怠㑯ᾳ㟰䞼䨞ἄ䁢䞼䨞䫾䔍炻䞼䨞侭ὧ暨天㚱㖶䡢䘬䞼䨞⭂ỵ炻ㇵ傥⛐䞼 䨞㬟䦳ᷕ㗪㗪㩊夾冒䘬䩳⟜炻㍸愺忶䦳ᷕ冒䞼䨞徥㯪䘬₡ῤ㗗Ṩ湤烎冒
冯䞼䨞䘬⭂ỵ䁢ỽ烎性徟⣙Ḯ䞼䨞䘬㕡⎹ˤ
㟡㒂 Haggerson炷2000炸㍷徘婚䦳䞼䨞侭䘬奺刚冯⭂ỵἧ䓐䘬ˬ㱛㳩˭
炷stream炸晙╣炻啱㬌婒㖶䞼䨞侭⛐䞼䨞㬟䦳ᷕ嗽䘬ỵ伖ˤṾὅ㒂䞼䨞侭冯ᾳ 㟰㔁ⷓ䘬Ḻ≽斄Ὢ炻㍸↢Ḯˬ㱛Ⱡ怲䘬䞼䨞侭炷researcher sitting on the edge of the stream炸˭ˣˬ埴凇㕤㱛䘬䞼䨞侭炷researcher in a boat in the stream炸˭ˣˬ⊾幓䁢 㱛䘬䞼䨞侭炷researcher become the stream炸˭ˣˬ㘿㳩ᷕ妋僓䘬䞼䨞侭炷researcher being emancipated from the undertow of the stream炸˭䫱⚃䧖㚱斄婚䦳䞼䨞侭奺刚 䘬嬔╣ˤ叱㖶㓧炷2014炸㔜䎮㬌⚃䧖奺刚晙╣䚠ㅱ䘬ᶵ⎴⒚⬠ˣ婚䦳⍾⎹ẍ⍲
⛐ᶵ⎴䞼䨞Ⰼ朊叿慵䘬㟠⽫炻↮⇍ẋ堐⚃䧖ᶵ⎴䘬婚䦳䞼䨞℠䭬ˤ
炷ᶨ炸䎮⿏/䎮婾䘬℠䭬烉㱛Ⱡ怲䘬䞼䨞侭ˤ䞼䨞侭䪗⛸⛐㱛Ⱡ怲ˣ奨⮇ˣ 㷔慷ˣ妰䬿冯㍷徘㱛㳩䘬㧋尴烊䞼䨞侭ḇ⎗傥忚埴㚱シ⚾䘬㑵ἄ冯㍏⇞ˤ德忶 䞼䨞侭⭊奨䘬奺刚炻⅟朄䘬㍊㜸婚䦳ᷕ埴䁢冯ḳẞ䘬斄Ὢ炻㬌栆䘬䞼䨞⣂Ⱄ㕤 䎮⿏/䎮婾䘬炷rational/theoretical炸℠䭬ˤ
炷Ḵ炸䤆娙/⮎⊁䘬℠䭬烉埴凇㕤㱛䘬䞼䨞侭ˤ䞼䨞侭奒冒㲃凇㕤㱛㳩ᷳᶲ 奨⮇炻德忶䞼䨞侭⍫冯⺷奺刚炻㶙ℍ㍊䳊婚䦳埴≽ㆾḳẞ䘬冒䃞ね⠫炻ẍ姒 婯ˣ奨⮇⍲ᾳ㟰㍊䳊䫱㕡㱽炻㚱䲣䴙䘬吸普䚜㍍䘬䴻槿炻㬌栆䘬䞼䨞⣂Ⱄ㕤䤆 娙/⮎⊁䘬炷mythological/practical炸℠䭬ˤ
