Phase Noise ӧ VCO ޑౢғᐒڋ - Phase Noise - 高速除頻電路與正交相位振盪器之設計

3.4 Phase Noise

3.4.3 Phase Noise ӧ VCO ޑౢғᐒڋ

phase noiseёа٩ྣᚇૻྍޑݙΕᗺϩࣁٿᅿǺ(1)வਁᕏഈ଑

ၡύޑҺ΋࿯ᗺݙΕǹ(2)җ௓ڋᓎ౗ޑ Vtune ᆄݙΕǴ೭ٿᅿ׎Ԅ཮

җܭ VCO ࢎᄬ΢཮Ԗ΋ঁ LC resonator բᒧۓᓎ౗ҔǴ܌аҔ band-pass filterޑ໒଑ၡᙯ౽ڄኧٰ߄ҢǶ

2.3 2.32 2.34 2.36 2.38 2.4 2.42 2.44 2.46 2.48 2.5

ঁ߈՟ޑ໒଑ၡڄኧ(ࢂճҔ Taylor expension)Ǻ

> @

ĺ ⁽ ⁾ ^exp( ⁾ ^exp( I⁾

ǴаΠ൩ࢂҔ MatLab ฝрޑᚇૻᙯ౽ڄኧ( Leeson’s equation )( კ 3.21)Ǻ

კ 3.21 Leeson’s equation ӧᓎ᛼΢ޑៜᔈ

(3.16)Ԅࢂஒ࣬ՏᚇૻϷਁ൯ᚇૻ೯೯Եቾ຾ѐǴ܌аໆෳډޑ

࣬Տᚇૻ೯தѝԖ(3.16)Ԅᆉрޑ΋ъǶӵ݀ाளډӳޑ࣬ՏᚇૻǴ

ܴᡉޑሡाஒ Q ॶගϲǶԜѦǴӧ௢Ꮴ(3.16)Ԅਔ೿ଷ೛ࢂӧጕ܄ޑ

ॄӣ௤س಍Ǵόၸ΋૓ޑ VCO ೿཮Ԗਁ൯ज़ڋޑᐒڋǴ཮ౢғߚጕ

܄ ޑ ਏ ᔈ ٬ ᚇ ૻ ᡂ ε Ǵ ܌ а ሡ ा ஒ (3.16) Ԅ բ অ ҅ Ǻ

² ²

2 2

) 4 (

) (

A Q s

X s

Y _c

Z Z

' ǴA ࢂλૻဦഈ଑ၡቚ੻ǴӢԜ೛ीഈ଑ၡቚ੻ਔ ΨѸ໪ᖿ߈ܭ”1”಄ӝଆਁచҹջёǴց߾཮ஒᚇૻܫεǶ

კ 3.22 Noise җ VtuneᆄݙΕ

ಃ⁽²⁾ᅿǺӧ ^Vtuneᆄޑ^noise܌ౢғޑਏᔈ⁽კ ^3.22)

VCOޑ Vtuneᆄ(௓ڋᓎ౗ᆄ)ӵ݀Ԗ΋۰ݢૻဦᒡΕǴ཮೷ԋ FM ޑਏᔈǺ

Z

c Z

Z Zc

კ 3.23 ۰ݢ Noise җ VtuneᆄݙΕӧᓎ᛼΢ޑਏᔈ

Vtune ჹ VCO ޑ ᒡ р ᓎ ౗ϐ ௓ ڋБ ำ Ԅ ࣁǺZout Z0KVCOVtune Ξ

࣬଑ၡႝၡ(PLL)ύǴVCO ཮ௗܭ Law-pass filter ϐࡕǴӢԜ࿶җ Law-pass filterၸٰޑեᓎᚇૻ཮ᙖҗԜ noise ౢғၡ৩ቹៜ᏾ᡏ PLL ޑᚇૻ੝܄ǶࣁࣁΑׯ๓ԜᚇૻǴёஒ Kvco ޑॶफ़եǴόၸ཮ཞѨ VCOޑ Tunning rangeǶ

ځჴόѝࢂӧ VtuneᆄԖᐒ཮ౢғ Spurious ᚇૻǴҺՖૈׯᡂᓎ

౗ޑᐒڋ೿ё཮ౢғǴႽ BJT ޑ Icႝࢬ཮ׯᡂ base ک emitter ໔ޑ diffusion ႝ৒Ǵ຾Զׯᡂ LC ޑޑਁᕏᓎ౗Ǵ൩཮ౢғ Spurious ᚇૻǶ

3.4.4 VCO ޑୃᓸႝࢬჹ Phase Noise ޑቹៜ

җ Leeson’s modelǺ ₂ ₂

2 Z

Z ' Q P F kT

S ^c

sig

SSB ёޕǴࣁΑගϲ࣬Տᚇૻ

όѝाஒᚇૻ࣬Տᙯ౽ڄኧᓸեǴᗋाஒ VCO ᒡрޑф౗уεǶࣁ Αቚуᒡрф౗Ѹ໪ஒ bias ႝࢬуεǴёࢂ BJT ޑᚇૻႝࢬྍ฻ܭ

c f qI

i²/' 2 ǴIc ΢ϲ K ७཮٬ᚇૻႝࢬྍޑᒡрф౗уε K ७Ƕό ၸ൩ᒡрф౗ԶقǴIc ΢ϲ K ७ᒡрф౗ᡂࣁgmRPL² vIc²ǴගϲΑ K²७Ǵ܌а᏾ᡏᒡрф౗ᗋࢂёаගϲ K ७ǴӢԜуε bias ႝࢬё аׯ๓࣬ՏᚇૻǶҗܭᇙำόᘐޑ຾؁Ǵૈ٬Ҕޑႝᓸᡂޑຫٰຫ եǴVCO ޑᒡрਁ൯ΨᡂλǴჹ phase noise ޑቹៜࡐεǶ

ךॺᗋёаஒ K ঁ࣬ӕ VCO ޑᒡрӄ೽уӧ΋ଆ(კ 3.24)Ǵᒡ рૻဦޑਁ൯ёаቚу K ७Ǵඤᆉԋф౗ёаගϲ K²७Ǵᗨฅᚇૻ

Ψ཮ܫε K ७Ǵՠ᏾ᡏ࣬ՏᚇૻᗋࢂΠफ़ K ७ǶԜࢎᄬޑ trade-off

ၟ΢΋ࢤගډޑ bias ႝࢬཷۺ࣬үǴᗨฅׯ๓࣬Տᚇૻޑ੝܄όၸႝ

ၡޑӄ೽੃઻ф౗ΨቚуΑ࣬ӕޑКٯǶ

კ 3.24 ஒኧঁ VCO ޑᒡруᕴ

ӵ݀Ԗӳޑ Q ॶǴVCO ൩όሡाуε bias ႝࢬٰၲډس಍ा؃

ޑ࣬Տᚇૻೕ਱Ǵόՠ VCO ޑ੃઻ф౗ёаफ़եǴவႝ඲ᡏౢғޑ

ᚇૻႝࢬΨ཮ᡂλǶ

3.5 Pulling Ϸ Pushing ౜ຝ

ϐ߻܌૸ፕޑᚇૻਏᔈǴ೿ࢂӃଷ೛ᚇૻޑૻဦ࣬ჹܭ VCO ޑ ᒡрૻဦλࡐӭǶӵ݀Ԗᚇૻᚆ VCO ޑᓎ౗ࡐ߈Ъф౗ελၟ VCO ৡόӭε(კ 3.25)ǴVCO ޑᓎ౗൩཮೏܎୏ǴࣗԿᓎ౗൩೏ᚇૻᓎ౗

ᙹՐǴᆀϐ”Injection Pulling”Ƕ

Z0 Z_n

კ 3.25 VCO ϐ Injection Pulling ౜ຝ

೭ᅿ౜ຝதـܭௗԏᐒࢎᄬύǴႽࢂ Power Amplifier ൩཮วଌ ଯф౗Ъᓎ౗ᚆ VCO όᇻޑૻဦǴ VCO ޑᓎ౗൩཮೏ Power Amplifierޑว৔ૻဦ܎୏ǹԜѦǴӧךॺགྷௗԏ channel ޑᎃ߈ channel Ԗଯф౗ޑૻဦӧว৔(კ 3.26)ǴԜଯф౗ૻဦΨ཮ᙖҗ Mixer ቹៜ ډ VCO ޑᓎ౗ǴӢӢԜ VCO ሡा΋ಔଯ reverse isolation ޑ Buffer

ٰᗉխᚇૻݙΕ VCO Զቹៜᒡрᓎ౗ǴόၸԜ Buffer ཮೷ԋ Mixer ޑ Noise Figure ᡂεǶ

VCO LNA Mixer Signal

Desirede

Interferer

྽ VCO ᏹբӧ open-loop ਔჹܭ Loading ޑᡂϯΨ੝ձ௵གǴႽ

ࢂ DECT س಍ύǴPower Amplifier ཮όਔޑ໒ᜢٰ࿯࣪ႝྍǴ೷ԋ VCO ޑ Loading ΋ޔӧᡂϯǴځᒡрᓎ౗Ψ൩คݤᛙۓǴᆀϐ”load pulling”ǶࣁΑׯ๓ԜਏᔈǴሡӧ VCO Ϸ PA ໔࿼Ε΋ঁ high-isolaiton ޑ BufferǶ

VCO ჹܭ DC ٮᔈႝྍޑᡂ୏Ψࡐ௵གǶ྽ VddౢғᡂϯǴӧ varactor ٿᆄޑᓸৡ൩཮ၟ๱ᡂϯǴਁᕏᓎ౗Ψ൩ၟ๱ᅆ୏Ǵᆀ ϐ”supply pushing”ǶӧЋᐒύ PA ᗋࢂ೷ԋԜ౜ຝޑЬӢǴҗܭႝԣ Ԗᒡрႝߔу΢ PA ໒໒ᜢᜢ೷ԋ Loading ޑᡂ୏Ǵ٬ VddԖኧԭ mV ޑᡂ୏Ƕ

3.6 ৡ୏ Bipolar LC Oscillator

Ԑයޑ RF ਁᕏᏔӭ٬Ҕൂ΋ transistor ٰჴ౜Ǵҗܭ٬ҔനϿޑ Ь୏ϡҹ Phase Noise ёаԖӳޑ੝܄ǴЪԜႝၡޑሽ਱ΨёаᓸեǶ όၸᒿ๱ᇙำόᘐ຾؁ǴIC ޑሽ਱ςε൯फ़եǴ܌аҞ߻ςόӆ٬

Ҕൂ transistor ࢎᄬǴόၸᗋࢂёаᙖҗځচ౛௢ቶډৡ୏ VCO ޑၮ բኳԄǶ

ൂ΋ transistor ޑ VCO ௗጕБԄӵკ 3.27Ǵӣ௤ၡ৩Ѹ໪ᒧ᏷ᡣ ӄ೽ၡ৩ޑᕴ࣬Տৡࣁ႟(Barkhausen criteria)ǴЪ LC-tank ӧਁᕏਔ ό཮ගٮ࣬ՏᡂϯǴӢԜѸ໪ᒧ᏷ஒ collector ޑૻဦӣ௤ډ emitter аගٮ႟࣬Տᡂϯ(კ 3.27)ǶԜѦ LC-tank ޑӣ௤ၡ৩Ѹ໪ௗܭଯߔ לᆄаᗉխ LC-tank ޑ Q ॶΠफ़(

L R C L

p o p

)

( Z )Ǵ܌аஒځௗܭ Collector ᆄ(Emitter ᆄޑߔלѝԖ 1/gm)Ξ٬ Q ॶӆԛΠफ़ǴӢࣁ LC-tank Ξ࣮ډ emitter ᆄޑեႝߔǶׯ๓Бݤ൩ࢂճҔ 3.2.2 ࿯ύ܌

