޑޑф൩Кdigital frequency dividerǵregenerative frequency dividerλǴךॺջёीঁଯᓎեфޑନᓎᏔӧीVCO
ǶӧVCOޑीճҔEmitter coupled pair with cross feedbackޑࢎ
ᄬǴ٠ճҔ”ጠӝႝགȹբӣٰගϲVCOޑਁ൯Ƕ 2.10.2 ࢎᄬᙁϟ
Injection-locked frequency dividers (ILFD)ࢂݙΕᒡΕૻဦډ
К ٯ Ǵ ё ϩ ࣁ Ο ᜪ injection-locked oscillator(ILO) Ǻ (1)first-harmonicǴ ᒡ Ε ૻ ဦ ᓎ ޑ ୷ ᓎ ᆶ VCO ਁ ᕏ ᓎ ࣬ ӕ Ƕ (2)subharmonic Ǵ ᒡ Ε ૻ ဦ ᓎ ࢂ VCO ਁ ᓎ ޑ ϩ ኧ Ƕ (3) superharmonicǶᒡΕૻဦᓎࢂVCOᕏᓎ७ኧǶ೭ԛࢂճҔ superharmonicޑILOٰჴILFDǶ
კ2.52 Free running VCO კ2.53 Injection-locked VCO კ2.52߄Ңfree running LC oscillatorޑኳಔҢཀკǶf(x)ж߄ޑ LC oscillator ޑߚጕ܄ਏᔈǹH(Ȧ)߄Ңᒧᓎ༧(LC resonator)ǹԶך ॺ܌ሡޑILFD൩ࢂճҔচӃoscillatorࢎᄬӆݙΕᒡΕૻဦVi(კ 2.53)Ƕҗܭ٬ҔVCOޑᜢ߯ǴILFDϝள಄ӝunity loop gainکzero phase excessаᆢᕏǴӵ݀аҺచҹѨਏǴILFDΨคݤၮբǶ
ILFD ၮ բ ӧ ନ Β ޑ π բ చ ҹ Π Ǵ ଷ f(x) ࢂ Ο ໘ ӭ Ԅ (f(x)=a0+a1x+a2x2+a3x3)ǴᒡΕૻဦǺvi(t)=Vicos(Ȧit+ij)ǴijࢂᒡΕᆶᒡ рޑphaseৡǹᒡрૻဦǺvo(t)=Vocos(Ȧot)ǹu(t)=f(x(t))=f(vo(t)+ vi(t))ǹ
r
Q r
j H H
Z Z Z Z
2 1 )
( 0 ǴRLC tankޑୖኧǺȦrǴresonant frequencyǹQǴ
quality factorǶ
ᙖ җ а ޑ ଷ ё а Ꮴ р phase-limited ޑ ᙹ ᓎ ጄ ൎ ک gain-limitedޑᙹᓎጄൎǺ
(1) phase-limitedǺ
(2) gain-limitedǺ
»¼
ӧphase-limitedޑచҹύёޕǴቚуViΨёቚу܌ᓎጄൎǴόၸ
Viቚуډ٬VoᡂኧਔǴILFDΨ൩คݤҔբǶ
Vn
MH
log
Z
nკ2.54 ø2ࡕޑnoise transfer function
ILOޑ ᚇ ૻ ᙯ ౽ Б ำ Ԅ ё வ qbqfs ၌ ځ Ꮴ ่ ݀ Ǻ
)
noise rejectionϲN७Ƕ
ᗨฅILFDҁ፦ࢂઞᓎޑႝၡǴόၸճҔVCOޑVtuneٰׯᡂᕏ ᓎǴёஒᏹբᓎуቨǶჴሞၮҔޑ೯ૻسεӭࣁઞᓎǴ܌а ILFDޑᓎቨᗋૈ಄ӝسሡǶ
კ2.55 ILFDϐႝၡკ
ךॺԜԛܭILFDޑVCOࢂҔ”ጠӝႝགᓸԄਁᕏᏔ”ӵȐკ 2.55ȑ܌ҢǴԜीӕኬΨ௦ҔEmitter coupled pair with cross feedback
ޑਁᕏᏔࢎᄬǴ࣬ၨа۳όӕޑӦБࢂǴךॺஒճҔጠӝႝགٰբࣁ ӣޑၡ৩ǶԶচࢂǴஒךॺ܌ाޑӣૻဦǴၸႝགޑጠӝӣ ډᒡΕᆄǶ
Ԝࢎᄬ࣬ၨ”ޔௗӣ”ޑӳೀࢂǴᒡрႝᓸޑਁ൯όӢ୷ཱུ-ཱུௗय़܌ज़ڋǴёᒡрεਁ൯ǶԶ࣬ၨ௦Ҕ”ճҔႝբӣ”ϐႝ
ၡޑӳೀࢂǴஒόሡाୃᓸႝߔǴ܌аёаቚу࣬ՏᚇૻǶ
Ԝࢎᄬஒౢғ-2/gmޑॄႝߔԋਁᕏǴԶаӣޑفࡋٰᢀ
࣮Ǵջёаӧځᒡрᆄౢғ҅ӣǶճҔᒡрᆄޑॄၩǴӆҗ
ޑीځӅਁᓎ
LC
Z 1 Ǵջёӧགྷाޑᓎౢғڬය܄ޑᒡрǶ
ՠҗܭHBTᇙำѝૈճҔٿቫߎឦٰᙅጕǴ܌аाीԋࠟޔԄ ޑጠӝႝག࣬όܰǴԶ೭ԛךॺஒճҔਸޑᙅጕБݤǴٰၲԋѝ ճҔٿቫߎឦǴ൩ёीࠟޔጠӝႝགϐႝၡǴӵკ2.56܌Ң(ճҔ IE3DٰኳᔕрSୖኧ)Ƕ
კ2.56 ޔጠӝႝགϐlayoutკ
2.10.3 Ⴃीೕӈ߄
Item Spec Supply Voltage 5 V
Current of VCO core 4.22 mA Current of Current
Mirror& Output buffer 8.35 mA Supply Power ~ 62.85 mW Operating frequency range 12.2GHz~13.2GHz
Phase Noise of Free running VCO
-105dBc/Hz@1MHz offset
Turning Range 6.37~6.57GHz
KVCO 40MHz/V Die size 1000 um × 1000 um
2.10.4 ჴෳ่݀
(1) Free running VCO
Vtune=5V, output freq.=5GHz, Vtune=0V, output freq.=5.125GHz, Output power = -8.67dBm. Output power = -7.679dBm.
(2) Injection locked frequency divider ៜᔈ
аinput power = -10dBmࣁٯ:
Vtune=5V, Vtune=5V,
Max. locked freq.= 10.09GHz, Min. locked freq.= 9.90GHz, Output power = -7.689dBm. Output power= -7.995dBm.
Vtune=1V, Vtune=1V,
Max. locked freq.=10.25GHz, Min. locked freq.=10.16GHz, Output power=-7.635dBm. Output power=-7.991dBm.