炷ᶱ炸㺼⊾/廱✳䘬℠䭬烉⊾幓䁢㱛䘬䞼䨞侭ˤ╣㊯䞼䨞侭㛔幓ㆸ䁢㱛 㳩炻⮯冒ㆹ圵ℍ㕤ᶾ䓴ᷳᷕ炻ㆸ䁢Ὣ≽㺼⊾䘬埴≽侭炻㗗ᷣ橼ḇ㗗⭊橼炻℞奺 刚㗗ᶨᾳ冒ㆹ↮㜸⍲ℐ朊䘬⍫冯炻忳䓐㱣䗪ˣ晙╣ˣ朄⛸ˣ冒⁛⺷㖍娴⮓ἄˣ
┇䘤⺷䫱䘬㕡⺷炻Ἦ⋼≑⮵冒忚埴冒ㆹ↮㜸ˣ㳆〱㕘ね⠫炻妋㰢㕘⓷柴ˤ℞
䚖䘬㗗㓡朑ˣ㱣䗺ˣ廱⊾炻⯌℞㗗天⡆忚⮵冒ㆹ䘤䎦⍲䎮妋炻忁栆䞼䨞悥Ⱄ㕤 㺼⊾/廱✳䘬炷evolutionary/transformational炸℠䭬ˤ
炷⚃炸㈡⇌/夷䭬䘬℠䭬烉㘿㳩ᷕ妋僓䘬䞼䨞侭ˤ䞼䨞侭⽆嗽ᶾ䓴ᷕ㍁僓
↢Ἦ炻䞼䨞侭ᶵ⛐㗗⍫冯⺷奨⮇侭炻侴㗗ᶨᾳ㈡⇌侭⍲ᾖ㬋ᷣ佑侭ˤ德忶㈡⇌
↮㜸炻㶙ℍ㊾㍀ㆹᾹ䓐䘬妨娆冯㤪⾝䘬シ佑ˣ栗䣢䘬朆婆妨≽ἄˣ姕妰 ㆾ忳䓐䘬尉⽝シ佑ㆾ䳸㥳ˣ⛐䓇㳣ᷕ⼊ㆸ䘬ねシㆾ忻⽟⍇⇯䫱ˤ℞䚖䘬㗗⮵⚵
丆䓇㳣ᷕ䘬徟⿅ˣ₡ῤˣ晙╣冯忈ㆸῷ夳䘬シ嬀⼊ン炻䓐⎗㑵ἄ䘬⼊尉⍣⍾ẋ ᶵ傥㑵ἄ䘬徟⿅炻忚侴䓊䓇シ嬀奢愺炻⎴㗪⽆恋ṃ㉱㈗䘬㼃⛐≃慷炷婚䦳炸ᷕ妋 㓦↢Ἦˤ忁栆䞼䨞叿慵⛐㈡⇌/夷䭬䘬炷critical/normative炸℠䭬ˤ
晾䃞ᶲ徘⚃䧖晙╣㗗憅⮵婚䦳䞼䨞䘬婒㖶炻Ữ⮵ᶨỵ岒⿏䞼䨞侭侴妨炻Ṏ⎗
䚳ἄ㗗䞼䨞奺刚冯夾慶䘬晙╣炻⍣䚩⿅冒幓⛐䞼䨞㬟䦳ᷕ䘬奺刚冯䩳⟜ˤ䞼䨞侭 シ⚾⍣㍊䨞㔁ⷓ⛐㔁⬠䎦⟜䘬㕥䁢㬟䦳冯㧉⺷炻ὧ暨天㶙ℍ㔁⬠ね⠫ˣ䌚⍾⍫
冯䞼䨞侭䛇⮎䘬䴻槿炻ᶵ傥⎒䪁⛐㱛Ⱡ怲 䞼䨞炻侴㗗暨天奒冒㲃凇㕤㱛ᶲ炻 ㆸ䁢デ⍿㱛㳩嬲≽⼙枧䘬㑵凇侭炷Haggerson, 2000炸ˤ德忶䞼䨞侭䘬⍫冯ˣ姒 婯ˣ奨⮇ẍ⍲ᾳ㟰㍊䳊䘬㕡⺷炻Ἦ䎮妋㔁ⷓ⛐➟埴㔁⬠㳣≽⮎㕥䁢䘬㬟䦳冯嬲
⊾ˤ
⎎⢾炻檀㵹㶭炷2000炸㍸↢幓䁢岒⿏䞼䨞侭冯⍫冯䞼䨞⮵尉攻ㅱ娚℟㚱ẍᶳ Ḽ䧖奺刚烉
炷ᶨ炸㓗㊩斄Ὢ䘬⺢䩳侭
䞼䨞侭冯⍫冯䞼䨞侭䘬斄Ὢ㗗⸛䫱䘬炻䁢⺢㥳㓗㊩斄Ὢ䞼䨞侭冯ᾳ㟰㔁ⷓ
ᷳ攻炻ᶨ䚜悥ẍ叿䛇婈ˣ列┬䘬ン⹎炻⍣䆇忈㹓楐ˣ冺怑䘬⎗Ṍ婯㯋㯃ˤẍ㷃 ᾳ㟰㔁ⷓ朊⮵㓦婯ℏ⭡䘬旚堃㨇廱ˤ