ගޑ passive impedance transformation(კ 3.28)Ǵᡣ LC-tank ᆄ࣮ډଯ ߔלǶԜБԄ൩ࢂ Colpttis Ϸ Hartly ਁᕏᏔ(კ 3.29)Ƕ

LC

Q1 ^feedback^path

კ 3.27 ൂ΋ transistor ϐ VCO ௗጕკ

tion transforma impedence

კ 3.28 კ 3.27 ϐׯ຾ VCO ႝၡ

Colpitts Hartley

ӵ ݀ ࣁ Α ᡣ LC-tank ࣮ ډ ၨ ଯ ޑ ߔ ל ٠ ό ΋ ۓ ा passive impedance transformationޑБݤǴёаճҔ΋ঁ active buffer ٰၲԋ

࣬ӕ ਏ݀(კ 3.30)ǴӢ ࣁѬёаගٮࡐ εޑᒡΕߔלǴcommon collectorܫεᏔ൩ૈᙁൂޑ಄ӝ΢ॊा؃Ƕӵ݀ӆஒ Q2ஒޑ Collector ᆄӧௗ΢΋䵽 LC-tank ٠ௗӣ Q1 ޑ emitterǴ൩׎ԋΑதـޑৡ୏

VCO(კ 3.31)ǶԜࢎᄬόѝёаҔ Barkhausen criteria ٰᇥܴځਁᕏচ

౛Ǵҭё࿶җλૻဦኳࠠ௢ᏤрǺவ Q1ک Q2ޑ Collector ᆄ࣮Εёа

࣮ډ฻ਏޑॄႝߔ(-2/gm)(კ 3.32)Ǵ܌аԜࢎᄬΞᆀࣁ Negative-Gm

ਁᕏᏔǶ

Q1 Q1

კ 3.30 ճҔ active buffer ౢғߔלᙯඤ

Q1 Q₂

Rin

კ 3.31 ৡ୏ LC ਁᕏᏔ კ 3.32 ճҔ cross-coupled pair ౢғॄႝߔ

3.7 ჴբ΋ǴVoltage-Controlled Oscillator with

Differential Excitation Trifilar ( SiGe HBT 0.35 ͔m)

3.7.1 ࣴز୏ᐒ

ਁᕏᏔႝၡӧคጕ೯ૻس಍ႝၡύǴתᄽΑ΋ঁ࣬྽ख़ाޑف ՅǴ߈ԃٰ΋ޔԖӚԄӚኬޑ᎜ᕏځ่ᄬӧ paper ΢ว߄ǴႽࢂճҔ όӕޑႝགᙅጕБݤஒ Q ޔගϲǴ٬ phase noise ளаׯ๓ǹ׭܈ࢂ

ׯᡂ᏾ঁႝၡޑࢎᄬǴ෧λႝ඲ᡏޑᚇૻჹᒡрૻဦޑυᘋǶӧᇙำ Бय़ǴSiGe BiCMOS ᇙำ࣬྽፾ӝҔٰჴ౜ SOC ႝၡǴӧኧՏ܈ᜪ КႝၡБय़ёаҔ CMOS ٰ࿯࣪य़ᑈǹӧଯᓎႝၡБय़൩ёճҔଯ ᄒЗᓎ౗ޑ HBT ٰჴ౜Ƕᗨฅ SiGe ޑ୷݈ཞ઻КځдΟϖ௼ϯӝ୷

ٰ݈ޑεǴՠࣁΑ࿯࣪ԋҁǴӵ݀೯ૻس಍ڙԜલᗺޑቹៜόεǴᗋ

ࢂ໼ӛ٬Ҕ SiGe BiCMOS ٰჴ౜ႝၡǶ

ҁԛჴբޑႝၡࢎᄬࢂճҔཥԄޑ TransformerǴёаӕਔჴ౜

Hartleyࢎᄬޑ VCO аϷ inductive coupling ޑӣ௤БݤǴ٬ VCO ޑ Phase NoiseᡂեǵᒡрႝᓸጄൎᡂεǶԜࢎᄬӧ IEEE ޑ paper ΢ᗋ

҂ـว߄Ƕ

3.7.2 ࢎᄬᙁϟ

Part1. VCOϐӣ௤Бݤ೛ीǺ

ࣁΑ٬ VCO ޑ phase noise ᡂλǴനᙁൂޑБݤ൩ࢂᙖҗуεӅ

ਁ๚ޑਁᕏႝᓸٰቚமӅਁ๚ύޑૈໆᓯӸǶ΋૓ޑ VCO ࢎᄬࢂճ Ҕ΋ჹ emitter-coupled ႝ඲ᡏу΢ cross feedback ٰౢғॄႝߔǴӧ Ԝࢎᄬ΢ᒡрႝᓸޑελ൩ڙډ feedback Бݤޑज़ڋǴԶதـޑӣڙ

БݤԖΟᅿǺ(1)ޔௗӣ௤ (კ 3.33)ǵ(2) ճҔႝ৒բጠӝӣ௤ (კ 3.34)ǵ(3)ճҔႝགբጠӝӣ௤ (კ 3.35)Ƕ

კ 3.33 ޔௗӣ௤ࢎᄬ კ 3.34 ႝ৒ጠӝӣ௤

നᙁൂޑӣ௤Бݤ൩ࢂ௦Ҕ”ޔௗӣ௤”ࢎᄬǴѬόҔᚐѦޑୃᓸ

ႝၡ܌а෧Ͽф౗ޑ੃઻Ǵόၸႝ඲ᡏޑ base-collector junction ཮ԋ

ࣁᒡрႝᓸޑज़ڋӢનǴ೭ࢂӢࣁ྽ᒡрਁ൯ၸεਔǴ཮೷ԋ୷ཱུ-໣ཱུ໩ୃǴԶߚךॺགྷाޑ଍ୃރᄊȐ೛ीਁᕏᏔሡᏹբӧЬ୏୔ȑǴ ځ໔ޑ diode ൩཮ჹႝၡౢғᚇૻྍ٬ phase nosie ᡂৡǴ܌аځᒡр

ႝᓸਁ൯ஒ཮೏Ԝௗय़ޑႝᓸ܌ज़ڋՐǶऩ௦Ҕ”ႝ৒ጠӝӣ௤”ϐႝ

ၡǴᗨёаׯ๓΢ॊޑਁ൯લᗺǴՠѸ໪ӧ୷ཱུගٮୃᓸǴԶගٮୃ

ᓸਔǴሡ٬Ҕଯߔॶႝߔ܈ࢂଯགॶႝགǴՠ཮೷ԋ࣬Տᚇૻᡂৡ܈

ࢂሡा՞Ᏽεໆ඲Тय़ᑈ(p.s ୃᓸႝߔѸ໪Кҗႝ඲ᡏ base ᆄ࣮рѐ ޑႝߔ R1(х֖ጠӝႝ৒ک LC tank ӧਁᕏਔޑߔॶ)ଯ 10 ७Ѱѓωё ۹ౣځᚇૻྍ)Ƕ

კ 3.35 ႝགጠӝӣ௤

ࣁΑᗉխ΢ॊٿᅿࢎᄬޑલᗺǴԜԛ೛ीޑӣ௤ࢎᄬǴஒճҔ”

ႝགጠӝӣ௤”ٰ೛ी೭ԛޑᓸ௓ਁᕏᏔǶեᒡрߔॶޑୃᓸႝၡё аޔௗௗ΢ႝၡǴӢࣁԖႝགௗܭႝᓸྍ߻ǴόҔᏼЈ VCO ૻဦ཮

ᅅрѐǶԜѦό٬ҔႝߔٰୃᓸǴёٛЗౢғ white noise Զ٬ Phase NoiseΠफ़ޑ౜ຝǶԜѦǴ၀ࢎᄬёаፓ᏾ base ᆄޑႝᓸǴӅਁ๚ޑ നεਁ൯൩όӆڙ base-collector ޑ໩ୃज़ڋǴѝाԵቾ base-emitter diodeک current source ޑᓸफ़Ƕ

നεᒡрႝᓸޑज़ڋచҹҞ߻ѝഭ varactorǴӵ݀ᒡрਁ൯ຬၸ

΋ঁ diode ޑ໒௴ႝᓸ཮٬ varactor ޑ pn-junction Ꮴ೯Ǵౢғཥޑᚇ

ૻྍǶׯ๓Бݤ൩ࢂӧ varactor ߻Սᖄ΋ႝ৒Ǵᗨฅ཮෧Ͽ VCO ޑ ᓎ౗ёచጄൎόၸёаᡣᓎ౗ፓ᏾ޑ੝܄ၨࣁጕ܄Ƕӵკ 3.36 ճҔ fC1ஒ varactor ᆶ output signal ႖໒ǴӧҔ R1Ϸ R2ჹ varactor բୃᓸǶ

კ 3.36 Varactor ୃᓸႝၡϷӣ௤ႝၡϐ่ӝ Part2. Hartley VCOճҔtransformerբӣ௤Ǻ

ਥᏵ paper ޑࣴزว߄ࡰрǴColpitts VCO (კ 3.37) ࣬ჹܭځд

ࢎᄬޑ VCO Ԗၨӳ ISF(impulse sensitivity function)Ǵ൩ࢂӧ΋ঁ VCO ᒡрຼයϣѝԖ΋λࢤਔ໔ collector ཮ԖႝࢬݙΕǴЪ၀λࢤਔ໔ว ғӧ VCO ᒡрനεਁ൯ߕ߈Ǵ٬ளႝ඲ᡏᚇૻྍჹ phase noise ޑଅ

᝘നλǴ܌аӵ݀ाၲډե Phase Noise ޑा؃ǴColpitts ࢎᄬࢂΜϩ

፾ӝޑǶόၸჴሞ΢ךॺ٬Ҕޑࢎᄬკ 3.39 ӵ݀฻ਏԋკ 3.40 ཮К

ၨႽ Hartley (კ 3.38)Ǵѝৡӣ௤ၡ৩όҔႝ৒ԶࢂҔ transformerǶό ޔௗ٬Ҕ Colpitts ޑচӢࢂӧ٬Ҕႝ৒բӣ௤ਔ཮࿘ډ LC-tank impedanceаϷ Q ॶޑ trade-offǺࣁΑቚу LC-tank ޑ Q ॶѸ໪ஒ

C L

ॶᡂεǴ܌а C ॶѸ໪λǴёࢂӵ݀ाஒ tank ޑ impedance ᡂεѸ

໪ගଯ

2 1

C Ǵՠ tank ޑ C ॶς࿶όεǴӧჴሞ layout rules ΢൩όܰჴ

౜Ƕ

კ 3.37 Colpitts VCO კ 3.38 Hartley VCO

ךॺ٬Ҕޑࢎᄬځӣ௤Бݤᆶ Colpitts ࣬՟Ъ ISF Ψک Colpitts

࣬үǴ܌а٩ฅ཮Ԗե Phase Noise ޑ੝܄Ƕ

1 / :

2 2 1

k L L

კ 3.39 ճҔ transformer բߔלᙯඤ კ 3.40 კ 3.39 ϐ฻ਏႝၡ Single-ended Colpitts VCOӧჴሞၮҔ΢٠όቶݱᗋԖ΋ঁЬा

ޑচӢǴ൩ࢂሡाၨଯޑ open-loop gain ٰዴߥႝၡ཮ԾวਁᕏǴЪ single-endedჹܭ substrate ک power supply ޑ noise ၨ௵གǴ܌а೭ԛ