Π კ Ң Vtune=5Vа Ϸ Vtune=1Vӧ Ӛ ᅿ input power Π ޑ locking rangeໆෳ่݀Ƕӧ Vtune=5Vǵ input powerλܭ0dBmࢂ ೀܭphase limited rangeǹԶεܭ0dBm߾ೀܭgain limited rangeǶԶVtune=1VਔǴ
ࣣࣁphase limited rangeǶёૈࢂӢࣁVtune=1VਔਁᕏᓎၨଯǴჹᔈ ޑLC-tankϐQॶၨଯǴphase limited൩ԋޑЬाޑlockingज़ڋచҹǶ
-15 -10 -5 0 5 0.05
0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
Locking range (GHz)
Input Power (dBm) Vtune=5V
Vtune=1V
ΠკҢёᙹۓᒡΕᓎ܌ሡाޑᒡΕфǶVtune=5VਔᒡΕ0dBm
Ԗനεlocking rangeǶҗԜკΨёаளޕǴVtune=5VਔޑLC-tankϐQ ॶКVtune=1VਔեǴ܌аlocking rangeၨεǶ
9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3
-15 -10 -5 0 5
Input power (dBm)
Incident frequency (GHz) Vtune=5V
Vtune=1V
2.10.5 ่ፕᆶፕ
(1) Die Photo
(2) Chip performanceΚ
Item Measurement Supply voltage 5 V
Vdd supply current 8.708 mA Vbias supply current 0.168mA Vmirror supply current 3.899mA Total Supply Power 63.203 mW Operational Frequency 10.246GHz ~
9.636GHz Total locked range 610MHz
Die size 1mm × 1mm
೭ԛΠጕޑݙᙹࠠᄊନᓎᏔዴჴวචځфૈǴᡏޑᙹۓጄൎ
ၲ ډ 610MHz Ǵ ځ ޑ ф ( х ֖ output buffer) К ࠠ ޑ master-slave DFFନᓎᏔϿΑஒ߈60%ǹVCOޑਁᕏᓎᆶኳᔕԖৡǴ
ࢂӢࣁӧኳᔕႝၡਔ٬ҔΑಔfittingрٰޑtransformer modelǴᆶჴ ሞޑႝགॶԖόӕǶӧᙹۓጄൎᆶኳᔕ่݀Ԗ150MHzޑပৡǴЬ
ाᗋࢂਁᕏᓎ۳Πᅆԋޑ่݀Ƕ
2.11 ჴբϤǴRegenerative Frequency Divider (GaAs HBT 2µ n)
2.11.1 ࣴزᐒ
ᒿ೯ૻޑሡǴࣁΑԖ׳ଯޑᒡᓎቨǴᏹբޑᓎόᘐӦග ϲǴޑନᓎᏔճҔD-Flip-FlopٰନᓎǴёࢂځύԋၨӭޑ hbuf!efmbzज़ڋՐനଯᏹբᓎǴӢԜҁԛჴբаMixerࣁਡЈႝ
ၡǴஒ၀ႝၡᔈҔӧଯೲޑᄊନᓎᏔǶ
Regenerative frequency divider(RFD)ޑനଯᏹբᓎёКޑ Master-Slave D-flip-flop (MS D-FF)܌ಔԋdividerזٿ७ǶStatic frequency dividerޑനଯᏹբᓎfmaxǴԖज़ڋǺ
tpd
f 12
max d Ǵtpd߄
ҢൂECL gateޑdelayǴԶRDFѝԖঁtpdکfeedback loopޑdelayǴ
܌аfmaxёε൯ගϲǶԜѦǴMixerࢎᄬޑႝᡏኧҁٰ൩КMS-D-FF ޑႝᡏኧϿǴ࣬ჹޑфΨၨϿǴԖճܭᔈҔӧՉ೯ૻޑႝ
ၡǶӧଯ७ޑନᓎᏔޑᆄǴӃҔեфଯᏹբᓎޑRFD ஒᓎफ़եǴௗΠٰӆҔቨᓎޑMS D-FFֹԋ܌ሡޑନኧǴӵԜٰ
ё෧եMS D-FFޑфΞёගϲᏹբᓎǶ 2.11.2 ࢎᄬᙁϟ
კ2.57߄ҢRFDޑblock diagramǴკύх֖Mixerǵlow-pass filter аϷamplifierǶMixerޑᆄᒡΕfᓎޑᒡΕૻဦǴќᆄ߾җᒡр ᆄӣf/2ᓎޑૻဦբషᓎǶགྷჹᆀޑMixerѝషрf/2ޑodd harmonicǴӵ3f/2ǵ5f/2…ǴԶ೭٤όाޑૻဦlow-pass filterᘠ
ǴѝԖf/2amplifierܫεǴᙖԜΨ෧Ͽconversion lossǶ
კ2.57 RFDϐBlock Diagram
Ԝ ႝ ၡ ཷ ۺ Π ޑ ന ଯ ޑ ᏹ բ ᓎ fmaxࢂ җ loop ޑ upper cutoff frequency،ۓǴԶ၀cutoff frequencyࢂҗmixerکamplifier܌ज़ڋǹ࣬
ჹޑǴstatic dividerޑfmax߾ࢂڙloop delay،ۓǴ܌аRFDёаКstatic divider׳ଯᓎᏹբǶόၸRFDޑനեᏹբጄൎfmin=fmax/3КstaticޑଯǴ ӢࣁᒡΕૻဦեܭ၀ᓎਔǴ3f/2ޑharmonic൩όlow-pass filter ᘠ Ǵ Ε mixer ᆶ ᒡ Ε ૻ ဦ ష ᓎ Ǵ ౢ ғ ό ा ޑ ᒡ р ᓎ (fmax/3*3/2=fmax/2)Ƕ
კ2.58 RFDޑեᓎᏹբज़ڋ
RFDޑ ਡ Ј ႝ ၡ ࢂ Ҕ double-balanced mixer(კ 2.59)Ǵ ӧ Clock Bufferीᆶচࢂၟ”2.8ჴբΟ”ኬǶᗨฅؒԖ࣬ჹᆀޑ differentialᒡΕ٬MixerޑRF-to-IF isolationᡂৡǴόၸቹៜRFDޑၮ բ࣬Ԗज़Ǵ܌а௦ԜౣǶԜѦRF portޑᒡΕᆄѝ០ٿঁႝࢬ Ϫඤႝᡏ(Q5,Q6)ǴКଆௗӣLO portϿٿঁ(Q1~Q4)Ǵ܌аॄၩၨեǴ
ࡺஒfeedbackૻဦௗӣRF portǴᒡΕૻဦҗLOᒡΕǶ
! კ2.59 RFDϐinput bufferϷਡЈႝၡკ
კ2.57ύޑblock diagramᡉҢௗܭmixerϐࡕࢂlow-pass filterǴ ՠ ӧჴ ሞႝၡ ी ٠ όሡा ᚐѦ уΕfilterǴӢ ࣁmixerҁ ي ޑ conversion gainᓎៜᔈ൩ࢂlow-passޑԄǴ܌аൂmixer൩х֖
ΑషᓎᆶᘠݢޑфૈǶԜѦǴΠભޑamplifierΨςϣࡌܭmixerύǴ Ӣࣁךॺ௦Ҕޑactive mixerҁي൩ૈගٮܫεૻဦޑਏ݀Ƕ
კ2.60 Cherry-Hopperϐimpedance mismatch
ό ၸ ӧ ೭ ԛ ी ό ޔ ௗ Ҕ ႝ ߔ բ mixer ޑ ॄ ၩ Ǵ Զ ࢂ Ҕ Cherry-Hooper AmplifierǴᙖҗᡣӚௗᗺೀܭեߔלǴ٬၀ࢎᄬК
ଆҔ ႝߔբॄ ၩε൯ फ़եRFDޑ time constant٬ f-3dBගϲ (෧Ͽ ऊ 1+gm2RC2ޑኧໆભ)ǴԶЪ၀ܫεᏔԖቨᓎޑᏹբᓎࢤǴёаஒRFD
۳׳ଯᓎǴ٠ቚуႝၡޑsensitivityᆶᛙۓࡋǶ
ӧ RFD ޑ ӣ ၡ ৩ у Ε ჹ double emitter follower ECL logicǴё٬LO portޑbase-collectorޑϸୃႝᓸቚуǴԶफ़եCµǴ Miller effectΨ෧λǶECLΨૈᡣךॺፓᒡрޑDCྗՏǴа಄ӝ feedbackӣmixerޑRF portਔ܌ሡޑDCྗՏǶ
ନݤᏔϐᒡрᆄΨࢂࡐܰڙΠભቹៜǴޔࢬྗՏϷߔלϰ ଛΨόܰၲԋǴӢԜाԖঁؼӳޑᒡрፂભωૈԖਏޑၲԋ
ֹޑႝၡǶीБݤၟϐޑჴբኬǶ
ӧ layout Ե ໆ Ǵ ᅰ ໆ ٬ ႝ ၡ ჹ ᆀ Ǵ ٠ ᅰ ё ૈ ᕭ อ RFD ύ ޑ feedbackၡ৩ǹӧӚDCୃᓸೀ٠ೱbypassǴόՠёа٬ୃᓸᛙۓǴ
׳ёᘠόѸाޑRF couplingǹӧௗጕБय़ǴࣁΑ٬Ӛঁϡҹ಄ӝ lumpedޑଷǴѸ಄ӝLd0.1OgǴLࢂೱௗጕޑჴሞߏࡋǴԶȜg߄Ң guided wavelengthǶ
2.11.3 Ⴃीೕӈ߄
Item Spec Supply Voltage 5 V
Current of Mixer core 9.26 mA Current of Input Network
& Output buffer 23.94 mA Supply Power ~ 166 mW Operating frequency range 8GHz~24GHz
Die size 1000 um × 1000 um
Sensitivity
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
Input Power (dBm)
Input Frequency (GHz)
2.11.4 ჴෳ่݀
(1 ) Max. Incident Frequency (2) Min. Incident Frequency
=22GHz =9GHfz
Output freq.=11GHz, -14.45dBm Output freq.=4.5GHz, -2.53dBm (3) Incident freq.=10GHz, (4) Incident freq.=13GHz,
Output freq.=5GHz, -1.627dBm Output freq.=6.5GHz, -10.74dBm
(5) Incident freq.=16GHz, (6) Incident freq.=18GHz,
Output freq.=8GHz, -11.14dBm Output freq.=9GHz, -14.12dBm (7) Phase noise
-125dBc/Hz @ 100KHz offset (8) Sensitivity
8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
Input power (dBm)
Incident Frequency (GHz)
Min. input power Max. input power Dynamic range
2.11.5 ่ፕᆶፕ
(1) Die PhotoǺ
(2)Chip PerformanceǺ
Itemʳ Measurementʳ Core & output buffer Supply Voltageʳ 5 Vʳ Core & output buffer Supply Currentʳ 27.2 mAʳ
Input buffer supply voltage 5V Input buffer supply current 1.9mA
All bias voltage 5V All bias current 3.92mA Total Supply Powerʳ 165.1 mWʳ Functional frequency range 9~ 22GHz
Die size 1000 um Ø 1000 um ೭ԛΠጕ܌٬ҔޑႝၡࢎᄬǴࢂаMixerࣁਡЈႝၡஒᒡрૻဦ
ௗӣRF portǴԜӣၡ৩ӵ݀ؒԖीӳ٬ႝၡวғԾਁຝǶҗ ܭҁႝၡаCherry-Hooper amplifierբactive loadǴࣁΑlevel shiftډ RF portǴӭҔΑಔemitter follower٬ঁӣၡ৩ѸӭၸΟঁ
gate delayǴуamplifierޑܫεਏ݀٬೭ԛޑႝၡӧ҂ௗinputਔ൩Ԗ 5.77GHzޑਁᕏૻဦᒡрǶҗໆෳډޑsensitivityკ߄ё࣮рǴӧᒡр
ૻဦեܭ5.77GHzҁႝၡᗋԖ5dBmޑdynamic rangeǴຬၸԜᓎࡕ dynamic range൩ࡐৡǶԜຝᜪ՟injection lockedޑନᓎᏔǴόၸሡ
ाࡐεޑinput powerωૈԖନᓎޑфૈǴׯᡂVbias_o padޑႝᓸਔΨ
ׯᡂᒡрૻဦޑᓎǶ
2.12 ჴբΎǴRegenerative Frequency Divider (SiGe HBT 0.35µ n)
ҁჴբޑࣴزᐒᆶࢎᄬᙁϟک”ჴբϤ”ኬǴӧᒡрፂભႝ
ၡीਔᗋ௦Ҕinductor peakingޑמѯǴᡣᒡрભޑᓎቨόज़ڋډ ਡЈႝၡޑៜᔈǶЬाόӕᗺࢂӧSiGeޑᇙำჴǴӢԜޔௗҢ Ⴃीೕکໆෳ่݀Ƕ
IF IF
კ2.61 inductor peakingϐᒡрፂભ
2.12.1 Ⴃीೕӈ߄
Item Spec Supply Voltage 5 V
Current of Mixer core 9.66 mA Current of Input Network&
Output buffer 22.67 mA Supply Power ~ 161.65 mW Operating frequency range 16GHz~30GHz
Die size 860 um × 822 um
2.12.2 ჴෳ่݀
(1) Max. Incident Frequency (2) Min. Incident Frequency
=27GHz =7GHz
Output freq.=13.5GHz, -34.76dBm. Output freq.=3.5GHz, -7.468dBm
(3) Incident freq.=9GHz, (4) Incident freq.=11GHz,
Output freq.=4.5GHz, -7.66dBm. Output freq.=5.5GHz, -8.009dBm.
