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三級文法

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目 次

第一章

名詞與代名詞

第二章

關係代名詞與關係副詞

第三章

動詞時態

第四章

被動語態

第五章

假設語氣

第六章

疑問句與附加問句

第七章

否定句與倒裝句

第八章

不定詞

第九章

動名詞

第十章

分詞

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第一章 名詞與代名詞

一、名詞

凡表示「人、動物、事物、地方等名稱」的單字,稱為名詞。又可分為「可數名詞」及「不可 數名詞」兩大類。 1.可數名詞包括「普通名詞」和「集合名詞」。 可數名詞 普通名詞 (有單、複數之分)(可加冠詞或數詞) 集合名詞 (單數形式,複數意義)

a dog(一隻狗),a computer(一部電腦),

an apple(一個蘋果),an egg(一個蛋),

the students(那些學生們),two books(兩本書)

class(班級), family(家庭)

people(民族), team(團隊)

crowd (群眾), army (軍隊)

(1)「普通名詞」是指同種類的人、動物、事物或事物所共有的名稱。是可清楚地計算出單數 或複數的名詞。

【例】a singer(一位歌手)、an eagle(一隻老鷹)、a piano(一台鋼琴)、an officer(一 位警官)等。

(A) 單數可數名詞:可以單獨計數出一個、二個的。 【例】:a letter(ㄧ封信)、 two letters(兩封信)

(B) 複數可數名詞: 複數可數名詞 一般名詞的複數型 (字尾加 s) 字尾是 s, x, ch, o, sh 等單字的複數型 (字尾加 es) a T-shirt → T-shirts(T 恤) a cellphone → cellphones(手機) a camera → cameras(相機) a robot → robots(機器人) a soldier → soldiers(軍人) a custom → customs(風俗) a penguin → penguins(企鵝) a bus → buses(公車) a box → boxes(盒子) a watch → watches(手錶) a dish → dishes(盤子) a hero → heroes(英雄) a radio → radios(收音機) (字尾是子音+ o →子音+ o + es; 字尾是母音+ o →母音+ o + s) 字尾是子音 + y 的單字的複數型 (字尾去 y 加 ies) 字尾是母音 + y 的單字的複數型 (字尾加 s) a hobby →hobbies(嗜好) a family →families(家庭;家人) a beauty → beauties(美女) a dictionary → dictionaries(字典) a day → days(日子;天) a boy → boys(男孩)

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字尾是 f, fe 的單字的複數型

(字尾去 f, fe 加 ves) 單複數同型

a thief → thieves(賊) a knife → knives(刀子)

a sheep → three sheep(綿羊) a fish → four fish(魚)

a deer → eleven deer(鹿) a Chinese → Chinese (中國人) 複數名詞不遵守加 s 規則 只有複數的名詞 a child → children(孩子) a man→ men(男人) a woman → women(女人) a tooth → teeth(牙齒) a foot → feet(腳;呎) a knife → knives(刀子) 【例】jeans → jeans(牛仔褲) *a pair of (ㄧ副、ㄧ雙、ㄧ條) 可將複數名詞變成單數含義。 【例】a pair of glasses (一副眼鏡) a pair of socks(一雙襪子) a pair of pants(一條長褲)

【註1】表示單位之名詞,雖無具體的形體,也看成是普通動詞。

【例】an inch(一吋)、 a foot (一呎)、a meter (一公尺)、 a second(一秒)、 a minute(一分鐘)、 an hour (一小時)、a day(一天)、 a year(一年)等。

【註2】雖無具體的形式,但有限度並可算其次數之名詞,也可看成是普通動詞。

【例】1. I enjoy taking a walk after dinner. (我喜歡在晚餐後散散步。) 2. Let’s take a five-minute break. (我們休息五分鐘吧!)

3. That’s a good idea. (那是個好主意!)

(2)「集合名詞」為同種類的人、動物等的集合體的名稱,也是指具有「團體性人數」的名詞。 【例】police(警方)、 jewelry(珠寶首飾)、audience(聽眾、觀眾)等。

 此種單字之特性是:單數形式,複數意義。

代表集合體:和普通名詞的用法一樣有單數形,也有複數形,也可加冠詞。 【例】a family(一個家庭)→ families (多個家庭)、

a nation(一個國家)→ nations (多個國家)、 a people(一個民族)→ peoples (多個民族)

【例】1. Mary has a big family. (瑪莉有個大家庭。)

2. Seven families live in this apartment. (七戶人家住在這棟公寓裡。) 3. The Chinese are a peace-loving people. (中國人是愛好和平的民族。) 4. There are many different peoples in Asia. (亞洲有很多不同的民族。)

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2.不可數名詞包括「專有名詞」、「物質名詞」和「抽象名詞」。 不可數名詞 專有名詞 (第一個字母要大寫) 物質名詞 (前面不可有不定冠詞、數字) 抽象名詞 指特定的人、地、事物所專有 的名稱。 【例】 1. 人名(Peter、Beethoven) 2. 地名(Taipei、Main St.) 3. 山川湖海名(Mt. Ali、the

Nile、the Pacific Ocean) 4. 國名(Canada、China) 5. 月份(January) 6. 一週七天(Sunday) 7. 書名(the Bible) 8. 節日(Mother’s Day) 9.其他(WTO、H1N1、Mars) 不具有固定形狀的東西。 【例】 1. 材料(wood、 stone) 2. 食品飲料(beef、coffee) 3. 氣體、液體、固體之化 學名詞 (air、water, iron) 4. 其他(money、wind、 ice....) 無具體形狀之事物或概念, 只表示性質、動作、狀態、 學科、疾病等名稱。 【例】 1. 性質:honesty、 happiness 2. 動作:advice、action 3. 狀態:friendship、 childhood 4. 學科:history、geography 5. 疾病:flu、cancer 專有名詞  第一個字母要大寫。

1.特定的人、地方之名稱:Beethoven(貝多芬)、Dr. Sun Yat-sen(孫中山先生)、 New York (紐約)、 the Antarctica(南極洲)

2.山川湖海名:Mt. Ali(阿里山)、the Sun-moon Lake(日月潭)、the Nile(尼羅河)、

the Pacific Ocean(太平洋)

3.國名、其國民、與語文名:China(中國)、Chinese(中國人、中文)

4.星期及月份:Sunday(星期日)、 December (十二月)

5.書名: the Bible(聖經)、the Secret Garden(秘密花園)

6.節日和假日: Mother’s Day(母親節)、Thanksgiving Day(感恩節)

7.建築物和路名: Taipei 101(台北 101 大樓)、Hoping East Rd.(和平東路)

8.組織、機構、學校、公司行號: WHO(世界衛生組織)、NASA(美國太空總署)、 NTU (台

灣大學)、 Microsoft Co. (微軟公司) 9.天體名:Mars(火星)、Venus(金星)【日(sun)、月(moon)、地球(earth)為普通名詞, 前面要加定冠詞;毋須大寫。但地球若表示為太陽系之九大行星之一時,也要算是專有名詞, 第一個字母要大寫。】 物質名詞:無固定形態的物質的名稱,指「液體物質、食物」或「材料」等名詞。 1.材料: wood(木材)、 stone(石頭)、glass(玻璃)、gold(金)、paper(紙) 2.食品飲料: salt(鹽)、bread(麵包)milk(牛奶)、coffee(咖啡)、wine(酒) 3.氣體、液體、固體之化學名詞: air(空氣)、water(水)、iron(鐵) 4.其他: money(錢)、wind(風)、ice(冰)、rain(雨)、smoke(煙)

