不定詞具有名詞、形容詞與副詞的功能。當名詞時,可作句子的主詞、受詞與補語;當形容詞可 用來修飾名詞,亦可當補語;若當副詞的功能,則主要用來修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞與整個句子。
1. 名詞用法
當主詞用(1) To + V +單數動詞.... = It + 單數動詞 ...+ to V...
例 句
1. To go for an eco-tour is exciting.
= It is exciting to go for an eco-tour.
(去參加生態之旅是很有趣的。)
2. To master a foreign language is difficult.
= It is difficult to master a foreign language.
(要精通一種外國語言是很困難的。)
3. To keep early hours makes us healthy.
= It makes us healthy to keep early hours.
(早睡早起使我們身體健康。)
4. To study hard pays.
= It pays to study hard.
(努力用功讀書會有代價的。)
注意事項
1.不定詞當主詞時,無論其後接的是單數或複數名詞,動詞皆要用單數動詞。
2.用 it 當「虛主詞」,將真正的主詞放在句尾。
【例】To admit one’s mistakes takes courage.
= It takes courage to admit one’s mistakes.
(承認自己的錯誤需要勇氣。)
【註】若無特定對象而適用於普羅大眾時,可以用It is....to V
【例】It is impossible to live without air.(沒有空氣,我們就無法生存。)
當主詞用(2)
修飾事物的 Adj. + for
It + be + + 人 + to V...
修飾人的 Adj. + of
例 句
1. It is necessary for you to be present at the meeting.
(你出席那會議是有必要的。)
2. It is essential for us to have a balanced diet.
(我們有均衡的飲食是很重要的。)
3. It was considerate of you to let us know you would be late.
(你讓我們知道你會遲到,真是太善體人意了。)
4. It’s wise of you to think twice whenever you make important decisions.
(你很明智,在做出重要決定時,會再三思量。)
注意事項
1.在本句型中,適用在針對特定對象時用。it 是虛主詞。真正的主詞是 to V。
2.若指「某事對某人而言是...」,介係詞用 for。主詞補語則用描述事物的形容
詞。
【例】difficult / hard(困難的),easy(簡單的),necessary(必要的),
essential(必要的),convenient(方便的),inconvenient(不方便的),
possible(可能的),impossible(不可能的),useful(有用的),
useless(沒用的),inevitable(不可避免的)等等。
3.若指「某人本身的特質」時, 介係詞用 of。主詞補語則用「讚美或批評某人 特質」的形容詞。
【例】nice(心地好的),sweet(和藹、親切的),kind(和藹、親切的),
honest(誠實的),thoughtful(善體人意的),generous(慷慨的),
rude(粗魯無禮的),clever(聰明的),smart(聰明的),
polite(有禮貌的),impolite(沒禮貌的),brave(勇敢的),
cruel(殘忍的),foolish(愚蠢的),selfish (自私的)等等。
當受詞用 (1) S + V(完全及物動詞)+ to V...
例 句
1. I forgot to bring my camera with me when I visited the ranch.
(我去牧場玩時,忘了帶相機。)
2. Pete intends to share his unforgettable experience with all his good friends.
(彼得想和他所有的好朋友分享難忘的生活經驗。)
3. Maria tried not to awake her roommate who stayed up last night.
(瑪麗亞試著不吵醒她那昨晚熬夜的室友。)
4. Mother told me never to stay outside overnight.
(媽咪告訴我絕不要在外過夜。)
注意事項
1.本句型中,主要動詞是個完全及物動詞,通常是要表達主詞的意願或企圖。
後面接的不定詞當受詞用。
此類的動詞有:
want(想要),desire(想要),like / love(喜歡),dislike(不喜歡),hope
(希望),wish(但願),plan(計畫),intend(打算),expect(期待),
decide(決定),try / attempt(試著),determine(下定決心),resolve(決定),
promise(承諾),pretend(假裝),manage(設法),agree(同意), refuse
(拒絕),can afford(買得起),would like(想要),used to(以往經常)....等等。
2.注意本句型的否定句-not / never 要放在 to + V 之前。
【例】1. George decided not to take the job offer.
(喬治決定不接受那份工作。)
2. My boss warned me never to be late again.
(我的老闆警告我不得再遲到。)
當受詞用 (2) but + to V...
