Ⴃीೕ਱ӈ߄

კ2.31 ᒡр጗ፂભႝၡ!

2.5.3 Ⴃीೕ਱ӈ߄

Itemʳ Specʳ

Supply Voltageʳ 5 Vʳ Supply Currentʳ 32 mAʳ

Supply Powerʳ 75 mWʳ Operation Range 0.4~12GHz

RF Output Powerʳ -2 dBm for differential outputʳ Die size 1000 um Ø 1000 um 2.5.4 ჴෳ่݀

1.ёନ⁴ᓎ౗ጄൎᓎ᛼კ

ᒡΕᓎ౗ࣁ0.5GHzਔǴ ᒡΕᓎ౗ࣁ1GHzਔǴ ᒡр0.125GHzǺ ᒡр0.25GHzǺ

ᒡΕᓎ౗ࣁ2GHzਔǴ ᒡΕᓎ౗ࣁ3GHzਔǴ ᒡр0.5GHzǺ ᒡр0.75GHzǺ

ᒡΕᓎ౗ࣁ4.4GHzਔǴᒡр1.1GHzǺ

2.ёନ⁵ᓎ౗ጄൎᓎ᛼კ

ᒡΕᓎ౗ࣁ0.25GHzਔǴ ᒡΕᓎ౗ࣁ0.5GHzਔǴ ᒡр0.05GHzǺ ᒡр0.1GHzǺ

ᒡΕᓎ౗ࣁ1.5GHzਔǴ ᒡΕᓎ౗ࣁ2.5GHzਔǴ

Input power (dBm)

Incident frequency (GHz)

Min. input power Max. input power Dynamic range

0 1 2 3 4 5

Input power (dBm)

Incident frequency (GHz)

Max. input power Min. input power Dynamic range

4. output powerǺ

0 1 2 3 4 5

-25 -24 -23 -22 -21 -20 -19 -18 -17 -16 -15

Output power (dBm)

Output frequency (GHz)

Divided-by-4 Divided-by-5

2.5.5 ่ፕᆶ૸ፕ 1. Die Photo

2. Chip performance summary

Itemʳ Measurementʳ Core Supply Voltageʳ 5 Vʳ Core Supply Currentʳ 33 mAʳ Output buffer supply voltage 5V Output buffer supply current 6.5mA

Total Supply Powerʳ 202.3 mWʳ Functional frequency range 0.5~4.4 GHz for /4

0.25~3.8 GHz for /5 RF output Powerʳ ~ -19dBm for /4

~ -21dBm for /5ʳ Die size 1000 um Ø 1000 um

ҁԛჴբޑႝၡவ0.5~3.8GHzዴჴԖᚈኳନᓎޑфૈǴф౗੃઻

ᆶኳᔕਔ࣬྽Ƕନ4фૈޑനଯᏹբᓎࢤၨନ5ଯǴЬाᗋࢂӢࣁନ5 ሡाҔډ3ঁDFF଺ᡄᒠޑၮᆉǴᗨฅٳΕNAND gateࡕёа෧጗၀ਏ ᔈǴόၸໆෳਔᗋࢂᢀჸډځ໔ޑৡຯǶԜѦǴኳᔕਔёၲډޑനଯ ᏹբᓎ౗(12GHz)ᡉฅКჴሞໆෳॶ(4.4GHz)ଯр೚ӭǴёૈচӢࢂ

deviceޑmodelؒૈྗዴޑႣ՗рଯᓎᏹբਔ܌р౜ޑ஌ғਏᔈǴ܌а ӧኳᔕႝၡਔ཮ӧၨ౛གྷޑ௃ݩΠኳᔕрၨଯޑᏹբᓎࢤǶҗໆෳ่

݀ё࣮рӧёᏹբᓎࢤޑsensitivityᖿ༈ᆶኳᔕ࣬߈Ǵ׳ёዴᇡdevice modelӧଯᓎਔόᅰྗዴǶ

2.6 ଯೲନΒႝၡޑၮҔᆶচ౛

2.6.1 ନ3ႝၡࢎᄬᙁϟ

÷2ႝၡቶݱၮҔӧ҅Ҭ࣬ՏૻဦޑౢғаϷSynthesizerύǶҗܭ

÷2ޑೲࡋКځдନኧޑନᓎᏔᗋाזǴ܌а೏Ҕٰௗӧsynthesizer ޑ VCOϐࡕǴஒᓎ౗फ़ډprogrammable divider(ёำԄନᓎᏔ)ёҔޑጄ ൎ(კ2.32)ǶόၸуΕ÷2ႝၡډsynthesizerࡕǴfREFѸ໪ᡂࣁচٰؒу÷2

ႝၡޑ΋ъǴаᆢ࡭ӕኬޑှ݋ࡋǴSynthesizerޑloop bandwidth൩ᡂ λǶ

PFD

Loop Filter VCO

fRFF f_out

yM

escaler

Pr DTCs

y2

კ2.32 ନ2ႝၡӧSynthesizer΢ޑၮҔ

ᙁ ൂ ޑ ٰ ᇥ Ǵ ÷2 ႝ ၡ ൩ ࢂ ஒ ٿ ޑ D-type ޑ latch բ ॄ ӣ ௤ ( კ

2.33)ǴΨ൩ࢂஒD-typeޑFlop-Flipޑ^QௗӣDǴૻဦҗCKᆄᒡΕǶࣁ ΑၲډനଯޑၮբೲࡋǴѸ໪௦ҔനזೲޑႝၡࢎᄬǺӧBJT΢ᆀࣁ ECL(emitter coupling logic)܈ ӧ MOS ΢ ᆀ ࣁ CML(current mode logic)ǶӧECLࢎᄬΠჴ౜рٰޑlatchႝၡࢂҗ΋ಔdifferential pairу

΢regenerative pair׎ԋ(კ2.34)ǴԶ០୏၀ႝၡሡाҔ΋ಔdifferential ޑclockૻဦǶൂ΋D-latchޑၮբၸำӵΠǺ྽CLKࣁhighਔǴૻဦҗ Dᆄ᠐Εdifferential pairύǴԜਔޑregenerative pairೀܭoffރᄊǹ྽

CLKࣁlowਔǴdifferential pairଶЗ᠐ڗ୏բǴregenerative pair໒ۈஒ

ૻဦᙹӧ၀cross-coupledޑlatchࢎᄬύǶᗨฅҔECLჴ౜рޑlatchё

კ2.33 D-latchಔԋޑDFF

Vdd

Differenti RegenerativePair

კ2.34 ൂ΋D-latchޑႝၡკ

კ2.34ӧ٬Ҕ΢཮วғ΋٤ୢᚒǴ྽ᒡрૻဦޑswingࡐεਔǴ

཮೷ԋRegenerative pairޑႝ඲ᡏᡂԋsaturationǴૻဦ൩คݤᙹՐǴӢ Ԝӧcross-coupledޑၡ৩΢у΢΋ಔemitter followerǴᡣQr1کQr2ό཮

วғsaturateޑ౜ຝǶ”ჴբ΋”کௗΠٰޑჴբ೿ࢂҔԜࢎᄬٰჴ౜

ECLޑਡЈႝၡǶ

Vdd

D D

CLK CLK

კ2.35 ჴሞ٬ҔޑD-latchႝၡკ

2.6.2 Emitter-Coupled Inverterϐႝၡ੝܄

ECLޑਡЈځჴ൩ࢂ΋ঁDifferentialܫεᏔǴѝࢂ౜ӧόࢂҔٰ

ౢғଯቚ੻Ƕკ2.36ࢂճҔGaAs HBTޑdevice modelٰኳᔕჴሞ΢ޑ ECLႝၡ੝܄ǴځύDifferentialᒡΕޑ΋ᆄ௠΢Vref=2.5VǴჹVinբ

௟ႝᓸޑ୏բǶ࿶ၸኳᔕࡕёаฝрout1کout2ޑᡂϯკ2.37Ǵკύ ёـlogic level high฻ܭVdd=5VǴԶlogic level low฻ܭVdd-RcIeeǴ Rcࢂ௠ӧᒡрᆄޑႝߔǹIeeࢂECLޑcurrent sourceගٮޑႝࢬελǶ ӧԜኳᔕΠ٬ҔRc=50ǵIee=1mAǴ܌аӧკ2.37ё࣮рႝၡޑᒡр swing=RcIee=50mVǴᒡрૻဦޑελѝၟRcᆶIeeԖᜢǶԜѦǴVin ѝ໪ᡂϯ340mV൩ёа଺рlogic levelޑղᘐǴ࣬ჹܭMOS inverterλ

ΑࡐӭǴ܌аӧೲࡋ΢HBTޑ߄౜ၨ٫Ƕ

! კ2.36 ኳᔕECL Inverter੝܄ޑႝၡკ

! კ2.37 ECL Inverterޑᒡрᡂϯკ

ECLޑനεቚ੻ӵΠǺ

Vin Vref

out1 out2

Q2x2 R=50 Ohm

R R2 R=50 Ohm

I_DC SRC4 Idc=1 mA

V_DC SRC2 Vdc=2.5 V V_DC

SRC3 Vdc=vin V

V_DC SRC1 Vdc=5.0 V

ЪVin Vref Ǵ аᓯӸӧ၀logic gateύǶԶനλޑSwingѸ໪εܭ3VTǴAV1ωૈεܭ

΋Ǵόၸ೯தӧ೛ीਔ཮ڗ5VTѰѓǴаխڙnoiseυᘋࡕ೷ԋlogic levelᒱᇤǶ

HBTޑ reჹ Av1Ψ ཮೷ ԋቹ ៜǴ Ӣࣁ re൩ Ⴝࢂ sereis-series ܈ ࢂ emitter degenrationࢎᄬǴ཮٬ቚ੻Πफ़ǴᒡΕૻဦѸ໪ౢ׳εޑSwing

ٰዴߥfull swithingǶ೯த཮೛ीre˜Iee dVTफ़եreჹႝၡޑቹៜǴόၸ

཮ԖаΠޑtrade-offǺ(1)ӵ݀फ़եIeeǴࣁΑᆢ࡭࣬ӕޑOutput swingǴ RcѸ໪ᡂεǴRC time constantΨ൩ၟ๱΢ϲǴ೷ԋೲࡋΠफ़Ƕ(2)ӵ݀

གྷעreᡂλǴѸ໪٬Ҕၨεႝ඲ᡏǴՠࢂ஌ғႝ৒Ψ཮ӢԜᡂεǴႝ

ၡೲࡋᗋࢂڙज़Ƕ

2.6.3 ECLϐຼᜐႝၡ

(1) Current SourceǺ

у΢R1کR2ႝߔࡕёаᡣI1کI2КၨόڙVBE mismatchቹៜǴόၸ

I2

I1

Q1 Q₂

1

VB

R1 ^R₂

კ2.38 ႝࢬྍႝၡკ

(2) Emitter FollowerǺ

ගٮVBEޑlevel shiftаϷى୼ޑ០୏ႝࢬǶ Vdd

Q1

Vin

IE

Vout

კ2.39 Emitter Followerႝၡკ

(3) Differential clockౢғБԄǺ

ӧଯᓎᏹբޑރᄊΠाౢғ΋ঁbalanceޑclockૻဦ٠ό৒ܰǶ

ૻဦౢғᏔ܈ࢂѦௗޑResonator೿ࢂsigle-endedޑǴाҔႝၡޑБݤ

ٰ ౢ ғ differentail ޑ ᒡ р ( კ 2.40) ൩ ཮ ӧ phase ᆶ amplitude ΢ ೷ ԋ imbalanceǶӵ݀ؒԖᒤݤౢғbalanceޑclockǴाճҔ÷2ႝၡٰౢғ quadratureૻဦǴIǵQ൩཮Ԗεޑphase errorǶ

sonator External Re

CLK

CLK

კ2.40 ৡ୏ޑclockౢғᏔ (4) ECLႝၡޑ೛ीኳԄǺ(аკ2.41ٰᇥܴ)

(4.1) ๏ۓ΋ঁoutput swingǴIeeRc൩ёаዴۓǶࣁΑуזႝၡޑೲ ࡋǴѸ໪ᡣRcᡂλǴӢԜIeeѸ໪ፓεǶ

(4.2) ೯தIee཮ᒧӧᚆfT,maxัեޑॶǴӧόวғhigh-level injection ޑ௃ݩΠǴᡣႝၡೲࡋᆢ࡭ӧཱུॶǶ

(4.3) IFޑ೛ीࢂ٩Ᏽfan-outޑӭϿǴനӭऊࣁIeeǴόၸ೯தКၨϿ

΋ᗺǴεཷҔ1/2Iee൩ى୼ǶനಖᗋሡाҔኳᔕ೬ᡏٰᡍ᛾ࢂց೛ीִ

྽Ƕ

Rc

IF

Iee in 

V V_in 

out 

V V_out 

Rc

IF

2.7 ჴբΒǴStatic Frequency Divider (GaAs HBT)

2.7.1 ࣴز୏ᐒ

྽Master-slave D-flip-flopsа2Տϡᓎ౗ᏹբਔǴё٩ځ੝܄ޑӳ ᚯٰຑ՗ஒٰёૈ೛ीрኧՏႝၡޑೲࡋ੝܄ǶӢԜҁԛჴբЬा

ճҔGaAsଯೲϡҹޑ੝܄Ǻၨଯޑႝη౽୏Ϸၨอޑ໺ᒡਔ໔Ǵ೛

ीрନΒႝၡٰෳ၂GaAsᇙԋΠёၲډനଯନᓎጄൎǶ 2.7.2 ࢎᄬᙁϟ

Ԝ඲Тႝၡх֖Οঁ೽ϩǴхࡴsingle to differentialᒡΕભǴECL ନΒႝၡǴϷᒡр጗ፂભǶ᏾ᡏࢎᄬ΢ࢂ٬Ҕৡ୏ߞဦٰᏹբǴගଯ לᚇૻޑૈΚЪ٬Ҕ΋ঁᙁൂޑୃᓸᆛၡٰౢғ᏾ঁႝၡ܌ሡाޑ

ୃᓸǶӵΠკҢǺ

Latch

Buffer Input

Buffer Output

Latch

! კ2.42 Divide-by-2 block diagram

(1) Input buffer stageǺ

٬ҔޑᒡΕભڀԖൂᆄᒡΕᙯৡ୏ᒡрϐфૈǴЪૈԖਏ႖๊

ӧໆෳਔޑሺᏔᆄ܈ࢂჴሞӧႝၡ΢ޑVCOჹନΒႝၡϐυᘋǶԜ ѦǴΨૈၲԋinput matching (50ȍ)ޑਏ݀Ƕ

(2) ନΒႝၡǺ!