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抽象名詞:性質、狀態、概念等名稱。是指「無具體形狀之事物或概念」等名詞。 1.性質: honesty(誠實)、happiness(快樂)、wisdom(智慧) 2.動作: advice(建議)、action(行動)、agreement(辯論) 3.狀態: friendship(友誼)、childhood(童年)、excitement(興奮) 4.學科: history(歷史)、geography(地理)、PE(體育) 5.疾病: flu(流感)、cancer(癌症)、diarrhea(腹瀉) 【註1】不可數名詞不能單獨計數的,前面不能直接加數量詞,要加單位詞。

【例】a glass of water(一杯水)、 an ear of corn 一根玉米。 雖然本身無法加 s,但計量詞是複數時得加上 s 或 es。

【例】two glasses of milk (兩杯牛奶)、two loaves of bread (兩條麵包)

【註2】有些表示量的形容詞放前面。

【例】little money(很少錢)、 a little money(一些錢)、much money(很多錢) 。 some(一些)、a lot of(很多)的後面可接可數及不可數名詞。

【例】some money (= a little money)、some books (= a few books 一些書)、a lot of money (= much money)、a lot of books (= many books)

【註3】不可數名詞不能用 this、that、these 或 those,但可以用 the 來「限定」或「指定」。

【例】Drink the milk in the glass. (把杯子裡的牛奶喝了)  此時指杯子裡的牛奶。 I drink milk every day. (我每天喝牛奶)  此時牛奶未指明出處,屬泛稱。 但「計量詞」前可加 this / that / these / those。

【例】this cup of tea (這杯茶)、that glass of water (那杯水)、these cups of coffee (這幾杯 咖啡)、those glasses of milk (那幾杯牛奶)

二、代名詞

凡用來代替前面提過的名詞,以避免重複的字即稱為代名詞。所以其功用與名詞相同,作主詞、 受詞或補語。

【例】1. David told me that he met Linda yesterday. (大衛告訴我他昨天遇到琳達了。he 指的是 David)

2. Tom, we are proud of you. (湯姆,我們以你為榮。you 是指 Tom) 3. I just love that movie. It is the most interesting movie that I have ever seen.

(我喜歡那部電影。它是我曾看過的電影中最有趣的一部了!It 是指 that movie) 功

作 主 詞 I enjoy swimming. Who knows?

作 受 詞 Look at her. With whom would you like to talk? 作 補 語 It is he, Mr. Thomas. Who is that man?

種 類

人稱代名詞 說話者、聽話者及被談論者的區別。 【例】I, you, he, she, it, we, they 指示代名詞 表示指定的人或事物。 【例】this, these, that, those, such, so, same 不定代名詞 表示不確定的人或事物。 【例】some, any, either, each, many, all, none,… 疑問代名詞 表示各種疑問。 【例】Who..? What….? Where…?

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形 式

主 格 I, you, he, she, it, we, they, who 受 格 me, you, him, her, it, us, them, whom

所 有 格 形容詞:my, your, his, her, its, our, their, whose 代名詞:mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs, whose

人稱代名詞 1.分類 人稱 主格 受格 所有格 所有格代名詞 反身代名詞 第一人稱(單) (說話者) I me my mine myself 第二人稱(單)

(聽話者) you you your yours yourself

第三人稱(單)

(被談論者)

he him his his himself

she her her hers herself

it it its its itself

第一人稱(複) we us our ours ourselves

第二人稱(複) you you your yours yourselves

第三人稱(複) they them their theirs themselves

*人稱代名詞的「性」僅第三人稱單數時才有陽性、陰性與無性的變化;其餘均為通性,無 變化。 *人稱代名詞的「所有格」具有形容詞的性質,其後必須接名詞。 *人稱代名詞的「所有格代名詞」具有代名詞性質,其後不能再接名詞。 2.人稱代名詞的格 *主格的用法:作主詞、主詞補語、同位語、分詞的意義上主詞 作主詞 They studied as hard as they could.

(她們儘可能地用功讀書。)

作主詞補語 It is she who is playing the flute.(在口語時,常用受格 her)

(正在吹長笛就是她。)

作同位語 The new students, Jack and I, were required to take a Chinese class. (新學生,也就是傑克和我,被要求去上中文課。)

作分詞的意義上主詞 Staying silent, he didn’t tell us what had happened. (他保持沉默,沒告訴我們發生了什麼事。) *受格的用法:作及物動詞、介系詞的受詞,及受詞補語

作及物動詞的受詞 Tell us where you come from.

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作介系詞的受詞 Come with me, please. (請跟我來。)

作受詞補語 They didn’t believe the lottery winner to be her.

(他們不相信樂透得主是她。)

*所有格的用法:其功用相當於形容詞,後接名詞

後接名詞

Mr. Terry, my next-door neighbor, walks his dog every morning.

(我隔壁鄰居—泰瑞先生,每天早上會去蹓狗。)

To our surprise, Angela decided to marry John, her boss.

(令我們驚訝的是,安琪拉決定嫁給她的上司約翰。)

*所有格代名詞的用法:其功用相當於“形容詞+代名詞”,其後不再接名詞,以避免名詞的重複。

後不接名詞

That’s your job, not his. (= his job)

(那是你該做的工作,而不是他的事!)

Bill Gates is a friend of mine.(= my friends)

(比爾蓋茲是我的一個朋友。)

( A) we / you / they 的特殊用法:we , you 常被用來指一般人;they 通常用以避免使用被動語態 【例】1.We (You) should follow traffic rules. (人人應該遵守交通規則。)

2. They speak English in Canada. = English is spoken in Canada. (加拿大人說英語。) 3. They say / People say / It is said that he is our new teacher. (據說他是我們的新老師。) ( B ) it 的用法

(1) it 指天氣、時間、一星期的七天、季節、距離等

【例】1. It is a lovely day, isn’t it? (今天天氣很好,不是嗎?) 2. It is ten o’clock. (現在十點鐘。)

3. It is Tuesday, not Wednesday. (今天星期二,不是星期三。) 4. It is spring now. (現在是春天。)

5. It’s a ten-minute walk from here to the bank.(從這裡到那銀行,走路要十分鐘。) (2) it 代替前面已經出現過的無性的名詞,以避免重複

it 所指的事物和前面所提到的事物是同一個 it = the (this , that , my…) + 名詞 【例】I saw a movie last night. It is interesting. (It = the movie)

(昨晚我看了場電影。挺好看的。) (3) it 代替前面已經說過的片語或子句

【例】1. Mr. Wang said, “Prevention is better than cure”. And we all know it. (it = Prevention

is better than cure)(王老師說:「預防勝於治療」。我們全都明白。)

2. I tried to finish the job by myself but found it not that easy. (it = to finish the job by myself)(我試著要獨立完成那件事。但發現並不容易。)

(4) it 為形式主詞(虛主詞)代替後面所要說的不定詞、動名詞、名詞子句。

【例】1. It is important to learn English well. ( It = to learn English well )

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2. It is no use crying over spilt milk. ( It = crying over spilt milk)(覆水難收。) 3. It is true that he made a big mistake. ( It = that he made a big mistake )

(他真的犯了個大錯。)

(5) it 做形式受詞(虛受詞)代替後面所要說的不定詞、動名詞、名詞子句。

【例】1. I make it a rule to memorize 10 English words every day. ( it = to memorize 10 English words every day ) (我養成每天背 10 個英文單字的習慣)

2. Peter found it impossible finishing all his homework within an hour. ( it =

finishing all his homework within an hour. ) (彼得發現要在一個鐘頭之內做完全 部的作業是不可能的事。)

( C )所有格的用法

(1)所有格 + 名詞

【例】Tom is one of my best friends.(湯姆是我的好友之一。) (2)普通名詞的所有格

(i) 有生命者  ~’s / ~s’

【例】1. Janet’s teacher is always nice to her.(珍妮特的老師對她一直都很好。) 2. These girls’ parents will take them on a trip.(這些女孩們的父母會帶她們去 旅行。)

3. This is a boys’ school. (這是間男校。)

4. Jennifer writes children’s books. (珍妮佛寫兒童書籍。)

(ii) A and B’s ~ (~為 A 和 B 所共有) / A’s and B’s ~ (~為 A 和 B 分別擁有)

【例】1. Cindy and David’s father is an engineer.(欣蒂和大衛的父親是位工程師。)

2. Cindy’s and David’s fathers are engineers.(欣蒂和大衛的父親均是工程師。) (3)所有格不可與不定冠詞 a、定冠詞 the、指示形容詞 this/that..連用

(X) John is my a friend. (X) I am his the uncle. (X) Helen made her that neighbor a ake. (4) A of B (B 的 A)

【例】1. The employees of his company are working hard.(他公司的員工工作都很勤奮。) 2. The owner of this fancy restaurant is Mr. Kao. (這間豪華餐廳的老闆是高先生。)

3. The photos of this book were taken by Steven. (這本書的照片是史蒂芬拍的。) 4. What is the name of the man in the room?(在房間裡的那個人叫什麼名字?)