೛ीޑႝၡճҔ cross-coupled ႝ඲ᡏჹ(Part1.ύගډޑ transformer coupling)ٰၲԋ differential ࢎᄬ (კ 3.41) Ǵ෧ᇸଆਁ߻܌ሡޑ open-loop gainǶ

კ 3.41 ҁჴբϐֹ᏾ VCO ႝၡკ Part3. ཥԄ Transformer (Trifilar)Ǻ

ךॺགྷჴ౜ޑཥ VCO ࢎᄬύ(კ 3.41)ሡा΋ჹΒޑ transformer (კ 3.42)Ǵӧ paper ύමр౜ԖԜфૈޑ transformer ћ଺ TrifilarǴࢂ

ௗ ӧ Single-ended LNA ࡕ ౢ ғ ΋ ಔ differential ޑ ૻ ဦ ٰ ០ ୏ Double-balanced Mixer (კ 3.43)ǶTrifilar ޑ Layout ่ᄬ(კ 3.44)ࢂᙖ җΟঁ transformer ϕᙅǴёаගϲӚႝགҁيޑ Q ॶǴ຾Զׯ๓ Phase NoiseǶ

კ 3.42 1-to-2 transformer Ңཀკ კ 3.43 Trifilar ӧჴሞႝၡ٬Ҕϐጄ ٯ

კ 3.45 ճҔ Center-tape ٰჴ౜ Differential Trifilar

җܭҁ VCO ࢂ differential ࢎᄬǴךॺёஒൂ΋ Trifilar բ differential excitationǴԶ DC ޑᒡΕ൩җ center-tape(c.t)ௗᗺᒡΕ(კ 3.45)ǴӵԜ΋ٰ൩ёаҔ΋ঁ Trifilar ၲԋკ 3.41 ܌ሡޑ transformer couplingਏ݀Ǵ඲Тय़ᑈёаε൯ᕭ෧Ƕ

(1)ጠӝᡂᓸᏔϐኳᔕ

ճҔEM ኳᔕ೬ᡏ՗ᆉᡂᓸᏔޑୖኧϷጠӝ߯ኧǺ

m5freq=

K_sim2=0.5614.000GHz

2 3 4 5 6

freq, GHz

K_sim2

K_sim1

Primary inductorډٿঁSecondary inductorଽӝ߯ኧǺ ĺ K=0.561 Transmission Coefficient= -9.242dB @4GHzǶ

m6freq=

dB(S(2,1))=-9.2424.000GHz

2 3 4 5 6

freq, GHz

dB(S(1,1))dB(S(2,1)) m6

dB(S(3,1))

Primary inductorᆶٿঁSecondary inductorޑႝག QॶǶ

m3freq=

Q11=11.5024.000GHz m4freq=

Q12=6.2624.000GHz

2 3 4 5 6

freq, GHz

Q11

Q12 m4

Q13

3.7.3 Ⴃीೕ਱ӈ߄

Item Spec Supply Voltage 3 V

Current of QVCO core 4.18 mA Current of Output buffer 21.8 mA Power Consumption of core ~ 12.54 mW

Tuning frequency range 4.170GHz~4.381GHz

KVCO 263MHz/V

Phase Noise -115.6dBc/Hz @ 1MHz offset

FOM -176.7 dBc/Hz

Die size 1.040 × 0.880 mm Layout Photo

3.8 ჴբΒǴTrifilar Based Voltage-Controlled Oscillator ( SiGe HBT 0.35 ͔m)

ҁ ჴ բ ޑ ࣴز ୏ᐒ ᆶ ࢎ ᄬ ᙁϟ ࣣᆶ ȹ ჴ բ ΋ȹ ࣬ӕ Ǵ ୤ ӧ usjgjmbs ޑ٬Ҕ΢ӧȹჴբ΋ȹࢂҔൂ΋ঁٰբ ejggfsfoujbm!

fydjubujpoǴԶӧҁჴբ΢ࢂ٬Ҕٿޑൂᐱޑ usjgjmbsǶ!

3.8.1 Ⴃीೕ਱ӈ߄

Item Spec Supply Voltage 3 V

Current of QVCO core 2.95 mA Current of Output buffer 21.6 mA Power Consumption of core ~ 8.85 mW

Tuning frequency range 4.010GHz ~ 4.131GHz

KVCO 153MHz/V

Phase Noise -117dBc/Hz @ 1MHz offset Die size 1222 um × 784 um Layout Photo

ಃѤക

҅Ҭ࣬Տᓸ௓ਁᕏᏔ

4.1 ߻ق

Zero-IFک Low-IF ࢂҞ߻೏ቶݱၮҔޑௗԏᐒࢎᄬǴҗܭԜࢎᄬ όሡ٬ҔѦௗޑ೏୏ϡҹǴёаֹӄҔൂ΋ᑈᡏႝၡٰჴ౜Ǵ܌аӧ คጕԏวᐒ೛ीਔத཮٬Ҕ၀ࢎᄬǶࣁΑᗉխ໺ԏૻဦόֹӄǴԜࢎ

ᄬሡाӕ࣬Տ(in-phase)ک҅Ҭ࣬Տ(quadrature)ޑҁӦਁᕏᏔ(LO)ૻ

ဦٰ໺ԏૻဦǶԜѦǴimage-reject ޑௗԏᐒΨाҔ҅Ҭ࣬Տޑ LO ע

᜔Ⴝૻဦ੃௞Ǵനதـޑٯη൩ࢂ Hartley ک Weaver ࢎᄬǶӧ΋٤ፄ ᚇޑኧՏፓᡂس಍ύ(GSMǵDECT)ࣁΑᕭλᓎቨޑ٬ҔǴ҅Ҭ࣬Տ ޑ LO ૻဦ׳ࢂόёϿǶౢғ҅Ҭ࣬Տޑ LO Ԗ೚ӭБݤǴႽࢂ٬Ҕ

೏୏ϡҹޑ poly-phase filterǵᕉࠠਁᕏᏔ(Ring Oscillator)ǵ܈ࢂಔӝ

΋٤Ь୏ႝၡֹٰԋǴόၸа΢Бݤ೿཮Ԗ΋٤લᗺ٬ѬॺޑჴҔ܄

फ़եǴӢԜҁക࿯ஒϟಏኧᅿёՉ܄ଯޑႝၡࢎᄬ٠৖Ңჴբ่݀Ǵ ჹܭதҔޑ໺ԏᐒࢎᄬΨբ૸ፕǶ

4.2 Homodyne Receivers

4.2.1 Homodyne ௗԏᐒޑ੝܄ᙁϟ

Homodyne ک Heterodyne Receiver ޑനεόӕᗺǴ൩ࢂӧಃ΋ԛ ޑ फ़ ᓎ ਔ ޔௗ ע RF ޑ ᓎ ᛼ फ़ ډ ୷ᓎ Ǵ ܌ а Ξ೏ ᆀࣁ ”Zero-IF”

܈”Direct-conversion”Ƕკ 4.1 ࢂ΋ঁᙁൂޑ Homodyne ௗԏᐒǴLO ޑᓎ౗کᒡΕၩݢޑᓎ౗΋ኬǴ࿶ၸ LNA ܫεϷ Mixer फ़ᓎϐࡕௗ

΋ঁե೯ᘠݢᏔջёᕇளགྷाௗԏޑૻဦǴόၸ၀ࢎᄬѝёҔܭ double-sidebandޑ AM ૻဦǴӢࣁ AM ҅ॄٿୁޑᓎ᛼ࢂ΋ኬޑǴӧ फ़ᓎࡕᓎ᛼ֹӄख़᠄٠ό཮วғୢᚒ(კ 4.2)Ƕӵ݀ा໺ଌ FM ܈ࢂ

QPSKޑૻဦǴѸ໪٬Ҕ҅Ҭ࣬Տޑࢎᄬ(კ 4.4)Ǵҗܭፓᡂࡕޑߞဦ

ӧ҅ॄᓎ᛼΢٠όჹᆀǴӵ݀Ҕკ 4.1 ޑБݤӧफ़ᓎਔ҅ॄᓎ᛼཮࣬

Ҭ᠄Ǵ೷ԋૻဦޑཞᚯ(კ 4.3)Ƕ

LNA

0t cosZ

LPF

Zc Z ₀ Z

კ 4.1 Homodyne Receiver

0 Zc Z

კ 4.2 AM ૻဦ࿶ Homodyne ௗԏᐒϐफ़ᓎៜᔈ

0 Zc Z

კ 4.3 FM ૻဦ࿶ Homodyne ௗԏᐒϐफ़ᓎៜᔈ

LNA

0t cosZ

LPF

0t sinZ

LPF

I

Q

კ 4.4 ҅Ҭ࣬Տௗԏᐒ

0 Zc Z Zc

კ 4.5 FM ૻဦ࿶҅Ҭ࣬Տௗԏᐒϐफ़ᓎៜᔈ

Homodyne ௗԏᐒޑࢎᄬၨ Heterdyne ࢎᄬᙁܰǴගٮΑٿ໨ᓬ ᗺǺ(1)җܭύᓎૻဦ(IF)ࣁ႟Ǵό཮Ԗ᜔Ⴝ(Image)ૻဦౢғ൩όሡा

уΕ Image FilterǴLNA ൩όҔ០୏ 50 ኻۅޑॄၩǶ(2)IF SAW Filter کΠ΋ભޑफ़ᓎႝၡӧԜࢎᄬύόӧሡाǴѝाե೯ޑᘠݢᏔک୷ᓎ ޑܫεᏔջёǴᡣௗԏᐒёӧൂ΋ᇙำ΢ֹӄჴ౜Ǵаճܭ SoC ᏾ ӝ Ƕ ό ၸ Ԝ ࢎ ᄬ ᗋ ࢂ Ԗ ΋ ٤ Heterdyne ό ཮ ၶ ډ ޑ ୢ ᚒ Ǵ ೷ ԋ Direct-conversionؒԖᐱэ᏾ޑௗԏᐒѱ൑ǶаΠբᇥܴǺ

(1) DC Offsets

Homodyne ࢂஒૻဦޔௗफ़ᓎډ DCǴ܌аҺՖѦٰޑ DC ୃ౽೿

཮٬ૻဦᎁڙઇᚯǴҗკ 4.6 ک 4.7 ٰ૸ፕӧௗԏᐒύԜୢᚒӵՖว ғǺ

LNA

0t cosZ

LPF

Leakage LO

A B C

კ 4.6 LO ૻဦ೷ԋޑ Self-mixing

LNA

0t cosZ

LPF

Leakage Interferer

კ 4.7 RF ૻဦ೷ԋޑ Self-mixing

२ӃǴMixer ύ LO port ډ RF port аϷ LNA ᒡΕᆄޑ႖๊ਏ݀

(Isolation)٠ߚԭϩϐԭǴLO ૻဦ൩཮ᅅډ A Ϸ B ᗺǴӵ݀Քᒿ୷݈

ޑጠӝਏᔈǴԜ”LO leakage”׳ࣁᝄख़ǶԜᅅૻဦਏᔈനಖ཮ӧ Mixer

ၟ LO բషݢǴӧ C ᗺౢғ΋ঁ DC ॶǴԜ౜ຝᆀϐࣁ”self-mixing”(კ 4.6)Ƕӕኬޑӵ݀Ԗଯф౗ޑυᘋૻဦҗ LNA ᆄௗԏΠٰǴᗋࢂҗܭ Mixer ޑ RF-to-LO Isolation Ԗज़ǴυᘋૻဦΨ཮ᅅډ LO portǴ self-mixingΞӆౢғ(კ 4.7)Ƕ