ࣁΑଯೲԵໆǴ௦Ҕemitter coupled logic (ECL)ЬவԄ҅ϸᏔಔ ԋନΒႝၡаၲଯೲϐा؃ǶԜନΒႝၡΏҗٿભ DࠠӸᙹᏔ (d-latch)܌ಔԋǹ؂΋ભႝၡ֡җ΋ৡ୏ܫεᏔᆶ΋ӸᙹႝၡಔԋǴ ճҔႝࢬϪඤБԄϪඤႝࢬǶ྽CLKߞဦ᝻วಃ΋ঁlatchਔǴஒߞ ဦ᠐ΕlatchǹӧCLK=lowਔǴ᠐Εޑૻဦ཮ᙹӧಃ΋ঁlatchύǹΠ

ঁCLKߞဦౢғࡕ΢ॊޑ؁ᡯ཮ӆԛวғӧಃΒભޑlatchύǴ٠Ъ ஒૻဦϸӛଌӣಃ΋ભޑlatchǴӢԜ؂႖΋ঁCLKᒡрᆄωϸ࣬Ǵ ᓎ౗ࣁCLKϐ΋ъǴԜջࣁନΒႝၡϐচ౛ǶԜѦǴࣁΑගϲ differential pairᆶregenerative pairޑ᠐ቪೲࡋǴӧૻဦᒡΕᆄ(D)ᆶ regenerative pairޑfeedbackΕ৩΢ӭу΋ಔemitter followerǴӵΠკ

܌Ңޑinputᆄemitter followerکoutput emitter followerǴёᡣႝၡၮ բ׳זǶ

კ2.43 D-Latch Schematic (3) Output Buffer StageǺ

ନݤᏔϐᒡрᆄΨࢂࡐ৒ܰڙ΋ΠભቹៜǴޔࢬՏྗϷߔלϰ ଛΨό৒ܰၲԋǹӢԜाԖ΋ঁؼӳޑᒡр጗ፂભωૈԖਏޑၲԋ

ֹ᏾ޑႝၡǶ܌аҁႝၡᒧҔ΋ৡ୏ჹϷemitter followerȐECLύၨ

ӳޑᒡрϟय़ႝၡȑಔԋᒡр጗ፂભǴЪёᙖׯᡂᒡрભޑႝࢬٰ

ၲډOutput Matchingޑਏ݀ǶҔଯႝࢬٰౢғե฻ਏಔלǴᡣε೽

ϩޑᒡрૻဦૈ೏50ኻۅloadௗԏǶ 2.7.3 Ⴃीೕ਱ӈ߄

Itemʳ Specʳ Supply Voltage (core)ʳ 5 Vʳ Supply Current (core)ʳ 13 mAʳ Supply Current (input buffer)ʳ 7.37 mA Supply Current (output buffer) 12.3 mA Supply Powerʳ 163 mWʳ Operational Frequencyʳ 2GHz ~ 10GHzʳ

Output Power 5GHzǺ-1.763dBm 2.6GHzǺ-1.933dBm 1.2GHzǺ-0.174dBm Die size 1mm Ø 1mm Sensitivity

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

-32 -30 -28 -26 -24 -22 -20 -18 -16 -14

Input Power [dBm]

Frequency [GHz]

2.7.4 ჴෳ่݀

(1) @ Input 2GHzǺ

Spectrum analyzerǺ OcilloscopeǺOutput waveform Output peck @ 1GHz,-18dBm

(2) @ input 4GHzǺ Spectrum analyzerǺOutput peak @2GHz, -25dBm

(3) @ input 6GHzǺOcilloscopeǺOutput 3GHz

΢ޑໆෳؒԖocilloscope ޑໆෳკ׎Ƕ

(4) @ input freq. 7.3GHz : (5) @ input freq. 7.4GHz :

output freq. 3.65GHz, -22dBm output freq. 3.71GHz, -22dBm

(6) Input sensitivity characteristic of the prescaler.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Input Power (dBm)

Frequency (GHz)

power

(7) Input matching performance :

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Frequency (GHz) S₁₁

2.7.5 ่ፕᆶ૸ፕ

(1) Die photo

(2) chip performance

Item Measurement Supply Voltage 5 V

Supply Current 31.7 mA Core Current 12.12mA Supply Power 158.5 mW Operational Frequency 2GHz ~ 7.4GHz

Die size 1mm × 1mm

ҁԛჴբ่݀ӧDCϷmatchingБय़ᆶኳᔕ΋ԿǴ୤നଯᏹբᓎ౗

ؒၲډኳᔕႣයޑ10GHzǴёૈࢂ஌ғޑਏᔈӧኳᔕਔؒԖֹӄ՗ᆉ ډǶவໆෳޑsensitivityკ׎ё࣮рӧinputᆄکӣ௤ᆄӚӭуΕ΋ಔ emmiter followerዴჴёஒႝၡޑᏹբᓎ౗۳ଯᓎኖǴջ٬ᓎ౗ຬၸന sensitiveޑᓎ౗ǴനλᒡΕૻဦό཮΋ΠηኪቚǴӧᒡΕ-10dBmޑ௃

ݩΠᗋёᏹբډ7.4GHzǴ೭ԛޑ่݀ёբࣁGaAsᇙำΠଯೲႝၡޑ ᏹբᓎ౗ࡰ኱Ƕ

2.8 ჴբΟǴDynamic Frequency Divider (GaAs HBT)

2.8.1 ࣴز୏ᐒ

ନݤᏔύനቶࣁ٬ҔޑࢂаStatic D-FFࣁbuilding blockಔԋޑ ନݤᏔǴՠࢂځӧଯᓎਔᏹբ཮ڙज़ܭϡҹޑނ౛੝܄(fmax)Զคݤ ᏹբǹ܌аଞჹԜᗺǴךॺᒧҔΑDynamic D-FFࢎᄬǴа؃ၲډၨ

ଯᓎޑᏹբጄൎǶ߈ԃٰӀᠼ೯ૻΨ໒ۈጲࠁว৖Ǵځᜢᗖޑ building blockǺMUX ǴDEMUX൩ࢂճҔD-FFಔԋǴ܌а೛ीрଯ ೲޑD-FFӀᠼ೯ૻޑᓎ౗ёӆගϲǶ

2.8.2 ࢎᄬᙁϟ

΋૓Divide-by-twoႝၡх֖Οঁ೽ϩ(კ2.39)ǴхࡴǺ(1) single to differentialޑclock bufferǴ(2) ECLନΒႝၡǴЪ٬ҔStaticޑFlip-Flop

ٰჴ౜Ƕ(3)നࡕࢂᒡр጗ፂભǴаගϲ០୏ॄၩޑૈΚǶ᏾ᡏࢎᄬ

ࣣ٬Ҕৡ୏ߞဦٰᏹբǴගଯלᚇૻޑૈΚЪ٬Ҕ΋ঁᙁൂ଼ӄޑ

ୃᓸᆛၡٰౢғ᏾ঁႝၡ܌ሡाޑୃᓸǶ

კ2.44 ୏ᄊନᓎႝၡϐҢཀკ

೭ԛޑჴբύǴӧclock buffer΢଺Αׯᡂ٠ӧਡЈႝၡޑD-FF

೽ϩׯ௦DynamicޑႝၡࢎᄬǶ

(1) Clock buffer stageǺ

໺಍ޑclock bufferޑᒡрӧଯᓎਔाᆢ࡭180⁰ޑӛՏৡک࣬ӕਁ

൯ελ٠ό৒ܰǴ೯தளуΕpeakingႝགᡣbufferޑᏹբᓎ౗ኖډଯ ᓎǴόၸ඲Тय़ᑈϷႝགޑԾਁᓎ౗ᗋࢂ೷ԋ೛ी΢ޑज़ڋǹӵ݀ा

ᙖrate-raceٰౢғdifferentialૻဦǴ཮ੁ຤׳εໆޑ඲Тय़ᑈǶӢԜǴ ೭ԛႝၡޔௗஒsingle-endedޑᒡΕૻဦឲΕVin+

ǴԶVin

-߾ࢂҔႝ৒

(Cap1)ՍௗډӦ(კ2.40)Ƕᙖ๱ᒡΕୃᓸႝၡ(Node A)ගٮAC coupling ޑၡ৩٬differentialޑᏹբϝёՉǶӧinput matchingБय़ёፓ᏾input networkύޑRm1~Rm3ႝߔٰᕇள܌ሡޑS11ॶǶ

კ2.45 Differential ClockޑౢғБԄ

(2) ନΒႝၡǺ

ࣁΑଯೲԵໆǴ܌аҗemitter coupled logic(ECL)ЬவԄ҅ϸᏔಔ ԋନΒႝၡаၲଯೲϐा؃ǶԜନΒႝၡҗٿભDࠠӸᙹᏔ(d-latch)

܌ಔԋǴЪճҔDynamicޑࢎᄬٰჴ౜Ƕ໺಍ޑmaster-slave D-FF(კ 2.46)ࢂஒӚભlatchޑႝࢬྍӚԾᐱҥǶҔbipolarٰჴ౜ନΒႝၡޑ

၉Ǵ೯தѝૈπբډѤϩϐ΋ԿΟϩϐ΋ޑfmaxᓎ౗Ǵӵၸךॺ׆ఈ ஒନΒ ICၮҔډoptical fiberس಍ύǴѸ໪Ԗfmax΢ԭGHzޑϡҹωԖ ёૈၲډኧΜGb/sޑ܄ૈǶ൩Ҟ߻ޑICמೌٰᖱǴૈၲډӵԜଯೲޑ ϡҹޑሽ਱೿࣬྽ଯǴ٬୘཰ౢࠔޑԋҁε൯΢ϲǶ

Vdd

D D

CLK CLK

Vss

კ2.46 Static DFF

ӵ݀٬ҔdynamicޑD-FF(კ2.47)Ǵ၀่ᄬԖаΠ੝܄Ǻ΋ǵread کlatchޑbiasႝࢬၡ৩ϩ໒ǶΒǵᡣlatchޑႝࢬКreadޑλǶ

Vdd

D D

CLK CLK

Vss

კ2.47 Dynamic DFF

dynamicૈКstaticזޑচӢӵΠǺ

(a)

(b) ʳ

კ2.48 ୏ᄊନᓎᏔޑλૻဦ฻ਏႝၡ (a) clock = high (b) clock = low җλૻဦႝၡ(კ2.48)ёޕclock฻ܭhighаϷclock฻ܭlowޑ RC time constantаϷVRޑtime domainޑresponseǺ

@ clock=high

)

)) ߄Ңlatch-partόૈᆢ࡭ՐdataǶ܌аךॺѝाעlatch-partޑGm2ޑፓډ КstaticޑD-FFλǴIJlow൩ૈКstaticޑλǴdynamicޑD-FFޑϪඤೲࡋ ൩ૈКstaticޑזǶ!

ӵ݀όҔ΢ॊޑλૻဦٰϩ݋StaticᆶDynamicೲࡋ΢ޑৡ౦Ǵᙖ җtiming diagram(კ2.49)ޑᡂϯΨёаᇥܴDynamicೲࡋזޑচӢǶ ӢࣁStaticӧreadϷlatchޑႝࢬελ΋ኬǴ܌а೷ԋޑoutput swing೿ࢂ

Iread×RLǴ࣬ჹޑӧDynamicࢎᄬΠlatchޑႝࢬКreadλǴ܌аӧlatch ਔoutput swing཮෧λډIlatch×RLǴ܌аૻဦҗlowᙯhigh܌ሡޑਔ໔

࣬ჹᡂλǴջ٬latchਔޑslew rateКၨեǴӧ፾྽ޑ೛ीΠDynamic ൩ёаКStaticז΢ǻtǶ

read latch

High

Low

L

latch R

I u



Vout



Vout

read latch Clock

კ2.49 StaticᆶDynamicޑtiming diagram

(3) Output Buffer StageǺ

Output bufferޑࢎᄬᆶҔ೼ک”ჴբΒ”΋ኬǶ

2.8.3 Ⴃीೕ਱ӈ߄

Item Spec Supply Voltage 5 V

Current of Dynamic D-FF core 13.1 mA Current of Input Network&

Output buffer 21.52 mA Supply Power ~ 173.1 mW Operating frequency range 9GHz~18GHz

Die size 1000 um × 1000 um Sensitivity

8 10 12 14 16 18

-24 -22 -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6

Input Power (dBm)

Input Frequency (GHz)

2.8.4 ჴෳ่݀

(1) output 1GHz (2) output 2.5GHz when input 2GHz: when input 5GHz

(3) output 4GHz (4) output 5.5GHz when input 8GHz when input 11GHz

(5)SensitivityǺ

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

Min. input power Max. input power

Input Power (dBm)

Input Frequency (GHz)

0 5 10 15 20 25

Dynamic range

2.8.5 ่ፕᆶ૸ፕ (1) Die photo

(2) chip performance

Item Measurement Supply Voltage 5 V

Input buffer Current 3.4 mA Core & Output buffer

Current 24.7mA Core bias current 0.74mA Output buffer bias current 0.98mA Total Supply Power 149.1 mW Operational Frequency 2GHz ~ 11GHz

Die size 1mm × 1mm

೭ԛ܌٬Ҕޑ୏ᄊࢎᄬዴჴКϐ߻Πጕޑᓉᄊࢎᄬ׳ૈӧଯᓎ ၮբǴᓉᄊޑനଯᏹբᓎ౗ऊ7GHzǴԶ୏ᄊޑനଯᏹբᓎ౗ёၲ

11GHzǴӧόቚуф౗੃઻ޑ߻ගΠගϲΑऊ48.6%ޑᏹբᓎࢤǶவ ኳᔕύႣෳޑᏹբᓎ౗Кჴሞ΢ໆෳޑ׳ଯǴёૈࢂGCT܌ගٮޑϡ ҹmodelӧଯᓎਔԖ೽ϩ஌ғਏᔈؒ՗ᆉډǴЪؒԖගٮpost-layout simulationޑфૈǴ೭٤஌ғਏᔈӧଯᓎਔ਱ѦܴᡉǴ܌аႝၡӧໆ

ෳਔ٠ؒૈᆶኳᔕ΋ठǴՠsensitivityޑᖿ༈࣬߈Ƕ

2.9 ჴբѤǴSuperdynamic Frequency Divider (GaAs HBT)

2.9.1 ࢎᄬᙁϟ

೭ԛ೛ीޑD-FF௦ҔSuper-dynamicࢎᄬǶSuper-dynamicࢂճҔ dynamicޑ ่ ᄬ ӧ regenerative pair ӆ ᠄ у ΢ ΋ ಔ Emitter-coupled negative feedback pair(ECNFP)(კ2.50)Ǵ܌а೭่ᄬϝߥԖdynamic ޑ੝܄Ǵӧೲࡋ΢ёа׳уගϲǶ