( D )所有格代名詞

(1)代替名詞,避免名詞的重複

【例】Your bicycle is new, but mine is old. ( mine = my bicycle) (你的腳踏車是新的,但我的腳踏車是舊的)

These are my ideas, not yours. ( yours = your ideas) (這些是我的主意,不是你的主意。)

(2)雙重所有格 ~~ + 名詞 + of + 所有格代名詞 【例】Jonathan 是我的一位老朋友。

(O) Jonathan is an old friend of mine. (X) Jonathan is my an old friend.

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( E )反身代名詞的用法

(1)受詞與主詞相同時,受詞則使用反身代名詞

【例】1. She is looking at herself in the mirror. (她正在照鏡子。) 2. We sometimes talk to ourselves.(我們有時會自言自語。)

3. God helps those who help themselves.(【諺】天助自助者。) (2)加上 by,說明獨自或靠自己做某事

【例】1. Do the homework all by yourself.(你要自己做作業。)

2. My younger sister is old enough to go to school by herself.(我妹妹已經夠大可 以自己去上學了。)

(3)強調主詞或受詞本身

【例】1. I myself will finish the job. (我自己會完成那工作。)加強主詞 2. I want to see our boss himself.(我想見老闆本人。)加強受詞

指示代名詞

(1) 名詞前加上指示代名詞,或加冠詞。兩者擇一。

【例】This machine works well.(這機器運作正常。)= The machine works well. 【例】Those dogs are cute.(那些狗很可愛。)= The dogs are cute.

(2) 單數指示代名詞 + 單數動詞;複數指示代名詞 + 複數動詞 【例】1. This soup tastes good.(這湯好喝。)

2. Those students study hard. (那些學生很用功。)

(3) this 或 that 代替事物時= it;若代替人時=he 或 she;these 或 those 可用代名詞 they 取代。 【例】1. This is a shopping mall. = It is a shopping mall. (這是個購物商場。)

2. That is an interesting story. = It is an interesting story. (那是個很有趣的故事。) 3. That is my mother. = She is my mother.(那位是我的母親。)

4. These are my students. = They are my students.(這些是我的學生。)

指示代名詞 用途 文法結構 例 句

this 用來代替離自己較

近的單數人或物

作主詞 This is a robot.(這是一個機器人。)

作形容詞 This idea is great.(這主意不錯。)

that 用來代替離自己較

遠的單數人或物

作主詞 That is my bicycle.(那是我的腳踏車。)

作形容詞 That store sells books.(那店賣書。)

these 用來代替離自己較

近的複數人或物

作主詞 These are my erasers.(這些是我的橡皮

擦。)

作形容詞 These erasers are white.(這些橡皮擦是 白的。)

those 用來代替離自己較

遠的複數人或物

作主詞 Those are his cars.(那些是他的車。)

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(4) 複數指示代名詞僅能與可數名詞連用,不可數名詞無複數形式。 【例】(O) This is my homework.(這是我的作業。)

(X) These are my homework. (homework 作業不可數。) (5) 指示代名詞的詞性:代名詞與形容詞。

代名詞:此處的指示代名詞,作為句子的主詞,用來代替所要說明的人或物。

主詞 Be 動詞 主詞補語

This / That is a(n) / the + 單數名詞. / 形容詞.

These / Those are 複數名詞. / 形容詞.

形容詞:此處的指定代名詞,為形容詞,用來修飾其後的名詞。

不定代名詞

不定代名詞是沒有特別指定對象的代名詞,以避免字詞重複。

表示單數的不定代名詞 表示複數的不定代名詞

anybody / anyone 任何一人 both 二者皆是

somebody / someone 某人 few 很少

nobody / no one 沒人 others 剩下的

everybody / everyone / every one 每個人 many 很多 another 另一個 several 有幾個 each 每一個 all 全部 either 二者之中任一個 neither 二者之中沒一個 the other 剩下的一個 one 一個

主詞 名詞 Be 動詞 主詞補語 This / That 單數名詞 is 冠詞 + 單數名詞. / 形容詞.

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練習題】

1. I work effectively because I always keep in mind that ______ money. (A) time is (B) a time is (C) times are (D) the time is (我工作有效率,因為我始終都記得:「時間就是金錢」。)

2. These boys seemed to have been starved. They ate three _______ this morning.

(A) loaf of bread (B) loafs of bread (C) loaves of breads (D) loaves of bread (那些男孩子似乎是餓壞了。他們今天早上吃了三條麵包)

3. The carpenter fixed ________ for me.

(A) the chair's leg (B) the chairs' legs (C) the legs of the chair (D) the leg of the chairs (那木匠幫我修理椅腳。)

4. On average, there are _______ tourists who visit the National Palace Museum every month. (A) thousands of (B) ten thousands of (C) hundred thousand (D) hundred of thousands (平均而言,每個月都有數以千計的觀光客去參觀故宮。)

5. To raise their five children, _____ parents work very hard for making a living. (A) both my (B) either of my (C) all of my (D) my all

(我的雙親為了要扶養五個小孩辛勤工作。) 6. In this modern city, _____ still in need of great help.

(A) the poor is (B) the poor are (C) poverty is (D) the poverty are (在這個現代化的城市裡,窮人們還是需要很多的幫助。)

7. The zookeeper is a very responsible employee. He takes very good care of these ___________. (A) cattle and sheeps (B) ox and tiger (C) deer and sheep (D) lion and elephant (那位動物園管理員是個很負責任的員工。他將鹿與羊照顧得無微不至。)

8. She speaks English more fluently than I. That is, her English proficiency is much better than ______. (A) me (B) mine (C) I (D) my

(她的英文說得比我流利多了。也就是說,她的英語能力比我好。) 9. The students in my class are more hard-working than ______ in her class.

(A) that (B) these (C) they (D) those (我班上的學生比她班上的學生用功多了。)

10. We bought some pieces of second-hand furniture at that store. We were satisfied with _____. (A) them (B) it (C) that (D) those

(我們在那家店買了些二手家具。我們對它們感到滿意。)

11. Fewer and fewer young people know how to appreciate. Whatever favors they may obtain from others, they tend to take _____ for granted.

(A) that (B) it (C) them (D) those

(越來越少年輕人知道感恩。他們對於得自於別人的恩惠視為理所當然。) 12. To make money is one thing, to spend it wisely is ______.

(A) the other (B) other thing (C) another (D) other (賺錢是一回事,善用金錢又是一回事。)

13. I don't care if he will be present at the meeting. He never speaks, expresses his opinions, or shows any interest in the result. _______ makes no difference whether he comes or not.

(A) This (B) That (C) It (D) What

(我不在乎他會不會來開會。他從不開口說話、表達意見、對開會的結論也不表興趣。他來不 來都一樣。 )

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14. Some comets come back every few years, and ______ are gone for nearly a hundred years before they return.