(2) I/Q mismatch

ӧ Homodyne ࢎᄬ΢ाჴ౜ PM ܈ FM Ѹ໪٬Ҕ҅Ҭ࣬Տޑࢎ

ᄬǴ܌аाஒ LO բ 90 ࡋޑ࣬Տѳ౽Ƕӵ݀ IǵQ ໔ؒԖྗዴޑ 90 ࡋৡ܈ࢂԖਁ൯ޑό΋ԿǴӧբफ़ᓎਔૻဦޑ০኱კ཮ౢғᇤৡ٬

bit error rateϲଯ(კ 4.8)

LNA

Error Phase and Gain Induced

კ 4.8 I/Q mismatch ӧԏวᐒ΢ޑቹៜ

ࣁΑ׳၁ᅰޑΑှ IǵQ όჹᆀჹௗԏૻဦޑቹៜǴբаΠޑ௢

Gain PhaseError

Q Q

კ 4.9 I/Q mismatch ჹૻဦ০኱კౢғޑቹៜ (3) Even-Order Distortion

೯ த ך ॺ ѝ ཮ ຎ Odd-order distortion ࣁ υ ᘋ ૻ ဦ Ǵ ё ࢂ ӧ HomodyneޑௗԏᐒΠ Even-order ޑߚጕ܄੝܄Ψჹௗԏૻဦ೷ԋυ ᘋǶаკ 4.10 ٰᇥܴǺٿঁᎃ߈ޑଯф౗ૻဦ(^x(^t) ^A1cosZ1^t^A2cosZ2^t)

t A

A₁ ₂cos( ₁ ₂)

2 Z Z

D Ǵҗܭٿᓎ౗ᚆࡐ߈ǴԜ Even-order distortion ӧ཮

ӧ DC ߕ߈р౜ǶӵၸௗΠٰޑ Mixer ࢂ idealǴ΢ॊޑ distortion ൩

კ 4.10 Even-order distortion

ځჴόѝ LNA ཮Ԗ Even-order distortion ޑ౜ຝǴMixer ޑ RF port ΨԖ࣬ӕޑୢᚒวғǴӢࣁௗԏૻဦ࿶ၸ LNA ࡕޑਁ൯ς࿶ᡂεǴ

܌ а ׎ ԋ distortion ޑ ៜ ᔈ ཮ ׳ ᝄ ख़ Ƕ ኳ ᔕ Mixer ਔ ൩ ा Ե ቾ ډ”IP2”(second-order intercept point)ǴኳᔕޑБݤၟ IP3 ΋ኬǴѝࢂஒ Odd-orderޑբკඤԋ Even-order ޑբკǶ

(4)Flicker Noise

೯தௗԏૻဦ࿶ၸ LNA ک Mixer ࡕεऊԖ 10mV ޑਁ൯Ǵ܌а

ௗΠٰӚભႝၡޑᒡΕᚇૻᡂޑߚதख़ाǴЀځ Homodyne ࢂޔௗஒ

ૻဦ໺ډ DCǴ܌аЬ୏ϡҹޑ¹^/ ^f noise ൩཮೷ԋᝄख़ቹៜǴׯ๓Б ݤ൩ࢂӧ RF ૻဦᆄஒቚ੻ӧගଯǴႽࢂ٬Ҕ active ޑ Mixer ڗж passiveޑ MixerǶ

4.2.2 а Homodyne ࣁ୷ᘵޑ image-reject ௗԏᐒ

җܭ Heterodyne ޑௗԏᐒѸ໪٬Ҕ image-filter ٰ੃ѐ᜔ႽૻဦǴ

ޣޑࣴزБӛϐ΋ǶҞ߻ቶݱ٬Ҕޑ image-reject ࢎᄬࣁǺ(1)Hartley

ࢎᄬǹ(2)Weaver ࢎᄬǶ (1) HartleyǺ

Ԝ่ᄬѝሡ΋䵽҅Ҭ࣬Տޑ LOǴӧሽ਱΢ёаᙖ๱෧Ͽ඲Тय़ ᑈԶफ़եǹځԛǴࢂ೛ी΢ΨКၨᙁൂѝሡу΋䵽 90⁰ޑ phase shifterǶ

ӧઞᓎޑచҹΠǴphase shifter ӧᓎ᛼΢ёҔG⁽Z⁾ j^sgn(Z⁾(კ 4.12)ٰ߄ҢǴჴኧૻဦ࿶ၸ phase shifter ࡕϝ཮ࢂჴኧǴѝ཮ᡣ҅ॄ

ᓎޑૻဦ࣬ՏวғᡂϯǶ90 ࡋޑ࣬Տѳ౽ёаճҔᙁൂޑ೏୏ϡҹ

ٰჴ౜Ǵკ 4.13Ǵ^Vin^(t⁾࿶ၸ phase shifter ࡕV_out1⁽t⁾ǵV_out2⁽t⁾ᆶ^Vin^(t⁾ޑ࣬

Տৡ฻ܭS^/²^tan¹⁽^RCZ⁾Ϸ^tan¹⁽^RCZ⁾Ǵ܌аӧV_out1⁽t⁾ǵV_out2⁽t⁾໔൩ౢ

ғΑ 90 ࡋޑ࣬ՏৡǶόၸԜ phase shifter ႝၡѝૈ፾ҔܭઞᓎǴ܌а HartleyࢎᄬόૈҔܭቨᓎޑ೯ૻس಍ࢎᄬύǶ

90^oshift

Channel

Desired Image

კ 4.12 Phase shifter ӧᓎ᛼΢ޑៜᔈ

Vin

܌аVout1ᆶVout2ޑ࣬Տৡ90ࡋǶᗨฅவ࣬Տ΢࣮ଆٰόፕӧবঁᓎ౗

ޑ࣬Տৡ೿཮Ԗ90ࡋǴόၸਁ൯΢൩ό࣬ӕΑǴѝӧZ ^{1 RC}^/( ⁾཮΋

ኬǴӢԜ၀ phase shifter ࢎᄬ٠όૈቨᓎ٬ҔǶ

(2) Weaver Ǻ

ࣁΑׯ๓ Hartly ޑઞᓎલᗺǴஒ೷ԋႝၡઞᓎޑಔҹҔځдБݤ ڗжǴ܌аҔಃΒಔޑ Mixer ٰඹඤ 90 ࡋޑ phase shifterǴёᆢ࡭

Image-reject ޑ੝܄ǴόၸΨӢࣁӭ٬Ҕ΋ಔ Mixer ٬ԋҁ΢ϲǴ೛

ीਔΨၨࣁፄᚇǶ

Channel

Desired Image

΋ठ೿཮ቹៜډ᏾ঁࢎᄬޑ Image-rejection ਏ݀Ƕ೯த Image rejection ratio ၲ 30~40dBǴLO εཷԖ 0.2~0.6dB ޑਁ൯ᇤৡϷ 1~5 ࡋޑ࣬Տ

ݱ٬ҔޑБݤࢂஒ LC-tank ޑ VCO ᏹբӧךॺሡाᓎ౗ޑٿ७ᓎǴ ӆ࿶ၸନᓎႝၡࡕளډ҅Ҭ࣬Տޑૻဦ(კ 4.15)ǶԜБݤёаᗉխ VCOڙډ PA ౢғமεૻဦޑ௢܎ਏᔈ(pushing/pulling effect)ǴӢࣁ VCO ᏹբӧ PA ޑٿ७ᓎǴՠࢂ཮ԖаΠޑલᗺǺ(1)ٿ७ᓎޑ VCO ӧ೛ीၨ֚ᜤǴЪ҅Ҭ࣬Տޑྗዴ܄཮೏ VCO ࢂցԖ 50%ޑ duty cycleज़ڋՐǶ(2)ௗܭ VCO ϐࡕޑନᓎᏔѸ໪ଯᓎᏹբǴ܌аႝ඲ᡏ ޑ current density Ѹ໪ගଯډᡣ fTၲཱུॶǴӢԜቚуႝၡޑф౗੃઻Ƕ

Latch D

Latch D Clk

Clk

Clk

I I

Q Q

კ 4.15 ճҔø2 ႝၡౢғ I/Q ૻဦ

ӵ݀Ҕ RC ಔԋޑ poly-phase filter ࢎᄬ൩׳઻ф౗Α(კ 4.16)Ǵ Ѹ໪ӧ VCO ک poly-phase filter ໔уΕ bufferǴ΋Бय़ёᗉխ VCO ύ LC-tankޑ Q ॶ෧ϿǴ΋Бय़Ҕٰံᓭ RC ႝၡ೷ԋޑૻဦ૰෧Ǵω

ૈ௢୏ௗΠٰޑ MixerǶԜѦǴpoly-phase filter ཮઻຤࣬྽εޑ඲Т य़ᑈǴԋҁӢԶගଯǶ

კ 4.16 ճҔ Poly-phase Filter ౢғ I/Q ૻဦ

ऩགྷҔ ring oscillator ޑࢎᄬǴѬޑ phase noise Ξϼৡό፾Ҕܭ౜

ϞޑԏวᐒǴ܌аന֎ЇΓޑБݤᗋࢂճҔٿঁჹᆀࠠ(ৡ୏ࠠ)ޑ VCOᡣѬॺ࣬ጠӝǴౢғե࣬Տᚇૻޑ҅ҬૻဦǶკ 4.17 ࢂٿ VCO ጠӝၡ৩ޑௗݤǴӧၡ৩΢཮Ԗ΋ԛޑҬᒱጠӝ(cross-coupling)ගٮ 180ࡋޑ࣬ՏৡǴࣁΑᅈى Barkhausen criteria ޑᕴӣ௤ၡ৩࣬Տৡ฻

ܭ႟ǴഭΠޑ 180 Ѹ໪җٿ VCO ޑ LC-tank ගٮǴ܌аӧ VCO_A ᆶ VCO_B ޑᒡрӚගٮ 90 ࡋޑ࣬Տୃ౽Ǵ҅Ҭ࣬Տޑ੝܄җԜౢ

ғǶԜཷۺၟ Differential Ring Oscillator ࣬՟(კ 4.18)Ǵӵ݀Ԗ N ભ InvertorsՍௗǴ؂ભޑёளޑ࣬Տৡ฻ܭǺ

N ) 180 360

( ⁰ ⁰

T Ƕ

კ 4.17 ҅Ҭ࣬ՏਁᕏᏔϐௗጕБԄ

კ 4.18 N ભޑ Ring Oscillator

4.3.2 ճҔ VCO ጠӝౢғ҅Ҭ࣬Տޑ LO

ӧ IC ΢ౢғଯᓎ҅Ҭ࣬ՏޑႝၡמѯӵΠǺ(1) Parallel quadrature VCOǵ(2) Parallel with phase shift quadrature VCOǵ(3) Bottom-series quadrature VCOǵ(4) Top-series quadrature VCOǵ(5) Superharmonic quadrature VCOǶനӃ೏೛ीрޑႝၡࢎᄬࢂ Parallel quadrature VCO(PQVCO)ǴௗΠٰޑӚঁ่ᄬ೿ࢂࣁΑׯ๓ PQVCO ϐ੝܄Զ़

ғрٰޑǴѬॺԖᐱԾޑ౛ፕ୷ᘵکόӕᓬલᗺǴௗΠٰஒჹӚࢎᄬ բుΕ௖૸Ƕ

(1) Parallel QVCO Ǻ

კ 4.19 Parallel QVCO

Ԝࢎᄬх֖ٿಔֹӄ࣬ӕޑ LC-tank VCOǴନΑҔٰౢғॄႝߔ ޑ cross-coupling ႝ඲ᡏჹ(Qsw)ǴQsw਒ӆ௠΢Qcplаගٮٿ VCO ࣬ϕ ጠӝޑၡ৩Ƕёаᙖҗׯᡂ IswϷ Icplޑελٰׯᡂٿಔ VCO ޑጠӝ மࡋǴ࣬ჹޑ཮೷ԋ࣬Տᇤৡᆶ࣬Տᚇૻٿޣ໔ޑ trade-offǺӵ݀ Isw