კ2.50 Super-dynamic D-FF circuit

྽super-dynamic D-FFၮ଺ӧեᓎ(clock=1GHz; Data=500MHz) ਔǴځᒡрݢࠠӵკ2.51Ƕӧ؂ԛreadکlatchޑၸำύѝӧread ک latchޑ΋໒ۈǴᒡрޑdata཮Ԗ΋λࢤਔ໔ஒᒡΕޑdata҅ዴޑ߄Ң рٰ(correct data information)Ǵϐࡕcomplementaryޑᒡрႝᓸ཮Ӣ ECNFPޑ բ Ҕ ம ॐ ࣬ ฻ (equalized by ECNFP) Ǵ Զ ѳ ᑽ ӧ চ ٰ Dynamicᒡрਁ൯ޑύ໔Տ࿼ǶSuper-dynamic D-FF൩ࢂճҔԜ੝܄

ٰჴ౜Ǵ྽clockޑᒡΕᓎ౗ࡐଯਔǴᡣECNFP೷ԋޑНѳႝᓸྗՏ

࡭ុޑਔ໔൳Яࣁ႟ǴDFFޑ੝܄൩཮р౜ǶӕਔECNFP෧λΑԖ ਏޑlogic swingԶό཮फ़եslew rateǴ٬ᏹբᓎ౗׳уගϲǶ

read latch

High

read latch Clock

c uperdynami S

Dynamic ^High

Low

L

latch R

I u

კ2.51 Super-dynamic output waveform

2.9.2 Ⴃीೕ਱ӈ߄

Itemʳ Specʳ Supply Voltage (core)ʳ 5 Vʳ Supply Current (core)ʳ 5.88 mAʳ Supply Current (input buffer)ʳ 11 mA Supply Current (output buffer) 13.7 mA

Supply Powerʳ 152.9 mWʳ Operational Frequencyʳ 10GHz ~ 16GHzʳ

Die size 1mm ͪ 1mm Sensitivity:

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

-42 -40 -38 -36 -34 -32 -30 -28 -26 -24 -22

Input power (dBm)

Operation Frequency (GHz)

2.9.3 ჴෳ่݀

(1) @ Input 9.7GHz Spectrum analyzerǺ Output peak @4.85GHz, -12.13dBmǺ

(2) Input sensitivity characteristic of the prescalerǺ

5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5

Input Power (dBm)

Input Frequency (GHz)

Min. Input Power Max. Input Power

2.9.4 ่ፕᆶ૸ፕ (1) Die photoǺ

(2) Chip performanceǺ

Item Measurement Supply Voltage 5 V

Supply Current 31.5 mA Supply Power 157.5 mW Operational Frequency 6GHz ~ 9.7GHz

Die size 1mm × 1mm

ҁԛჴբ่݀ӧDCБय़ᆶኳᔕ΋ठǴ୤നଯᏹբᓎ౗ؒၲډኳ ᔕႣයޑ16GHzǴёૈࢂ஌ғޑਏᔈӧኳᔕਔؒԖֹӄ՗ᆉډǶவ ೭ԛޑໆෳ่݀ᆶ΢ԛΠጕޑstatic frequency dividerբКၨǴ೭ԛޑ നଯᏹբᓎ౗ዴჴК΢ԛଯ31%ǴόၸΨ഼ѨΑ೽ϩեᓎᏹբޑૈ

ΚǴѸ໪ଯܭ6GHzωૈନᓎǶSuper-dynamicޑႝၡࢎᄬচӃࢂҔܭ CMOSǴӳೀࢂёаஒMOSޑoutput swing෧λǴаቚуᏹբᓎ౗Ǵ ՠ ࢂ HBT ޑ ႝ ၡ ੝ ܄ output swing চ ҁ ൩ ό ε Ǵ ӵ ݀ ा ࣮ ډ super-dynamicޑ੝܄༈Ѹाуεinput powerᡣoutput swingε΋٤Ƕ җ sensitivity კ ׎ ё ࣮ р ೭ ԛ ޑ input power Ѹ ໪ ε ܭ 6dBm Ǵ ӧ dynamic rangeޑ߄౜΢όճܭନᓎ٬ҔǶ

2.10 ჴբϖǴInjection-locked Frequency Divider (GaAs HBT)

2.10.1 ࣴز୏ᐒ

೭ԛޑନᓎႝၡόҔ໺಍ޑMaster-SlaveޑDFFǴԶࢂҔVCOբࣁ ਡЈႝၡǶа۳ନᓎᏔӧଯᓎᏹբ܌੃઻ޑф౗эPLLᕴф౗ޑ๊ε

೽ϩǴӢԜ೭ԛ჋၂ҔVCOޑInjection-locked ޑ੝܄Ǵу΢VCOҁ يޑ੃઻ޑф౗൩Кdigital frequency dividerǵregenerative frequency dividerλǴךॺջё೛ी΋ঁଯᓎեф౗੃઻ޑନᓎᏔӧ೛ीVCO

΢ǶӧVCOޑ೛ी΢ճҔEmitter coupled pair with cross feedbackޑࢎ

ᄬǴ٠ճҔ”ጠӝႝགȹբӣ௤ٰගϲVCOޑਁ൯Ƕ 2.10.2 ࢎᄬᙁϟ

Injection-locked frequency dividers (ILFD)ࢂݙΕ΋ᒡΕૻဦډ

౗ К ٯ Ǵ ё ϩ ࣁ Ο ᜪ injection-locked oscillator(ILO) Ǻ (1)first-harmonicǴ ᒡ Ε ૻ ဦ ᓎ ౗ ޑ ୷ ᓎ ᆶ VCO ਁ ᕏ ᓎ ౗ ࣬ ӕ Ƕ (2)subharmonic Ǵ ᒡ Ε ૻ ဦ ᓎ ౗ ࢂ VCO ਁ ᓎ ౗ ޑ ϩ ኧ Ƕ (3) superharmonicǶᒡΕૻဦᓎ౗ࢂVCO᎜ᕏᓎ౗७ኧǶ೭ԛࢂճҔ superharmonicޑILOٰჴ౜ILFDǶ

კ2.52 Free running VCO კ2.53 Injection-locked VCO კ2.52߄Ңfree running LC oscillatorޑኳಔҢཀკǶf(x)ж߄᏾ޑ LC oscillator ޑߚጕ܄ਏᔈǹH(Ȧ)߄Ңᒧᓎ୔༧(LC resonator)ǹԶך ॺ܌ሡޑILFD൩ࢂճҔচӃoscillatorࢎᄬӆݙΕ΋ᒡΕૻဦVi(კ 2.53)Ƕҗܭ٬ҔVCOޑᜢ߯ǴILFDϝள಄ӝunity loop gainکzero phase excessаᆢ࡭᎜ᕏǴӵ݀а΢Һ΋చҹѨਏǴILFDΨคݤၮբǶ

྽ ILFD ၮ բ ӧ ନ Β ޑ π բ చ ҹ Π Ǵ ଷ ೛ f(x) ࢂ Ο ໘ ӭ ໨ Ԅ (f(x)=a0+a1x+a2x²+a3x³)ǴᒡΕૻဦǺvi(t)=Vicos(Ȧit+ij)ǴijࢂᒡΕᆶᒡ рޑphaseৡǹᒡрૻဦǺvo(t)=V_ocos(Ȧot)ǹu(t)=f(x(t))=f(vo(t)+ v_i(t))ǹ

r

Q r

j H H

Z Z Z Z

 2  1 )

( ⁰ ǴRLC tankޑୖኧǺȦrǴresonant frequencyǹQǴ

quality factorǶ

ᙖ җ а ΢ ޑ ଷ ೛ ё а ௢ Ꮴ р phase-limited ޑ ᙹ ᓎ ጄ ൎ ک gain-limitedޑᙹᓎጄൎǺ

(1) phase-limitedǺ

(2) gain-limitedǺ

»¼

ӧphase-limitedޑచҹύёޕǴቚуViΨёቚу܌ᓎጄൎǴόၸ

྽Viቚуډ٬Voᡂ຀ኧਔǴILFDΨ൩คݤҔբǶ

Vn

MH

log

Z

n

კ2.54 ø2ࡕޑnoise transfer function

ILOޑ ᚇ ૻ ᙯ ౽ Б ำ Ԅ ё வ qbqfs ΢ ࢗ ၌ ځ ௢ Ꮴ ่ ݀ Ǻ

)

noise rejection཮΢ϲN७Ƕ

ᗨฅILFDҁ፦΢ࢂઞᓎޑႝၡǴόၸճҔVCOޑVtuneٰׯᡂ᎜ᕏ ᓎ౗Ǵёஒᏹբᓎ౗уቨǶჴሞ΢ၮҔޑ೯ૻس಍εӭࣁઞᓎǴ܌а ILFDޑᓎቨᗋૈ಄ӝس಍ሡ؃Ƕ

კ2.55 ILFDϐႝၡკ

ךॺԜԛ࿼ܭILFDޑVCOࢂҔ”ጠӝႝགᓸ௓ԄਁᕏᏔ”ӵȐკ 2.55ȑ܌ҢǴԜ೛ीӕኬΨ௦ҔEmitter coupled pair with cross feedback

ޑਁᕏᏔࢎᄬǴ࣬ၨа۳όӕޑӦБࢂǴךॺஒճҔጠӝႝགٰբࣁ ӣ௤ޑၡ৩ǶԶচ౛ࢂǴஒךॺ܌ाޑӣ௤ૻဦǴ೸ၸႝགޑጠӝӣ ډᒡΕᆄǶ

Ԝࢎᄬ࣬ၨ”ޔௗӣ௤”ޑӳೀࢂǴᒡрႝᓸޑਁ൯ό཮Ӣ୷ཱུ-໣ཱུௗय़܌ज़ڋǴёᒡрεਁ൯ǶԶ࣬ၨ௦Ҕ”ճҔႝ৒բӣ௤”ϐႝ

ၡޑӳೀࢂǴஒόሡाୃᓸႝߔǴ܌аёаቚу࣬ՏᚇૻǶ

Ԝࢎᄬஒ཮ౢғ-2/gmޑॄႝߔ೷ԋਁᕏǴԶаӣ௤ޑفࡋٰᢀ

࣮Ǵջёаӧځᒡрᆄౢғ҅ӣ௤ǶճҔᒡрᆄޑॄၩǴӆ࿶җ፾྽

ޑ೛ीځӅਁᓎ౗

LC

Z 1 Ǵջёӧགྷाޑᓎ౗ౢғڬය܄ޑᒡрǶ

ՠҗܭHBTᇙำѝૈճҔٿቫߎឦٰᙅጕǴ܌аा೛ीԋࠟޔԄ ޑጠӝႝག࣬྽όܰǴԶ೭ԛךॺஒճҔ੝ਸޑᙅጕБݤǴٰၲԋѝ ճҔٿቫߎឦǴ൩ё೛ी΋ࠟޔጠӝႝགϐႝၡǴӵკ2.56܌Ң(ճҔ IE3DٰኳᔕрSୖኧ)Ƕ

კ2.56 ޔጠӝႝགϐlayoutკ

2.10.3 Ⴃीೕ਱ӈ߄

Item Spec Supply Voltage 5 V

Current of VCO core 4.22 mA Current of Current

Mirror& Output buffer 8.35 mA Supply Power ~ 62.85 mW Operating frequency range 12.2GHz~13.2GHz

Phase Noise of Free running VCO

-105dBc/Hz@1MHz offset

Turning Range 6.37~6.57GHz

KVCO 40MHz/V Die size 1000 um × 1000 um

2.10.4 ჴෳ่݀

(1) Free running VCO

Vtune=5V, output freq.=5GHz, Vtune=0V, output freq.=5.125GHz, Output power = -8.67dBm. Output power = -7.679dBm.

(2) Injection locked frequency divider ៜᔈ

аinput power = -10dBmࣁٯ:

V_tune=5V, V_tune=5V,

Max. locked freq.= 10.09GHz, Min. locked freq.= 9.90GHz, Output power = -7.689dBm. Output power= -7.995dBm.

Vtune=1V, Vtune=1V,

Max. locked freq.=10.25GHz, Min. locked freq.=10.16GHz, Output power=-7.635dBm. Output power=-7.991dBm.

Π კ Ң Vtune=5Vа Ϸ Vtune=1Vӧ Ӛ ᅿ input power Π ޑ locking rangeໆෳ่݀Ƕӧ Vtune=5Vǵ input powerλܭ0dBmࢂ ೀܭphase limited rangeǹԶεܭ0dBm߾ೀܭgain limited rangeǶԶVtune=1VਔǴ

ࣣࣁphase limited rangeǶёૈࢂӢࣁVtune=1Vਔਁᕏᓎ౗ၨଯǴჹᔈ ޑLC-tankϐQॶၨଯǴphase limited൩ԋޑЬाޑlockingज़ڋచҹǶ

-15 -10 -5 0 5 0.05

0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45

Locking range (GHz)

Input Power (dBm) Vtune=5V

Vtune=1V

ΠკҢёᙹۓᒡΕᓎ౗܌ሡाޑᒡΕф౗ǶVtune=5VਔᒡΕ0dBm

཮Ԗനεlocking rangeǶҗԜკΨёаளޕǴVtune=5VਔޑLC-tankϐQ ॶКVtune=1VਔեǴ܌аlocking rangeၨεǶ

9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3

-15 -10 -5 0 5

Input power (dBm)

Incident frequency (GHz) Vtune=5V

Vtune=1V

2.10.5 ่ፕᆶ૸ፕ

(1) Die Photo

(2) Chip performanceΚ

Item Measurement Supply voltage 5 V

Vdd supply current 8.708 mA Vbias supply current 0.168mA Vmirror supply current 3.899mA Total Supply Power 63.203 mW Operational Frequency 10.246GHz ~

9.636GHz Total locked range 610MHz

Die size 1mm × 1mm

೭ԛΠጕޑݙᙹࠠ୏ᄊନᓎᏔዴჴวචځфૈǴ᏾ᡏޑᙹۓጄൎ

ၲ ډ 610MHz Ǵ ځ ੃ ઻ ޑ ф ౗ ( х ֖ output buffer) К ໺ ಍ ࠠ ޑ master-slave DFFନᓎᏔϿΑஒ߈60%ǹVCOޑਁᕏᓎ౗ᆶኳᔕԖৡǴ