(A) the others (B) other (C) another (D) others

(有些彗星每幾年就會回來。有些則是要等到幾乎一百年後才會再回來。) 15. ______ moves around _______.

(A) The earth; sun (B) The earth; the sun (C) Earth; Sun (D) Earth; sun (地球繞著太陽轉。)

16. ______ has courage and faith will never perish in misery. (A) Those who (B) Such as (C) He who (D) she who (凡有勇氣與信念者不會在痛苦中毀滅。)

17. ______ knows what he can do till he has tried.

(A) People seldom (B) Few (C) A little (D) Nobody (直到嘗試過,你才會知道自己的能力所在。)

18. It has often been said that books do for us today ______ universities did in earlier days. (A) that (B) what (C) it (D) this

(今日書本為我們所做的事常被認為是早期大學為我們做的事。)

19. I have decided to be a physicist because ______ is now playing such an important role in the progress of science.

(A) he (B) it (C) that (D) those

(我已經決定要當位物理學家,因為他們目前在科學的進步上扮演重要的角色。) 20. I will reward _______ can solve the difficult problem.

(A) who (B) whom (C) one (D) whoever (我會酬謝可以解決這難題的人。)

解答】

題號 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 答案 A D C A A B C B D A B C C D B C D B A D

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第二章 關係代名詞與關係副詞

一、關係代名詞:

1. 何謂「關係代名詞」、「關係子句」、「先行詞」:

A.關係代名詞:同時具有連接詞及代名詞兩種功用(簡稱關代)

(1) who:代替「人」 (2) which:代替「事物」、「動物」 (3) that:以上兩者皆可

B.關係子句:由關係代名詞所帶領的子句,具有形容詞的功用,所以又稱為形容詞子句 C.先行詞:位於關係代名詞前,被關係子句所修飾的名詞 2. 關代之分類 3. 關代可否省略的時機: A.可省略: (1)關係子句中關代當受詞時

Joe knows the gentleman (whom) you mentioned .(喬認識你提到的那位先生。) (2)關代雖當主詞用,和 be 動詞一起省略

I met a girl(who is)good at singing. (我遇見一個很會唱歌的女孩。) (3)從屬子句為進行式或被動式時,連 be 動詞一起省略而形成分詞構句。 1. He is the man (who is) called John. (他是叫約翰的那個人。)

2. I know the boy (who is) running there. (我認識那個正在跑步的男孩。) B.不可省略:

(1)關代當主詞用,後接一般動詞

They like the girl who sings well. (他們喜歡那位歌唱得很好的女孩。) (2)關代當受詞用,前面有介系詞

I don’t know the girl for whom you’re waiting.(我不認識你正在等的那位女孩。)

關 代 分 類 有無先行詞 引領子句性質 特 性

A. 簡單關係代名詞

有 who, whom, whose, which 和 that 前有先行詞 引領形容詞子句 有時是修飾其先行詞,有時則 是對先行詞加以解釋或補充 敘述 B. 複合關係代名詞 有 what, whoever, whosever, whomever, whichever 和 whatever 沒有先行詞 引領名詞子句 相當於"先行詞+簡單關係代 名詞" C. 準關係代名詞 有 but, as, 和 than

有先行詞 屬於簡單關係代名詞,但其先

行詞受到嚴格的限制。常用作 連接詞,很少用於關代,因而 稱其為準關係代名詞或半關

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(3)補述用法(亦稱「非限定用法」)不可省略。若關係子句中有介詞,則調至關代前。 My father, who works as an engineer, enjoys diving very much. (我父親是位工程

師。他很喜歡潛水。)

4. 關代的人稱、動詞的數必須和先行詞一致

1. I need an apartment which has three bedrooms.(我要有三間臥室的公寓房子。) 2. You and Josh, who are my best friends, do understand me.(你和賈舒,我最好的朋友,

真的了解我。) 5. 關代的「格」:須依關代在關係子句中的位置(即在關係子句中的性質)來判斷,與 主要子句無關。 關代如為主詞,則用主格(後接動詞);如為動詞或介系詞的受詞,則用受格;如為 形容詞(後接名詞),則用「所有格」

【例】 1. This is the woman who wants to see you. (主格) (想見你的是這位女士。) 2. Mr. Lin is the teacher whom Tom wants to consult. (受格) (林老師是湯姆想徵詢意

見的人。)

3. Is this the bicycle which you are looking for? (受格)(這是你在找的腳踏車嗎?) 4. David, whose father originally came from Tainan, was one of my students. (所有格) (大衛是我的學生之ㄧ。他父親的家鄉在台南。)

【註1】 關係代名詞無論 which 或 who 皆可用 that 取代,但所有格 whose, of which 則不可。

非限定用法中亦不可用 that。

【例】1. Here is the book which / that is about sports.(這是一本有關運動的書。) 2. People whose genetic make-ups are similar may have similar personalities. (基因結構類似的人們可能會有類似的個性。)

3. Golden bought a new car, the cost of which required him to get a loan. (戈登買了一台需要他貸款才買得起的新車。)

【註2】 關代因具有代名詞的特性,所以有格的區別,而主格和所有格原則上不可省略,而

受格原則上可省略。

The nurse (whom) I like very much is patient.(我很喜歡的那個護士很有耐心。)

先行詞種類

在關係

子句中的性質

主格 所有格 受格

人 who whose whom

事物、動物 which whose

of which which

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6. 何時必用及不可用關代 that:

A. 必用 that:

(1)先行詞前有「最高級」形容詞時:

This is the most difficult math problem that I have ever solved . (這是我曾解過最困難的數學題目。)

(2)先行詞是「人和動物或事物」時:

I saw Mr. Anderson and his sheepdog that were working in the ranch. (我看見安德森先生和他的牧羊犬在牧場裡工作。)

(3)先行詞前有「序數」時:

The first thing that came to my mind is to call my best friend, Sabrina. (我第一個想到的是打電話給我的好朋友莎賓納。)

(4)先行詞前有「特定的字」,如 all, no, every, any, the only, the same, the very, the same,...

1. All that glitters is not gold.(金玉其外,敗絮其中。)

2. No man that knows him will believe him.(沒有一個很了解他的人相信他。) 3. Every student that passed the test felt excited.(每個通過考試的學生都很開心。) 4. Anyone that listens to him is stupid.(相信他的話的人都是笨蛋。)

5. Human beings are the only creature that can talk.(人類是唯一會說話的動物。) 6. Albert Einstein is the very scientist that I admire very much.(愛因斯坦是我非常景

仰的科學家。)

7. Edison is the last person that I would marry.(艾迪森是我絕不會嫁的人。) (5)疑問句開頭是 who, which,為避免重覆時:

1.Who’s the man that volunteered for the hard and unprofitable job? (自願做那無利可圖的苦差事的那個人是誰?)

2.Which is the book that you borrowed from the library? (哪本書是你從圖書館裡借來的?)

B.不可用 that: (1)「介系詞」後面:

This is the house in that he lives. (X)  This is the house in which he lives.(O) (這是他住的房子)

(2)非限定用法的「逗點」後面:

My father, that is a mechanic, knows a lot about cars. (X)

My father, who is a mechanic, knows a lot about cars. (O)(我父親是位很懂車的技工。) (3)先行詞為 people 及 those 的句子:

God helps people that help themselves. (X)

 God helps people who help themselves. (O) (天助自助者。)

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7. 介系詞與關係代名詞

關代 whom, which + S. + V. + 介系詞 = 介系詞 + 關代 whom, which + S. + V.