ၨ IcplεǴ࣬Տᚇૻ཮ၨ࣬ՏᇤৡӳǹϸϐǴ࣬ՏᚇૻၨৡǶځচӢ

ࢂҗܭ Isw ᆶ Icpl ޑᕴӝႝࢬ(Itot)ޑ࣬Տᆶᒡрႝᓸ࣬Տόӕ(კ 4.20)Ǵ೷ԋ LC tank Ѹ໪ගٮ࣬Տୃ౽ٰᔆံ၀࣬Տৡ(Ires)ǴவಃΟ കύ܌ۓကޑ Q ॶٰ࣮ӧ ^f ¹^/ ^LCਔԖനεॶЪ LC-tank ό཮ගٮ

ҺՖ࣬Տត౽Ǵ΋ՠࣁΑံᓭIresਁᕏᓎ౗༈Ѹᅆ୏ǴQ ॶ൩คݤᆢ

࡭ӧനεॶǴ࣬ՏᚇૻΨӢԜ΢ϲǶ

Ires

კ 4.20 PQVCO ϐႝࢬᆶႝᓸ࣬Տკ

ਥᏵࢗ၌Ӛ Paper ࡕǴԜࢎᄬޑ Phase Noise ᆶ Phase Error ޑന

٫ϯॶεऊࢂஒ Iswᆶ IcplޑКॶ೛ۓࣁ 3Ǻ1Ƕ

კ 4.21 PQvco ޑጕ܄ኳࠠ

კ 4.21 ࢂ Parallel ࢎᄬ Qvco ޑጕ܄ኳࠠǴҗܭу΢ parallel ႝ඲

ᡏჹࡕ཮٬ਁᕏᓎ౗ᅆᚆ LC-tank ޑਁᕏᓎ౗(Z0 ¹^/ ^LC )ऊ ǻȦǴё ᙖ Ԝ ኳ ࠠ ඔ ॊ ǻȦ ǵ GMCǵ GMǶ GM ߄ Ң ॄ ႝ ಔ ჹ ( Qsw )ޑ transconductanceǹGMC߄Ңጠӝჹ(Qcpl)ޑ transconductanceǹIswࢂ GM

ౢғޑ in-phase ޑႝࢬǴҔٰံᓭ LC-tank ౢғޑ஌ғႝߔ RpǺ

G_M { I^sw (effective transconductance)---(4-2)ǹ

࣬ӕޑǴۓကǺ

0 1 ,

G_MC { I^cpl (effective coupling transconductance)---(4-3)ǹ

I_cpl,1ࢂᆶ Vxԋ҅Ҭޑ΋໘ᒋݢႝࢬǶ

source

კ 4.22 Parallel QVCO ϐѤᅿᏹբރᄊ

კ 4.23 ࢬ຾ LC-tank ޑႝࢬໆ߄

p sourceR I

(2) Parallel with phase shift QVCO

җ΢ॊޑ parallel quadrature VCO ޑচ౛ύёаΑှǴ೷ԋ Phase Noiseό٫ޑচӢ൩ࢂ LC-tank Ѹ໪ගٮ೽ϩޑ࣬Տୃ౽ςၲԋ 90 ࡋ

კ 4.24 PQVCO with Phase Shifter ϐጕ܄ኳࠠ

ӧႝၡჴ౜ޑفࡋٰ࣮Ǵ۰ݢाၲډ 90 ࡋޑ࣬Տୃ౽൩ӵӕע ۰ݢբᑈϩ܈༾ϩǺ^sin^Z^tᆶ^cos^Z^t࣬Տৡ 90 ࡋǴע^sin^Z^tᡂ^cos^Z^tޑБ ݤ൩ࢂҔ༾ϩǶаΠႝၡ(კ 4.25)൩ૈᙁൂޑගٮ༾ϩфૈǴΨёа ᙖҗፓ᏾ౢғ 90 ࡋ࣬Տৡႝၡޑႝࢬελٰၲډόӕελ࣬Տୃ

౽Ƕ

კ 4.25 ٿᅿ Phase Shifter ϐႝၡკ аΠࢂჹ၀ႝၡޑλૻဦբ௢ᏤǺ

(3) Top-Series Quadrature VCO

ᗨฅ”(2)PQVCO with phase shifter ”ύගډёаӧٿ LC-tank ໔Ս

ௗ Phase Shifter ٰׯ๓ Phase NoiseǴ࣬ჹޑႝၡӧ೛ी΢ᡂޑ׳ፄ ᚇǴф౗੃઻ΨӢཥуΕޑႝၡ઻຤׳ӭǴ٬၀ࢎᄬϝό୼ֹ๓Ƕௗ

Πٰ૸ፕޑࢎᄬ൩ࢂճҔ Top-series ޑࢎᄬڗж΢ॊޑ parallel ࢎᄬ (კ 4.26)Ǵౢғ phase noise եΞᙁܰޑ҅Ҭ࣬Տޑᓸ௓᎜ᕏᏔǶ

კ 4.26 Top-Series QVCO

ጠӝႝ඲ᡏჹ(Qcpl1ǵQcpl2)୴᠄ӧॄႝߔႝ඲ᡏჹ(Qsw1ǵQsw2)΢

य़ǴӢࣁጠӝႝ඲ᡏჹࢂ phase noise ޑЬाٰྍǴճҔ೭ঁ୴᠄่ᄬ

ࡕёε൯फ़ե phase noiseǶӧ Parallel QVCO ࢎᄬύQcplǵQswޑελ Ѹ໪཈ᒧǴӢࣁ၀ελ཮،ۓIcplکIswǴ຾Զቹៜ phase noise ک phase errorǴόၸӧ Top-series quadrature VCO ύǴQcplکQswޑελό཮ቹ ៜ phase error ӢࣁIcplکIswӅҔ࣬ӕޑႝࢬྍǴӢԜёаፓ᏾QcplکQsw

ޑελаᕇளന٫ޑ phase noiseǶ

V_in

კ 4.27 Top-Series QVCO ϐ฻ਏъႝၡ

аᜪКႝၡޑλૻဦᏹբٰ࣮Ǵёа௢рQcplޑ noise ჹVoutޑቹ

cpland Rs gm

Զ Top-series ࢎᄬޑ Qvco ΨԖ࣬՟ܭ Parallel ࢎᄬޑѤᅿᏹբރ ᄊკ 4.27a~dǶӧ b Ϸ c ॄႝߔႝ඲ᡏჹࢂೀܭΟભ୔(triode)Զόࢂ

ֹӄޑᜢഈǴ٬ጠӝޑႝ඲ᡏჹૈԖԜჹ triode ႝ඲ᡏޑ degeneration ਏ݀Ǵphase noise ᒿϐफ़եǶόၸ Top-series Qvco ٠ؒݤႽ Parallel Qvco ёаҔᡉԶܰـޑБำԄٰᇥܴ įǴѝૈҔ೬ᡏٰኳᔕǴόၸ (4-5)~(4-9) ޑ฻Ԅ٩ฅ፾ҔǶკ 4.28 Top-Series ѤᅿᏹբރᄊаϷࢬ

຾ LC-tank ޑႝࢬໆ߄Ƕ

source

) (a

source

I ) 1 ( G

source

) (b

source

) (c

source

I ) 1

( G GIsource

) (d

კ 4.28 Top-Series QVCO ϐѤᅿᏹբރᄊ

კ 4.29 ࢬ຾ LC-tank ޑႝࢬໆ߄

ځԛǴჹܭ΢ॊޑٿᅿ҅ҬਁᕏᏔाӵՖϦѳΞԖཀကޑКၨځ

܄ૈ٠όޔᢀǴӢࣁ phase noise ک phase error ٠όࢂడค࣬ᜢޑୖ

ኧǴӧׯᡂႝၡୖኧٰ෧Ͽ phase noise ޑӕਔǴphase error ࠅᡂৡǶ а Parallel Qvco ࣁٯǴԜٿୖኧڙQswᆶQcplޑႝࢬКٯ௓ڋǴёࢂ

Series QVCO ѝૈᙖׯᡂQswᆶQcplޑελٰׯᡂ phase noiseǴphase errorࣁ΋ۓॶǶ

Qvco܌ౢғޑ҅Ҭ࣬ՏૻဦǴځ໔ޑ phase ک amplitude error Ҟ

߻ࣁЗ٠ؒԖёаޔௗໆෳޑёՉБݤǴѝૈஒᒡрޑ҅Ҭૻဦ០୏

ᚐѦޑ single-sideband upconversion ႝၡǴӆໆෳ upconversion ࡕޑ ך ॺ གྷ ा ᓎ ࢤ ᆶ ᜔ Ⴝ ᓎ ࢤ ޑ ᒡ р ф ౗ К ॶ (image band rejection(IBR))Ƕӧ parallel ࢎᄬύޑQcplႝࢬຫε IBR ຫӳёࢂ phase noise ᡂৡǴҗԜёـǴჹܭόӕࢎᄬޑ Qvco ѝКၨ phase noise ܈ FoMࢂό୼ֹ๓ޑǶКၨӝ౛ޑБݤࢂஒόӕࢎᄬޑ Qvco ೛ीӧ࣬

ӕޑ phase error ࡕӆКၨځ FoMǶ࣬ၨܭ ParallelǴTop-series ࢎᄬޑ phase error ൩ό཮ӢQswᆶQcplޑКॶቹៜǴ܌аךॺёаஒ Parallel

೛ीډᆶ Series ӕኬޑ phase error ࡕӆКѬॺޑ phase noiseǴ൩ёа

҅ዴ࠼ᢀޑКၨځ܄ૈǶ

ᙖҗа΢ޑϩ݋ךॺ൩ёа೛ۓӳ įǵĮǴᡣ Parallel ᆶ Top-series ޑ Qvco Ԗ࣬ӕ phase error ຾Զ଺рϦ҅ޑ phase noise КၨǶ

Top-Series QVCOନΑӢࣁ coscode ࢎᄬᡣ noise फ़եǴவკ 4.23 کკ 4.28 ᗋёᢀჸډќ΋ঁচӢǶჹკ 4.23b ᆶ d ԶقǴҗܭৡ୏ჹ ޑ΋ୁֹӄᜢഈǴӢԜ noise ؒԖၡ৩ࢬډ LC-tankǹՠӧ c ύQcpl1ޑ

noise ൩ёᙖҗQsw2ࢬډ LC-tank ύǶ'I1཮а Ȧout ޑᓎ౗଺ׯᡂ(კ 4.29)Ǵ຾ԶׯᡂΑ Isw,1аϷ Icpl,1ǴനࡕΨׯᡂΑ GMCǶ

Qcpl Q_sw₂

1 I

I '

კ 4.30 კ 4.23c ޑᚇૻྍаϷࢬ຾ LC-tank ޑႝࢬໆ߄

Top-seriesࢎᄬΠQcpl1ӧკ 4.28bǵd ೿Ԗ໒௴Ǵ܌а၀ noise source

཮ჹ I1ᆶ I2଺฻ໆ฻࣬ޑׯᡂǴ൩ 4-6 ԄϷ 4-8 Ԅٰᇥ೭٤ׯᡂ٠ό

཮ቹៜ IQ,1ک II,1Ǵ܌а GMCΨόᡂǶᙖҗ΢ॊޑ૸ፕǴTop-Series Qvco

ࢎᄬᔈёளډၨ Parallel QVCO ӳޑ phase noiseǶ

' 'I₂

I I1'

I I2'