(5) Incident freq.=13GHz, (6) Incident freq.=16GHz,
Output freq.=6.5GHz, -8.933dBm Output freq.=8GHz, -12.31dBm
(7) Incident freq.=19GHz,
Output freq.=9.5GHz, -16.15dBm
(8) Sensitivity
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
0 5 10 15 20 Min. Input power 25 Max. input power
Dynamic Range (dBm)
Input Power (dBm)
Input Frequency (GHz)
Dynamic range
2.12.3 ่ፕᆶፕ (1) Die Photo
(2) Chip performance summary
Itemʳ Measurementʳ Core & output buffer Supply
Voltageʳ 5 Vʳ Core & output buffer Supply
Currentʳ 19 mAʳ Input buffer supply voltage 5V Input buffer supply current 1mA
The Other bias voltage 3V The Other bias current 3.1mA
Total Supply Powerʳ 109.404 mWʳ Functional frequency range 7~ 27GHz
Die size 860 um Ø 822 um
೭ԛΠጕ܌٬ҔޑႝၡࢎᄬǴࢂаMixerࣁਡЈႝၡஒᒡрૻဦௗ
ӣRF portǶҗჴᡍ่݀ჴԜႝၡӧSiGe 0.35µmᇙำޑᏹբጄൎ ё җ 7~27GHzǴዴჴ ёаၲ ډ1/2 fTѰ ѓ (SiGe HBTӧ Vce=1Vਔ fT=60GHz)Ƕӧ10GHz~22GHzޑᒡΕᓎࢤѝሡ-10dBmޑф൩ёၲԋ ନΒфૈǴЪᄊጄൎΨଯၲ20dBmѰѓǴᡏޑႝၡਏૈКኳᔕਔ ᗋӳǶനեᏹբጄൎज़ڋӧፕࢂ1/3ޑനଯᏹբᓎࢤǴӵ݀ךॺ ڗӝޑၮҔᒡΕфጄൎ-8dBmࣁ୷ྗǴ8~24GHzዴჴ಄ӝႣෳǶ ӧᒡрфБय़ڙज़ܭᒡрፂભޑᓎቨǴ܌аջ٬ճҔinductor peakingמѯᓎቨϝฅᙟᇂঁᒡрᓎࢤǴԋᒡрфӧଯᓎޔΠ
ྖǶ!
2.13 ჴբନΒႝၡϐ܄Кၨ
Kinds of
Dividers Technology Operating range (GHz)
Power (mW)
Core current (mA)
Static InGaP/GaAs 2͔m
HBT 2 ~ 7.3 60.6 12.12
Dynamic InGaP/GaAs 2͔m
HBT 2 ~ 11 65.5 13.1
Superdynamic InGaP/GaAs 2͔m
HBT 6 ~ 9.7 29.4 5.88
RFD SiGe 0.35͔m
BiCMOS HBT 7~27 45 9
ILFD InGaP/GaAs 2͔m
HBT 9.636 ~ 10.246 21.11 4.22
߄2.4 ჴբନΒႝၡϐКၨ
ಃΟക
ᓸਁᕏᏔϐी
3.1 ق
ਥᏵBarkhausen criteriaǴE(s)A(s)ѸܭЪE(s)A(s)Ѹࣁ႟Ƕ
ӵ݀аႝၡፕٰ࣮ǴਁᕏाวғޑӃ،చҹࢂӧፄኧѳय़ޑ
ືाӸӧჹcomplex conjugate pole(კ3.2)Ƕଷ(3-1)Ԅӧᎃ߈
ືޑѓъѳय़Ԗಔcomplex conjugate poleǴViр٤ᚇૻ
ᘋࡕǴӧᒡрᆄ൩рਁ൯ᅌᡂεޑ۰ݢૻဦǶҗܭܫεᏔё ගٮޑਁ൯ࢂڙज़ڋޑ(аႝᡏԶقǴਁ൯ϲ٬gmΠफ़)Ǵӵ݀
ᒡрૻဦεܭԜज़ڋǴܫεᏔ൩ॐ٬ѓъѳय़ޑpole۳ື౽Ǵ ٠ߥۓޑਁ൯Ƕനಖ၀ಔcomplex conjugate poleပӧືᛙ ۓਁᕏǴԜਔރᄊωࢂ҅ᅈىBarkhausen criteriaǶ
Re Im
1 pole
2 pole
time
Re Im
1 pole
2 pole
time
Re Im
1 pole
2 pole
time
კ3.2 ਁᕏᏔϐཱུᗺӧፄኧѳय़ޑᡂ
ਁᕏޑଆۈచҹࢂႝၡҁيѸόᛙۓǴёࢂਥᏵBarkhausen criteria٠όૈዴۓԛచҹǴBarkhausenѝૈᇥࢂѸाచҹԶߚкϩచ ҹ(resonate܈latch಄ӝ၀ۓ)Ǵ܌аᜢܭႝၡࢂցόᛙۓѸҔ ќۓ߾ٰ،ۓǺNyquist stability testǶځБݤࢂஒE(s)A(s) 1ӧፄኧ ѳय़ჹᓎբკ(კ3.3)Ǵӵ݀ႝၡҁيਁᕏځॉၞਔଞхൎ (1,0)ᗺǴԶхൎޑ୮ኧ൩ࢂӸӧѓъѳय़ύzeroکpoleޑঁኧৡ(ӵ݀
ਔଞᙅ(1,0)୮Ǵ߄Ңzeroکpoleޑᕴঁኧৡ)Ǵӵ݀ႝၡҁيᛙ ۓǴॉၞ൩όਔхൎ(1,0)ᗺǶ
m1freq=
S(1,1)=5.325 / -5.1114.420GHz
-4 -2 0 2 4
-6 6
freq (1.000GHz to 10.00GHz)
S(1,1) m1
კ3.3 ਁᕏᏔϐNyquist Plot
ӧRFᑈᡏႝၡύத٬ҔޑਁᕏᏔӭࢂҔЬϡҹٰౢғॄႝ
ߔǴஒLC tankύޑཞႝߔѐǴځ่ፕၟBarkhausen࣮՟คᜢǴՠ
ᏤޑཷۺࢂठޑǶӃа༾ݢႝၡޑᢀᗺٰ࣮one-portޑسǴҔ ϸ߯ኧٰࡌᄬLC-tankᆶЬচҹ໔ௗय़ޑៜᔈ(კ3.4)Ǵႝၡύ ޑλᚇૻanݙΕډ၀ௗय़ਔǴёаҔflow graph(კ3.5)ٰ߄Ңسӵ
ՖϸᔈǴௗёаளǺ
ǴRIN(A,Z)<0Ǵॄႝߔޑελᒿਁ൯ᆶᓎᡂǶ
ϲᒡрૻဦޑਁ൯ǴӢԜόሡቚу DC Supply ൩ёуமᒡрфǶᗨ ฅΨёа٬Ҕ transformer ٰբߔלᙯඤǴՠࢂ transformer Ԗҁ፦
ޑલᗺǺ(1)คݤԭϩԭጠӝૻဦԋᒡΕૈໆཞǶ(2)Ьᙅጕᆶԛ ᙅጕ໔ԖғޑጠӝႝਏᔈǶ(3)ౢғόሡाޑӅਁǶԜѦǴӧ
ႝၡኳᔕਔሡा٬Ҕፄᚇޑႝၡኳٰࠠඔॊঁ transformer ޑ
܄Ǵ܌аόҔѬբߔלᙯඤǶ
ஒ(3-8)ԄύޑQL LsZǶ
ĺRP2ёᙖԜගϲ 2
1 1) 1 (
p s
L
L ७
Colpittsک Hartley ਁᕏᏔΨࢂҔԜวБݤቚу LC-tank ޑ Q ॶǶ όၸ೭ٿঁࢎᄬࣁΑ٬ LC-tank ࣮ډᙯඤၸࡕޑଯႝߔǴሡाᡣ LS1ᆶ LP1(܈ CP1ᆶ CS1)ޑКॶࡐεǴӧϞޑ IC ᇙำόჴҔǴӢ ࣁԖय़ᑈکᆒዴࡋޑ trade-offǶ