ࢂӢࣁӧኳᔕႝၡਔ٬ҔΑ΋ಔfittingрٰޑtransformer modelǴᆶჴ ሞޑႝགॶԖόӕǶӧᙹۓጄൎ΢ᆶኳᔕ่݀Ԗ150MHzޑပৡǴЬ

ाᗋࢂਁᕏᓎ౗۳Πᅆ୏೷ԋޑ่݀Ƕ

2.11 ჴբϤǴRegenerative Frequency Divider (GaAs HBT 2µ n)

2.11.1 ࣴز୏ᐒ

ᒿ๱೯ૻޑሡ؃ǴࣁΑԖ׳ଯޑ໺ᒡᓎቨǴᏹբޑᓎ౗όᘐӦග ϲǴ΋૓ޑନᓎᏔճҔD-Flip-Flopٰ଺ନᓎǴёࢂځύ೷ԋၨӭޑ hbuf!efmbz཮ज़ڋՐനଯᏹբᓎ౗ǴӢԜҁԛჴբаMixerࣁਡЈႝ

ၡǴஒ၀ႝၡᔈҔӧଯೲޑ୏ᄊନᓎᏔ΢Ƕ

Regenerative frequency divider(RFD)ޑനଯᏹբᓎ౗ёК໺಍ޑ Master-Slave D-flip-flop (MS D-FF)܌ಔԋdividerז΢ٿ७ǶStatic frequency dividerޑനଯᏹբᓎ౗fmaxǴԖ΋ज़ڋǺ

tpd

f 12

max d Ǵtpd߄

Ңൂ΋ECL gateޑdelayǴԶRDFѝԖ΋ঁtpdکfeedback loopޑdelayǴ

܌аfmaxёε൯ගϲǶԜѦǴMixerࢎᄬޑႝ඲ᡏኧҁٰ൩КMS-D-FF ޑႝ඲ᡏኧϿǴ࣬ჹޑф౗੃઻ΨၨϿǴԖճܭᔈҔӧՉ୏೯ૻޑႝ

ၡ΢Ƕӧଯ७౗ޑନᓎᏔޑ߻ᆄǴӃҔեф౗੃઻ଯᏹբᓎ౗ޑRFD ஒᓎ౗फ़եǴௗΠٰӆҔቨᓎޑMS D-FFֹԋ܌ሡޑନኧǴӵԜ΋ٰ

ё෧եMS D-FFޑф౗੃઻Ξёගϲᏹբᓎ౗Ƕ 2.11.2 ࢎᄬᙁϟ

კ2.57߄ҢRFDޑblock diagramǴკύх֖Mixerǵlow-pass filter аϷamplifierǶMixerޑ΋ᆄᒡΕfᓎ౗ޑᒡΕૻဦǴќ΋ᆄ߾җᒡр ᆄ܎ӣf/2ᓎ౗ޑૻဦբషᓎǶ౛གྷჹᆀޑMixerѝ཮షрf/2ޑodd harmonic໨Ǵӵ3f/2ǵ5f/2…ǴԶ೭٤όाޑૻဦ཮೏low-pass filterᘠ

௞ǴѝԖf/2཮೏amplifierܫεǴᙖԜΨ෧Ͽconversion lossǶ

კ2.57 RFDϐBlock Diagram

Ԝ ႝ ၡ ཷ ۺ Π ޑ ന ଯ ޑ ᏹ բ ᓎ ౗ fmaxࢂ җ loop ޑ upper cutoff frequency،ۓǴԶ၀cutoff frequencyࢂҗmixerکamplifier܌ज़ڋǹ࣬

ჹޑǴstatic dividerޑfmax߾ࢂڙloop delay،ۓǴ܌аRFDёаКstatic divider׳ଯᓎᏹբǶόၸRFDޑനեᏹբጄൎfmin=f_max/3КstaticޑଯǴ Ӣࣁ྽ᒡΕૻဦեܭ၀ᓎ౗ਔǴ3f/2ޑharmonic൩ό཮೏low-pass filter ᘠ ௞ Ǵ ཮ ຾ Ε mixer ᆶ ᒡ Ε ૻ ဦ ష ᓎ Ǵ ౢ ғ ό ा ޑ ᒡ р ᓎ ౗ (fmax/3*3/2=fmax/2)Ƕ

კ2.58 RFDޑեᓎᏹբज़ڋ

RFDޑ ਡ Ј ႝ ၡ ࢂ Ҕ double-balanced mixer(კ 2.59)Ǵ ӧ Clock Buffer೛ीᆶচ౛΢ࢂၟ”2.8ჴբΟ”΋ኬǶᗨฅؒԖ࣬྽ჹᆀޑ differentialᒡΕ཮٬MixerޑRF-to-IF isolationᡂৡǴόၸቹៜRFDޑၮ բ࣬྽Ԗज़Ǵ܌а௦Ԝ฼ౣǶԜѦRF portޑᒡΕᆄѝ໪០୏ٿঁႝࢬ Ϫඤႝ඲ᡏ(Q5,Q6)ǴКଆௗӣLO portϿٿঁ(Q1~Q4)Ǵ܌аॄၩၨեǴ

ࡺஒfeedbackૻဦௗӣRF portǴᒡΕૻဦҗLOᒡΕǶ

! კ2.59 RFDϐinput bufferϷਡЈႝၡკ

კ2.57ύޑblock diagramᡉҢௗܭmixerϐࡕࢂ΋low-pass filterǴ ՠ ӧჴ ሞႝၡ ೛ी ΢٠ όሡा ᚐѦ уΕfilterǴӢ ࣁmixerҁ ي ޑ conversion gainᓎ౗ៜᔈ൩ࢂlow-passޑ׎ԄǴ܌аൂ΋mixer൩х֖

ΑషᓎᆶᘠݢޑфૈǶԜѦǴΠ΋ભޑamplifierΨςϣࡌܭmixerύǴ Ӣࣁךॺ௦Ҕޑactive mixerҁي൩ૈගٮܫεૻဦޑਏ݀Ƕ

კ2.60 Cherry-Hopperϐimpedance mismatch

ό ၸ ӧ ೭ ԛ ೛ ी ΢ ό ޔ ௗ Ҕ ႝ ߔ բ mixer ޑ ॄ ၩ Ǵ Զ ࢂ Ҕ Cherry-Hooper AmplifierǴᙖҗᡣӚௗᗺ೿ೀܭեߔלǴ٬၀ࢎᄬК

ଆҔ ႝߔբॄ ၩε൯ फ़եRFDޑ time constant٬ f-3dBගϲ (෧Ͽ ऊ 1+gm2RC2ޑኧໆભ)ǴԶЪ၀ܫεᏔԖቨᓎޑᏹբᓎࢤǴёаஒRFD

௢۳׳ଯᓎǴ٠ቚуႝၡޑsensitivityᆶᛙۓࡋǶ

ӧ RFD ޑ ӣ ௤ ၡ ৩ ΢ у Ε ΋ ჹ double emitter follower ECL logicǴё٬LO portޑbase-collectorޑϸୃႝᓸቚуǴ຾Զफ़եCµǴ Miller effectΨ෧λǶECLΨૈᡣךॺፓ᏾ᒡрޑDCྗՏǴа಄ӝ feedbackӣmixerޑRF portਔ܌ሡޑDCྗՏǶ

ନݤᏔϐᒡрᆄΨࢂࡐ৒ܰڙ΋ΠભቹៜǴޔࢬྗՏϷߔלϰ ଛΨό৒ܰၲԋǴӢԜाԖ΋ঁؼӳޑᒡр጗ፂભωૈԖਏޑၲԋ

ֹ᏾ޑႝၡǶ೛ीБݤၟϐ߻ޑჴբ΋ኬǶ

ӧ layout Ե ໆ ΢ Ǵ ᅰ ໆ ٬ ႝ ၡ ჹ ᆀ Ǵ ٠ ᅰ ё ૈ ᕭ อ RFD ύ ޑ feedbackၡ৩ǹӧӚDCୃᓸೀ٠ೱ΋bypassǴόՠёа٬ୃᓸᛙۓǴ

׳ёᘠ௞όѸाޑRF couplingǹӧௗጕБय़ǴࣁΑ٬Ӛঁϡҹ಄ӝ lumpedޑଷ೛ǴѸ໪಄ӝLd0.1OgǴLࢂೱௗጕޑჴሞߏࡋǴԶȜg߄Ң guided wavelengthǶ

2.11.3 Ⴃीೕ਱ӈ߄

Item Spec Supply Voltage 5 V

Current of Mixer core 9.26 mA Current of Input Network

& Output buffer 23.94 mA Supply Power ~ 166 mW Operating frequency range 8GHz~24GHz

Die size 1000 um × 1000 um

Sensitivity

6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0

Input Power (dBm)

Input Frequency (GHz)

2.11.4 ჴෳ่݀

(1 ) Max. Incident Frequency (2) Min. Incident Frequency

=22GHz =9GHfz

Output freq.=11GHz, -14.45dBm Output freq.=4.5GHz, -2.53dBm (3) Incident freq.=10GHz, (4) Incident freq.=13GHz,

Output freq.=5GHz, -1.627dBm Output freq.=6.5GHz, -10.74dBm

(5) Incident freq.=16GHz, (6) Incident freq.=18GHz,

Output freq.=8GHz, -11.14dBm Output freq.=9GHz, -14.12dBm (7) Phase noise

-125dBc/Hz @ 100KHz offset (8) Sensitivity

8 10 12 14 16 18 20

-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25

Input power (dBm)

Incident Frequency (GHz)

Min. input power Max. input power Dynamic range

2.11.5 ่ፕᆶ૸ፕ

(1) Die PhotoǺ

(2)Chip PerformanceǺ

Itemʳ Measurementʳ Core & output buffer Supply Voltageʳ 5 Vʳ Core & output buffer Supply Currentʳ 27.2 mAʳ

Input buffer supply voltage 5V Input buffer supply current 1.9mA

All bias voltage 5V All bias current 3.92mA Total Supply Powerʳ 165.1 mWʳ Functional frequency range 9~ 22GHz

Die size 1000 um Ø 1000 um ೭ԛΠጕ܌٬ҔޑႝၡࢎᄬǴࢂаMixerࣁਡЈႝၡஒᒡрૻဦ

ௗӣRF portǴԜӣ௤ၡ৩ӵ݀ؒԖ೛ीӳ཮٬ႝၡวғԾਁ౜ຝǶҗ ܭҁႝၡаCherry-Hooper amplifier྽բactive loadǴࣁΑlevel shiftډ RF portǴӭҔΑ΋ಔemitter follower٬᏾ঁӣ௤ၡ৩Ѹ໪ӭ࿶ၸΟঁ

gate delayǴу΢amplifierޑܫεਏ݀٬೭ԛޑႝၡӧ҂ௗinputਔ൩Ԗ 5.77GHzޑਁᕏૻဦᒡрǶҗໆෳډޑsensitivityკ߄ё࣮рǴӧᒡр

ૻဦեܭ5.77GHzҁႝၡᗋԖ5dBmޑdynamic rangeǴ྽ຬၸԜᓎ౗ࡕ dynamic range൩ࡐৡǶԜ౜ຝᜪ՟injection lockedޑନᓎᏔǴόၸሡ

ाࡐεޑinput powerωૈԖନᓎޑфૈǴׯᡂVbias_o padޑႝᓸਔΨ

཮ׯᡂᒡрૻဦޑᓎ౗Ƕ

2.12 ჴբΎǴRegenerative Frequency Divider (SiGe HBT 0.35µ n)

ҁჴբޑࣴز୏ᐒᆶࢎᄬᙁϟک”ჴբϤ”΋ኬǴӧᒡр጗ፂભႝ

ၡ೛ीਔᗋ௦Ҕinductor peakingޑמѯǴᡣᒡрભޑᓎቨό཮ज़ڋډ ਡЈႝၡޑៜᔈǶЬाόӕᗺࢂӧSiGeޑᇙำ΢ჴ౜ǴӢԜޔௗ৖Ң Ⴃीೕ਱کໆෳ่݀Ƕ

IF IF 

კ2.61 inductor peakingϐᒡр጗ፂભ

2.12.1 Ⴃीೕ਱ӈ߄

Item Spec Supply Voltage 5 V

Current of Mixer core 9.66 mA Current of Input Network&

Output buffer 22.67 mA Supply Power ~ 161.65 mW Operating frequency range 16GHz~30GHz

Die size 860 um × 822 um

2.12.2 ჴෳ่݀

(1) Max. Incident Frequency (2) Min. Incident Frequency

=27GHz =7GHz

Output freq.=13.5GHz, -34.76dBm. Output freq.=3.5GHz, -7.468dBm

(3) Incident freq.=9GHz, (4) Incident freq.=11GHz,

Output freq.=4.5GHz, -7.66dBm. Output freq.=5.5GHz, -8.009dBm.

(5) Incident freq.=13GHz, (6) Incident freq.=16GHz,

Output freq.=6.5GHz, -8.933dBm Output freq.=8GHz, -12.31dBm

(7) Incident freq.=19GHz,

Output freq.=9.5GHz, -16.15dBm

(8) Sensitivity

6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

0 5 10 15 20 Min. Input power 25 Max. input power

Dynamic Range (dBm)

Input Power (dBm)

Input Frequency (GHz)

Dynamic range

2.12.3 ่ፕᆶ૸ፕ (1) Die Photo

(2) Chip performance summary

Itemʳ Measurementʳ Core & output buffer Supply

Voltageʳ 5 Vʳ Core & output buffer Supply

Currentʳ 19 mAʳ Input buffer supply voltage 5V Input buffer supply current 1mA

The Other bias voltage 3V The Other bias current 3.1mA

Total Supply Powerʳ 109.404 mWʳ Functional frequency range 7~ 27GHz

Die size 860 um Ø 822 um

೭ԛΠጕ܌٬ҔޑႝၡࢎᄬǴࢂаMixerࣁਡЈႝၡஒᒡрૻဦௗ

ӣRF portǶҗჴᡍ่݀᛾ჴԜႝၡӧSiGe 0.35µmᇙำ΢ޑᏹբጄൎ ё җ 7~27GHzǴዴჴ ёаၲ ډ1/2 fTѰ ѓ (SiGe HBTӧ Vce=1Vਔ fT=60GHz)Ƕӧ10GHz~22GHzޑᒡΕᓎࢤѝሡ-10dBmޑф౗൩ёၲԋ ନΒфૈǴЪ୏ᄊጄൎΨଯၲ20dBmѰѓǴ᏾ᡏޑႝၡਏૈКኳᔕਔ ᗋӳǶനեᏹբጄൎज़ڋӧ౛ፕ΢ࢂ1/3ޑനଯᏹբᓎࢤǴӵ݀ךॺ ڗӝ౛ޑၮҔᒡΕф౗ጄൎ-8dBmࣁ୷ྗǴ8~24GHzዴჴ಄ӝႣෳǶ ӧᒡрф౗Бय़ڙज़ܭᒡр጗ፂભޑᓎቨǴ܌аջ٬ճҔinductor peakingמѯᓎቨϝฅᙟᇂ᏾ঁᒡрᓎࢤǴ೷ԋᒡрф౗ӧଯᓎ΋ޔΠ

ྖǶ!