例 句
1. There’s nothing to do but to keep silent.
= I have no choice but to keep silent.
= I have no option but to keep silent.
= I have no alternative but to keep silent.
(除了沉默之外,我別無他法。)
注意事項 有「不是....而是」之意的 nothing / no N ....but....,but 後面接的不定詞可視為 其受詞。
當受詞用 (3) S + V + it(虛受詞)+ Adj. / NP + to V...(真受詞)
例 句
1. People believe it rewarding to read more.
(人們相信多閱讀是有益的。)
2. Miranda found it difficult to finish her report before the deadline.
(茉瑞達發現要在截止日期前完成她的報告是很困難的。)
3. Dave takes it his responsibility to take care of his young brothers.
(戴夫把照顧他的弟弟們視為己任。)
4. I make it a rule to write something in English every day.
(我習慣每天用英文寫點東西。)
注意事項
1.本句型中,it 是不完全及物動詞之虛受詞,真正的受詞是不定詞。
2.此類的動詞有:find(發現),believe(相信), consider(認為), make(使....)
,take(把...當做...)
當補語用 (A) S + V + to V(主詞補語) (B) S + V + O + to V (受詞補語)
例 句
1. My hobby is to collect stamps from different parts of the world. (主詞補語)
(我的嗜好是收集來自世界各地的郵票。)
2. To do good is to be happy. (主詞補語) (為善常樂。)
3. We believe him to be honest. (受詞補語) (我們認為他是誠實的。)
4. My parents don’t allow me to smoke. (受詞補語) (我父母不允許我抽菸。)
注意事項 1.例 3 中,to be honest 也可以省略成 honest. We believe him honest.
整句成為 S + V + O + OC 之句型。
WH 疑問詞 +
to V WH 疑問詞 + to V = 名詞片語
例 句
1. What to wear for the party bothered me.(不定詞當主詞)
(要穿什麼去參加派對困擾著我。)
2. Jack taught me how to sing the song. (不定詞當受詞)
(傑克敎我怎麼唱那首歌。)
3. Please tell me which bus to take to the National Palace Museum.
(請告訴我要搭哪班公車去故宮博物院。)(不定詞當受詞)
4. How to start is more difficult than where to stop.(不定詞當主詞補語)
(如何開始比在哪裡停止還困難。)
注意事項
1. who, what, which, when, how, where, whether 等接不定詞,可當主詞、受詞或 主詞補語用。本句型中,沒有 why + to V
2.以 WH 疑問詞+ to V 為受詞,但不以 to V 為受詞之動詞有:
ask(問) consider(認為), discuss(討論), discover / find(out)(發現), explain(解釋), know(知道), observe(觀察), suggest / advise(建議), tell(告訴), wonder(想知道)等等。
【例】1. A traffic light tells us when to cross the road and when to stop.
(交通號誌告訴我們何時要過馬路,何時要停住。)
2.We must remember where to take refuge in case a big fire or an earthquake occurs.
(我們必須記得萬一發生火災或是地震時,應到何處避難。)
2. 形容詞用法
限定用法 N/ Pron.(先行詞)+ to V(形容詞)
例 句
1. I have some assignment to do.
(我有功課要做。)
2.Wherever Melissa goes, she always brings a book to read in case a conversation lags.
(梅麗莎無論去哪裡,總是帶本書去看,以防萬一談話拖延了。)
3. The homeless victims need us to help them.
(那些無家可歸的災民需要我們去幫助他們。)
4. Derek had carried out his dream to be a famous doctor.
(德瑞克已經實現他當個名醫的夢想。)
注意事項
1. to V 當形容詞,置於所修飾之名詞 / 代名詞之後。
2.本句型中,N(先行詞)若為 to V 之受詞時,V 後不必再接受詞。(如例 1 中,
assignment 為 do 之受詞,do 之後不可再接其他受詞;例 2 中,book 為 read 之受詞,後無須再加其他受詞。)
【例】I have nowhere to go.(nowhere 是 to go 的受詞)
(我沒地方可去。)
3.N(先行詞)若非 to V 語意上之受詞時,V 後要接受詞或適當的介系詞。(如
例 3 中,us 不為 help 之受詞,則必須另加受詞 them。)
【例】1. Give the injured man a chair to sit on.