3.2.3 MD.ubol ϐਏႝၡ!
კ 3.11 LC-tank ϐਏႝၡᙯඤ
җܭႝགޑ Q ॶ೯தКႝλǴ܌а LC-tank ޑਏ٠ᖄႝߔ (Rtotal)җႝགޑ RPL،ۓǺRp QL2/RSL (LZr)2/RSLˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀ(3.9)
3.3 LC ᓸਁᕏᏔϐीୖኧന٫ϯ
3.3.1 LCаϷႝᡏޑᒧҔచҹ
२ӃԵቾ VCO ܌ሡाޑᒡрਁ൯Ƕ൩ԏวᐒԶقǴVCO ௗӧ Mixerޑ LO ᆄǴԶ Mixer ׆ఈ VCO ૈගٮႽБݢِೲޑኩᄊϪ ඤǴ٬ Mixer ύ LO ᆄޑႝᡏᚇૻᓸڋӧനեॶǶԶၲԋ߈՟Бݢ ޑ LO ᒡрૻဦёаஒኧঁ࣬ӕޑ VCO ᒡруᕴࡕӆឲډ Mixer ޑ LO portёቚε۰ݢޑᒡрਁ൯Ǵӧ zero crossing ߈՟൩ႽБݢǹԜ
ѦǴӵ݀ VCO ૈԖ 50%ޑ duty cycle(ᡄᒠ 1 ᆶᡄᒠ 0 ޑਔ໔Ӛэ 1/2
ຼය)Ǵёаᗉխ LO ૻဦᅅډ IF ᆄǴቚம Mixer ޑ isolation ޑਏ݀Ƕ
ा٬ᒡрਁ൯ගϲǴനޔௗޑБݤ൩ࢂуεႝགॶǶL ຫεǴሡ
ाᙅޑ୮ኧຫεǴᙅጕߎឦޑߏࡋΨຫߏǴՍᖄޑΨၟϲ RSLǴ
܌а L ک RSLϲ k ७жΕ(3.9)Ԅёޕ Rp൩ၟϲ k ७Ƕӵ݀
٬Ҕ Off-chip ޑႝགٰуεགॶǴନΑቚуਁ൯ѦᗋёஒѺጕԋޑ
ғႝགਏᔈफ़եǶόၸਁᕏᓎ൩КၨեǴதҔޑ 5GHz س൩ คݤ٬ҔǶ
ቚуႝགॶᗋԖځдޑલᗺᆶज़ڋǺ(1)ႝགޑԾਁᓎफ़եǶ (2)ႝགޑғႝࡐεǴӵ݀КᇙำύගٮޑёᡂႝᗋεǴVCO ޑᒡрᓎёፓጄൎ൩ᡂޑࡐλǶ
൩ᒧswitch transistorsԶقǴҗܭ၀ႝᡏჹࢂЬाޑᚇૻྍǴ
ಃѸᒧemitter areaၨεޑႝᡏ٬baseႝߔॶफ़եǴ෧Ͽ thermalᚇૻǶಃΒࢂफ़եbiasႝࢬǴᡣcollectorᆄޑshotᚇૻౢғၨλ ޑቹៜǶόၸБݤቚуႝᡏޑғႝǹБݤΒ߾ࢂᡣᒡрਁ
൯ᡂλǶӧीVCOਔǴаޑୢᚒሡाуаԵቾ٠ள䵽ന٫
ीୖኧǶ
3.4 Phase Noise
3.4.1 Ֆᒏ Phase Noise
ޑ۰ݢૻဦёቪԋx(t) Acos(ZctI(t))ǴI(t)ࢂᅿ༾λޑᒿ ᐒᘋૻဦǴ൩ࢂ܌ᒏޑ phase noiseǶѬ೯தᇻλܭ 1 radǴ܌аёа
ஒ x(t) ߈՟ࣁAcosZctAsinZctI(t)ǴΨ൩ࢂI(t)ၩډ ȦcǴᡣ Ȧc
ӧᓎԖဵៅౢғ(კ 3.12)Ƕ
Zc Zc
ʳ კ 3.12 VCO ᒡрޑགྷϷჴሞᓎ
Phase noise வᓎޑीᆉБݤࢂஒᚆύЈᓎ'Zޑᒡрф
(P2)ନѐύЈᓎZcޑᒡрф(P1)ӆନа'Z(კ 3.13)ǴځൂՏ൩ࢂ
dBc/HzǶШ
¸¸
¸¸
¹
·
¨¨
¨¨
©
§ 'Z
1 2
log 10 P
P
ːP2,dBm P1,dBm10log'Z
Zc
Z '
კ 3.13 Phase Noise ޑीᆉБݤ
ӧௗԏᐒஒᒡрૻဦϲᓎ܈ஔԏૻဦफ़ᓎਔǴ٬Ҕډ VCOౢғҁӦᆄޑਁᕏૻဦǶӵ݀Ԝ LO ૻဦԖ phase noiseǴӧԏว ၸำύǴځд channel ޑૻဦ phase noise ޑဵៅਏᔈઇᚯǴӵკ 3.14Ǵךॺวрଯфޑૻဦਔځဵᘍਏᔈᇂၸ adjacent channel ޑૻဦǴ٬ adjacent channel ޑ٬ҔޣԏόډѬ܌ሡޑૻဦǶ
Z
cZc Z,3dB
) (s H
ʳ კ 3.16 LC-tank ϐ band-pass ਏᔈ
Q ॶᗋԖќᅿۓကǴ൩ࢂፕ LC-tank ӧ໒ၡ(კ 3.17)ਔޑ
࣬Տᡂϯ(კ 3.18)Ǻ
Z I Z
d Q c d
2 ---(3.10) (open loop Q)Ƕ LC VCO ೀܭᛙۓਁᕏਔǴLC-tank ޑߔלѝഭΠ ჴޑႝߔॶǴ܌а LC ޑ໒ၡᙯ౽ڄኧᆢӧ ͠cǴόගٮ ҺՖ࣬ՏޑᡂϯǶӵၸ Q ॶଯ൩߄Ң࣬Տჹᓎޑᡂϯ௹ࡐε(კ 3.18)Ǵӵ݀ၡԖҺՖᚇૻԋഈၡޑ࣬Տόࣁ႟ǴLC-tank ѝ ሡᅆᗺᓎ൩ёᔆံᚇૻԋޑ࣬ՏৡǴߥഈၡޑ࣬Տࣁ
႟ǶӢԜǴQ ॶӵ݀ຫଯຫૈլܺᚇૻԋޑᓎᘋǶӧ RF س
ύǴӵ݀ Q ॶૈӧ 20 а൩ёҔܭࡐӭᔈҔύǶ
კ 3.17 LC-tank ໒ၡϐႝၡკ
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Frequency (Hz)
Phase (degree)
Q=50 Q=10
ʳ კ 3.18 Q=50 ᆶ Q=10 ϐ LC-tank ࣬Տᡂϯკ
3.4.3 Phase Noise ӧ VCO ޑౢғᐒڋ
phase noiseёа٩ྣᚇૻྍޑݙΕᗺϩࣁٿᅿǺ(1)வਁᕏഈ
ၡύޑҺᗺݙΕǹ(2)җڋᓎޑ Vtune ᆄݙΕǴ೭ٿᅿԄ
җܭ VCO ࢎᄬԖঁ LC resonator բᒧۓᓎҔǴ܌аҔ band-pass filterޑ໒ၡᙯ౽ڄኧٰ߄ҢǶ
2.3 2.32 2.34 2.36 2.38 2.4 2.42 2.44 2.46 2.48 2.5
ঁ߈՟ޑ໒ၡڄኧ(ࢂճҔ Taylor expension)Ǻ
> @
ĺ ( ) exp( ) exp( I)
ǴаΠ൩ࢂҔ MatLab ฝрޑᚇૻᙯ౽ڄኧ( Leeson’s equation )( კ 3.21)Ǻ
კ 3.21 Leeson’s equation ӧᓎޑៜᔈ
(3.16)Ԅࢂஒ࣬ՏᚇૻϷਁ൯ᚇૻ೯೯ԵቾѐǴ܌аໆෳډޑ
࣬Տᚇૻ೯தѝԖ(3.16)ԄᆉрޑъǶӵ݀ाளډӳޑ࣬ՏᚇૻǴ
ܴᡉޑሡाஒ Q ॶගϲǶԜѦǴӧᏤ(3.16)Ԅਔଷࢂӧጕ܄ޑ
ॄӣسǴόၸޑ VCO Ԗਁ൯ज़ڋޑᐒڋǴౢғߚጕ
܄ ޑ ਏ ᔈ ٬ ᚇ ૻ ᡂ ε Ǵ ܌ а ሡ ा ஒ (3.16) Ԅ բ অ ҅ Ǻ
2 2
2 2
) 4 (
) (
A Q s
X s
Y c
Z Z
' ǴA ࢂλૻဦഈၡቚǴӢԜीഈၡቚਔ ΨѸᖿ߈ܭ”1”಄ӝଆਁచҹջёǴց߾ஒᚇૻܫεǶ
კ 3.22 Noise җ VtuneᆄݙΕ
ಃ(2)ᅿǺӧ Vtuneᆄޑnoise܌ౢғޑਏᔈ(კ 3.22)