კ 4.31 ӧკ 4.28bǵd ޑᚇૻྍаϷࢬ຾ LC-tank ޑႝࢬໆ߄

4.4 ჴբ΋ǴQuadrature VCO Using Top-Series Coupling Structure (GaAs HBT 2 ͔m)

Ԝჴբࢎᄬ௦Ҕޑࢂ Top-Series Coupling(კ 4.32)Ǵځࣴز୏ᐒ ᆶࢎᄬᙁϟςӧ 4.3.2 ࿯ύޑ part(3)ᇥܴၸǴௗΠٰޔௗჹႣ՗ೕ਱

ᆶໆෳ่݀բᇥܴǶ᏾ᡏޑႝၡࢎᄬӵკǴ௦Ҕ Emitter coupled pair with cross feedback ޑ ਁ ᕏ Ꮤ ࢎ ᄬ Ǵ Զ feedback ޑ Б ݤ ࢂ ճ Ҕ transformerǴёаᗉխ base-collector junction ӧεᒡрਁ൯ਔᡂԋ໩

ୃǶӧ Varactor ޑ೽ϩ߾ࢂע HBT ႝ඲ᡏޑ base ک collector ௗӧ΋

ଆǴ٬Ҕ base ک emitter ௗय़໔ޑႝ৒ٰჴ౜Ƕ

კ 4.32 Top-series QVCO ϐႝၡკ Symmetric Transformer ϐ੝܄ኳᔕ

Ԝࢎᄬޑ transformer(კ 4.33)ӧϐ߻ςΠၸ TestkeyǴӧႝၡኳᔕ ਔ൩ࢂճҔໆෳޑኧᏵٰ೛ी(კ 4.35)Ǵ٠߈՟΋ಔ discrete ޑ components(კ 4.34)ٰኳᔕ time domain ΢ޑႝၡ੝܄Ǻ

R R6 R=9.237 Ohm R R7 R=7.754 Ohm

L L2 R=

L=1.618 nH L L3 R=

L=2.222 nH

Mutual C=12.305 fF

C C8 C=13.102 fF

C C7 C=0.762 fF C

C6 C=0.008 fF C C11 C=40.853 fF

C C10 C=42.227 fF

კ 4.33 Symmetric Transformer ϐ Layout კ 4.34 Fitted model

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Transmission Coefficient S21(dB)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

K (Coupling Factor)

კ 4.35 Transformer ϐໆෳ่݀

ĺ K=0.66 Transmission Coefficient= -6dB @4.5GHzǶ 4.4.1 Ⴃीೕ਱ӈ߄

Item Spec Supply Voltage 5 V

Current of QVCO core 5.18 mA Current of Output buffer 15.52 mA Power Consumption of core 25.9 mW

Total Power Consumption 103.5 mW Tuning frequency range 4.57GHz~4.67GHz

Phase Noise -102.168dBc/Hz @ 1MHz offset Tuning Range 100MHz

Die size 2000 um × 1000 um

4.4.2 ჴෳ่݀

(1) Output spectrum: 4.0956GHz, -2.3dBm

(2) Phase noise: -120.0203 dBc/Hz

(3) KVCO Ϸ Output power: 25.43MHz/V

-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.04

4.06 4.08 4.10 4.12 4.14 4.16

Frequency

Output Power (dBm)

Output Frequency (GHz)

Vtune (V)

-6 -4 -2 0 2

Power

4.4.3 ่ፕᆶ૸ፕ (1) Die Photo:

(2) Chip performance:

Item Measurement Supply Voltage 5 V

Current of QVCO core 5.1 mA Current of Output buffer 15.5 mA Power Consumption of core ~ 25.5 mW

Tuning frequency range

VtuneǺ0~3.5V 4.054 ~ 4.143GHz

KVCO 25.43MHz/V Phase Noise @1MHz offset -120.0203dBc/Hz

FOM -178.21dBc/Hz Output Power ~2dBm

Die size 2000 um Ø 1000 um

ҁԛႝၡჴբዴჴӧ InGaP/GaAs ΢ౢғ Top-Series QVCOǴᒡ рᓎࢤӧ 4GHz ѰѓǴԶ Phase Noise ΨԖ-120dBc/Hz@1MHz offsetǶ ᒡрᓎ౗ޑኳᔕᆶჴෳ่݀ৡຯऊ 527MHzǴёૈӢࣁኳᔕਔ܌٬Ҕ ޑ transformer model όྗዴǶӢࣁ transformer ޑ model ࢂճҔ test-key ޑໆෳ่݀ fitting рٰޑǴӧ fitting ၸำύόࢂ؂ಔ[S]೿ૈֹӄ಄

ӝǴ܌аԜ model ᗋࢂၟჴሞޑ transformer ౢғޑႝགॶԖрΕǴ೷

ԋᓎ౗΢ 11%ޑᇤৡǶӧ DC ک KVCO ޑໆෳ൩ၟኳᔕௗ߈ǴPhase Noise ΨКኳᔕਔाӳǶёૈࢂ၀ᇙԋޑ model ჹႝ඲ᡏޑ flicker noiseؒԖඔॊǴ܌аӧኳᔕਔ࣮όډჴሞޑ noise ੝܄Ƕӧᒡрф౗

Бय़Ǵໆෳ่݀ΨКኳᔕεΑஒ߈ 2dBmǴёૈࢂ QVCO کᒡр጗ፂ ભ໔ؒҔႝ৒ஒ DC ႖๊໒Ǵ܌а QVCO ޑф౗ёаֹӄ໺ډໆෳ

ᐒᏔ΢ǴόၸԜ଺ݤёૈჹ QVCO ௗܭځдႝၡࡕޑᓎ౗ᆶ KVCO

ౢғቹៜǶ

(4) Bottom-Series QVCO Ǻ!

კ 4.36 Bottom-series QVCO ϐႝၡკ

ԜࣁՍௗࢎᄬޑќ΋ᅿௗݤǴஒ Qcplׯܫӧ QswޑΠቫǴёаᡣ

࣬Տᚇૻᡂեՠࢂ཮ཞѨ࣬ՏᇤৡǴ೭ᆶ Top-Series ޑ੝܄খӳϕ

ံǶҗკ 4.27 ޑБݤёаޕၰǴ᠄ܭ΢ԋޑႝ඲ᡏό཮ჹᒡрౢғ noiseǶҗܭ VCO ޑਁᕏౢғЬाڙQswቹៜǴӵ݀עQsw᠄ӧQcpl΢Ǵ

Qswޑ noise ൩ό཮υᘋЬᓎޑਁᕏૻဦǴ܌а Bottom-Series QVCO

཮Ԗၨӳޑ phase noiseǶӕ౛Ǵӵ݀עቹៜٿ VCO ጠӝQcpl᠄ӧ΢ቫǴ ӧౢғ҅Ҭޑၸำύ phase error ൩КၨؒԖ noise ٰυᘋǴ܌а Top-Series QVCO཮Ԗӳޑ phase errorǶ

(5) Superharmonic Coupling QVCO Ǻ!

(1)ډ(4)܌ගޑ҅Ҭᓸ௓᎜ᕏᏔࢎᄬ೿ሡा΋ಔጠӝޑႝ඲ᡏǴ மॐٿঁ VCO ౢғ҅ҬਏᔈǴόၸ೭٤ࢎᄬ཮Ԗ phase noise ᆶ phase errorޑ trade-offǴ܈ࢂӭуႝ඲ᡏ೷ԋф౗੃઻΢ϲǶௗΠٰ૸ፕޑ

҅Ҭ࣬Տ VCO ࢎᄬࢂճҔΒ໘ޑᒋݢ࣬ϕጠӝǴаၲډե phase noise Ϸե੃ᳫф౗ޑٿεҞ኱Ƕ

ӧ ৡ ୏ ޑ ࢎ ᄬ Π ך ॺ ё а ӧ ႝ ၡ ύ ޑ Ӆ ኳ ᗺ (common-mode nodes)ว౜ଽԛ(even)ᒋݢǴځЬाԋҽࢂΒ໘ޑᒋݢǶRategh and Lee ς࿶᛾ܴӧৡ୏ޑਁᕏᏔ΢ǴךॺёаճҔ೭٤ӅኳᗺǴݙΕᆶΒ໘ ᒋݢᓎ౗࣬߈ޑૻဦǴёஒਁᕏᏔᙹӧݙΕૻဦޑΒϩϐ΋ᓎ౗΢Ƕ ѝाਁᕏᏔᆢ࡭ӧᙹՐޑރᄊΠǴךॺёаፓ᏾ݙΕޑᓎ౗ǴԶਁᕏ Ꮤޑ୷ᓎૻဦΨ཮ᒿ๱౽୏٠ᙹۓǶԜ੝܄ёҔٰჴ౜ଯᓎޑନΒႝ

ၡǶ

୷ҁ΢ٿঁৡ୏ޑ VCO ёаᙖҗ΋ጠӝႝၡᡣѬॺޑΒ໘ᒋݢ

ޑ࣬Տև 180⁰Ǵ൩ё០٬ٿঁ VCO ޑৡ୏ᒡрԖ҅Ҭޑਏ݀(კ 4.37)ǶᡣΒ໘ᒋݢև 180 ࡋޑБݤࡐӭǴႽࢂҔ transformer ܈ࢂҔ

ႝ৒ޔௗጠӝډ current source ޑ base ᆄǶ

კ 4.37 Superharmonic coupling QVCO ϐҢཀკ

4.5 ჴբΒǴQuadrature VCO Using Superharmonic Coupling (GaAs HBT 2 ͔m)

Ԝԛჴբޑ VCO core ϝ௦Ҕ”ႝགጠӝᓸ௓ԄਁᕏᏔ”Ǵ೸ၸႝ

གޑጠӝӣډᒡΕᆄǶԜࢎᄬ࣬ၨ”ޔௗӣ௤”ޑӳೀࢂǴᒡрႝᓸޑ

ਁ൯ό཮Ӣ୷ཱུ-໣ཱུௗय़܌ज़ڋǴёᒡрεਁ൯ǴΞёᗉխ٬Ҕႝ

ߔٰ biasǴ܌аёаׯ๓࣬ՏᚇૻǶკ 4.38 ࢂ᏾ᡏޑႝၡࢎᄬǺpart.1

ࢂٿঁᐱҥޑ VCOǹSuperharmonic coupling ޑБݤ߾ࢂҔ transformer ᡣٿ VCO ԋ҅Ҭ࣬ՏǶ

კ 4.38 Superharmonic coupling QVCO ϐႝၡკ

ᡂᓸᏔௗܭٿޑਁᕏᏔޑӅኳᗺǴЪᡣٿୁޑΒ໘ᒋݢև 180⁰

࣬ՏৡǶӧ୏ᄊރᄊΠޑጠӝਁᕏᏔҁيೀܭߚጕ܄ޑႝၡ੝܄Ǵ܌

аᒡрନΑ҅Ҭޑ੝܄ѦΨёૈᡂԋ࣬ϕӕ؁ϯ(࣬Տԋ in-phase ރ ᄊ)Ǵ܈ࢂਥҁᒡр΋٤ᚇ໶ޑૻဦǶᡂᓸᏔޑጠӝமࡋ൩ࢂ،ۓٿ

ਁᕏᏔࢂցԖ҅ҬៜᔈޑᜢᗖाનǶӧךॺ೭ԛޑႝၡ೛ी΢Ǵ൩௦ ҔڀԖၨமጠӝ߯ኧޑ(Coupling factor)ޑჹᆀ(Symmetric)ᡂᓸᏔ(კ 4.39)аቚуΒԛᒋݢޑጠӝໆǴ٬ਁᕏᏔዴჴԖ҅ҬᒡрǶ