2.13 ჴբନΒႝၡϐ੝܄Кၨ

Kinds of

Dividers Technology Operating range (GHz)

Power (mW)

Core current (mA)

Static InGaP/GaAs 2͔m

HBT 2 ~ 7.3 60.6 12.12

Dynamic InGaP/GaAs 2͔m

HBT 2 ~ 11 65.5 13.1

Superdynamic InGaP/GaAs 2͔m

HBT 6 ~ 9.7 29.4 5.88

RFD SiGe 0.35͔m

BiCMOS HBT 7~27 45 9

ILFD InGaP/GaAs 2͔m

HBT 9.636 ~ 10.246 21.11 4.22

߄2.4 ჴբନΒႝၡϐКၨ

ಃΟക

ᓸ௓ਁᕏᏔϐ೛ी

3.1 ߻ق

ਥᏵBarkhausen criteriaǴE^(s)A(s)Ѹ໪฻ܭ΋Ъ^‘E^(s)A(s)Ѹ໪ࣁ႟Ƕ

ӵ݀аႝၡ౛ፕٰ࣮ǴਁᕏाวғޑӃ،చҹࢂӧፄኧѳय़ޑ຀

ື΢ाӸӧ΋ჹcomplex conjugate pole(კ3.2)Ƕଷ೛(3-1)Ԅӧᎃ߈຀

ືޑѓъѳय़΢Ԗ΋ಔcomplex conjugate poleǴ྽Viр౜΋٤዗ᚇૻ

ᘋ୏ࡕǴӧᒡрᆄ൩཮р౜ਁ൯೴ᅌᡂεޑ۰ݢૻဦǶҗܭܫεᏔё ගٮޑਁ൯ࢂڙज़ڋޑ(аႝ඲ᡏԶقǴਁ൯΢ϲ཮٬gmΠफ़)Ǵӵ݀

ᒡрૻဦεܭԜज़ڋǴܫεᏔ൩཮ॐ٬ѓъѳय़ޑpole۳຀ື౽୏Ǵ ٠ߥ࡭΋ۓޑਁ൯Ƕനಖ၀ಔcomplex conjugate pole཮ပӧ຀ື΢ᛙ ۓਁᕏǴԜਔރᄊωࢂ੿҅ᅈىBarkhausen criteriaǶ

Re Im

1 pole

2 pole

time

Re Im

1 pole

2 pole

time

Re Im

1 pole

2 pole

time

კ3.2 ਁᕏᏔϐཱུᗺӧፄኧѳय़΢ޑᡂ୏

ਁᕏޑଆۈచҹࢂႝၡҁيѸ໪όᛙۓǴёࢂਥᏵBarkhausen criteria٠όૈዴۓԛచҹǴBarkhausenѝૈᇥࢂѸाచҹԶߚкϩచ ҹ(resonate܈latch೿཮಄ӝ၀ۓ౛)Ǵ܌аᜢܭႝၡࢂցόᛙۓѸ໪Ҕ ќ΋ۓ߾ٰ،ۓǺNyquist stability testǶځБݤࢂஒ^{E(s)A(s) 1}ӧፄኧ ѳय़΢ჹᓎ౗բკ(კ3.3)Ǵӵ݀ႝၡҁي཮ਁᕏځॉၞ཮໩ਔଞхൎ (1,0)ᗺǴԶхൎޑ୮ኧ൩ࢂӸӧѓъѳय़ύzeroکpoleޑঁኧৡ(ӵ݀

໩ਔଞᙅ(1,0)΋୮Ǵ߄Ңzeroکpoleޑᕴঁኧৡ΋)Ǵӵ݀ႝၡҁيᛙ ۓǴॉၞ൩ό཮໩ਔ੿хൎ(1,0)ᗺǶ

m1freq=

S(1,1)=5.325 / -5.1114.420GHz

-4 -2 0 2 4

-6 6

freq (1.000GHz to 10.00GHz)

S(1,1) m1

კ3.3 ਁᕏᏔϐNyquist Plot

౜ӧRFᑈᡏႝၡύத٬ҔޑਁᕏᏔӭࢂҔЬ୏ϡҹٰౢғॄႝ

ߔǴஒLC tankύޑཞ઻ႝߔ੃ѐǴځ่ፕၟBarkhausen࣮՟คᜢǴՠ

௢Ꮴޑཷۺࢂ΋ठޑǶӃа༾ݢႝၡޑᢀᗺٰ࣮one-portޑس಍ǴҔ ϸ৔߯ኧٰࡌᄬLC-tankᆶЬ୏চҹ໔ௗय़ޑៜᔈ(კ3.4)Ǵ྽ႝၡύ ޑλᚇૻanݙΕډ၀ௗय़ਔǴёаҔflow graph(კ3.5)ٰ߄Ңس಍཮ӵ

ՖϸᔈǴௗ๱ёа௢ளǺ

ǴR_IN⁽A^,Z⁾<0Ǵॄႝߔޑελ཮ᒿਁ൯ᆶᓎ౗ᡂ୏Ƕ

ϲᒡрૻဦޑਁ൯ǴӢԜόሡቚу DC Supply ൩ёуமᒡрф౗Ƕᗨ ฅΨёа٬Ҕ transformer ٰբߔלᙯඤǴՠࢂ transformer Ԗҁ፦΢

ޑલᗺǺ(1)คݤԭϩԭጠӝૻဦ೷ԋᒡΕૈໆཞ઻Ƕ(2)Ьᙅጕᆶԛ ᙅጕ໔཮Ԗ஌ғޑጠӝႝ৒ਏᔈǶ(3)཮ౢғόሡाޑӅਁǶԜѦǴӧ

ႝၡኳᔕਔሡा٬Ҕፄᚇޑႝၡኳٰࠠඔॊ᏾ঁ transformer ޑ੝

܄Ǵ܌аόҔѬբߔלᙯඤǶ

ஒ(3-8)ԄύޑQL LsZǶ

ĺRP2ёᙖԜගϲ ²

1 1) 1 (

p s

L

 L ७

Colpittsک Hartley ਁᕏᏔΨࢂҔԜวБݤቚу LC-tank ޑ Q ॶǶ όၸ೭ٿঁࢎᄬࣁΑ٬ LC-tank ࣮ډ೏ᙯඤၸࡕޑଯႝߔǴሡाᡣ LS1ᆶ LP1(܈ CP1ᆶ CS1)ޑКॶࡐεǴӧ౜Ϟޑ IC ᇙำ΢όჴҔǴӢ ࣁ཮Ԗय़ᑈکᆒዴࡋޑ trade-offǶ

3.2.3 MD.ubol ϐ฻ਏႝၡ!

კ 3.11 LC-tank ϐ฻ਏႝၡᙯඤ

җܭႝགޑ Q ॶ೯தКႝ৒λǴ܌а LC-tank ޑ฻ਏ٠ᖄႝߔ (Rtotal)җႝགޑ RPL،ۓǺRp QL²/RSL (LZr)²/RSLˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀˀ(3.9)

3.3 LC ᓸ௓ਁᕏᏔϐ೛ीୖኧന٫ϯ

3.3.1 LCаϷႝ඲ᡏޑᒧҔచҹ

२ӃԵቾ VCO ܌ሡाޑᒡрਁ൯Ƕ൩ԏวᐒԶقǴVCO ཮ௗӧ Mixerޑ LO ᆄǴԶ Mixer ཮׆ఈ VCO ૈගٮႽБݢ૓ِೲޑኩᄊϪ ඤǴ٬ Mixer ύ LO ᆄޑႝ඲ᡏᚇૻᓸڋӧനեॶǶԶၲԋ߈՟Бݢ ޑ LO ᒡрૻဦёаஒኧঁ࣬ӕޑ VCO ᒡруᕴࡕӆឲډ Mixer ޑ LO portёቚε۰ݢޑᒡрਁ൯Ǵӧ zero crossing ߈՟൩ႽБݢǹԜ

ѦǴӵ݀ VCO ૈԖ 50%ޑ duty cycle(ᡄᒠ 1 ᆶᡄᒠ 0 ޑਔ໔Ӛэ 1/2

ຼය)Ǵёаᗉխ LO ૻဦᅅډ IF ᆄǴቚம Mixer ޑ isolation ޑਏ݀Ƕ

ा٬ᒡрਁ൯ගϲǴനޔௗޑБݤ൩ࢂуεႝགॶǶL ຫεǴሡ

ाᙅޑ୮ኧຫεǴᙅጕߎឦޑߏࡋΨຫߏǴՍᖄޑΨၟ๱΢ϲ RSLǴ

܌а྽ L ک RSL΢ϲ k ७жΕ(3.9)Ԅёޕ Rp൩ၟ๱΢ϲ k ७Ƕӵ݀

٬Ҕ Off-chip ޑႝགٰуεགॶǴନΑቚуਁ൯ѦᗋёஒѺጕ೷ԋޑ

஌ғႝགਏᔈफ़եǶόၸਁᕏᓎ౗൩཮КၨեǴதҔޑ 5GHz س಍൩ คݤ٬ҔǶ

ቚуႝགॶᗋ཮Ԗځдޑલᗺᆶज़ڋǺ(1)ႝགޑԾਁᓎ౗फ़եǶ (2)ႝགޑ஌ғႝ৒ࡐεǴӵ݀Кᇙำύගٮޑёᡂႝ৒ᗋεǴVCO ޑᒡрᓎ౗ёፓጄൎ൩ᡂޑࡐλǶ

൩ᒧ᏷switch transistorsԶقǴҗܭ၀ႝ඲ᡏჹࢂЬाޑᚇૻྍǴ

ಃ΋Ѹ໪ᒧ᏷emitter areaၨεޑႝ඲ᡏ٬baseႝߔॶफ़եǴ෧Ͽ thermalᚇૻǶಃΒࢂफ़եbiasႝࢬǴᡣcollectorᆄޑshotᚇૻౢғၨλ ޑቹៜǶόၸБݤ΋཮ቚуႝ඲ᡏޑ஌ғႝ৒ǹБݤΒ߾ࢂᡣᒡрਁ

൯ᡂλǶӧ೛ीVCOਔǴа΢ޑୢᚒ೿ሡाуаԵቾ٠؃ள΋䵽ന٫

೛ीୖኧǶ

3.4 Phase Noise

3.4.1 Ֆᒏ Phase Noise

΋૓ޑ۰ݢૻဦёቪԋ^{x(t) Acos(}Zc^tI^(t))ǴI^(t)ࢂ΋ᅿ༾λޑᒿ ᐒᘋ୏ૻဦǴ൩ࢂ܌ᒏޑ phase noiseǶѬ೯தᇻλܭ 1 radǴ܌аёа

ஒ x(t) ߈՟ࣁ^AcosZc^t^AsinZc^tI^(t)ǴΨ൩ࢂI^(t)཮೏΢ၩډ ȦcǴᡣ Ȧc

ӧᓎ᛼΢Ԗဵៅౢғ(კ 3.12)Ƕ

Zc Z_c

ʳ კ 3.12 VCO ᒡрޑ౛གྷϷჴሞᓎ᛼

Phase noise வᓎ᛼΢ޑीᆉБݤࢂஒᚆύЈᓎ౗'Zޑᒡрф౗

(P2)ନѐύЈᓎ౗Zcޑᒡрф౗(P1)ӆନа'Z(კ 3.13)ǴځൂՏ൩ࢂ

dBc/HzǶШ

¸¸

¸¸

¹

·

¨¨

¨¨

©

§ 'Z

1 2

log 10 P

P

ːP2,dBm ^P1,dBm^10log'Z

Zc

Z '

კ 3.13 Phase Noise ޑीᆉБݤ

ӧௗԏᐒஒᒡрૻဦϲᓎ܈ஔԏૻဦफ़ᓎਔǴ೿཮٬Ҕډ VCOౢғҁӦᆄޑਁᕏૻဦǶӵ݀Ԝ LO ૻဦԖ phase noiseǴӧԏว ၸำύǴځд channel ޑૻဦ཮೏ phase noise ޑဵៅਏᔈઇᚯǴӵკ 3.14Ǵךॺว৔рଯф౗ޑૻဦਔځဵᘍਏᔈ཮ᇂၸ adjacent channel ޑૻဦǴ٬ adjacent channel ޑ٬ҔޣԏόډѬ܌ሡޑૻဦǶ

Z

c

Zc Z,_3dB

) (s H

ʳ კ 3.16 LC-tank ϐ band-pass ਏᔈ

Q ॶᗋԖќ΋ᅿۓကǴ൩ࢂ૸ፕ LC-tank ӧ໒଑ၡ(კ 3.17)ਔޑ

࣬Տᡂϯ(კ 3.18)Ǻ

Z I Z

d Q ^c d

2 ---(3.10) (open loop Q)Ƕ྽ LC VCO ೀܭᛙۓਁᕏਔǴLC-tank ޑߔלѝഭΠ ჴ೽ޑႝߔॶǴ܌а LC ޑ໒଑ၡᙯ౽ڄኧ཮ᆢ࡭ӧ ͠cǴό཮ගٮ ҺՖ࣬ՏޑᡂϯǶӵၸ Q ॶଯ൩߄Ң࣬Տჹᓎ౗ޑᡂϯ௹౗ࡐε(კ 3.18)Ǵӵ݀଑ၡ΢ԖҺՖᚇૻ೷ԋഈ଑ၡޑ࣬Տόࣁ႟ǴLC-tank ѝ ሡᅆ୏΋ᗺᓎ౗൩ёᔆံᚇૻ೷ԋޑ࣬ՏৡǴߥ࡭ഈ଑ၡޑ࣬Տࣁ

႟ǶӢԜǴQ ॶӵ݀ຫଯຫૈլܺᚇૻ೷ԋޑᓎ౗ᘋ୏Ƕӧ RF س಍

ύǴӵ݀ Q ॶૈӧ 20 а΢൩ё፾ҔܭࡐӭᔈҔύǶ

კ 3.17 LC-tank ໒଑ၡϐႝၡკ

1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

Frequency (Hz)

Phase (degree)