VCOޑ Vtuneᆄ(ڋᓎᆄ)ӵ݀Ԗ۰ݢૻဦᒡΕǴԋ FM ޑਏᔈǺ
Z
nZn
n
c Z
Z
n
c Z
Z Zc
კ 3.23 ۰ݢ Noise җ VtuneᆄݙΕӧᓎޑਏᔈ
Vtune ჹ VCO ޑ ᒡ р ᓎ ϐ ڋБ ำ Ԅ ࣁǺZout Z0KVCOVtune Ξ
࣬ၡႝၡ(PLL)ύǴVCO ௗܭ Law-pass filter ϐࡕǴӢԜҗ Law-pass filterၸٰޑեᓎᚇૻᙖҗԜ noise ౢғၡ৩ቹៜᡏ PLL ޑᚇૻ܄ǶࣁࣁΑׯ๓ԜᚇૻǴёஒ Kvco ޑॶफ़եǴόၸཞѨ VCOޑ Tunning rangeǶ
ځჴόѝࢂӧ VtuneᆄԖᐒౢғ Spurious ᚇૻǴҺՖૈׯᡂᓎ
ޑᐒڋёౢғǴႽ BJT ޑ Icႝࢬׯᡂ base ک emitter ໔ޑ diffusion ႝǴԶׯᡂ LC ޑޑਁᕏᓎǴ൩ౢғ Spurious ᚇૻǶ
3.4.4 VCO ޑୃᓸႝࢬჹ Phase Noise ޑቹៜ
җ Leeson’s modelǺ 2 2
2
2 Z
Z ' Q P F kT
S c
sig
SSB ёޕǴࣁΑගϲ࣬Տᚇૻ
όѝाஒᚇૻ࣬Տᙯ౽ڄኧᓸեǴᗋाஒ VCO ᒡрޑфуεǶࣁ ΑቚуᒡрфѸஒ bias ႝࢬуεǴёࢂ BJT ޑᚇૻႝࢬྍܭ
C
c f qI
i2/' 2 ǴIc ϲ K ७٬ᚇૻႝࢬྍޑᒡрфуε K ७Ƕό ၸ൩ᒡрфԶقǴIc ϲ K ७ᒡрфᡂࣁgmRPL2 vIc2ǴගϲΑ K2७Ǵ܌аᡏᒡрфᗋࢂёаගϲ K ७ǴӢԜуε bias ႝࢬё аׯ๓࣬ՏᚇૻǶҗܭᇙำόᘐޑǴૈ٬Ҕޑႝᓸᡂޑຫٰຫ եǴVCO ޑᒡрਁ൯ΨᡂλǴჹ phase noise ޑቹៜࡐεǶ
ךॺᗋёаஒ K ঁ࣬ӕ VCO ޑᒡрӄуӧଆ(კ 3.24)Ǵᒡ рૻဦޑਁ൯ёаቚу K ७Ǵඤᆉԋфёаගϲ K2७Ǵᗨฅᚇૻ
Ψܫε K ७Ǵՠᡏ࣬ՏᚇૻᗋࢂΠफ़ K ७ǶԜࢎᄬޑ trade-off
ၟࢤගډޑ bias ႝࢬཷۺ࣬үǴᗨฅׯ๓࣬Տᚇૻޑ܄όၸႝ
ၡޑӄфΨቚуΑ࣬ӕޑКٯǶ
Zc
Zc
Zc
კ 3.24 ஒኧঁ VCO ޑᒡруᕴ
ӵ݀Ԗӳޑ Q ॶǴVCO ൩όሡाуε bias ႝࢬٰၲډسा
ޑ࣬ՏᚇૻೕǴόՠ VCO ޑфёаफ़եǴவႝᡏౢғޑ
ᚇૻႝࢬΨᡂλǶ
3.5 Pulling Ϸ Pushing ຝ
ϐ܌ፕޑᚇૻਏᔈǴࢂӃଷᚇૻޑૻဦ࣬ჹܭ VCO ޑ ᒡрૻဦλࡐӭǶӵ݀Ԗᚇૻᚆ VCO ޑᓎࡐ߈Ъфελၟ VCO ৡόӭε(კ 3.25)ǴVCO ޑᓎ൩ǴࣗԿᓎ൩ᚇૻᓎ
ᙹՐǴᆀϐ”Injection Pulling”Ƕ
Z0 Zn
კ 3.25 VCO ϐ Injection Pulling ຝ
೭ᅿຝதـܭௗԏᐒࢎᄬύǴႽࢂ Power Amplifier ൩วଌ ଯфЪᓎᚆ VCO όᇻޑૻဦǴ VCO ޑᓎ൩ Power AmplifierޑวૻဦǹԜѦǴӧךॺགྷௗԏ channel ޑᎃ߈ channel Ԗଯфޑૻဦӧว(კ 3.26)ǴԜଯфૻဦΨᙖҗ Mixer ቹៜ ډ VCO ޑᓎǴӢӢԜ VCO ሡाಔଯ reverse isolation ޑ Buffer
ٰᗉխᚇૻݙΕ VCO ԶቹៜᒡрᓎǴόၸԜ Buffer ԋ Mixer ޑ Noise Figure ᡂεǶ
VCO LNA Mixer Signal
Desirede
Interferer
f
VCO ᏹբӧ open-loop ਔჹܭ Loading ޑᡂϯΨձ௵གǴႽ
ࢂ DECT سύǴPower Amplifier όਔޑ໒ᜢٰ࣪ႝྍǴԋ VCO ޑ Loading ޔӧᡂϯǴځᒡрᓎΨ൩คݤᛙۓǴᆀϐ”load pulling”ǶࣁΑׯ๓ԜਏᔈǴሡӧ VCO Ϸ PA ໔Εঁ high-isolaiton ޑ BufferǶ
VCO ჹܭ DC ٮᔈႝྍޑᡂΨࡐ௵གǶ VddౢғᡂϯǴӧ varactor ٿᆄޑᓸৡ൩ၟᡂϯǴਁᕏᓎΨ൩ၟᅆǴᆀ ϐ”supply pushing”ǶӧЋᐒύ PA ᗋࢂԋԜຝޑЬӢǴҗܭႝԣ Ԗᒡрႝߔу PA ໒໒ᜢᜢԋ Loading ޑᡂǴ٬ VddԖኧԭ mV ޑᡂǶ
3.6 ৡ Bipolar LC Oscillator
Ԑයޑ RF ਁᕏᏔӭ٬Ҕൂ transistor ٰჴǴҗܭ٬ҔനϿޑ Ьϡҹ Phase Noise ёаԖӳޑ܄ǴЪԜႝၡޑሽΨёаᓸեǶ όၸᒿᇙำόᘐǴIC ޑሽςε൯फ़եǴ܌аҞςόӆ٬
Ҕൂ transistor ࢎᄬǴόၸᗋࢂёаᙖҗځচቶډৡ VCO ޑၮ բኳԄǶ
ൂ transistor ޑ VCO ௗጕБԄӵკ 3.27Ǵӣၡ৩Ѹᒧᡣ ӄၡ৩ޑᕴ࣬Տৡࣁ႟(Barkhausen criteria)ǴЪ LC-tank ӧਁᕏਔ όගٮ࣬ՏᡂϯǴӢԜѸᒧஒ collector ޑૻဦӣډ emitter аගٮ႟࣬Տᡂϯ(კ 3.27)ǶԜѦ LC-tank ޑӣၡ৩Ѹௗܭଯߔ לᆄаᗉխ LC-tank ޑ Q ॶΠफ़(
L R C L
R
p o p
)
( Z )Ǵ܌аஒځௗܭ Collector ᆄ(Emitter ᆄޑߔלѝԖ 1/gm)Ξ٬ Q ॶӆԛΠफ़ǴӢࣁ LC-tank Ξ࣮ډ emitter ᆄޑեႝߔǶׯ๓Бݤ൩ࢂճҔ 3.2.2 ύ܌
ගޑ passive impedance transformation(კ 3.28)Ǵᡣ LC-tank ᆄ࣮ډଯ ߔלǶԜБԄ൩ࢂ Colpttis Ϸ Hartly ਁᕏᏔ(კ 3.29)Ƕ
LC
Q1 feedbackpath
კ 3.27 ൂ transistor ϐ VCO ௗጕკ
Q1
tion transforma impedence
კ 3.28 კ 3.27 ϐׯ VCO ႝၡ
Colpitts Hartley
ӵ ݀ ࣁ Α ᡣ LC-tank ࣮ ډ ၨ ଯ ޑ ߔ ל ٠ ό ۓ ा passive impedance transformationޑБݤǴёаճҔঁ active buffer ٰၲԋ
࣬ӕ ਏ݀(კ 3.30)ǴӢ ࣁѬёаගٮࡐ εޑᒡΕߔלǴcommon collectorܫεᏔ൩ૈᙁൂޑ಄ӝॊाǶӵ݀ӆஒ Q2ஒޑ Collector ᆄӧௗ䵽 LC-tank ٠ௗӣ Q1 ޑ emitterǴ൩ԋΑதـޑৡ