1. That lady whom I talked to this morning is our homeroom teacher. = That lady to whom I talked this morning is our homeroom teacher. (今天早上和我說話的那位女士是我們導師。)

2. Many poor people have no money which they can buy food with. = Many poor people have no money with which they can buy food. (很多窮人沒有可以買食物的錢。) 8. 何謂關係子句的「限定用法」及「非限定用法」(或被稱為「補述用法」): 注意 「,」的使用 A.限定用法:關係代名詞前沒有「,」者稱為「限定用法」。當先行詞尚不明確或 不只一個時,此時關係子句(形容詞子句)緊接在先行詞之後,修 飾先行詞。

【例】My sister who emigrated to Singapore will come back tomorrow.(我那移居 到新加坡的姊姊明天會回來。) *暗示著姐姐不只一位,要用關係子句(形容詞子句)的「限定用法」才 能明確指出來。 B.非限定用法:關係代名詞之前有「,」者稱為「非限定用法」或「補述用法」。 用在先行詞相當明確時。此關係子句主要在補充說明先行詞,即 使省略了關係子句也不影響主句意義的完整。(此種用法尤其在先 行詞為專有名詞,如人名、地名等,應加上逗號,用關係子句補 充說明。)先行詞明確,不需指認或界定。

【例】1. Barack Obama, who is the President of the U.S., was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2009.(美國總統—巴瑞克.歐巴馬—贏得 2009 諾貝爾 和平獎)

*因為先行詞是人名,屬專有名詞。關係子句前應加逗號,為「補述用法」。

2. Mark is a nice man, who often helps people without asking for rewards. (馬克是個好人。他常常不要求回報地幫助他人。)

*說話者和聽話者彼此都明白被談論者是誰。對象很明確,關係子句補 充敘述該對象的特質。關係子句前加逗號,為「補述用法」。

9. 準關係代名詞 but, as, than

否定字….but + V…..(沒有…-而不…;凡是…都有)

but: (準) 關係代名詞, 與前面的否定詞意[no, not, few, rare,...]共同構成肯定語意 【例】1. There are few books but have a misprint or two.

= There are hardly any books that don't have a misprint or two. = Almost all books have a misprint or two.

(每本書多少都找得到印刷上的錯誤。) 2.There are no parents but love their children.

= There are no parents that don’t love their children. (天下父母無不愛自己子女的。)

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3.Not that I love Caesar less, but that I love Rome more. (不是我不愛凱撒,而是我更愛羅馬)

【註】本句出自於莎士比亞名句《凱撒大帝》(The Life and Death of Julius Caesar) 凱撒最好的朋友布魯特斯(Brutus)的演說。

such / the same… as + V…/ + S. + V.

【例】1. I gave him such little money as I could afford. (我給他我給得起的錢。)

2. Never make such mistakes as you can avoid. (別犯了你可以避免的錯。)

* "as" 當準關係代名詞用時,不可用 "that" 來代替,否則意思不同。因為 "such + 名詞片語 + that" 是在表達「因果」的關係,而 "that" 所引導的是結果子句。 【例】 1. This book is written in such easy English as beginners can understand.

(這本書是以初學者所能理解的簡易英文寫成的)【as 為準關係代名詞】

2. This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it. (這本書是以簡易的英文寫成,所以初學者都能瞭解)【that 為附屬連接詞】 * "the same ... as" 若其後接子句, as 也當關係代名詞用。 但可用 "that" 來代替。 【例】Could I have the same cake as the girl sitting next table has?

Could I have the same cake that the girl sitting next table has? (兩句的結構和意思完全相同,亦即 "that" 也是關係代名詞)

比較級….than + V…/ S. + V….(比….更….)

【例】1. There were more people there than I expected. (那裡的人比我預期的還多。) 2. Don’t give children more money than is needed. (不要給孩子多於他們需要的錢。)

二、關係副詞:

1. 關係副詞(簡稱關副)where, why, when, how 用於引導關係子句,代替子句中的 副詞,稱之為關係副詞。可當連接詞及副詞。

2. 關係副詞 = 介系詞 + 關係代名詞。視先行詞性質而決定何種關係副詞來取代 「介系詞+which」。

(1)where 取代場所副詞

The apartment in which he lives is small. = The apartment where he lives is small. (他住的公寓房子很小。)

先 行 詞 關 係 副 詞 = 介 系 詞 + 關 係 代 名 詞

地方(場所) the place where in / on / at which

理由 the reason why for which

時間 the time when in / on / at which

方式(樣態) the way(in)

the means(by)

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* where 之詞性為副詞 (=in / on /at / to + which),不能當作關係子句中的主詞或 受詞。where 帶領的關係子句中一定另有主詞

【例】1. John stayed at a five-star hotel, which has beautiful sea view. (O) John stayed at a five-star hotel, where has beautiful sea view. (X) (約翰住在可看見美麗海景的五星級飯店。)

2. This is the room. I study in the room. = This is the room which I study in. = This is the room in which I study.

(介系詞可調到關代之前,此時關代要用受格) = This is the room where I study. (in which = where)

(這是我讀書的房間。) (2) when 取代時間副詞:

I can never forget the day on which I met my wife for the first time. = I can never forget the day when I met my wife for the first time. (我永遠忘不了第一次遇見我妻子的那天。)

(3) why 取代原因副詞

I wondered the reason for which Harry married Sally. = I wondered the reason why Harry married Sally. (我想知道哈利娶莎莉的原因。)

(4) how 取代方式副詞

Show me the way in which you made it. = Show me (the way) how you made it.

(告訴我你做此事的方式。

【註1】以上各句的先行詞 the time, the place, the reason 皆可省略。

【註2】簡易辨別關代與關副的方法:

*關代 (which)+不完整子句(子句內缺主詞、受詞) *關副 (where, when, why, how)+完整子句

【例】This is the museum which I visited last year.  形容詞子句處缺受詞,所以用 which

【例】This is the city where I was born.

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三、複合關係代名詞

1. 關代後加 –ever,稱為複合關係代名詞。有「無論、任何」的意思。(簡稱複合關代)

有 whoever(不論誰)、 whichever(不論那一個)、 whomever(不論誰,受格)、

whatever (不論什麼)、whosever(不論…的人)等。

2. 複合關代=先行詞+關代,引導名詞子句。 3. 複合關代的「格」取決於從屬子句。

【註1】wherever(無論哪裡), whenever(無論何時), however(無論如何)是複合關係

副詞,引導一個修飾主要子句裡的動詞的副詞子句,可加強語氣或表示讓步。

【註2】複合關係代名詞 what:包含先行詞和關代,所以 what 之前無先行詞,常翻譯為

「所…的」「所…的東西、事」「所…的話」(=the thing(s) which / that) 【例】1. This is the thing which (that) I want.

= This is what I want. (這就是我要的「東西」。) 2. The thing which (that) she said is right.

= What she said is right. (她說的是對的。)

* what 的特殊用法:A is to B what C is to D〔A 對於 B 如同 C 對於 D〕 【例】Reading is to the mind what food is to the body.

(閱讀之於心靈如同食物之於身體。) 複 合 關 係 代 名 詞 例 句 說 明 whoever = no matter who =…..anyone who 不論誰;…任何人

1.Whoever comes is welcome. (任何人來,我們都歡迎。)

2.Mr. Li gave gifts to whoever passed the test. (李老師獎賞給通過考試的人。) whoever 是關係子句的 主詞,後面接動詞 comes, passed whomever = no matter whom =.….anyone whom 不論誰;…任何人

1.Show your concern to whomever you care about. (關心任何你在乎的人。)

2.You should trust whomever you love. (你應該信任你所愛的人。)

whomever 是動詞 care, love 的受詞

whosever

=no matter whose =…..anyone whose 不論...的人;任何..的人

1.Let me know whosever house is in Taipei city. (請讓我知道任何家在台北市的人。) 2.I enjoy working with whosever EQ is high. (我喜歡和 EQ 高的人一起工作。)

whosever 是所有格, 後接名詞 house 與 EQ

whatever

=no matter what = anything that …任何事物

1.The children were allowed to do whatever they liked.