კ 4.39 Symmetric Transformer Layout

ӧӅኳᗺуΕᡂᓸᏔᗋԖ΋ঁᚐѦޑᓬᗺǴ൩ࢂᡣᒡрႝᓸޑਁ

൯уεǴफ़եႝࢬྍჹਁᕏᏔޑႄڋǶ΋૓ޑਁᕏᏔ(კ 4.40(a))ሡा

ӧႝࢬྍᆄ٠ᖄႝ৒ᡣ࣬Տᚇૻफ़եǴՠ཮٬ӧ Vc ӅኳᗺޑΒ໘ᒋ ݢౢғ RC delayǴ೷ԋΒ໘ᒋݢᆶᒡр୷ᓎ(Vn,Vp)ؒԖֹӄჹሸǴ ӧႝ඲ᡏޑ drain ႝᓸѸ໪ଯܭ source ႝᓸޑచҹΠǴᒡрޑ୷ᓎਁ

൯൩Ѹ໪ଯܭ VcǶ

)

(a (b)

კ 4.40(a) VCO without current source filter კ 4.40(b) VCO with current source filter

ӵၸஒᡂᓸᏔௗܭ Vc’ᆄ(კ 4.40(b))ǴҗܭѬҁي൩ࢂႝགǴ٠ ᖄႝ৒٬ѬᒋਁӧΒ७୷ᓎǴᡣ࣮ӛႝࢬྍޑߔל(R)ѝഭჴ೽Ǵஒ RC delayਏᔈ੃ନǶԜਔਁᕏᏔޑᒡрਁ൯ளаගϲǴᡣ࣬Տᚇૻ׳

ӳǶ

ԜѦǴЬᓎޑ஌ғጠӝਏᔈѸ໪ᅰໆᗉխǴӢࣁёૈ٬ਁᕏᏔᡂ ԋ࣬ϕӕ؁(mutual synchronization)ǶԶ೭٤஌ғጠӝਏᔈёૈٰԾӅ

ਁ๚ᙖҗޖ୷݈܈೸ၸᅶ൑གᔈ໺ډᡂᓸᏔǴ܌аᅰёૈஒᡂᓸᏔᇻ ᚆӅਁ๚Ƕ

4.5.1 Ⴃीೕ਱ӈ߄

Item Spec Supply Voltage 5 V

Current of QVCO core 3.752 mA Current of Output buffer 15.68 mA Power Consumption of core 18.76 mW

Total Power Consumption 97.16mW Tuning frequency range 4.34GHz~4.45GHz

Phase Noise -103dBc/Hz @ 1MHz offset Tuning Range 110MHz

Die size 2000 um × 1000 um 4.5.2 ჴෳ่݀

(1) Output spectrum: 5.0371GHz, -5.5dBm

(2) Phase noise: -126.2926dBc/Hz

(3) KVCO Ϸ Output power: 31.25MHz/V

0 1 2 3 4

4.80 4.85 4.90 4.95 5.00 5.05 5.10

Frequency

Output Power (dBm)

Output Frequency (GHz)

Vtune (V)

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1

Power

4.5.3 ่ፕᆶ૸ፕ

(1) Die Photo:

(2) Chip performance:

Item Measurement Supply Voltage 5 V

Current of QVCO core 3.7mA Current of Output buffer 18.2mA Power Consumption of core ~ 18.5mW

Tuning frequency range

VtuneΚ0~4V 4.913GHz~5.038GHz

KVCO 31.25MHz/V Phase Noise @1MHz offset -126.29dBc/Hz

FOM -187.16dBc/Hz Output Power ~-4dBm

Die size 2000 um ͪ 1000 um

೭ԛჴբр΋ঁ 5GHz ҅Ҭ࣬Տ VCOǴӧ Phase Noise ΢ޑ੝܄

ཱུ٫Ǻ1MHz ޑ offset ၲډ-126dBc/HzǶKVCO ޑჴෳ่݀ၨচӃႣ

՗ޑ 27.5MHz/V ଯ΋٤ǴԖёૈࢂҁႝၡ٬Ҕႝ඲ᡏޑ base-emitter

ႝ৒ٰ྽ varactorǴԶႝ඲ᡏ model ٠όૈֹ᏾ඔॊԜҔݤޑႝ৒੝

܄Ǵ೷ԋऊ 13.6%ޑୃ౽Ƕਁᕏᓎ౗ޑໆෳ่݀ΨᡉҢ۳ଯᓎᅆ୏Α 588MHzǴу΢΢ॊޑ KVCO ᡂεޑ่݀ёа௢ளᔈ၀ࢂჴሞ΢

LC-tankޑႝ৒К೛ीਔλǴ٬ᒡрᓎ౗ᆶ KVCO ΢ϲǶόၸ೭٤ᅆ

୏ࣣࢂӧ 20%аϣǴӧΠԛޑჴբӵ݀ዴჴӃஒᇙำ΢ᜤаᗉխᅆ౽ Եቾ຾ѐǴᔈ၀ёаׯ๓ኳᔕᆶໆෳ΢ޑᇤৡǶ

4.6 ჴբΟǴQuadrature VCO Using Superharmonic Coupling (SiGe HBT 0.35µm)

კ 4.41 ࢂҁԛჴբޑЬाႝၡࢎᄬǴх֖ٿঁЬाޑ೽ҽǺ(1) ৡ୏ᒡрᓸ௓ਁᕏᏔǹ(2) ጠӝᡂᓸᏔ(transformer)ႝၡǶ

(1)ճҔ΋ಔႝ඲ᡏǴஒځ௨ӈԋ Cross-couple ޑࠠԄǴջёаӧ ځᒡрᆄౢғ҅ӣ௤ǴӆճҔᒡрᆄޑ resonator ࿶җ፾྽ޑ೛ीځ Ӆਁᓎ౗Z ¹ LCǴջёӧགྷाޑᓎ౗ౢғڬය܄ޑᒡрǶҁႝၡޑ Ѥঁ࣬ՏᒡрࣣԖᐱԾޑ LC-tankǴӧ cross-couple ၡ৩΢௦Ҕႝ৒բ ࣁӣ௤ϡҹǶԜਔѸ໪ගٮୃᓸႝࢬǴcross-couple ޑႝ඲ᡏωё҅

தπբǶԶ(2)ޑ೛ीБݤ൩ၟ 4.5 ࿯΋ኬǶ

კ 4.41 Superharmonic coupling QVCO ϐႝၡკ

Symmetric Transformer ϐ੝܄ኳᔕ

(1)ጠӝᡂᓸᏔϐኳᔕǺ

ճҔ EM ኳᔕ೬ᡏ(Momentum)՗ᆉᡂᓸᏔޑୖኧϷጠӝ߯ኧ:

ĺ K=-0.835 Transmission Coefficient= -4dB @10GHzǴጠӝ߯ኧࣁॄ

ॶࢂӢࣁךॺעٿЍጠӝޑႝࢬᒡΕᡂᓸᏔޑϸӛᆄǶԜѦǴ߈՟΋

ঁ฻ਏႝၡٰኳᔕ Time domain ΢ޑਏᔈǶ

m12freq=

real(K_sim1)=-0.83510.00GHz

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

freq, GHz

real(K_sim1)

m12

m14freq=

dB(S(6,7))=-4.84510.00GHz

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

freq, GHz

dB(S(6,7))

m14

R R6 R=9.237 Ohm R R7 R=7.754 Ohm

L L2 R=

L=1.618 nH L L3 R=

L=2.222 nH

Mutual C=12.305 fF

C C8 C=13.102 fF

C C7 C=0.762 fF C

C6 C=0.008 fF C C11 C=40.853 fF

C C10 C=42.227 fF

4.6.1 Ⴃीೕ਱ӈ߄

Item Spec Supply Voltage 3 V

Current of QVCO core 3.16 mA Current of Output buffer 11.5 mA Power Consumption of core ~ 9.48 mW

Tuning frequency range 5.006GHz~5.529GHz

KVCO 523MHz/V Output Power -1.328dBm @ 5.529GHz

-2.783dBm @ 5.006GHz Phase Noise -107dBc/Hz @ 1MHz offset

Die size 1355 um × 1182 um 4.6.2 ჴෳ่݀

(1) Output spectrum: 4.159GHz, -13.05dBm

(2) Phase noise: -116.2831dBc/Hz

(3) KVCO Ϸ Output power: 23.1MHz/V

-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

4.02 4.04 4.06 4.08 4.10 4.12 4.14 4.16 4.18 4.20 4.22

-7.0 -6.5 -6.0 -5.5 -5.0 -4.5 -4.0 -3.5 -3.0

Output Power (dBm)

Frequency (GHz)

Vtune (V)

4.6.3 ่ፕᆶ૸ፕ

(1) Die Photo:

(2) Chip performance:

Item Measurement Supply Voltage 3 V

Current of QVCO core 3.2mA Current of Output buffer 33.94mA Power Consumption of core ~ 9.6mW

Tuning frequency range

VtuneǺ0~2.6 4.14 ~ 4.20GHz

KVCO 23.1MHz/V Phase Noise @1MHz offset -116.28dBc/Hz

FOM -178.80dBc/Hz Output Power ~-6dBm

Die size 1355 um Ø 1182 um ೭ԛΠጕ܌٬ҔޑႝၡࢎᄬǴࢂஒٿঁ࣬ӕ LC-tank VCO ճҔ Symmetricޑ transformer բ Superharmonic couplingǴаౢғ҅Ҭ࣬Տ ޑ LO ૻဦǶҗໆෳ่݀ᆶኳᔕ่݀բКၨǴӧਁᕏᓎ౗΢ୃ౽Αஒ

߈ 900MHzǴ೷ԋޑচӢёૈࢂኳᔕਔ٬Ҕޑϡҹ model ᆶჴሞ΢ޑ ॶԖрΕǶҗܭҁႝၡԖ٬Ҕډ PN-junction ޑ varactorǴЪԜԛΠጕ

߻ TSMC SiGe 0.35µm ޑ model ۘ҂ׯހǴӧኳᔕ model ᆶ Layout

΢٠҂᏾ӝǴӵ݀у΢ႝགޑᕴୃ౽ໆၲ 56%Ǵ൩཮ளډҁԛޑໆෳ

่݀Ƕҗ tuning range ؒၲډႣ՗ॶёа௢ϐǴᔈ၀ࢂ varactor ޑ model

΢วғୢᚒǶԜѦǴSymmetric ޑ transformer ٠҂Πၸ testkeyǴᗨฅ ӧኳᔕਔς࿶Ҕ EM ೬ᡏႣ՗ځ੝܄Ǵόၸჴሞ΢ޑਏ݀ᗋࢂளΠ testkey ٰ ᡍ ᛾ Ƕ ӧ Phase noise ΢ ޑ ੝ ܄ ൩ ӳ ࡐ ӭ Ǵ ၲ ډ -122dBc/Hz@1MHz offsetǶф౗੃઻Бय़ΨᆶႣය࣬߈Ƕ

4.7 ჴբ΋ǵΒǵΟϐКၨ

Coupling Method Top-Series Superharmonic Superharmonic Technology InGaP/GaAs

2͔m HBT

InGaP/GaAs 2͔m HBT

SiGe 0.35͔m BiCMOS HBT Output Frequency

range (GHz) 4.054 ~ 4.143 4.913 ~ 5.038 4.14 ~ 4.20 Power

Consumption (mW)

25.5 18.5 9.6

KVCO (MHz/V) 25.43 31.25 23.1

Output Power

(dBm) ~ 2 ~ -4 ~ -6

Phase noise

@1MHzOffset -120.02dBc/Hz -126.29dBc/Hz -116.28dBc/Hz

FOM (dBc/Hz) -178.21 -187.16 -178.80

߄ 4.1 ჴբ҅Ҭ࣬ՏਁᕏᏔϐКၨ

ಃϖക

่ፕ

ҁፕЎճҔ GCT 2.0 um InGaP/GaAs HBT Ϸ SiGe 0.35µm BiCMOS ϐ ᇙ ำ Ǵ ჴ ౜ Α Static ǵ Dynamic ǵ Superdynamic ǵ Injection-LockedǵRegenerative ฻ଯೲନᓎႝၡࢎᄬǴவໆෳளډޑ