炷Ḵ炸⎴䎮ᶼ䧵㤝䘬倥侭
䞼䨞侭幓嗽⛐⮎晃䘬㔁⬠䎦⟜ᷕ炻㖊㗗㔁⬠䎦⟜䘬㔁ⷓḇ㗗➟埴㔁⬠䘬埴 㓧ᷣ䭉炻䔞朊⮵嗽䎮ᶵ⎴䘬㔁ⷓ㔁⬠ḳẞ炻修倥ᶵ⎴㔁ⷓ⛐朊⮵忁ṃḳẞ㗪姙
姙⣂⣂ᶵ⎴䘬倚枛炻⛐忶䦳ᷕ䞼䨞侭ㆸ䁢Ḯᶨᾳ修倥䘬奨䛦ˣ嗽䎮䘬ᷕṳˤ德 忶䧵㤝ˣ⎴䎮ᾳ㟰㔁ⷓ⛐㔁⬠ḳẞᷕ䘬⎬䧖ね䵺ˤỮ㗗忁㧋䘬ᷣ䭉奺刚炻ḇ 嬻䞼䨞侭⮵㕤⍫冯㔁ⷓ婯婾䘬ℏ⭡炻暨天㚜㚱⍵䚩⿏䘬↮㜸℞側⼴䘬シ⚾冯 枸⿅ˤ
炷ᶱ炸㓷奢䘬奨⮇侭
⛐姒婯䘬忶䦳ᷕ炻䞼䨞侭⮵㕤䞼䨞⟜➇䘬斄㲐冯㓷奢炻ẍ⍲ᾳ㟰㔁ⷓ⛐⍿
姒忶䦳ᷕ德曚䘬ℏ⛐ねデ妲〗炻⊭⏓䛤䤆ˣ偊橼≽ἄ䫱炻⚈㬌䞼䨞侭⽭枰Ṽ 䳘䘬⍣奨⮇㭷ᾳ䳘䭨ㆾ晐㗪ἄ䲨抬ˤ㬌⢾炻䞼䨞侭ḇ德忶䞼䨞㛕姀冯⎴₽ˣ㔁
㌰䘬Ḻ≽ˣ↮ṓ䴻槿ᷕ炻⡆≈奨⮇䘬㓷奢⹎ˤ
炷⚃炸シ佑䘬娖慳侭
䁢Ḯ㶙ℍḮ妋ᾳ㟰㔁ⷓℏ⛐㚨䛇⮎䘬倚枛炻䞼䨞侭⽭枰天㗪㗪㍸愺冒⛐
姒婯忶䦳ᷕ炻ᶵ天㴱ℍ忶⣂䘬ᷣ奨シ嬀ˤ德忶䞼䨞侭⮵⬠㟉ˣ㔁⬠䎦⟜ね⠫傰 䴉䘬䎮妋炻⎗ẍ⡆忚䞼䨞侭䘬䎮婾妠奢炷theoretical sensitivity炸炻Ữḇ⎗傥ㆸ䁢 䞼䨞侭朊⮵姒婯ℏ⭡㗪䘬ᷣ奨シ嬀ˤ⚈㬌炻⛐姒婯忶䦳ᷕ炻䞼䨞侭⽭枰⮯䎮 妋䘬㤪⾝冯ᾳ㟰㔁ⷓ 忚ᶨ㬍䘬䡢娵冯㼬㶭炻ḇ⽭枰⛐忶䦳ᷕ㍸愺冒炻ᶵ天
⮯冒幓䘬䴻㬟冯デ⍿ⷞℍ姒婯ᷕ炻⮯ᾳ㟰㔁ⷓ䘬䴻槿ḳẞ夾䁢䎮䔞䃞炻侴⾥
䔍Ḯ徥⓷䘬㗪㨇句ℍ冒ㆹ䘬ᷣ奨娖慳ᷕˤ
炷Ḽ炸㚱㓰傥䘬㹅忂侭
䞼䨞侭⽭枰天➡梲㚱㓰傥䘬㹅忂傥≃炻⛐姒婯忶䦳ᷕ⺽⮶ᾳ㟰㔁ⷓ慸㶭⿅
䵺ˣὫ忚奢⮇炻᷎⋼≑䞼䨞侭㚜㶭㘘Ṿ䘬婆妨シ佑⍲堐尉側⼴㼃啷䘬㤪⾝ˤ
䵄ᶲ炻䞼䨞侭ᶵ⎒⛐䞼䨞⒚⬠ˣ㕡㱽ᶲ㚱℞㖶䡢䘬奺刚⭂ỵ炻⛐䞼䨞㬟䦳
ᷕ炻冯ᾳ㟰㔁ⷓḺ≽斄Ὢᷕ炻㚜㈖㺼叿䞼䨞屯㕁冯䞼䨞ね⠫傰䴉䘬ᷕṳ奺刚炻
⚈㬌ᶵ䭉㗗斄Ὢ䘬⺢䩳ˣ忶䦳ᷕ䘬⎴䎮倥ˣ⮵ḳẞ䘬㓷奢ˣシ佑䘬娖慳ẍ⍲
㚱㓰㹅忂䘬奺刚炻悥㗗䞼䨞侭⛐䞼䨞㬟䦳ᷕ炻天㗪㗪奢⮇ˣ㗪㗪㍸愺䘬慵天斄 挝ˤ