VCO(კ 3.31)ǶԜࢎᄬόѝёаҔ Barkhausen criteria ٰᇥܴځਁᕏচ
ǴҭёҗλૻဦኳࠠᏤрǺவ Q1ک Q2ޑ Collector ᆄ࣮Εёа
࣮ډਏޑॄႝߔ(-2/gm)(კ 3.32)Ǵ܌аԜࢎᄬΞᆀࣁ Negative-Gm
ਁᕏᏔǶ
Q1 Q1
Q2
კ 3.30 ճҔ active buffer ౢғߔלᙯඤ
Q1 Q2
Q1 Q2
Rin
კ 3.31 ৡ LC ਁᕏᏔ კ 3.32 ճҔ cross-coupled pair ౢғॄႝߔ
3.7 ჴբǴVoltage-Controlled Oscillator with
Differential Excitation Trifilar ( SiGe HBT 0.35 ͔m)
3.7.1 ࣴزᐒ
ਁᕏᏔႝၡӧคጕ೯ૻسႝၡύǴתᄽΑঁ࣬ख़ाޑف ՅǴ߈ԃٰޔԖӚԄӚኬޑᕏځ่ᄬӧ paper ว߄ǴႽࢂճҔ όӕޑႝགᙅጕБݤஒ Q ޔගϲǴ٬ phase noise ளаׯ๓ǹ܈ࢂ
ׯᡂঁႝၡޑࢎᄬǴ෧λႝᡏޑᚇૻჹᒡрૻဦޑυᘋǶӧᇙำ Бय़ǴSiGe BiCMOS ᇙำ࣬ӝҔٰჴ SOC ႝၡǴӧኧՏ܈ᜪ КႝၡБय़ёаҔ CMOS ٰ࣪य़ᑈǹӧଯᓎႝၡБय़൩ёճҔଯ ᄒЗᓎޑ HBT ٰჴǶᗨฅ SiGe ޑ୷݈ཞКځдΟϖϯӝ୷
ٰ݈ޑεǴՠࣁΑ࣪ԋҁǴӵ݀೯ૻسڙԜલᗺޑቹៜόεǴᗋ
ࢂӛ٬Ҕ SiGe BiCMOS ٰჴႝၡǶ
ҁԛჴբޑႝၡࢎᄬࢂճҔཥԄޑ TransformerǴёаӕਔჴ
Hartleyࢎᄬޑ VCO аϷ inductive coupling ޑӣБݤǴ٬ VCO ޑ Phase NoiseᡂեǵᒡрႝᓸጄൎᡂεǶԜࢎᄬӧ IEEE ޑ paper ᗋ
҂ـว߄Ƕ
3.7.2 ࢎᄬᙁϟ
Part1. VCOϐӣБݤीǺ
ࣁΑ٬ VCO ޑ phase noise ᡂλǴനᙁൂޑБݤ൩ࢂᙖҗуεӅ
ਁ๚ޑਁᕏႝᓸٰቚமӅਁ๚ύޑૈໆᓯӸǶޑ VCO ࢎᄬࢂճ Ҕჹ emitter-coupled ႝᡏу cross feedback ٰౢғॄႝߔǴӧ Ԝࢎᄬᒡрႝᓸޑελ൩ڙډ feedback Бݤޑज़ڋǴԶதـޑӣڙ
БݤԖΟᅿǺ(1)ޔௗӣ (კ 3.33)ǵ(2) ճҔႝբጠӝӣ (კ 3.34)ǵ(3)ճҔႝགբጠӝӣ (კ 3.35)Ƕ
კ 3.33 ޔௗӣࢎᄬ კ 3.34 ႝጠӝӣ
നᙁൂޑӣБݤ൩ࢂ௦Ҕ”ޔௗӣ”ࢎᄬǴѬόҔᚐѦޑୃᓸ
ႝၡ܌а෧ϿфޑǴόၸႝᡏޑ base-collector junction ԋ
ࣁᒡрႝᓸޑज़ڋӢનǴ೭ࢂӢࣁᒡрਁ൯ၸεਔǴԋ୷ཱུ-ཱུୃǴԶߚךॺགྷाޑୃރᄊȐीਁᕏᏔሡᏹբӧЬȑǴ ځ໔ޑ diode ൩ჹႝၡౢғᚇૻྍ٬ phase nosie ᡂৡǴ܌аځᒡр
ႝᓸਁ൯ஒԜௗय़ޑႝᓸ܌ज़ڋՐǶऩ௦Ҕ”ႝጠӝӣ”ϐႝ
ၡǴᗨёаׯ๓ॊޑਁ൯લᗺǴՠѸӧ୷ཱུගٮୃᓸǴԶගٮୃ
ᓸਔǴሡ٬Ҕଯߔॶႝߔ܈ࢂଯགॶႝགǴՠԋ࣬Տᚇૻᡂৡ܈
ࢂሡा՞ᏵεໆТय़ᑈ(p.s ୃᓸႝߔѸКҗႝᡏ base ᆄ࣮рѐ ޑႝߔ R1(х֖ጠӝႝک LC tank ӧਁᕏਔޑߔॶ)ଯ 10 ७Ѱѓωё ۹ౣځᚇૻྍ)Ƕ
კ 3.35 ႝགጠӝӣ
ࣁΑᗉխॊٿᅿࢎᄬޑલᗺǴԜԛीޑӣࢎᄬǴஒճҔ”
ႝགጠӝӣ”ٰी೭ԛޑᓸਁᕏᏔǶեᒡрߔॶޑୃᓸႝၡё аޔௗௗႝၡǴӢࣁԖႝགௗܭႝᓸྍǴόҔᏼЈ VCO ૻဦ
ᅅрѐǶԜѦό٬ҔႝߔٰୃᓸǴёٛЗౢғ white noise Զ٬ Phase NoiseΠफ़ޑຝǶԜѦǴ၀ࢎᄬёаፓ base ᆄޑႝᓸǴӅਁ๚ޑ നεਁ൯൩όӆڙ base-collector ޑୃज़ڋǴѝाԵቾ base-emitter diodeک current source ޑᓸफ़Ƕ
നεᒡрႝᓸޑज़ڋచҹҞѝഭ varactorǴӵ݀ᒡрਁ൯ຬၸ
ঁ diode ޑ໒௴ႝᓸ٬ varactor ޑ pn-junction Ꮴ೯Ǵౢғཥޑᚇ
ૻྍǶׯ๓Бݤ൩ࢂӧ varactor ՍᖄႝǴᗨฅ෧Ͽ VCO ޑ ᓎёచጄൎόၸёаᡣᓎፓޑ܄ၨࣁጕ܄Ƕӵკ 3.36 ճҔ fC1ஒ varactor ᆶ output signal ႖໒ǴӧҔ R1Ϸ R2ჹ varactor բୃᓸǶ
კ 3.36 Varactor ୃᓸႝၡϷӣႝၡϐ่ӝ Part2. Hartley VCOճҔtransformerբӣǺ
ਥᏵ paper ޑࣴزว߄ࡰрǴColpitts VCO (კ 3.37) ࣬ჹܭځд
ࢎᄬޑ VCO Ԗၨӳ ISF(impulse sensitivity function)Ǵ൩ࢂӧঁ VCO ᒡрຼයϣѝԖλࢤਔ໔ collector ԖႝࢬݙΕǴЪ၀λࢤਔ໔ว ғӧ VCO ᒡрനεਁ൯ߕ߈Ǵ٬ளႝᡏᚇૻྍჹ phase noise ޑଅ
നλǴ܌аӵ݀ाၲډե Phase Noise ޑाǴColpitts ࢎᄬࢂΜϩ
ӝޑǶόၸჴሞךॺ٬Ҕޑࢎᄬკ 3.39 ӵ݀ਏԋკ 3.40 К
ၨႽ Hartley (კ 3.38)Ǵѝৡӣၡ৩όҔႝԶࢂҔ transformerǶό ޔௗ٬Ҕ Colpitts ޑচӢࢂӧ٬Ҕႝբӣਔ࿘ډ LC-tank impedanceаϷ Q ॶޑ trade-offǺࣁΑቚу LC-tank ޑ Q ॶѸஒ
C L
ॶᡂεǴ܌а C ॶѸλǴёࢂӵ݀ाஒ tank ޑ impedance ᡂεѸ
ගଯ
2 1
C
C Ǵՠ tank ޑ C ॶςόεǴӧჴሞ layout rules ൩όܰჴ
Ƕ
კ 3.37 Colpitts VCO კ 3.38 Hartley VCO
ךॺ٬ҔޑࢎᄬځӣБݤᆶ Colpitts ࣬՟Ъ ISF Ψک Colpitts
࣬үǴ܌а٩ฅԖե Phase Noise ޑ܄Ƕ
1 / :
2 2 1
k L L
კ 3.39 ճҔ transformer բߔלᙯඤ კ 3.40 კ 3.39 ϐਏႝၡ Single-ended Colpitts VCOӧჴሞၮҔ٠όቶݱᗋԖঁЬा