ႝၡ੝܄ᆶ౛ፕ࣬үǺ(1)Dynamic ஒ regenerative part ޑႝࢬᡂλࡕ ዴჴК Static ޑനଯᏹբᓎ౗ଯΑ50%Ƕόၸҁ Dynamic ႝၡӧեᓎ ਔޑ୏ᄊጄൎၨৡǴёӧΠԛ٬Ҕਔஒ regenerative part ک read part ޑႝࢬКፓե΋٤Ƕҁჴբ٬Ҕ1Ǻ3Ǵࢂ MOS ᇙԋ΢ന٫ϯࡕޑК ٯǴՠࢂӧ InGaP ΢ᗋሡբ٤೚ፓ᏾Ƕ(2)Superdynamic ౛ፕ΢ᔈё ஒ Dynamic ޑᏹբᓎ౗ӆගϲǴόၸ HBT চҁޑૻဦਁ൯൩όӵ CMOS εǴЪၸεޑᒡΕૻဦ཮ᡣ HBT ޑႝ඲ᡏ saturateǴ܌аԜࢎ

ᄬؒԖ౛གྷޑໆෳ่݀Ƕ(3)Regenerative ନᓎႝၡޑനଯᏹբᓎ౗ዴ ჴࢂനଯၲډ27GHzǴஒ߈Βϩϐ΋ޑ fTǴ࣬ၨܭ Static ᆶ Dynamic ѝૈၲΟϩϐ΋ډѤϩϐ΋Ԗᡉ๱ޑගϲǶவໆෳ่݀Ψёᢀჸډ Regenerative ӧ ե ᓎ ޑ ᏹ բ ज़ ڋ Ǵ ሡ ा 7GHz а ΢ ω ૈ ၮ բ Ƕ (4)Injection-Locked ߾ࢂԖեф౗੃઻٠ၲډଯᓎᏹբޑ੝܄Ǵӧ 10GHzѰѓޑᏹբѝ໪21mWǴऊࢂ Static ޑ1/3ǵRegenerative ޑ1/2Ǵ όၸ locking range നଯѝԖ6%ޑ foscǴӵ݀ाቚу locking range ᔈ௦ Ҕ Q ॶၨեޑႝགǶ΢ॊޑӚႝၡࢎᄬ೿Ԗόӕޑᓬલᗺ(ᏹբᓎ౗

ጄൎǵф౗੃઻ǵനଯᏹբᓎ౗ǷǷǷ)Ǵஒٰӧ೛ी PLL ਔ൩ёа ٩Ᏽس಍ޑሡ؃Ǵᒧ᏷፾྽ޑࢎᄬٰ٬ҔǶ೛ीନᓎᏔਔाуε output bufferޑႝࢬǴ೭ࢂӢࣁ on-wafer ໆෳࢂҔ50ȍ س಍ǴࣁΑӧ spectrum analyizer΢࣮ډଯܭ noise flow ޑᒡрૻဦǴѸ໪Ҕଯႝࢬ ០୏50ȍ ٰౢғ୼εޑਁ൯ǴሺᏔωૈ᠐ډૻဦǶ

ӧ҅Ҭ࣬ՏޑਁᕏᏔჴբ΢ǴΨ٬Ҕ SiGe Ϸ GaAs ٿᇙำٰჴ բǶόӕޑጠӝࢎᄬ཮Ԗ Phase noise Ϸ Phase error ޑ trade-offǴჹᔈ

ډ Zero-IF ک Low-IF س಍ޑा؃చҹࡕǴёаᒧҔԖճܭس಍ޑႝ

ၡ೛ीБݤǶவ InGaP/GaAs ΢ჴբрޑ Top-Series ک Superharmonic couplingࢎᄬёаว౜ࡕޣޑ phase noise ੝܄ၨӳǴӢԜႝ඲ᡏ٬Ҕ ޑӭჲჹ phase noise ޑቹៜࡐεǶόၸ SiGe ΢ޑ Superharmonic couplingࢎᄬ phase noise όӵ GaAs ΢ޑ Top-SeriesǴЬӢᗋࢂ Si ޑ

୷݈όࢂӳޑ๊ጔᡏǴ೷ԋᚇૻ೸ၸ୷݈ቹៜ᏾ᡏႝၡޑ੝܄Ƕ࿶

ၸ FOM ޑКၨࡕǴSuperharmonic ޑ੝܄ӧόؼޑ୷݈΢ᗋࢂёᆶ Top-Series࣬ϰእǶӧໆෳਁᕏᏔਔǴDC supply Ѹ໪ߚத੮ཀǴDC όᛙۓჹਁᕏޑᓎ౗൩཮೷ԋᅆ୏Ǵໆෳ Phase noise ਔ൩คݤளډ ᛙۓޑ DataǶ

നࡕӧ SiGe ΢ჴբрཥࢎᄬޑ VCOǴճҔ Hartely ࢎᄬޑե Phase noise ᓬᗺу΢ cross-coupled ޑႝ඲ᡏჹౢғॄႝߔǴᡣ VCO όՠ৒ܰଆਁ٠ߥԖ࣬྽եޑ phase noiseǶᗨฅᗋ҂ᕇளໆෳ่݀Ǵ ӧኳᔕᆶ౛ፕ୷ᘵ΢೿ёЍ࡭ԜࢎᄬޑёՉ܄Ƕ

ୖԵЎ᝘!

[1] B. Razavi, “RF Microelectronics,” Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR, 1998, Chapter 5.6.

[2] B. Razavi, Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuit, Mc Graw Hill, 1996.

ಃΒക ჴբ΋Ǻ

[1] Ching-Yuan Yang, Guang-kaai Dehng and Shen-Iuan Liu, “High-speed divide-by-4/5 counter for a dual-modulus prescaler,” Electronics Letters, vol 33, Issue 20, 25 Sept. 1997, pp. 1691-1692.

[2] Behzad Razavi, “Design of Integrated Circuits for Optical Communications,”

2002.

[3] Herbert Knapp, Thomas F. Meister and others, “A Low Power 20 GHz SiGe Dual-modulus Prescaler,” IEEE MTT-S Digest, 2000, pp. 731-734.

[4] Herbert Knapp, Martin Wurzer, Josef Böck, Thomas F. Merster, Günter Ritzberger, Klaus Aufinger, “36 GHz Dual-Modulus Prescaler in SiGe Bipolar Technology,”

IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, 2002, pp. 239-242.

[5] Sang-Woong Yoon, Eun-Chul Park, Chang-Ho Lee, Sanghoon Sim, Sang-Goog Lee, Euisik Yoon, Joy Laskar, and Songcheol Hong, “5~6GHz-Band GaAs MESFET-Based Cross-Coupled Differential Oscillator MMICs With Low Phase-Noise Performance,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, Vol.

11, No. 12, Dec. 2001.

[6] Markus Zannoth, Bernd Kolb, Joseph Fenk, and Robert Wergel, “A Fully Integrated VCO at 2 GHz,” IEEE J. of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 33, no. 12, Dec. 1998.

[7] Kerbert Knapp, Wilhelm Wilhelm, and Martin Wurzer, “A Low-Power 15-GHz Frequency Divider in a 0.8-µm Silicon Bipolar Technology,” IEEE Transcations on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 48, no. 2, Feb. 2000, pp. 205-208.

ಃΒക ჴբΒǺ.

[1] Mehran Mokhtari, “100+ GHz Static Divide-by-2 Circuit in InP-DHBT Technology,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, September 2003.

[2] M. Sokolich, C. H. Fields, S. Thomas III, B. Shi, K. Boegeman, M. Montes, R.

Martinez, A. R. Kramer, and M. Madhav, “A low-power 72.8-GHz static frequency divider in AlInAs-InGaAs HBT technology,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 36, pp.

1328-1334, Spet. 2001.

ಃΒക ჴբΟǺ

[1] K. Murata, “20 Gbit/s GaAs MESFET Multiplexer IC Using A Novel T-Type Flip-Flop Circuit,” ELECTRONICS LETTERS, 22nd October 1992, Vol. 28, No. 22.

[2] Taiichi Otsuji, “A Super-Dynamic Flip-Flop Circuit for Broad-Band Applications up to 24 Gb/s Utilizing Production-Level 0.2um GaAs MESFET’s,” IEEE J.

Solid-State Circuits, vol. 32, no. 9, SEPTEMBER 1997.

[3] Zhihao Lao, “35-GHz Static and 48-GHz Dynamic Frequency Divider IC’s Using 0.2-um AlGaAs/GaAs-HEMT’s,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 32, no. 10, OCTOBER 1997.

[4] Martin Wurzer, “71.8 GHz Static Frequency Divider in a SiGe Bipolar Technology,” IEEE ECTM 12.3.

[5] Hwan-Seok Yeo, “Comparative Study of Static and Dynamic D-type Flip-Flop Circuits using InP HBT’s,”

[6] Alfred Felder, “46 Gb/s DEMUX, 50 Gb/s MUX, and 30 GHz Static Frequency Divider in Silicon Bipolar Technology,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 31, no. 4, APRIL 1996.

ಃΒക ჴբѤǺ

[1] Taiichi Otsuji, “A Super-Dynamic Flip-Flop for Board-Band Applications up to 24

Gb/s Utilizing Production-Level 0.2-µm GaAs MESFET’s,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 32, no. 9, September 1997.

[2] K. Murata, M. Ohhata, M. Togashi, M.Suxuki, “20 Gb/s GaAs MESFET multiplexer IC using a novel T-type flip-flop circuit,” IEEE Electron Lett., vol. 28, pp.

2090-2091, 1992.

[3] T. Suzuki, H. Kano,“40-Gbit/s D-type Flip-Flop and Multiplexer Circuits Using InP HEMT,” 2001 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium.

[4] Hwan-Seok and Jinwook Burm Ohhata, “Comparative Study of Static and Dynamic D-type Flip-Flop Circuits using InP HBT’s,” IEEE Electron. Lett., vol. 28, pp. 2090-2091, 1992.

ಃΒക ჴբϖǺ

[1]Hamid R. Rategh, “Superharmonic Injection-Locked Frequency Dividers,” IEEE J.

Solid-State Circuits, vol.34, no.6, June 1999.

[2] Hamid R. Rategh, “Superharmonic Injection Locked Oscillators as Low Power Frequency Dividers,” Symposium on VLSI Circuits Digest of Technical Papers.

[3] Hamid R. Rategh, “A 5GHz, 1mW CMOS Voltage Controlled Differential Injection Locked Frequency Divider,” IEEE 1999 CUSTOM INTEGRATED CIRCUITS CONFERENCE.

[4] Hamid R. Rategh, “A 5GHz, 32mW CMOS Frequency Synthesizer With an Injection Locked Frequency Divider,” 1999 Symposium on VLSI Circuits Digest of Technical Papers.

[5] Xiangdong Zhang, “A Study of Subharmonic Injection Locking for Local Oscillators,” IEEE MICROWAVE AND GUIDED WAVE LETTERS, vol.2, no.3, March 1992.

[6] A.S. Daryoush, “Theory of Subharmonic Synchronization of Nonlinear Oscillators,” 1989 IEEE MTT-S Digest.

[7] B.N. Biswas, “Harmonic Synchronization of Oscillators Revisited,” IEEE

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ಃΒക ჴբϤǵΎǺ

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