(孩子們被准許做她們喜歡做的事。) 2.I don’t believe whatever you say.

(我不相信你說的話。) 1.whatever 是 liked 的 受詞。 2.whatever 是 what 的 強調形。 whichever

=no matter which = any one that 任何事物

1.I'll buy whichever you think best.

(任何你認為最好的東西,我就買。) 2.Dad always does whichever he decides to do. (父親總是做他決定的事。)

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1. People _____ were afraid of computers at first now use it well. (A) who (B) which (C) X (D) to that

(起初害怕電腦的人,現在都很會用。) 2. This is the best software _____ things like English.

(A) who teaches (B) which teaches (C) that teaches (D) that teaching (這是敎英文這類語言最好的軟體。)

3. Usually, students don’t get up early on weekends, _____ they don’t have to go to school. (A) why (B) which (C) when (D) what

(通常,學生在週末時不須早起。那天他們不必上學。)

4. Look! This is the house _______ I was born twenty years ago. This old wooden house was built in the 1960s, and it is still in pretty good condition.

(A) which (B) that (C) when (D) where

(看啊! 這是我 20 年前出生的住處。這個老木造房子建於 60 年代,現在的屋況還不錯。) 5. Jason married Yvonne, _____ parents are rich celebrities.

(A) that (B) who (C) whose (D) with whom (傑森娶了雙親都是富有名人的伊娃。) 6. Our president is a man _____ everyone looks up to.

(A) whom (B) who (C) which (D) whose (我們的總統是人人景仰的人。)

7. Rice is _____ we Taiwanese live on. (A) which (B) what (C) that (D) X (稻米是我們台灣人賴以維生的食物。)

8. Our company produces about ten thousand computers a year, _____ more than half go to the other Asian countries.

(A) whose (B) where (C) which (D) of which

(我們公司每年生產 10,000 部電腦。其中過半數都出口到其他亞洲國家。) 9. Don't forget to say "thank you" to a person_____ has given his seat to you in a bus.

(A) whom (B) who (C) X (D) which

(對於在公共汽車上把座位讓給你的人不要忘了說 "謝謝"。)

10. Be careful in driving, please. The sign _____ you should pay attention says there's a narrow bridge ahead.

(A) that (B) X (C) to which (D) which

(請小心開車! 你要注意看的標誌上寫著前面有座狹橋。)

11. As the saying goes, "Heaven helps _______ help themselves." Therefore, you’d better work harder instead of sitting here and feeling sorry for yourself.

(A) whom (B) whomever (C) those who (D) ones who

(有句諺語說得好:“天助自助者”。因此,你最好更努力打拼,而不是坐在這裡自自憐。) 12. Smoking, _____ is a bad habit, is nevertheless very popular.

(A) it (B) that (C) which (D) what

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13. I don't think it is possible for you to move this sofa to the fifth floor by yourself. It is the heaviest furniture ______ was sold here.

(A) that (B) which (C) X (D) where

(我不認為你可以自己將這沙發搬到五樓。那是我們這裡賣的最重的傢俱。) 14. _____ I want to do on vacation is take a trip around this island by bicycle. (選錯)

(A) That (B) What (C) All that (D) All (我假日只想做的就是騎腳踏車環島旅行。)

15. Today, air pollution causes several serious problems worldwide, one of ______ is acid rain. 【90 統一學測】 (A) them (B) which (C) those (D) that

(今日空氣污染在世界各地造成許多嚴重的問題,其中有一項是酸雨。)

16. J.K. Rowling (the creator of Harry Potter) is a true wizard, a woman _____ provides readers with a fantastic world. 【91 統一學測】

(A) who (B) to whose (C) to whom (D) whom

(蘿琳—哈利波特的創始者—是位真正的女巫,提供讀者依個幻想世界的女士。 )

17. Old people feel that they are living in a hostile environment _____ others pay little attention to them. 【91 統一學測】

(A) what (B) whose (C) where (D) how

(老年人覺得他們住在一個不受人們注意而且又不友善的地方。)

18. This is very common in the workplace _____ employees often have to handle customers’ complaints. 【96 統一學測】

(A) how (B) what (C) why (D) where

(員工通常必須處理客戶抱怨是很普遍的現象。)

19. In Taiwan, setting off sky lanterns is now considered a custom at Lantern Festival. The custom came from the Han people _____ wanted to send a peaceful message to their families and friends. 【97 統一學測】 (A) who (B) while (C) what (D) where

(在台灣,放天燈現在被認為是元宵節的一個習俗。這個習俗來自於那些想要傳送和平訊息給 他們的家人與朋友的漢人。)

20. In 1723, Franklin ran away to Philadelphia, _____ he started his own newspaper. (A) who (B) which (C) where (D) what 【97 統一學測】

(1723 年,富蘭克林避走費城。在那裡,他開始了自己的報紙事業。)

解答】

題號 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

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第三章、動詞時態

在中文裡,動詞沒有字型變化,用時間副詞才表示動作發生的時間。但在英文裡,常用動 詞詞形變化—即英語時態-- (如 go、went、gone 等)來顯示動作在過去、現在或將來發生。

1.I surf the Internet every day. (我每天上網。) 2.I surfed the Internet last night. (我昨晚上網。)

由上兩例可見,中文的“上網”沒改變字形,但”surf”隨著動作發生的時間改變為「昨晚」, 則改變字形為”surfed”。這就是英文的動詞時態 。在英文句中,如有兩個動作,兩個動作 的先後必須分清楚。有些動作一瞬即逝,有些則會持續較長的時間。 1.

時態的種類及形式—三時四式

時態依時間分,可分為(1)現在、(2)過去、(3)未來。 時態依動作形式,可分為(1)簡單式、(2) 進行式、(3)完成式、(4)完成進行式。 形 式 時 間 過 去 現 在 未 來

簡單式 I worked. I work. I will work.

進行式 I was working. I am working. I will be working.

完成式 I had worked. I have worked. I will have worked.

完成進行式 I had been

working.

I have been working. I will have been working.

2. 現在式

A.現在簡單式 用 法 例 句 說 明 表示現在的事實 、動作、狀態

1. Mrs. Goodman is our homeroom teacher. (古德曼老師是我們的導師。)

2. My brother wears glasses. (我哥帶眼鏡。)

3. Jimmy owns a book store. (吉米擁有一家書店。) 習慣性、反覆性

的行為

1.The Chens go to church every Sunday. (陳家每週日上教堂。)

2.Students do their homework every day. (學生每天做功課。)

常與頻率副詞及時間 副詞連用 【註 1】

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用 法 例 句 說 明 格言,真理 1. Action speaks louder than words.

(行動勝於雄辯。) 2. The earth revolves around the sun on its

year- long journey. (地球圍繞著太陽公轉需要一年。)

代替未來式 1. When he comes, please tell him to wait. (當他來時,請他等一下。)

2. If it rains tomorrow, the party will be put off. (明天若下雨,聚會將延期)

與表達時間的用語連 用

【註1】時間頻率副詞有:always, usually, frequently, often, sometimes, rarely / seldom,

never

時間副詞:every day / week / month / year, once a week, twice a month, now and then, from time to time, once in a while, etc…

【註2】若主詞是第三人稱名詞或代名詞單數時,現在式的動詞字尾要加”s”或”es”

(be 和 have 除外) *動詞字尾要加”es”

B.現在進行式

字 尾 例 子 說 明

字尾是 ch, s, sh, x 或 z catch → catches pass → passes mix → mixes push→ pushes buzz → buzzes

字尾是子音 + o go → goes do → does

字尾是子音 + y → 去 y 加 ies

study → studies worry → worries try → tries 字尾是母音 + y → 加 s 即可 play → plays stay → stays 用 法 例 句 說 明 表示說話者當時 正在發生的事情 (動作)

1. Some school kids are playing basketball happily over there.

(有些小朋友們高興地在那裡打籃球。) 2. Diane can't come to the phone because she is

washing her hair. (黛安現在不能接電話,因她正在洗頭。)

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用 法 例 句 說 明 敘述某種趨勢,即

「逐漸」之意

1. Passengers are becoming less patient for keeping waiting for the late bus.

(乘客們因為等遲到的公車,而變得越來越 沒耐心。)

2. Fall is coming. The leaves are turning red. (秋天來了。葉子變紅了。)

3. Give me a minute. I am finishing my lunch. (請稍等。我快要吃完午餐了。) 4. My summer vacation is ending. (我的暑假假期要結束了。) *此種動詞有: 1. go/grow/become / turn/run 轉變 2. begin 開始 3. forget 忘記 4. remember 記得 5. finish 完成 6. find 發現.…等等 *偶爾和 now 連用 ,但不和其他時 間副詞連用 敘述持續一段時 間但並非「永久」 的事情

1.Andrew is studying law in the National Taiwan University.