Q=50 Q=10

ʳ კ 3.18 Q=50 ᆶ Q=10 ϐ LC-tank ࣬Տᡂϯკ

3.4.3 Phase Noise ӧ VCO ޑౢғᐒڋ

phase noiseёа٩ྣᚇૻྍޑݙΕᗺϩࣁٿᅿǺ(1)வਁᕏഈ଑

ၡύޑҺ΋࿯ᗺݙΕǹ(2)җ௓ڋᓎ౗ޑ Vtune ᆄݙΕǴ೭ٿᅿ׎Ԅ཮

җܭ VCO ࢎᄬ΢཮Ԗ΋ঁ LC resonator բᒧۓᓎ౗ҔǴ܌аҔ band-pass filterޑ໒଑ၡᙯ౽ڄኧٰ߄ҢǶ

2.3 2.32 2.34 2.36 2.38 2.4 2.42 2.44 2.46 2.48 2.5

ঁ߈՟ޑ໒଑ၡڄኧ(ࢂճҔ Taylor expension)Ǻ

> @

ĺ ^{( ) exp( ) exp(} I⁾

ǴаΠ൩ࢂҔ MatLab ฝрޑᚇૻᙯ౽ڄኧ( Leeson’s equation )( კ 3.21)Ǻ

კ 3.21 Leeson’s equation ӧᓎ᛼΢ޑៜᔈ

(3.16)Ԅࢂஒ࣬ՏᚇૻϷਁ൯ᚇૻ೯೯Եቾ຾ѐǴ܌аໆෳډޑ

࣬Տᚇૻ೯தѝԖ(3.16)Ԅᆉрޑ΋ъǶӵ݀ाளډӳޑ࣬ՏᚇૻǴ

ܴᡉޑሡाஒ Q ॶගϲǶԜѦǴӧ௢Ꮴ(3.16)Ԅਔ೿ଷ೛ࢂӧጕ܄ޑ

ॄӣ௤س಍Ǵόၸ΋૓ޑ VCO ೿཮Ԗਁ൯ज़ڋޑᐒڋǴ཮ౢғߚጕ

܄ ޑ ਏ ᔈ ٬ ᚇ ૻ ᡂ ε Ǵ ܌ а ሡ ा ஒ (3.16) Ԅ բ অ ҅ Ǻ

 ^{2 2}

2 2

) 4 (

) (

A Q s

X s

Y _c

Z Z

˜ ' ǴA ࢂλૻဦഈ଑ၡቚ੻ǴӢԜ೛ीഈ଑ၡቚ੻ਔ ΨѸ໪ᖿ߈ܭ”1”಄ӝଆਁచҹջёǴց߾཮ஒᚇૻܫεǶ

კ 3.22 Noise җ VtuneᆄݙΕ

ಃ⁽²⁾ᅿǺӧ ^Vtuneᆄޑ^noise܌ౢғޑਏᔈ⁽კ ^3.22)

VCOޑ Vtuneᆄ(௓ڋᓎ౗ᆄ)ӵ݀Ԗ΋۰ݢૻဦᒡΕǴ཮೷ԋ FM ޑਏᔈǺ

Z

n

Zn

n

c Z

Z 

n

c Z

Z  Zc

კ 3.23 ۰ݢ Noise җ VtuneᆄݙΕӧᓎ᛼΢ޑਏᔈ

Vtune ჹ VCO ޑ ᒡ р ᓎ ౗ϐ ௓ ڋБ ำ Ԅ ࣁǺZout Z0KVCOVtune Ξ

࣬଑ၡႝၡ(PLL)ύǴVCO ཮ௗܭ Law-pass filter ϐࡕǴӢԜ࿶җ Law-pass filterၸٰޑեᓎᚇૻ཮ᙖҗԜ noise ౢғၡ৩ቹៜ᏾ᡏ PLL ޑᚇૻ੝܄ǶࣁࣁΑׯ๓ԜᚇૻǴёஒ Kvco ޑॶफ़եǴόၸ཮ཞѨ VCOޑ Tunning rangeǶ

ځჴόѝࢂӧ VtuneᆄԖᐒ཮ౢғ Spurious ᚇૻǴҺՖૈׯᡂᓎ

౗ޑᐒڋ೿ё཮ౢғǴႽ BJT ޑ Icႝࢬ཮ׯᡂ base ک emitter ໔ޑ diffusion ႝ৒Ǵ຾Զׯᡂ LC ޑޑਁᕏᓎ౗Ǵ൩཮ౢғ Spurious ᚇૻǶ

3.4.4 VCO ޑୃᓸႝࢬჹ Phase Noise ޑቹៜ

җ Leeson’s modelǺ _{2 2}

2

2 Z

Z ' Q P F kT

S ^c

sig

SSB ёޕǴࣁΑගϲ࣬Տᚇૻ

όѝाஒᚇૻ࣬Տᙯ౽ڄኧᓸեǴᗋाஒ VCO ᒡрޑф౗уεǶࣁ Αቚуᒡрф౗Ѹ໪ஒ bias ႝࢬуεǴёࢂ BJT ޑᚇૻႝࢬྍ฻ܭ

C

c f qI

i²/' 2 ǴIc ΢ϲ K ७཮٬ᚇૻႝࢬྍޑᒡрф౗уε K ७Ƕό ၸ൩ᒡрф౗ԶقǴIc ΢ϲ K ७ᒡрф౗ᡂࣁgmRPL² vIc²ǴගϲΑ K²७Ǵ܌а᏾ᡏᒡрф౗ᗋࢂёаගϲ K ७ǴӢԜуε bias ႝࢬё аׯ๓࣬ՏᚇૻǶҗܭᇙำόᘐޑ຾؁Ǵૈ٬Ҕޑႝᓸᡂޑຫٰຫ եǴVCO ޑᒡрਁ൯ΨᡂλǴჹ phase noise ޑቹៜࡐεǶ

ךॺᗋёаஒ K ঁ࣬ӕ VCO ޑᒡрӄ೽уӧ΋ଆ(კ 3.24)Ǵᒡ рૻဦޑਁ൯ёаቚу K ७Ǵඤᆉԋф౗ёаගϲ K²७Ǵᗨฅᚇૻ

Ψ཮ܫε K ७Ǵՠ᏾ᡏ࣬ՏᚇૻᗋࢂΠफ़ K ७ǶԜࢎᄬޑ trade-off

ၟ΢΋ࢤගډޑ bias ႝࢬཷۺ࣬үǴᗨฅׯ๓࣬Տᚇૻޑ੝܄όၸႝ

ၡޑӄ೽੃઻ф౗ΨቚуΑ࣬ӕޑКٯǶ

Zc

Zc

Zc

კ 3.24 ஒኧঁ VCO ޑᒡруᕴ

ӵ݀Ԗӳޑ Q ॶǴVCO ൩όሡाуε bias ႝࢬٰၲډس಍ा؃

ޑ࣬Տᚇૻೕ਱Ǵόՠ VCO ޑ੃઻ф౗ёаफ़եǴவႝ඲ᡏౢғޑ

ᚇૻႝࢬΨ཮ᡂλǶ

3.5 Pulling Ϸ Pushing ౜ຝ

ϐ߻܌૸ፕޑᚇૻਏᔈǴ೿ࢂӃଷ೛ᚇૻޑૻဦ࣬ჹܭ VCO ޑ ᒡрૻဦλࡐӭǶӵ݀Ԗᚇૻᚆ VCO ޑᓎ౗ࡐ߈Ъф౗ελၟ VCO ৡόӭε(კ 3.25)ǴVCO ޑᓎ౗൩཮೏܎୏ǴࣗԿᓎ౗൩೏ᚇૻᓎ౗

ᙹՐǴᆀϐ”Injection Pulling”Ƕ

Z0 Z_n

კ 3.25 VCO ϐ Injection Pulling ౜ຝ

೭ᅿ౜ຝதـܭௗԏᐒࢎᄬύǴႽࢂ Power Amplifier ൩཮วଌ ଯф౗Ъᓎ౗ᚆ VCO όᇻޑૻဦǴ VCO ޑᓎ౗൩཮೏ Power Amplifierޑว৔ૻဦ܎୏ǹԜѦǴӧךॺགྷௗԏ channel ޑᎃ߈ channel Ԗଯф౗ޑૻဦӧว৔(კ 3.26)ǴԜଯф౗ૻဦΨ཮ᙖҗ Mixer ቹៜ ډ VCO ޑᓎ౗ǴӢӢԜ VCO ሡा΋ಔଯ reverse isolation ޑ Buffer

ٰᗉխᚇૻݙΕ VCO Զቹៜᒡрᓎ౗ǴόၸԜ Buffer ཮೷ԋ Mixer ޑ Noise Figure ᡂεǶ

VCO LNA Mixer Signal

Desirede

Interferer

f

྽ VCO ᏹբӧ open-loop ਔჹܭ Loading ޑᡂϯΨ੝ձ௵གǴႽ

ࢂ DECT س಍ύǴPower Amplifier ཮όਔޑ໒ᜢٰ࿯࣪ႝྍǴ೷ԋ VCO ޑ Loading ΋ޔӧᡂϯǴځᒡрᓎ౗Ψ൩คݤᛙۓǴᆀϐ”load pulling”ǶࣁΑׯ๓ԜਏᔈǴሡӧ VCO Ϸ PA ໔࿼Ε΋ঁ high-isolaiton ޑ BufferǶ

VCO ჹܭ DC ٮᔈႝྍޑᡂ୏Ψࡐ௵གǶ྽ VddౢғᡂϯǴӧ varactor ٿᆄޑᓸৡ൩཮ၟ๱ᡂϯǴਁᕏᓎ౗Ψ൩ၟ๱ᅆ୏Ǵᆀ ϐ”supply pushing”ǶӧЋᐒύ PA ᗋࢂ೷ԋԜ౜ຝޑЬӢǴҗܭႝԣ Ԗᒡрႝߔу΢ PA ໒໒ᜢᜢ೷ԋ Loading ޑᡂ୏Ǵ٬ VddԖኧԭ mV ޑᡂ୏Ƕ

3.6 ৡ୏ Bipolar LC Oscillator

Ԑයޑ RF ਁᕏᏔӭ٬Ҕൂ΋ transistor ٰჴ౜Ǵҗܭ٬ҔനϿޑ Ь୏ϡҹ Phase Noise ёаԖӳޑ੝܄ǴЪԜႝၡޑሽ਱ΨёаᓸեǶ όၸᒿ๱ᇙำόᘐ຾؁ǴIC ޑሽ਱ςε൯फ़եǴ܌аҞ߻ςόӆ٬

Ҕൂ transistor ࢎᄬǴόၸᗋࢂёаᙖҗځচ౛௢ቶډৡ୏ VCO ޑၮ բኳԄǶ

ൂ΋ transistor ޑ VCO ௗጕБԄӵკ 3.27Ǵӣ௤ၡ৩Ѹ໪ᒧ᏷ᡣ ӄ೽ၡ৩ޑᕴ࣬Տৡࣁ႟(Barkhausen criteria)ǴЪ LC-tank ӧਁᕏਔ ό཮ගٮ࣬ՏᡂϯǴӢԜѸ໪ᒧ᏷ஒ collector ޑૻဦӣ௤ډ emitter аගٮ႟࣬Տᡂϯ(კ 3.27)ǶԜѦ LC-tank ޑӣ௤ၡ৩Ѹ໪ௗܭଯߔ לᆄаᗉխ LC-tank ޑ Q ॶΠफ़(

L R C L

R

p o p

)

( Z )Ǵ܌аஒځௗܭ Collector ᆄ(Emitter ᆄޑߔלѝԖ 1/gm)Ξ٬ Q ॶӆԛΠफ़ǴӢࣁ LC-tank Ξ࣮ډ emitter ᆄޑեႝߔǶׯ๓Бݤ൩ࢂճҔ 3.2.2 ࿯ύ܌

ගޑ passive impedance transformation(კ 3.28)Ǵᡣ LC-tank ᆄ࣮ډଯ ߔלǶԜБԄ൩ࢂ Colpttis Ϸ Hartly ਁᕏᏔ(კ 3.29)Ƕ

LC

Q1 ^feedbackpath

კ 3.27 ൂ΋ transistor ϐ VCO ௗጕკ

Q1

tion transforma impedence

კ 3.28 კ 3.27 ϐׯ຾ VCO ႝၡ

Colpitts Hartley

ӵ ݀ ࣁ Α ᡣ LC-tank ࣮ ډ ၨ ଯ ޑ ߔ ל ٠ ό ΋ ۓ ा passive impedance transformationޑБݤǴёаճҔ΋ঁ active buffer ٰၲԋ

࣬ӕ ਏ݀(კ 3.30)ǴӢ ࣁѬёаගٮࡐ εޑᒡΕߔלǴcommon collectorܫεᏔ൩ૈᙁൂޑ಄ӝ΢ॊा؃Ƕӵ݀ӆஒ Q2ஒޑ Collector ᆄӧௗ΢΋䵽 LC-tank ٠ௗӣ Q1 ޑ emitterǴ൩׎ԋΑதـޑৡ୏

VCO(კ 3.31)ǶԜࢎᄬόѝёаҔ Barkhausen criteria ٰᇥܴځਁᕏচ

౛Ǵҭё࿶җλૻဦኳࠠ௢ᏤрǺவ Q1ک Q2ޑ Collector ᆄ࣮Εёа

࣮ډ฻ਏޑॄႝߔ(-2/gm)(კ 3.32)Ǵ܌аԜࢎᄬΞᆀࣁ Negative-Gm

ਁᕏᏔǶ

Q1 Q1

Q2

კ 3.30 ճҔ active buffer ౢғߔלᙯඤ

Q1 Q₂

Q1 Q₂

Rin

კ 3.31 ৡ୏ LC ਁᕏᏔ კ 3.32 ճҔ cross-coupled pair ౢғॄႝߔ

3.7 ჴբ΋ǴVoltage-Controlled Oscillator with

Differential Excitation Trifilar ( SiGe HBT 0.35 ͔m)

3.7.1 ࣴز୏ᐒ

ਁᕏᏔႝၡӧคጕ೯ૻس಍ႝၡύǴתᄽΑ΋ঁ࣬྽ख़ाޑف ՅǴ߈ԃٰ΋ޔԖӚԄӚኬޑ᎜ᕏځ่ᄬӧ paper ΢ว߄ǴႽࢂճҔ όӕޑႝགᙅጕБݤஒ Q ޔගϲǴ٬ phase noise ளаׯ๓ǹ׭܈ࢂ

