分 詞 形 式 例 子 表 意
現在分詞 原形動詞 + ing V-ing read reading
sing singing 表「主動、正在進行」之意 過去分詞
(1)規則變化之動詞 原形動詞 + ed Vpp (2)不規則變化之動詞
listen listened
write written 表「被動、已經完成」之意
【例】1. I know the girl playing the flute intently. (我認識那個專注地吹奏長笛的女孩。)
2. The man driving terribly was drunk.(開車開得歪七扭八的那個人已經喝醉了。)
3. People love the poem recited by Jennifer.(人們喜歡珍妮佛朗頌的詩。)
4. Have you ever watched the movie called ‘Avatar’?(你可曾看過那部電影「阿凡達」?)
由上面四例可見:分詞因具有動詞的特徵,所以
現在分詞(1)可以有「受詞」(如例 1 中的 the flute 就是 playing 的受詞)或 (2)被「副詞」修飾(如例 2 中的 terribly 就是修飾 driving);
過去分詞(1)不可有受詞,但可被「副詞」修飾(如例 3 中的 by Jennifer 則是修飾 recited 的副詞片語)或
(2)接「補語」(如例 4 中的 Avatar 就是 called 的補語)。
二、分詞的功能
1. 作為主要動詞的一部份,形成不同的「時態」與「語態」
時態 / 語態 動 詞 形 態 例 句
現在進行式 be + Ving Milton is playing basketball with his friends.
(米爾頓正在和他的朋友打籃球。)
完成式 have / has / had + Vpp Diana has finished all the household chores.
(黛安娜已經完成所有的家事。)
被動語態 be + Vpp The flower was named after my grandmother.
(那花是以我奶奶的名字來命名。)
2.分詞可作形容詞(修飾名詞及代名詞),亦可做補語
(A)現在分詞作形容詞表主動、進行、令人覺得...的。可分為「限定用法」與「敘述用法」。
【例】1. The story read by Samantha is interesting. 當主詞補語
(莎曼莎唸的故事真有趣。)
2. Michael made a wish under the shining stars. 當形容詞,修飾 stars (麥克在閃亮的星光下許願。)
(B)過去分詞作形容詞表被動、完成、感到...的
【例】1. We were touched by the sad story. 當主詞補語 (我們被這悲劇故事感動。)
2. The well prepared speech impressed us. 當形容詞,修飾 speech (我們對那場準備充分的演講印象深刻。)
分詞用法當形容詞用時,最重要的即是得判斷該分詞的語意。若有主動語意者,則用「現在分 詞」V-ing;有被動語意者,用「過去分詞」Vpp。
【例】1. A rolling stone gathers no moss. 滾石不生苔(轉業不聚財)。 2. Let sleeping dogs lie. 別自找麻煩(別惹事生非)。
3. A contented mind is a perpetual feast. (知足常樂)
4. A burnt child dreads the fire. 受灼的小孩必怕火(一朝被蛇咬,十年怕草繩)。
rolling(例 1)、sleeping(例 2)表示主動性質或正在進行的動作;而 contented(例 3)、burnt
(例 4)表被動或動作完成。 所以在使用分詞時要考慮到分詞與其所修飾之名詞彼此之間的關係。
種類
表達 現 在 分 詞 過 去 分 詞
名詞與分
詞的關係 主 動 被 動
【例】
a crying baby = a baby who is crying
a sleeping beauty = a beauty who is sleeping
a broken window = a window which is broken
a crowded city = a city which is crowded
時 態
表被修飾的名詞正在做某動作
進行式
表被修飾的名詞已做完動作
完成式
【例】 boiling water = water which is boiling
boiled water = water which has been boiled
情緒動詞
【註1】 (事物)令人感到...的 (人)覺得...的
【例】 It’s an exciting game.
The story has a surprising ending.
I feel excited.
We are surprised at the result.
【註1】情緒動詞改為分詞時,有以下特性:
The police are looking for a missing child.
(警方正在尋找一個失蹤的小孩。)
Lost time is never found again.
(光陰已逝,永不回。)
名詞 + V-ing / Vpp
(名詞置於分詞前後位修飾)
The girl playing the piano is my daughter.【註1】
【註1】 playing the piano
The girl who/that is playing the piano is my daughter.(正在彈鋼琴的女孩是我女兒。)
who/that plays the piano
若無關係代名詞 who 或 that,則後兩句會有兩個主要動詞。
The girl is playing the piano is my daughter. (X)
The girl plays the piano is my daughter. (X)
所以可知,分詞片語是由形容詞子句簡化而來 (A)形容詞子句省略關係代名詞
(B)動詞若為 be 動詞則省略 be 動詞;若是一般動詞,主動則改為 V-ing,被動改為 Vpp 【例】1. The man who is talking to the principal is our new English teacher.
= The man talking to the principal is our new English teacher.
(正在和校長說話的人,是我們的新英文老師。)
2. People who enjoy sweet foods will be over-weight easily.
= People enjoying sweet foods will be over-weight easily.
(喜歡甜食的人,容易過重。)
3. A robot which was invented a couple of years ago helped people deal with dangerous tasks.
= A robot invented a couple of years ago helped people deal with dangerous tasks.
(幾年前被創造出來的機器人,幫助人們處理危險的任務。)
【註2】除 come 以外,go、sit、stand、lie、walk 等常接分詞作主詞補語。
【例】1. We went away unseen.(我們偷溜走,沒被人看到。)
2. Father stood astonished as he got a phone call.(當父親接到電話時,他吃驚站著。)
【註3】連綴動詞,如 look(看起來),become(變得),feel(覺得),get(變得)和 be 動詞等,
可接過去分詞當主詞補語。
【例】1. Mr. Maguire looked satisfied with our performance.
(馬奎爾先生看起來對我們的表現感到滿意。)
2. The audience became excited as soon as they saw their favorite singer show up.
(觀眾一看到自己喜歡的歌手出現時變得很興奮。)
【註4】感官動詞(如 see, hear, feel, watch, notice, overhear, observe, smell, look at, listen to..等)、
使役動詞(如 have, make)和不完全及物動詞(如 find, discover, keep, leave, catch 等)可 接分詞當受詞補語。
【例】1. I heard Scott singing happily in the garden.
(我聽到史考特開心地在花園裡唱歌。)
2. Mom had her hair permed yesterday.
(媽咪昨天去燙頭髮了。)
3. I am sorry to have kept you waiting.
(很抱歉讓你久等了。)