ޑচӢǴ൩ࢂሡाၨଯޑ open-loop gain ٰዴߥႝၡԾวਁᕏǴЪ single-endedჹܭ substrate ک power supply ޑ noise ၨ௵གǴ܌а೭ԛ
ीޑႝၡճҔ cross-coupled ႝᡏჹ(Part1.ύගډޑ transformer coupling)ٰၲԋ differential ࢎᄬ (კ 3.41) Ǵ෧ᇸଆਁ܌ሡޑ open-loop gainǶ
კ 3.41 ҁჴբϐֹ VCO ႝၡკ Part3. ཥԄ Transformer (Trifilar)Ǻ
ךॺགྷჴޑཥ VCO ࢎᄬύ(კ 3.41)ሡाჹΒޑ transformer (კ 3.42)Ǵӧ paper ύමрԖԜфૈޑ transformer ћ TrifilarǴࢂ
ௗ ӧ Single-ended LNA ࡕ ౢ ғ ಔ differential ޑ ૻ ဦ ٰ ០ Double-balanced Mixer (კ 3.43)ǶTrifilar ޑ Layout ่ᄬ(კ 3.44)ࢂᙖ җΟঁ transformer ϕᙅǴёаගϲӚႝགҁيޑ Q ॶǴԶׯ๓ Phase NoiseǶ
კ 3.42 1-to-2 transformer Ңཀკ კ 3.43 Trifilar ӧჴሞႝၡ٬Ҕϐጄ ٯ
1
კ 3.45 ճҔ Center-tape ٰჴ Differential Trifilar
җܭҁ VCO ࢂ differential ࢎᄬǴךॺёஒൂ Trifilar բ differential excitationǴԶ DC ޑᒡΕ൩җ center-tape(c.t)ௗᗺᒡΕ(კ 3.45)ǴӵԜٰ൩ёаҔঁ Trifilar ၲԋკ 3.41 ܌ሡޑ transformer couplingਏ݀ǴТय़ᑈёаε൯ᕭ෧Ƕ
(1)ጠӝᡂᓸᏔϐኳᔕ
ճҔEM ኳᔕ೬ᡏᆉᡂᓸᏔޑୖኧϷጠӝ߯ኧǺ
m5freq=
K_sim2=0.5614.000GHz
2 3 4 5 6
freq, GHz
K_sim2
m5
K_sim1
Primary inductorډٿঁSecondary inductorଽӝ߯ኧǺ ĺ K=0.561 Transmission Coefficient= -9.242dB @4GHzǶ
m6freq=
dB(S(2,1))=-9.2424.000GHz
2 3 4 5 6
freq, GHz
dB(S(1,1))dB(S(2,1)) m6
dB(S(3,1))
Primary inductorᆶٿঁSecondary inductorޑႝག QॶǶ
m3freq=
Q11=11.5024.000GHz m4freq=
Q12=6.2624.000GHz
2 3 4 5 6
freq, GHz
Q11
m3
Q12 m4
Q13
3.7.3 Ⴃीೕӈ߄
Item Spec Supply Voltage 3 V
Current of QVCO core 4.18 mA Current of Output buffer 21.8 mA Power Consumption of core ~ 12.54 mW
Tuning frequency range 4.170GHz~4.381GHz
KVCO 263MHz/V
Phase Noise -115.6dBc/Hz @ 1MHz offset
FOM -176.7 dBc/Hz
Die size 1.040 × 0.880 mm Layout Photo
3.8 ჴբΒǴTrifilar Based Voltage-Controlled Oscillator ( SiGe HBT 0.35 ͔m)
ҁ ჴ բ ޑ ࣴز ᐒ ᆶ ࢎ ᄬ ᙁϟ ࣣᆶ ȹ ჴ բ ȹ ࣬ӕ Ǵ ӧ usjgjmbs ޑ٬ҔӧȹჴբȹࢂҔൂঁٰբ ejggfsfoujbm!
fydjubujpoǴԶӧҁჴբࢂ٬Ҕٿޑൂᐱޑ usjgjmbsǶ!
3.8.1 Ⴃीೕӈ߄
Item Spec Supply Voltage 3 V
Current of QVCO core 2.95 mA Current of Output buffer 21.6 mA Power Consumption of core ~ 8.85 mW
Tuning frequency range 4.010GHz ~ 4.131GHz
KVCO 153MHz/V
Phase Noise -117dBc/Hz @ 1MHz offset Die size 1222 um × 784 um Layout Photo
ಃѤക
҅Ҭ࣬ՏᓸਁᕏᏔ
4.1 ق
Zero-IFک Low-IF ࢂҞቶݱၮҔޑௗԏᐒࢎᄬǴҗܭԜࢎᄬ όሡ٬ҔѦௗޑϡҹǴёаֹӄҔൂᑈᡏႝၡٰჴǴ܌аӧ คጕԏวᐒीਔத٬Ҕ၀ࢎᄬǶࣁΑᗉխԏૻဦόֹӄǴԜࢎ
ᄬሡाӕ࣬Տ(in-phase)ک҅Ҭ࣬Տ(quadrature)ޑҁӦਁᕏᏔ(LO)ૻ
ဦٰԏૻဦǶԜѦǴimage-reject ޑௗԏᐒΨाҔ҅Ҭ࣬Տޑ LO ע
᜔ႽૻဦǴനதـޑٯη൩ࢂ Hartley ک Weaver ࢎᄬǶӧ٤ፄ ᚇޑኧՏፓᡂسύ(GSMǵDECT)ࣁΑᕭλᓎቨޑ٬ҔǴ҅Ҭ࣬Տ ޑ LO ૻဦ׳ࢂόёϿǶౢғ҅Ҭ࣬Տޑ LO ԖӭБݤǴႽࢂ٬Ҕ
ϡҹޑ poly-phase filterǵᕉࠠਁᕏᏔ(Ring Oscillator)ǵ܈ࢂಔӝ
٤ЬႝၡֹٰԋǴόၸаБݤԖ٤લᗺ٬ѬॺޑჴҔ܄
फ़եǴӢԜҁകஒϟಏኧᅿёՉ܄ଯޑႝၡࢎᄬ٠Ңჴբ่݀Ǵ ჹܭதҔޑԏᐒࢎᄬΨբፕǶ
4.2 Homodyne Receivers
4.2.1 Homodyne ௗԏᐒޑ܄ᙁϟ
Homodyne ک Heterodyne Receiver ޑനεόӕᗺǴ൩ࢂӧಃԛ ޑ फ़ ᓎ ਔ ޔௗ ע RF ޑ ᓎ फ़ ډ ୷ᓎ Ǵ ܌ а Ξ ᆀࣁ ”Zero-IF”
܈”Direct-conversion”Ƕკ 4.1 ࢂঁᙁൂޑ Homodyne ௗԏᐒǴLO ޑᓎکᒡΕၩݢޑᓎኬǴၸ LNA ܫεϷ Mixer फ़ᓎϐࡕௗ
ঁե೯ᘠݢᏔջёᕇளགྷाௗԏޑૻဦǴόၸ၀ࢎᄬѝёҔܭ double-sidebandޑ AM ૻဦǴӢࣁ AM ҅ॄٿୁޑᓎࢂኬޑǴӧ फ़ᓎࡕᓎֹӄख़᠄٠όวғୢᚒ(კ 4.2)Ƕӵ݀ाଌ FM ܈ࢂ