ׯᡂ᏾ঁႝၡޑࢎᄬǴ෧λႝ඲ᡏޑᚇૻჹᒡрૻဦޑυᘋǶӧᇙำ Бय़ǴSiGe BiCMOS ᇙำ࣬྽፾ӝҔٰჴ౜ SOC ႝၡǴӧኧՏ܈ᜪ КႝၡБय़ёаҔ CMOS ٰ࿯࣪य़ᑈǹӧଯᓎႝၡБय़൩ёճҔଯ ᄒЗᓎ౗ޑ HBT ٰჴ౜Ƕᗨฅ SiGe ޑ୷݈ཞ઻КځдΟϖ௼ϯӝ୷

ٰ݈ޑεǴՠࣁΑ࿯࣪ԋҁǴӵ݀೯ૻس಍ڙԜલᗺޑቹៜόεǴᗋ

ࢂ໼ӛ٬Ҕ SiGe BiCMOS ٰჴ౜ႝၡǶ

ҁԛჴբޑႝၡࢎᄬࢂճҔཥԄޑ TransformerǴёаӕਔჴ౜

Hartleyࢎᄬޑ VCO аϷ inductive coupling ޑӣ௤БݤǴ٬ VCO ޑ Phase NoiseᡂեǵᒡрႝᓸጄൎᡂεǶԜࢎᄬӧ IEEE ޑ paper ΢ᗋ

҂ـว߄Ƕ

3.7.2 ࢎᄬᙁϟ

Part1. VCOϐӣ௤Бݤ೛ीǺ

ࣁΑ٬ VCO ޑ phase noise ᡂλǴനᙁൂޑБݤ൩ࢂᙖҗуεӅ

ਁ๚ޑਁᕏႝᓸٰቚமӅਁ๚ύޑૈໆᓯӸǶ΋૓ޑ VCO ࢎᄬࢂճ Ҕ΋ჹ emitter-coupled ႝ඲ᡏу΢ cross feedback ٰౢғॄႝߔǴӧ Ԝࢎᄬ΢ᒡрႝᓸޑελ൩ڙډ feedback Бݤޑज़ڋǴԶதـޑӣڙ

БݤԖΟᅿǺ(1)ޔௗӣ௤ (კ 3.33)ǵ(2) ճҔႝ৒բጠӝӣ௤ (კ 3.34)ǵ(3)ճҔႝགբጠӝӣ௤ (კ 3.35)Ƕ

კ 3.33 ޔௗӣ௤ࢎᄬ კ 3.34 ႝ৒ጠӝӣ௤

നᙁൂޑӣ௤Бݤ൩ࢂ௦Ҕ”ޔௗӣ௤”ࢎᄬǴѬόҔᚐѦޑୃᓸ

ႝၡ܌а෧Ͽф౗ޑ੃઻Ǵόၸႝ඲ᡏޑ base-collector junction ཮ԋ

ࣁᒡрႝᓸޑज़ڋӢનǴ೭ࢂӢࣁ྽ᒡрਁ൯ၸεਔǴ཮೷ԋ୷ཱུ-໣ཱུ໩ୃǴԶߚךॺགྷाޑ଍ୃރᄊȐ೛ीਁᕏᏔሡᏹբӧЬ୏୔ȑǴ ځ໔ޑ diode ൩཮ჹႝၡౢғᚇૻྍ٬ phase nosie ᡂৡǴ܌аځᒡр

ႝᓸਁ൯ஒ཮೏Ԝௗय़ޑႝᓸ܌ज़ڋՐǶऩ௦Ҕ”ႝ৒ጠӝӣ௤”ϐႝ

ၡǴᗨёаׯ๓΢ॊޑਁ൯લᗺǴՠѸ໪ӧ୷ཱུගٮୃᓸǴԶගٮୃ

ᓸਔǴሡ٬Ҕଯߔॶႝߔ܈ࢂଯགॶႝགǴՠ཮೷ԋ࣬Տᚇૻᡂৡ܈

ࢂሡा՞Ᏽεໆ඲Тय़ᑈ(p.s ୃᓸႝߔѸ໪Кҗႝ඲ᡏ base ᆄ࣮рѐ ޑႝߔ R1(х֖ጠӝႝ৒ک LC tank ӧਁᕏਔޑߔॶ)ଯ 10 ७Ѱѓωё ۹ౣځᚇૻྍ)Ƕ

კ 3.35 ႝགጠӝӣ௤

ࣁΑᗉխ΢ॊٿᅿࢎᄬޑલᗺǴԜԛ೛ीޑӣ௤ࢎᄬǴஒճҔ”

ႝགጠӝӣ௤”ٰ೛ी೭ԛޑᓸ௓ਁᕏᏔǶեᒡрߔॶޑୃᓸႝၡё аޔௗௗ΢ႝၡǴӢࣁԖႝགௗܭႝᓸྍ߻ǴόҔᏼЈ VCO ૻဦ཮

ᅅрѐǶԜѦό٬ҔႝߔٰୃᓸǴёٛЗౢғ white noise Զ٬ Phase NoiseΠफ़ޑ౜ຝǶԜѦǴ၀ࢎᄬёаፓ᏾ base ᆄޑႝᓸǴӅਁ๚ޑ നεਁ൯൩όӆڙ base-collector ޑ໩ୃज़ڋǴѝाԵቾ base-emitter diodeک current source ޑᓸफ़Ƕ

നεᒡрႝᓸޑज़ڋచҹҞ߻ѝഭ varactorǴӵ݀ᒡрਁ൯ຬၸ

΋ঁ diode ޑ໒௴ႝᓸ཮٬ varactor ޑ pn-junction Ꮴ೯Ǵౢғཥޑᚇ

ૻྍǶׯ๓Бݤ൩ࢂӧ varactor ߻Սᖄ΋ႝ৒Ǵᗨฅ཮෧Ͽ VCO ޑ ᓎ౗ёచጄൎόၸёаᡣᓎ౗ፓ᏾ޑ੝܄ၨࣁጕ܄Ƕӵკ 3.36 ճҔ fC1ஒ varactor ᆶ output signal ႖໒ǴӧҔ R1Ϸ R2ჹ varactor բୃᓸǶ

კ 3.36 Varactor ୃᓸႝၡϷӣ௤ႝၡϐ่ӝ Part2. Hartley VCOճҔtransformerբӣ௤Ǻ

ਥᏵ paper ޑࣴزว߄ࡰрǴColpitts VCO (კ 3.37) ࣬ჹܭځд

ࢎᄬޑ VCO Ԗၨӳ ISF(impulse sensitivity function)Ǵ൩ࢂӧ΋ঁ VCO ᒡрຼයϣѝԖ΋λࢤਔ໔ collector ཮ԖႝࢬݙΕǴЪ၀λࢤਔ໔ว ғӧ VCO ᒡрനεਁ൯ߕ߈Ǵ٬ளႝ඲ᡏᚇૻྍჹ phase noise ޑଅ

᝘നλǴ܌аӵ݀ाၲډե Phase Noise ޑा؃ǴColpitts ࢎᄬࢂΜϩ

፾ӝޑǶόၸჴሞ΢ךॺ٬Ҕޑࢎᄬკ 3.39 ӵ݀฻ਏԋკ 3.40 ཮К

ၨႽ Hartley (კ 3.38)Ǵѝৡӣ௤ၡ৩όҔႝ৒ԶࢂҔ transformerǶό ޔௗ٬Ҕ Colpitts ޑচӢࢂӧ٬Ҕႝ৒բӣ௤ਔ཮࿘ډ LC-tank impedanceаϷ Q ॶޑ trade-offǺࣁΑቚу LC-tank ޑ Q ॶѸ໪ஒ

C L

ॶᡂεǴ܌а C ॶѸ໪λǴёࢂӵ݀ाஒ tank ޑ impedance ᡂεѸ

໪ගଯ

2 1

C

C Ǵՠ tank ޑ C ॶς࿶όεǴӧჴሞ layout rules ΢൩όܰჴ

౜Ƕ

კ 3.37 Colpitts VCO კ 3.38 Hartley VCO

ךॺ٬Ҕޑࢎᄬځӣ௤Бݤᆶ Colpitts ࣬՟Ъ ISF Ψک Colpitts

࣬үǴ܌а٩ฅ཮Ԗե Phase Noise ޑ੝܄Ƕ

1 / :

2 2 1

k L L

კ 3.39 ճҔ transformer բߔלᙯඤ კ 3.40 კ 3.39 ϐ฻ਏႝၡ Single-ended Colpitts VCOӧჴሞၮҔ΢٠όቶݱᗋԖ΋ঁЬा

ޑচӢǴ൩ࢂሡाၨଯޑ open-loop gain ٰዴߥႝၡ཮ԾวਁᕏǴЪ single-endedჹܭ substrate ک power supply ޑ noise ၨ௵གǴ܌а೭ԛ

೛ीޑႝၡճҔ cross-coupled ႝ඲ᡏჹ(Part1.ύගډޑ transformer coupling)ٰၲԋ differential ࢎᄬ (კ 3.41) Ǵ෧ᇸଆਁ߻܌ሡޑ open-loop gainǶ

კ 3.41 ҁჴբϐֹ᏾ VCO ႝၡკ Part3. ཥԄ Transformer (Trifilar)Ǻ

ךॺགྷჴ౜ޑཥ VCO ࢎᄬύ(კ 3.41)ሡा΋ჹΒޑ transformer (კ 3.42)Ǵӧ paper ύමр౜ԖԜфૈޑ transformer ћ଺ TrifilarǴࢂ

ௗ ӧ Single-ended LNA ࡕ ౢ ғ ΋ ಔ differential ޑ ૻ ဦ ٰ ០ ୏ Double-balanced Mixer (კ 3.43)ǶTrifilar ޑ Layout ่ᄬ(კ 3.44)ࢂᙖ җΟঁ transformer ϕᙅǴёаගϲӚႝགҁيޑ Q ॶǴ຾Զׯ๓ Phase NoiseǶ

კ 3.42 1-to-2 transformer Ңཀკ კ 3.43 Trifilar ӧჴሞႝၡ٬Ҕϐጄ ٯ

1

კ 3.45 ճҔ Center-tape ٰჴ౜ Differential Trifilar

җܭҁ VCO ࢂ differential ࢎᄬǴךॺёஒൂ΋ Trifilar բ differential excitationǴԶ DC ޑᒡΕ൩җ center-tape(c.t)ௗᗺᒡΕ(კ 3.45)ǴӵԜ΋ٰ൩ёаҔ΋ঁ Trifilar ၲԋკ 3.41 ܌ሡޑ transformer couplingਏ݀Ǵ඲Тय़ᑈёаε൯ᕭ෧Ƕ

(1)ጠӝᡂᓸᏔϐኳᔕ

ճҔEM ኳᔕ೬ᡏ՗ᆉᡂᓸᏔޑୖኧϷጠӝ߯ኧǺ

m5freq=

K_sim2=0.5614.000GHz

2 3 4 5 6

freq, GHz

K_sim2

m5

K_sim1

Primary inductorډٿঁSecondary inductorଽӝ߯ኧǺ ĺ K=0.561 Transmission Coefficient= -9.242dB @4GHzǶ

m6freq=

dB(S(2,1))=-9.2424.000GHz

2 3 4 5 6

freq, GHz

dB(S(1,1))dB(S(2,1)) m6

dB(S(3,1))

Primary inductorᆶٿঁSecondary inductorޑႝག QॶǶ

m3freq=

Q11=11.5024.000GHz m4freq=

Q12=6.2624.000GHz

2 3 4 5 6

freq, GHz

Q11

m3

Q12 m4

Q13

3.7.3 Ⴃीೕ਱ӈ߄

Item Spec Supply Voltage 3 V

Current of QVCO core 4.18 mA Current of Output buffer 21.8 mA Power Consumption of core ~ 12.54 mW

Tuning frequency range 4.170GHz~4.381GHz

KVCO 263MHz/V

Phase Noise -115.6dBc/Hz @ 1MHz offset

FOM -176.7 dBc/Hz

Die size 1.040 × 0.880 mm Layout Photo

3.8 ჴբΒǴTrifilar Based Voltage-Controlled Oscillator ( SiGe HBT 0.35 ͔m)

ҁ ჴ բ ޑ ࣴز ୏ᐒ ᆶ ࢎ ᄬ ᙁϟ ࣣᆶ ȹ ჴ բ ΋ȹ ࣬ӕ Ǵ ୤ ӧ usjgjmbs ޑ٬Ҕ΢ӧȹჴբ΋ȹࢂҔൂ΋ঁٰբ ejggfsfoujbm!

fydjubujpoǴԶӧҁჴբ΢ࢂ٬Ҕٿޑൂᐱޑ usjgjmbsǶ!

3.8.1 Ⴃीೕ਱ӈ߄

Item Spec Supply Voltage 3 V

Current of QVCO core 2.95 mA Current of Output buffer 21.6 mA Power Consumption of core ~ 8.85 mW

Tuning frequency range 4.010GHz ~ 4.131GHz

KVCO 153MHz/V

Phase Noise -117dBc/Hz @ 1MHz offset Die size 1222 um × 784 um Layout Photo

ಃѤക

҅Ҭ࣬Տᓸ௓ਁᕏᏔ

4.1 ߻ق

Zero-IFک Low-IF ࢂҞ߻೏ቶݱၮҔޑௗԏᐒࢎᄬǴҗܭԜࢎᄬ όሡ٬ҔѦௗޑ೏୏ϡҹǴёаֹӄҔൂ΋ᑈᡏႝၡٰჴ౜Ǵ܌аӧ คጕԏวᐒ೛ीਔத཮٬Ҕ၀ࢎᄬǶࣁΑᗉխ໺ԏૻဦόֹӄǴԜࢎ

ᄬሡाӕ࣬Տ(in-phase)ک҅Ҭ࣬Տ(quadrature)ޑҁӦਁᕏᏔ(LO)ૻ

ဦٰ໺ԏૻဦǶԜѦǴimage-reject ޑௗԏᐒΨाҔ҅Ҭ࣬Տޑ LO ע

᜔Ⴝૻဦ੃௞Ǵനதـޑٯη൩ࢂ Hartley ک Weaver ࢎᄬǶӧ΋٤ፄ ᚇޑኧՏፓᡂس಍ύ(GSMǵDECT)ࣁΑᕭλᓎቨޑ٬ҔǴ҅Ҭ࣬Տ ޑ LO ૻဦ׳ࢂόёϿǶౢғ҅Ҭ࣬Տޑ LO Ԗ೚ӭБݤǴႽࢂ٬Ҕ