(安德魯現在正在台灣大學攻讀法律。) 2.We are working on this project.

(我們正在進行這個企劃案。) 在口語中表示計

劃要做的事情

1.The Li family are spending next summer in Hualien.

(李先生一家人明年暑假會在花蓮度假。) 2.They are leaving for New York tomorrow. (他們明天要前往紐約。)

這類情況常與 come, go, leave, depart, stay, arrive, start 連用。 常用的動詞必須 是動作而非狀態 。主詞必須是人。 和現在式同義的 現在進行式,表示 說話者對某事的 關注

1. How are you feeling today? (= How do you feel today? ) (你今天覺得如何?)

2. We look/are looking forward to your visit again. (我們期待您的再次光臨。) 現 在 進 行 式 和 always 等 副 詞 連 用,表示「目前反 覆 進 行 的 動 作 或 情況」

1. Mrs. Peterson is always worrying about her son’s health. (彼得森太太總是擔心她的兒子的健康。) 2. The boy is constantly asking questions. (那男孩常常問問題。)

3. Mr. Perry is continually writing novels. (裴瑞先生不斷地寫小說。)

此用法常表示說 話者對被談論者 「不良習慣」感到 不耐煩

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【註】通常表「情感、知覺、擁有、存在」等動詞是不用於進行式的。 1.like, love, hate want, hope, wish,等

2.seem, appear, sound, feel…等 3.know, understanding, realize…等

4.have(有), own, locate, stand(位於)…等 C. 現在完成式

【註】1. for + 一段時間

I have not heard from him for three years / a long while. (我有三年 / 好長一段時間沒有他的消息了。)

2.since +「過去時間點」(時間副詞、時間副詞子句、時間副詞片語)表示以過去某

個時間點為起點,持續到現在為止。

(1)He has never come back home since 1990. (他自 1990 年起就沒回過家。)

(2)We've been waiting here since two hours ago. (我們自兩個鐘頭前就一直等到現在。) (3)It has been exactly five years since her father died. (她父親去世後至今已有五年。)

(4)Since the end of the war over five thousand prisoners have been released. (自戰爭結束,已有超過五千名戰俘被釋放。)

用 法 例 句 說 明

表示動作的完成 1. The rescue teams have just arrived. (救援隊才剛到達。)

2. The big fire has been extinguished by those firefighters. (那場大火已經被消防隊員撲滅了。)

常與 already, just, yet, recently, lately, these days, so far, up to now, 等時間副詞連用

表示經驗 1. I have been to Mainland China several times.

(我去過中國大陸好幾次。)

2. Jamie has been a backpacker traveling around this island. (潔美曾當個背包客,環島遊玩。)

常與 ever, never, once, twice, three times 等表 「次數」的時間副詞連 用

強調動作的效果從 過去持續到現在, 即「一直以來」

1. I have lived in Taitung since I retired. (自我退休後,我就一直住在台東了。) 2. Tony has learned English for ten years. (湯尼學英文有十年了。)

3. I've been very busy since I came back from holiday.

(自從我度假回來就一直很忙。)

常將 since + 過去時間 點 / for + 一段時間置 於句尾。【註】

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D. 現在完成進行式 【註】現在完成進行式比現在完成式更強調「動作的持續」,且暗示著還會繼續下去。

3. 過去式

A.過去簡單式 用 法 例 句 說 明 表示過去的事實、動 作、狀態

1. My grandfather worked as a doctor in a local hospital fifty years ago.

(我祖父五十年前曾是個本地醫院的醫生。) 2. Mr. Hsu flew to Korea for business last week. (許先生上星期飛到韓國出差。)

3.Owing to working hard / his hard work, Steve won a scholarship.

(因為努力求學,史帝夫獲得獎學金。) 過去的習慣性、反覆

性的行為

1. The Chens went to church every Sunday. (陳家每週日上教堂。)

2. My father used to be a heavy smoker. (我父親以前是老菸槍。)

【註】

【註】過去式常和時間副詞連用:

用 法 例 句

...ago (....前) ten years ago(十年前), half an hour ago(半小時前),

a couple of days ago(兩三天前)

last.... (上…)(昨…)(去…) last month(上個月), last night(昨晚), last year(去年) yesterday.... (昨天…) yesterday morning(昨天早上), yesterday afternoon(昨天

下午),yesterday evening(昨天晚上)

the day before yesterday(前天), this morning(今天早上), this afternoon(今天下午),just now(剛才),the other day (幾天前) 用 法 例 句 說 明 表示某動作,從以前 持續至現在為止,還 正在進行,且極有可 能繼續下去

1. Mr. Johnson has been teaching English for 10 years.

(強森先生敎英文敎了十年了。)

2. My friends have been organizing a birthday

party for me since this morning. (我的朋友們自今天早上就開始籌辦我的

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B. 過去進行式

用 法 例 句 說 明

過去某個時間點正在 進行的動作

1. Victor was fixing his bicycle at nine o’clock this morning.

(今天早上 9 點時,維特正在修理他的腳踏車。) 2. Was the telephone ringing a minute ago? (一分鐘前,電話在響嗎?)

3. I was living abroad in 2008. (2008 年時,我住在國外。) 也可以描述在過去 繼續了一段時間的 動作 過去某一動作發生時 ,另一動作正在進行中

1. We were helping Mom plant some vegetables in our garden when you called me.

(當你打電話時,我們正在菜園裡幫媽媽種菜。) 2. When I was blogging, Mother came into my room. (當我正在寫部落格時,媽媽走進我房裡。)

與過去簡單式配 合,描述當一個動 作發生時另一個動

作正在繼續 

作禮貎的詢問 I was wondering if you could lend me the book. (我想知道你是否可以借我那本書。)

重覆的事情(動作) When I worked there, Thomas was always making mistakes. (當我在那裡工作時,湯瑪斯老是出錯。) C.過去完成式 用 法 例 句 說 明 過去某個時間點或某 個動作發生之前的動 作

1. The train had left when we hurried to the station this early morning .

(當今天清晨我們匆忙趕到車站時,火車已經開走了。) 2.When they reached the dome, the concert had begun. (當他們到巨蛋時,演唱會已經開始了。) 先發生的動作用 過去完成式;後 發生的動作(離 現在較近的時 間)用過去式 D.過去完成進行式 用 法 例 句 說 明 比過去某個時間點或 某個動作發生更早之 前的持續動作

1.We had been setting up this machine for an hour when Uncle Bill arrived five minutes ago.

