對於下背痛的療效常著重在疼痛的緩解以及下背功能的恢復,所以 有關疼痛強度的評估及日常生活功能的評估是非常重要的[120]。
口語敘述等級刻度 (verbal descriptor scale)
運用簡單的字眼如無痛 (no pain)、微痛 (mild pain)、中度痛 (moderate pain)、重度痛 (severe pain)、極度疼痛 (very severe pain)。由患者口述 選擇五者之一。此方法簡便易操作且易計分,但是缺乏敏感度往往不能 反映當時真正疼痛的強度[121]。
視覺類比刻度尺(Visual Analogue Scale, VAS)(圖 2.4)
視覺類比刻度尺為評估疼痛分數(pain score)而設計長十公分的刻度 尺,僅以口語向病患說明尺的一端代表無痛,另一端代表完全無法忍受 的痛。讓病患自己在這條直線上垂直畫一短線,代表他疼痛的位置,並 將測量值記錄下來,即病人主觀地敘述當下疼痛指數為多少,這種測量 對有語言障礙的病患較適合[122]。不管是臨床或研究經常被採用[123, 124]。 研究證實 VAS 的測量結果具有效度[125],但是疼痛受很大的心理因素影
響[126],相當主觀,故此量測法在信度上仍有侷限性。
麥克基疼痛問卷 (McGill Pain Questionnaire, MPQ)(圖 2.5)
Melzack 和 Torgerson 於 1971 年發展出 McGill 疼痛問卷,對疼痛作定量 及定性的分析[127, 128]。臨床或研究上普遍被運用,對疼痛量測有很高的 信度及效度[129],如Ceccherelli 等人研究比較深淺針刺對腰部肌筋膜疼 痛緩解的差異[130],也以此為評估工具;Daniel 等人針對下背痛病人,比 較針刺與 TENS 治療療效,亦用此評估[124]。問卷對疼痛的評估包括病 位、型式、敏感度、疼痛密度等[125],但是介紹到病患完成問卷需要約
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30 分鐘,所以有些醫師並不願意使用,同時由於病患對問卷理解之程 度,常使評估結果產生偏差及錯誤。
羅蘭摩理斯下背痛生活障礙問卷(Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire)(圖2.6)
由於下背痛往往衝擊病患生活型態,舉凡穿脫衣服、坐、站或走路等日 常生活功能,因此自 1980 年代開始有許多相關下背痛生活功能方面的 問卷量表產生[132]。其中以羅蘭摩理斯下背痛生活障礙問卷被引用及當 成療效評估工具的頻率最高[133-135]。此量表最早於1983 年由兩位學者 Roland 及 Morris 所發表,原始問卷主要根據 136 題疾病衝擊特徵表 (Sickness Impact Profile, SIP) 題目中選出 24 道與下背痛病患生活功能方 面有關的自填式 (self-administration) 問卷,原創者為使問卷內容更適用 於下背痛,在每一道題目中添加「因為我的腰背部」敘述以增加其獨特 性。至於問卷計分採「有」記為1 分;「沒有」記為 0 分計算,因此總 分由0 分(完全沒有生活障礙)到 24 分(嚴重生活障礙)。原始問卷已 建立良好的信效度[132, 135]。但是直接將問卷內容從一種語言翻譯到另一 語言時,若沒有考慮語言文化差異,此翻譯是否等同原始問卷是值得懷
疑的[136]。
圖2.4 視覺類比刻度尺
23 I. Pain Rating Index (PRI):
None Mild Moderate Severe
Throbbing 0) 1) 2) 3)
Shooting Stabbing Sharp Cramping Gnawing Hot-Burning Aching Heavy Tender Splitting Tiring Sickening Exhausting Fearful
Punishing-Cruel
II. Present Pain Intensity (PPI)–Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
III. Evaluative overall intensity of total pain experience. Place a check mark ( ) in the appropriate column.
0 No pain
1 Mild
2 Discomforting 3 Distressing 4 Horrible 5 Excruciating
圖2.5 麥克基 (McGill) 疼痛問卷
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The Roland-Morris Low Back Pain and Disability Questionnaire
Please read instructions: When your back hurts, you may find it difficult to do some of the things you normally do
Mark only the sentences that describe you today
1 I stay at home most of the time because of my back
2 I change position frequently to try to get my back comfortable 3 I walk more slowly than usual because of my back
4 Because of my back, I am not doing any jobs that I usually do around the house
5 Because of my back, I use a handrail to get upstairs 6 Because of my back, I lie down to rest more often
7 Because of my back, I have to hold on to something to get out of an easy chair
8 Because of my back, I try to get other people to do things for me 9 I get dressed more slowly than usual because of my back
10 I only stand up for short periods of time because of my back 11 Because of my back, I try not to bend or kneel down
12 I find it difficult to get out of a chair because of my back 13 My back is painful almost all of the time
14 I find it difficult to turn over in bed because of my back 15 My appetite is not very good because of my back
16 I have trouble putting on my sock (or stockings) because of the pain in my back
17 I can only walk short distances because of my back pain 18 I sleep less well because of my back
19 Because of my back pain, I get dressed with the help of someone else
圖2.6 羅蘭摩理斯下背痛生活障礙問卷
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20 I sit down for most of the day because of my back 21 I avoid heavy jobs around the house because of my back
22 Because of back pain, I am more irritable and bad tempered with people than usual
23 Because of my back, I go upstairs more slowly than usual 24 I stay in bed most of the time because of my back
圖 2.6 續