Taiwan, in recent years, due to the extreme climate changing, natural catastrophes were occurred which influenced the publics' lives and properties. Among the public, mountainous indigenes that live in reservoir catchment are threatened the most by natural disasters. Moreover, the governance of reservoir and catchment are simplified as 'upstream water control and downstream water supply' all the year round, which exist unbalanced frame of spacial power. It is not only against the principles of environmental justice but ignores the potential value of traditional ecological knowledge toward hydrological sustainable development that causes unstable risky factors in catchment land governance.
For example, residents who live in the upstream catchment area of Shihmen Reservoir are depending on cultivation. If the government only intends to protect water and restrain the land use without thinking of resources governance policy from the point of indigenous community development, it is unrealistic and difficult to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, the aim of this research, is based on empirical study to propose a community as a basis unit, designing a multiple targets common pool resource governance pattern for promoting organic farming to construct ecological communities, and simultaneously takes sustainable development, environmental justice, land ethics, and multiple functioning agriculture watershed governance policy into account.
Nowadays, although The Indigenous Peoples Basic Law has been decreed, the governance of catchment is lack of local point of views and also difficult to show indigenous subjectivity that is needed to adjust to adopt the change of circumstances. Therefore, this study is about to apply in-depth interview, focused group, and participant observation to start field works in indigenous communities. Also, this study is going to combine traditional ecological knowledge, ecological communities as well as land ethics, multifunctional agriculture as well as organic agriculture development theories, and other analytical tools, exploring how social organization and land view support and encourage economic/
non-economic activities of land resource use. Finally, this study is going to explore the path of 'common pool resource sustainable use', taking how to frame 'ecological communities' which corresponds land ethics and local development, so that advocates cross-scale regional collaboration. In the meantime, the specific suggestions of sustainable watershed governance which correspond environmental justice are provided.
Keywords: ecological communities, watershed governance, organic farming, land ethics, agricultural multiple targets, social-ecological system common pool resource governance
目錄
中英文摘要 ... 1 目錄... 3 表目錄... 4 壹、報告內容 ... 6 一、研究背景 ... 6 二、研究目的 ... 6
（一）整體（三年計畫）研究目的... 6
（二）本年度（第一年計畫）研究目的... 10
三、文獻探討 ... 12
（一）以社區為基礎的流域治理... 12
（二）永續社區與生態社區之建構... 17
（三） 多功能農業與有機農業... 20
（四）土地資源冺用、人地關係與土地倫理規範... 26
（五）研究區域中與集水區資源管理相關之重大環境事伔回顧... 28
（六）四大理論綜合分析... 32
四、研究方法 ... 33
（一）整體研究（三年計畫）之研究方法... 33
（二）本年度（第一年計畫）計畫之研究方法... 35
五、結果與討論（含結論與建議） ... 38 甲、重要結果 ... 38
（一）研究地區之發展背景... 38
（二）農業發展、水土保持、集水區治理之外部政策與制度變遷歷程... 45
乙、課題討論 ... 66
（一）農業發展、水土保持、集水區治理之外部政策與制度分析... 66
（二）永續流域治理與生態社區規劃原則架構之建立... 77
丙、研究建議 ... 98
（一）在實證的層面... 98
（二）在理論的層面... 102
（三）在後續研究的層面... 104
貳、參考文獻 ... 105
甲、中文部份 ... 105
乙、英文部份 ... 109
參、研究成果自評 ... 112
一、研究內容與原計畫相符程度 ... 112
二、達到預期目標情形 ... 113 三、研究成果之學術或應用價值 ... 115 四、是否適合在學術期刊發表 ... 116 五、附錄-受訪者名冊 ... 118 六、行政院國家科學委員會補助國內專家學者出席國際學術會議報告 ... 119 圖目錄
圖 1〆本研究個案部落分佈圖 ... 7 圖 2〆社會-生態系統之概念性模型 ... 13 圖 3〆永續社區的發展架構圖 ... 18 圖 4〆建立永續社區的複合式架構 ... 19 圖 5〆農業多功能性 ... 21 圖 6〆原住民部落多功能農業分期研究流程圖 ... 26 圖 7〆新竹尖石後山土地冺用重要管理法令 ... 67 圖 8〆玉峰大橋工程施工過程、完工情形 ... 77
表目錄
表 1〆尖石鄉玉峰溪流域之泰雅族部落 ... 7 表 2〆地方共同管理制度形成的有冺因素 ... 14 表 5〆各年度研究方法摘要 ... 34 表 6〆本年度計畫研究方法說明表 ... 36 表 7〆研究問題、研究方法與資料來源的對照 ... 37 表 8〆部落人文環境資料彙整表 ... 39 表 9〆部落農業發展情形彙整表 ... 43 表 10〆歷年台灣有機農業栽培面積統計表（單位〆公頃） ... 51 表 11〆新竹尖石水源保育與回饋費統計表 ... 67 表 12〆流域資源自主治理適用原則 ... 79 表 13〆流域資源自主治理適用原則初步篩選表 ... 81 表 14〆英國 ODPM 永續社區原則 ... 82 表 15〆建立永續社區的設計原則 ... 84 表 16〆生態社區行動原則表 ... 85 表 17〆永續發展原則說明表 ... 87 表 18〆生態社區原則初步篩選表 ... 88 表 19〆多功能農業影響評估之社會原則 ... 90 表 20〆多功能農業影響評估之經濟原則 ... 90 表 21〆多功能農業影響評估之環境原則 ... 91 表 22〆多功能農業評估原則初步篩選表 ... 93 表 23〆土地倫理、權力關係、土地冺用、土地健康之原則 ... 93
表 24〆土地倫理評估原則初步篩選表 ... 95 表 25〆建構符合土地倫理及具流域資源自主治理條伔之生態社區評估原則 ... 95 表 26〆建構符合土地倫理及具農業多功能性之生態社區評估原則 ... 97 表 27〆本年度計畫預期完成與已完成工作項目表 ... 112 表 28〆本年度計畫達成預期目標情形彙整表 ... 114