(當比爾叔叔五分鐘前到時,我們已經花了 一小時裝設這機器。)

2.By six that morning, we had been working non-stop for eleven hours. (到那天早上六點左右,我們已經連續工作了 十一個小時。) 即某個動作,從過 去某時點開始,至 過去另一時點仍 在繼續

重複的動作 1. Mary was annoyed. Peter had been phoning

her every morning for a whole week. (瑪莉很生氣。彼得已經在過去一個星期,每 天早上打電話給她。)

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4. 未來式

A.未來簡單式

用 法 例 句 說 明

未來的狀態或會發生 的動作

1 We will try our best to solve the problem as soon as possible.

(我們會盡全力盡快解決這問題的。)

2. My co-worker will probably ask Mary to help him. (我同事很有可能會要瑪莉幫他忙。)

3. Will you pick her up at the airport? (你會去機場接她嗎?)

B.未來進行式

用 法 例 句 說 明

未來發生並延續一段 時間的動作

1. By this time tomorrow, I shall be lying on the beach enjoying the sunbath. (明天此時,我將會躺在沙灘上享受日光浴。)

2. He will be giving a lecture on global warming

tomorrow morning. (他明天早上會就全球暖化這議題進行演講。) 表示已安排的事 項之意 C. 未來完成式 用 法 例 句 說 明 某動作,在將來某時 點前完成

1. My father will have retired by 2015. (到 2015 年時,我父親將已退休。)

2. By the time you come tomorrow, I will have

finished the task. (等你明天來時,我將已經完成那工作。) by+未來時間  指「不晚於」此 未來的時間,常 與未來完成式合 用。 D. 未來完成進行式 用 法 例 句 說 明 截至將來某時點(或截至 將來另一動作發生時)正 在繼續的動作

By next month, I will have been working as a fireman for 10 years. (到下個月,我就已經當了 10 年的消防隊員了。)

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練習題】

1. I _____ a shower when you called last night.

(A) took (B) was taking (C) have taken (D) to take (你昨晚打電話來時,我正在洗澡。)

2. I _____ seventeen next Saturday.

(A) am (B) am be (C) will be (D) will have been (我到下星期六就滿十七歲。)

3. As I _____ in the campus, I met Mr. Chang.

(A) walked (B) had walked (C) walk (D) was walking (當我走在校園裡時,我遇到張老師。)

4. The teacher told us that haste _______ waste.

(A) makes (B) made (C) has made (D) had made (老師告訴我們說欲速則不達。)

5. John _____ his father when he was nine years old. (A) lost (B) has lost (C) had lost (D) was losing (約翰的父親在他九歲時就去世了。)

6. I see you’re busy right now. As soon as you _______ , I’d like to talk to you for a few minutes. 【89 推甄】 (A) finish (B) finished (C) are finishing (D) will finish

(我知道你現在正在忙。你一做完時,我想和你聊幾分鐘。) 7. I _____ your last point. Could you say it again?

(A) don’t quite catch (B) didn’t quite catch (C) hadn’t quite caught (D) can’t quite catch (我沒聽清楚你的最後一點。你可以再說一次嗎?)

8. Steve is traveling in Europe at present. By the end of next month, he _________ to fifty different countries already.

(A) will have gone (B) has arrived (C) will be going (D) will have been (史帝夫目前在歐洲旅行。到下個月底,他就早已經去過五十個不同的國家。) 9. Unfortunately, Peter had already left by the time Nina_____.

(A) had arrived (B) has arrived (C) arrived (D) arrives (很不巧地,妮娜來時,彼德早已經離開了。)

10. If it ____ tomorrow, the award ceremony will be put off until next week. (A) will rain (B) rains (C) rain (D) would rain

(假如明天下雨,頒獎典禮會延期到下週。) 11. I feel sure I _____ her before somewhere.

(A) was to meet (B) have met (C) had met (D) would meet (我確定我以前在某個地方見過她。)

12. I _____ to call a friend in New York for the last two hours but the line is still engaged. (A) tried (B) have been trying (C) had been trying (D) had tried

(過去二小時以來,我就一直試圖打電話給紐約的朋友,但仍佔線不通。) 13. Since then, Australia ______ from the rest of the world by vast oceans. 【92 學測】

(A) is isolated (B) had isolated (C) has isolated (D) has been isolated (自那時候起,澳洲被廣闊的海洋與世界的其他部分隔絕。)

(30)

14. While Helen _____ with her net friends online, her boss suddenly walked in. (A) gossip (B) gossiped (C) was gossiping (D) was gossiped

(當海倫和她的網友在線上聊八卦時,她的老闆突然走進來。)

15. What is so special about green tea? The Chinese and Indians _____ it for at least 4,000 years to treat everything from headache to depression. 【97 學測】

(A) would use (B) are using (C) had used (D) have been using

(綠茶有什麼特別之處? 中國人和印度人至少在四千年前就一直用它來治療舉凡頭痛到憂鬱 的一切病痛。)

16. The patient _____ in the emergency room for almost one hour when a doctor finally came. (A) waited (B) would have waited (C) has been waiting (D) had been waiting (在醫生來時,那病人已經在急診室裡等了幾乎一小時了。)

17. Animals all over the world _____ their homes. In case we don’t try our best to help them, they will soon disappear from the earth.

(A) lose (B)lost (C) are losing (D) have lost

(世界各地的動物們正失去牠們的家園。若我們不盡力去幫助牠們,牠們將很快就從地球上消失。) 18. I am planning to go to Maldives(馬爾地夫)this summer because I _____ there so far.

(A) have never been (B) never was (C) am never (D) have never gone (這暑假我計劃去馬爾地夫,因為到目前為止我從沒去過。)

19. The thief took the diamond necklace, opened the door, and _____ away. (A) run (B) have run (C) ran (D) had run

(那小偷偷了鑽石項鍊,開了門,就跑走了。)

20. Many rivers and lakes in this area _____ so seriously polluted that they have become dead. (A) are (B) have been (C) have being (D) was

(本區許多河流與湖泊已經嚴重被污染,以致它們已經變得了無生機。)

解答】

題號 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

答案 B C D A A A B D C B B B D C D D C A C B

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第四章 被動語態

英文語態可分為「主動語態」與「被動語態」兩種,說話者會選擇不同的語態來表達,自然有其強 調的用意。

主動語態:I am sure we can solve the problem soon. (我確定我們可以很快解決這問題)  說話者強調 we

被動語態:I am sure the problem can be solved by us soon.(我確定這問題很快會被我們解決。)  說話者強調 the problem

在英文中,「被動語態」的使用頻率遠超過中文。中英文對於被動語態的使用習慣各不相同。 例如: “Smoking is not allowed in the public places.” 翻譯成中文則為「公共場所禁止吸煙」,而未出 現「…被…」的字眼。英文使用了被動語態,但中文往往會以主動的方式翻譯。此類的例子不勝枚 舉。

【例】1. The story was made up by someone.(某人捏造了那個故事。)

2. All the tickets were sold out within an hour.(所有的票在一小時內都賣光了。) 3. The boy should be taught how to behave well.(應該要有人教導那男孩如何變乖點。) 而中文有「小張長得像小李。」的句子,但沒有「小李被小張像」的說法。所以我們要多了解英文 主動與被動的邏輯概念,而不受到母語的影響與羈絆。

1. 被動句型:

主動句 S + V + O  被動句 S’ + be + Vpp+ by + O’ ●主動句的受詞變成被動句的主詞(如果是代名詞要改為主格) ●被動句的動詞變成 be + V-pp(注意! be 動詞之單、複數應與被動式的主詞一致) ●主動句的主詞變成被動的 by + 受詞(此時的 by 即等於中文的「被」。代名詞應改為受格。)

●by + 受詞 若泛指一般人(people, us, them, somebody 等),常被省略

S. V. O.

主動:We invited Mr. Lin to our party.

被動:Mr. Lin was invited by us to our party. S’ V’ O’

【註:We 是原主動句中的主詞 S.,在被動語態中被置於 by 之後,成為新受詞 O’(代名詞 we 要改

為受格 us)。Mr. Lin 為原主動句中受詞 O,在被動語態中,因被強調而成為新主詞 S’。動詞 invited 則

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