೏୏ϡҹޑ poly-phase filterǵᕉࠠਁᕏᏔ(Ring Oscillator)ǵ܈ࢂಔӝ

΋٤Ь୏ႝၡֹٰԋǴόၸа΢Бݤ೿཮Ԗ΋٤લᗺ٬ѬॺޑჴҔ܄

फ़եǴӢԜҁക࿯ஒϟಏኧᅿёՉ܄ଯޑႝၡࢎᄬ٠৖Ңჴբ่݀Ǵ ჹܭதҔޑ໺ԏᐒࢎᄬΨբ૸ፕǶ

4.2 Homodyne Receivers

4.2.1 Homodyne ௗԏᐒޑ੝܄ᙁϟ

Homodyne ک Heterodyne Receiver ޑനεόӕᗺǴ൩ࢂӧಃ΋ԛ ޑ फ़ ᓎ ਔ ޔௗ ע RF ޑ ᓎ ᛼ फ़ ډ ୷ᓎ Ǵ ܌ а Ξ೏ ᆀࣁ ”Zero-IF”

܈”Direct-conversion”Ƕკ 4.1 ࢂ΋ঁᙁൂޑ Homodyne ௗԏᐒǴLO ޑᓎ౗کᒡΕၩݢޑᓎ౗΋ኬǴ࿶ၸ LNA ܫεϷ Mixer फ़ᓎϐࡕௗ

΋ঁե೯ᘠݢᏔջёᕇளགྷाௗԏޑૻဦǴόၸ၀ࢎᄬѝёҔܭ double-sidebandޑ AM ૻဦǴӢࣁ AM ҅ॄٿୁޑᓎ᛼ࢂ΋ኬޑǴӧ फ़ᓎࡕᓎ᛼ֹӄख़᠄٠ό཮วғୢᚒ(კ 4.2)Ƕӵ݀ा໺ଌ FM ܈ࢂ

QPSKޑૻဦǴѸ໪٬Ҕ҅Ҭ࣬Տޑࢎᄬ(კ 4.4)Ǵҗܭፓᡂࡕޑߞဦ

ӧ҅ॄᓎ᛼΢٠όჹᆀǴӵ݀Ҕკ 4.1 ޑБݤӧफ़ᓎਔ҅ॄᓎ᛼཮࣬

Ҭ᠄Ǵ೷ԋૻဦޑཞᚯ(კ 4.3)Ƕ

LNA

0t cosZ

LPF

Zc Z ₀ Z

კ 4.1 Homodyne Receiver

0 Zc Z

Zc



კ 4.2 AM ૻဦ࿶ Homodyne ௗԏᐒϐफ़ᓎៜᔈ

0 Zc Z

Zc



კ 4.3 FM ૻဦ࿶ Homodyne ௗԏᐒϐफ़ᓎៜᔈ

LNA

0t cosZ

LPF

0t sinZ

LPF

I

Q

კ 4.4 ҅Ҭ࣬Տௗԏᐒ

0 Zc Z Zc



კ 4.5 FM ૻဦ࿶҅Ҭ࣬Տௗԏᐒϐफ़ᓎៜᔈ

Homodyne ௗԏᐒޑࢎᄬၨ Heterdyne ࢎᄬᙁܰǴගٮΑٿ໨ᓬ ᗺǺ(1)җܭύᓎૻဦ(IF)ࣁ႟Ǵό཮Ԗ᜔Ⴝ(Image)ૻဦౢғ൩όሡा

уΕ Image FilterǴLNA ൩όҔ០୏ 50 ኻۅޑॄၩǶ(2)IF SAW Filter کΠ΋ભޑफ़ᓎႝၡӧԜࢎᄬύόӧሡाǴѝाե೯ޑᘠݢᏔک୷ᓎ ޑܫεᏔջёǴᡣௗԏᐒёӧൂ΋ᇙำ΢ֹӄჴ౜Ǵаճܭ SoC ᏾ ӝ Ƕ ό ၸ Ԝ ࢎ ᄬ ᗋ ࢂ Ԗ ΋ ٤ Heterdyne ό ཮ ၶ ډ ޑ ୢ ᚒ Ǵ ೷ ԋ Direct-conversionؒԖᐱэ᏾ޑௗԏᐒѱ൑ǶаΠբᇥܴǺ

(1) DC Offsets

Homodyne ࢂஒૻဦޔௗफ़ᓎډ DCǴ܌аҺՖѦٰޑ DC ୃ౽೿

཮٬ૻဦᎁڙઇᚯǴҗკ 4.6 ک 4.7 ٰ૸ፕӧௗԏᐒύԜୢᚒӵՖว ғǺ

LNA

0t cosZ

LPF

Leakage LO

A B C

კ 4.6 LO ૻဦ೷ԋޑ Self-mixing

LNA

0t cosZ

LPF

Leakage Interferer

კ 4.7 RF ૻဦ೷ԋޑ Self-mixing

२ӃǴMixer ύ LO port ډ RF port аϷ LNA ᒡΕᆄޑ႖๊ਏ݀

(Isolation)٠ߚԭϩϐԭǴLO ૻဦ൩཮ᅅډ A Ϸ B ᗺǴӵ݀Քᒿ୷݈

ޑጠӝਏᔈǴԜ”LO leakage”׳ࣁᝄख़ǶԜᅅૻဦਏᔈനಖ཮ӧ Mixer

ၟ LO բషݢǴӧ C ᗺౢғ΋ঁ DC ॶǴԜ౜ຝᆀϐࣁ”self-mixing”(კ 4.6)Ƕӕኬޑӵ݀Ԗଯф౗ޑυᘋૻဦҗ LNA ᆄௗԏΠٰǴᗋࢂҗܭ Mixer ޑ RF-to-LO Isolation Ԗज़ǴυᘋૻဦΨ཮ᅅډ LO portǴ self-mixingΞӆౢғ(კ 4.7)Ƕ

(2) I/Q mismatch

ӧ Homodyne ࢎᄬ΢ाჴ౜ PM ܈ FM Ѹ໪٬Ҕ҅Ҭ࣬Տޑࢎ

ᄬǴ܌аाஒ LO բ 90 ࡋޑ࣬Տѳ౽Ƕӵ݀ IǵQ ໔ؒԖྗዴޑ 90 ࡋৡ܈ࢂԖਁ൯ޑό΋ԿǴӧբफ़ᓎਔૻဦޑ০኱კ཮ౢғᇤৡ٬

bit error rateϲଯ(კ 4.8)

LNA

Error Phase and Gain Induced

Error Phase and Gain Induced

კ 4.8 I/Q mismatch ӧԏวᐒ΢ޑቹៜ

ࣁΑ׳၁ᅰޑΑှ IǵQ όჹᆀჹௗԏૻဦޑቹៜǴբаΠޑ௢

Gain PhaseError

I

Q Q

I

კ 4.9 I/Q mismatch ჹૻဦ০኱კౢғޑቹៜ (3) Even-Order Distortion

೯ த ך ॺ ѝ ཮ ຎ Odd-order distortion ࣁ υ ᘋ ૻ ဦ Ǵ ё ࢂ ӧ HomodyneޑௗԏᐒΠ Even-order ޑߚጕ܄੝܄Ψჹௗԏૻဦ೷ԋυ ᘋǶаკ 4.10 ٰᇥܴǺٿঁᎃ߈ޑଯф౗ૻဦ(^x(^t) ^A1cosZ1^t^A2cosZ2^t)

t A

A_{1 2}cos( _{1 2})

2 Z Z

D ^ Ǵҗܭٿᓎ౗ᚆࡐ߈ǴԜ Even-order distortion ӧ཮

ӧ DC ߕ߈р౜ǶӵၸௗΠٰޑ Mixer ࢂ idealǴ΢ॊޑ distortion ൩

კ 4.10 Even-order distortion

ځჴόѝ LNA ཮Ԗ Even-order distortion ޑ౜ຝǴMixer ޑ RF port ΨԖ࣬ӕޑୢᚒวғǴӢࣁௗԏૻဦ࿶ၸ LNA ࡕޑਁ൯ς࿶ᡂεǴ

܌ а ׎ ԋ distortion ޑ ៜ ᔈ ཮ ׳ ᝄ ख़ Ƕ ኳ ᔕ Mixer ਔ ൩ ा Ե ቾ ډ”IP2”(second-order intercept point)ǴኳᔕޑБݤၟ IP3 ΋ኬǴѝࢂஒ Odd-orderޑբკඤԋ Even-order ޑբკǶ

(4)Flicker Noise

೯தௗԏૻဦ࿶ၸ LNA ک Mixer ࡕεऊԖ 10mV ޑਁ൯Ǵ܌а

ௗΠٰӚભႝၡޑᒡΕᚇૻᡂޑߚதख़ाǴЀځ Homodyne ࢂޔௗஒ

ૻဦ໺ډ DCǴ܌аЬ୏ϡҹޑ^{1/ f} noise ൩཮೷ԋᝄख़ቹៜǴׯ๓Б ݤ൩ࢂӧ RF ૻဦᆄஒቚ੻ӧගଯǴႽࢂ٬Ҕ active ޑ Mixer ڗж passiveޑ MixerǶ

4.2.2 а Homodyne ࣁ୷ᘵޑ image-reject ௗԏᐒ

җܭ Heterodyne ޑௗԏᐒѸ໪٬Ҕ image-filter ٰ੃ѐ᜔ႽૻဦǴ

ޣޑࣴزБӛϐ΋ǶҞ߻ቶݱ٬Ҕޑ image-reject ࢎᄬࣁǺ(1)Hartley

ࢎᄬǹ(2)Weaver ࢎᄬǶ (1) HartleyǺ

Ԝ่ᄬѝሡ΋䵽҅Ҭ࣬Տޑ LOǴӧሽ਱΢ёаᙖ๱෧Ͽ඲Тय़ ᑈԶफ़եǹځԛǴࢂ೛ी΢ΨКၨᙁൂѝሡу΋䵽 90⁰ޑ phase shifterǶ

ӧઞᓎޑచҹΠǴphase shifter ӧᓎ᛼΢ёҔG⁽Z⁾ j^sgn(Z⁾(კ 4.12)ٰ߄ҢǴჴኧૻဦ࿶ၸ phase shifter ࡕϝ཮ࢂჴኧǴѝ཮ᡣ҅ॄ

ᓎޑૻဦ࣬ՏวғᡂϯǶ90 ࡋޑ࣬Տѳ౽ёаճҔᙁൂޑ೏୏ϡҹ

ٰჴ౜Ǵკ 4.13Ǵ^Vin^(t)࿶ၸ phase shifter ࡕV_out1⁽t⁾ǵV_out2⁽t⁾ᆶ^Vin^(t)ޑ࣬

Տৡ฻ܭS^/2tan1(RCZ⁾Ϸ^tan1(RCZ⁾Ǵ܌аӧV_out1⁽t⁾ǵV_out2⁽t⁾໔൩ౢ

ғΑ 90 ࡋޑ࣬ՏৡǶόၸԜ phase shifter ႝၡѝૈ፾ҔܭઞᓎǴ܌а HartleyࢎᄬόૈҔܭቨᓎޑ೯ૻس಍ࢎᄬύǶ

90^oshift

Channel

Desired Image

Zc

Zt

კ 4.12 Phase shifter ӧᓎ᛼΢ޑៜᔈ

Vin

܌аVout1ᆶVout2ޑ࣬Տৡ90ࡋǶᗨฅவ࣬Տ΢࣮ଆٰόፕӧবঁᓎ౗

ޑ࣬Տৡ೿཮Ԗ90ࡋǴόၸਁ൯΢൩ό࣬ӕΑǴѝӧZ ^{1 RC/( )}཮΋

ኬǴӢԜ၀ phase shifter ࢎᄬ٠όૈቨᓎ٬ҔǶ

(2) Weaver Ǻ

ࣁΑׯ๓ Hartly ޑઞᓎલᗺǴஒ೷ԋႝၡઞᓎޑಔҹҔځдБݤ ڗжǴ܌аҔಃΒಔޑ Mixer ٰඹඤ 90 ࡋޑ phase shifterǴёᆢ࡭

Image-reject ޑ੝܄ǴόၸΨӢࣁӭ٬Ҕ΋ಔ Mixer ٬ԋҁ΢ϲǴ೛

ीਔΨၨࣁፄᚇǶ

Channel

Desired Image

Zc

΋ठ೿཮ቹៜډ᏾ঁࢎᄬޑ Image-rejection ਏ݀Ƕ೯த Image rejection ratio ၲ 30~40dBǴLO εཷԖ 0.2~0.6dB ޑਁ൯ᇤৡϷ 1~5 ࡋޑ࣬Տ

ݱ٬ҔޑБݤࢂஒ LC-tank ޑ VCO ᏹբӧךॺሡाᓎ౗ޑٿ७ᓎǴ ӆ࿶ၸନᓎႝၡࡕளډ҅Ҭ࣬Տޑૻဦ(კ 4.15)ǶԜБݤёаᗉխ VCOڙډ PA ౢғமεૻဦޑ௢܎ਏᔈ(pushing/pulling effect)ǴӢࣁ VCO ᏹբӧ PA ޑٿ७ᓎǴՠࢂ཮ԖаΠޑલᗺǺ(1)ٿ७ᓎޑ VCO ӧ೛ीၨ֚ᜤǴЪ҅Ҭ࣬Տޑྗዴ܄཮೏ VCO ࢂցԖ 50%ޑ duty cycleज़ڋՐǶ(2)ௗܭ VCO ϐࡕޑନᓎᏔѸ໪ଯᓎᏹբǴ܌аႝ඲ᡏ ޑ current density Ѹ໪ගଯډᡣ fTၲཱུॶǴӢԜቚуႝၡޑф౗੃઻Ƕ

Latch D

Latch D Clk

Clk

I

I

Q

Q

Clk

I I

Q Q

კ 4.15 ճҔø2 ႝၡౢғ I/Q ૻဦ

ӵ݀Ҕ RC ಔԋޑ poly-phase filter ࢎᄬ൩׳઻ф౗Α(კ 4.16)Ǵ Ѹ໪ӧ VCO ک poly-phase filter ໔уΕ bufferǴ΋Бय़ёᗉխ VCO ύ LC-tankޑ Q ॶ෧ϿǴ΋Бय़Ҕٰံᓭ RC ႝၡ೷ԋޑૻဦ૰෧Ǵω

ૈ௢୏ௗΠٰޑ MixerǶԜѦǴpoly-phase filter ཮઻຤࣬྽εޑ඲Т य़ᑈǴԋҁӢԶගଯǶ

კ 4.16 ճҔ Poly-phase Filter ౢғ I/Q ૻဦ

ऩགྷҔ ring oscillator ޑࢎᄬǴѬޑ phase noise Ξϼৡό፾Ҕܭ౜

ऩགྷҔ ring oscillator ޑࢎᄬǴѬޑ phase noise Ξϼৡό፾Ҕܭ౜

在文檔中 高速除頻電路與正交相位振盪器之設計 (頁 40-0)