(給那受傷的人一張椅子坐。)
2. The poor family has no house to live in.(= which they can live in) (那貧苦的家庭沒房子可住。)
【比較】I have no one to help. (我沒有可以幫的人。)
I have no one to help me. (沒有人可以幫我。)
4.說明名詞內容的不定詞,為該名詞之同位語,可被視為是形容詞用法。(例 4)
敘述用法 不完全及物動詞 + O + to V(受詞補語)
例 句
1. I asked my students to finish their assignment on time.
(我要求我的學生要準時完成作業。)
2. John ordered the work to be started immediately.
(約翰命令大家立即開工。)
3. 副詞用法
修飾形容詞 S + be + 形容詞 + to V
例 句
1 Your question is hard to answer.
(你的問題很難回答。)
2. I am sorry to hear the bad news.
(很遺憾聽到這壞消息。)
3. John was a bright kid and eager to learn.
(約翰是個聰明的孩子,也渴望學習。)
4. Children were reluctant to leave the amusement park.
(孩子們不情願離開遊樂場。)
注意事項
1.這類的形容詞,大多用來表達情緒。不定詞則說明原因或狀態。
常見的情緒形容詞有:
happy / delighted(令人高興的),sad(令人悲傷的),sorry(令人遺憾的),
surprised / shocked(令人驚訝的),excited(令人興奮的),eager(渴望的),
anxious(令人不安的),afraid(害怕的),willing(願意的),reluctant
(不願意的)等等。
【例】1. We were excited to know our school team won the game.
(獲知校隊贏了比賽,我們十分興奮。)
2. I am pleased to meet you again.
(很高興又見到你。)
表「目的」
(A) to (B) so that may so as to + V in order that + S + + V in order to to the end that can
(C) for the purpose of
with a view to + N / Ving with an eye to
例 句
1. Sam came to see me last week.
(山姆上週來看我。)
2. I study hard to pass the examination.
= I study hard in order to pass the examination.
= I study hard so as to pass the examination.
= I study hard for the purpose of passing the examination.
= I study hard with a view to passing the examination.
(為了要通過考試,我努力用功讀書。)
3. Manfred often works out in the gym in order to keep fit.
= In order to keep fit, Manfred often works out in the gym.
(為了保持好身材,曼佛德常去健身房運動。)
注意事項
1. to V 修飾前面之動詞, 表示「為了要....」
2.為了使受詞的意義更加明確,可在 to 前加上 so as, in order 3. in order to...:「為了」(用以強調目的)
so as to...:「以便能...」(句子強調結果)
4.否定形式 so as not to...:「不想...」, in order not to....:「不致於..」
【例】1. She left quietly so as not to wake anyone.
(她安靜地離開,以免吵醒任何人。)
2. David kept silent in order not to disturb others.
(為了不吵到他人,大衛保持肅靜。)
表「結果」
形容詞 形容詞 as to V
+ enough to V = so + + 副詞 副詞 that S + can / could + V
例 句
1. Elizabeth is wise enough to be my mentor.
= Elizabeth is so wise as to be my mentor.
= Elizabeth is so wise that she can be my mentor.
(伊莉莎白聰明的足以當我的導師。)
2. Mr. Terry was so kind as to drive me home.
= Mr. Terry was kind enough to drive me home.
(泰瑞先生真是親切,開車送我回家。)
表「原因」
形容詞 形容詞
too + to V = so + ...that + S + cannot + V...
副詞 副詞
例 句
1. Kevin is too shy to ask Betty to be his Valentine.
= Kevin is so shy that he cannot ask Betty to be his Valentine.
(凱文太內向害羞,而不敢問貝蒂是否願意當他的情人。)
2. This problem is too difficult for me to solve.
= The problem is so difficult that I cannot solve the problem.
(這問題太難,我無法解決。)
表「判斷的根據」 經過推論、判斷後,意指「才會做...」
例 句
1. He must be crazy to donate all his property to the charity.
(他一定是瘋了,才會將所有的財產捐給慈善團體。)
2. You must have done something wrong to annoy Uncle Bill.
(你一定做了什麼錯事,才會惹惱了比爾叔叔。)
表「條件」 含有假設語氣,亦可用於假設法之句型
例 句
1. To hear his accent, you would take him as a native English speaker.
= If you hear his accent, you will take him as a native English speaker.
(聽他說話的腔調,你會以為他是個以英語為母語的老外。)