QPSKޑૻဦǴѸ٬Ҕ҅Ҭ࣬Տޑࢎᄬ(კ 4.4)Ǵҗܭፓᡂࡕޑߞဦ
ӧ҅ॄᓎ٠όჹᆀǴӵ݀Ҕკ 4.1 ޑБݤӧफ़ᓎਔ҅ॄᓎ࣬
Ҭ᠄Ǵԋૻဦޑཞᚯ(კ 4.3)Ƕ
LNA
0t cosZ
LPF
Zc Z 0 Z
კ 4.1 Homodyne Receiver
0 Zc Z
Zc
კ 4.2 AM ૻဦ Homodyne ௗԏᐒϐफ़ᓎៜᔈ
0 Zc Z
Zc
კ 4.3 FM ૻဦ Homodyne ௗԏᐒϐफ़ᓎៜᔈ
LNA
0t cosZ
LPF
0t sinZ
LPF
I
Q
კ 4.4 ҅Ҭ࣬Տௗԏᐒ
0 Zc Z Zc
კ 4.5 FM ૻဦ҅Ҭ࣬Տௗԏᐒϐफ़ᓎៜᔈ
Homodyne ௗԏᐒޑࢎᄬၨ Heterdyne ࢎᄬᙁܰǴගٮΑٿᓬ ᗺǺ(1)җܭύᓎૻဦ(IF)ࣁ႟ǴόԖ᜔Ⴝ(Image)ૻဦౢғ൩όሡा
уΕ Image FilterǴLNA ൩όҔ០ 50 ኻۅޑॄၩǶ(2)IF SAW Filter کΠભޑफ़ᓎႝၡӧԜࢎᄬύόӧሡाǴѝाե೯ޑᘠݢᏔک୷ᓎ ޑܫεᏔջёǴᡣௗԏᐒёӧൂᇙำֹӄჴǴаճܭ SoC ӝ Ƕ ό ၸ Ԝ ࢎ ᄬ ᗋ ࢂ Ԗ ٤ Heterdyne ό ၶ ډ ޑ ୢ ᚒ Ǵ ԋ Direct-conversionؒԖᐱэޑௗԏᐒѱǶаΠբᇥܴǺ
(1) DC Offsets
Homodyne ࢂஒૻဦޔௗफ़ᓎډ DCǴ܌аҺՖѦٰޑ DC ୃ౽
٬ૻဦᎁڙઇᚯǴҗკ 4.6 ک 4.7 ٰፕӧௗԏᐒύԜୢᚒӵՖว ғǺ
LNA
0t cosZ
LPF
Leakage LO
A B C
კ 4.6 LO ૻဦԋޑ Self-mixing
LNA
0t cosZ
LPF
Leakage Interferer
კ 4.7 RF ૻဦԋޑ Self-mixing
२ӃǴMixer ύ LO port ډ RF port аϷ LNA ᒡΕᆄޑ႖๊ਏ݀
(Isolation)٠ߚԭϩϐԭǴLO ૻဦ൩ᅅډ A Ϸ B ᗺǴӵ݀Քᒿ୷݈
ޑጠӝਏᔈǴԜ”LO leakage”׳ࣁᝄख़ǶԜᅅૻဦਏᔈനಖӧ Mixer
ၟ LO բషݢǴӧ C ᗺౢғঁ DC ॶǴԜຝᆀϐࣁ”self-mixing”(კ 4.6)Ƕӕኬޑӵ݀Ԗଯфޑυᘋૻဦҗ LNA ᆄௗԏΠٰǴᗋࢂҗܭ Mixer ޑ RF-to-LO Isolation Ԗज़ǴυᘋૻဦΨᅅډ LO portǴ self-mixingΞӆౢғ(კ 4.7)Ƕ
(2) I/Q mismatch
ӧ Homodyne ࢎᄬाჴ PM ܈ FM Ѹ٬Ҕ҅Ҭ࣬Տޑࢎ
ᄬǴ܌аाஒ LO բ 90 ࡋޑ࣬Տѳ౽Ƕӵ݀ IǵQ ໔ؒԖྗዴޑ 90 ࡋৡ܈ࢂԖਁ൯ޑόԿǴӧբफ़ᓎਔૻဦޑ০კౢғᇤৡ٬
bit error rateϲଯ(კ 4.8)
LNA
Error Phase and Gain Induced
Error Phase and Gain Induced
კ 4.8 I/Q mismatch ӧԏวᐒޑቹៜ
ࣁΑ׳၁ᅰޑΑှ IǵQ όჹᆀჹௗԏૻဦޑቹៜǴբаΠޑ
Gain PhaseError
I
Q Q
I
კ 4.9 I/Q mismatch ჹૻဦ০კౢғޑቹៜ (3) Even-Order Distortion
೯ த ך ॺ ѝ ຎ Odd-order distortion ࣁ υ ᘋ ૻ ဦ Ǵ ё ࢂ ӧ HomodyneޑௗԏᐒΠ Even-order ޑߚጕ܄܄Ψჹௗԏૻဦԋυ ᘋǶаკ 4.10 ٰᇥܴǺٿঁᎃ߈ޑଯфૻဦ(x(t) A1cosZ1tA2cosZ2t)
t A
A1 2cos( 1 2)
2 Z Z
D Ǵҗܭٿᓎᚆࡐ߈ǴԜ Even-order distortion ӧ
ӧ DC ߕ߈рǶӵၸௗΠٰޑ Mixer ࢂ idealǴॊޑ distortion ൩
კ 4.10 Even-order distortion
ځჴόѝ LNA Ԗ Even-order distortion ޑຝǴMixer ޑ RF port ΨԖ࣬ӕޑୢᚒวғǴӢࣁௗԏૻဦၸ LNA ࡕޑਁ൯ςᡂεǴ
܌ а ԋ distortion ޑ ៜ ᔈ ׳ ᝄ ख़ Ƕ ኳ ᔕ Mixer ਔ ൩ ा Ե ቾ ډ”IP2”(second-order intercept point)ǴኳᔕޑБݤၟ IP3 ኬǴѝࢂஒ Odd-orderޑբკඤԋ Even-order ޑբკǶ
(4)Flicker Noise
೯தௗԏૻဦၸ LNA ک Mixer ࡕεऊԖ 10mV ޑਁ൯Ǵ܌а
ௗΠٰӚભႝၡޑᒡΕᚇૻᡂޑߚதख़ाǴЀځ Homodyne ࢂޔௗஒ
ૻဦډ DCǴ܌аЬϡҹޑ1/ f noise ൩ԋᝄख़ቹៜǴׯ๓Б ݤ൩ࢂӧ RF ૻဦᆄஒቚӧගଯǴႽࢂ٬Ҕ active ޑ Mixer ڗж passiveޑ MixerǶ
4.2.2 а Homodyne ࣁ୷ᘵޑ image-reject ௗԏᐒ
җܭ Heterodyne ޑௗԏᐒѸ٬Ҕ image-filter ٰѐ᜔ႽૻဦǴ
ޣޑࣴزБӛϐǶҞቶݱ٬Ҕޑ image-reject ࢎᄬࣁǺ(1)Hartley
ࢎᄬǹ(2)Weaver ࢎᄬǶ (1) HartleyǺ
Ԝ่ᄬѝሡ䵽҅Ҭ࣬Տޑ LOǴӧሽёаᙖ෧ϿТय़ ᑈԶफ़եǹځԛǴࢂीΨКၨᙁൂѝሡу䵽 900ޑ phase shifterǶ
ӧઞᓎޑచҹΠǴphase shifter ӧᓎёҔG(Z) jsgn(Z)(კ 4.12)ٰ߄ҢǴჴኧૻဦၸ phase shifter ࡕϝࢂჴኧǴѝᡣ҅ॄ
ᓎޑૻဦ࣬ՏวғᡂϯǶ90 ࡋޑ࣬Տѳ౽ёаճҔᙁൂޑϡҹ
ٰჴǴკ 4.13ǴVin(t)ၸ phase shifter ࡕVout1(t)ǵVout2(t)ᆶVin(t)ޑ࣬
ՏৡܭS/2tan1(RCZ)Ϸtan1(RCZ)Ǵ܌аӧVout1(t)ǵVout2(t)໔൩ౢ
ғΑ 90 ࡋޑ࣬ՏৡǶόၸԜ phase shifter ႝၡѝૈҔܭઞᓎǴ܌а HartleyࢎᄬόૈҔܭቨᓎޑ೯ૻسࢎᄬύǶ
90oshift
Channel
Desired Image
Zc
Zt
კ 4.12 Phase shifter ӧᓎޑៜᔈ
Vin