第十章 字首大寫和標點符號
在英文文法課裡學過字首的大寫及標點符號的應用，每種符號都有其作用，這些都是在寫 完文章後，校訂時要特別注意的部分。這一章要針對這兩部分加以討論。
10-1大寫字母
寫文章時要知道什麼時後要用大寫，什麼時候要用小寫。不過，大小寫的規則經常在改變，
有的時候仍然需要查看最近的字典。以下是一些常用的大寫的規則：
(1) 每句開頭的第一個字母。
My hobby is collecting stamps. ( 我的嗜好收集郵票。 ) The dog barks at strangers. ( 狗向陌生人吠叫。 )
(2) 專有名詞和專有行容詞：
人名、地名、神、宗教、國名、語言、種族、部落、歷史事件、教育機構、系、所、學位、
特別課程、政府部門、政黨等。
National Taiwan Normal University Sun Moon Lake
England, English, Mexico, Mexican English 101, Math 101 the Republican
the Renaissance Christians Buddha
Bachelor of Arts
(3) 月份的名稱、一星期的日子、節日：January, Sunday, Memorial Day (4) 機關、部門、公司、行號：WTO, EPA, FBI,YMCA
(5) 在專有名詞前之尊稱： Mr. Dr. Prof.
(6) 拉丁文的縮寫： cf. e.g., etc.
(7) 普通名詞做為專有名詞用時： Central Park, Main Street (8) 出版物 ( 書報、文章 ) 的名稱：
第一個和最後一個字的第一個字母要大寫，其餘的除了冠詞、連接詞和少於五個字母的介 系詞外，都要大寫。在冒號或分號後面也要大寫。
A Tale of Two Cities Central High School
Inside English: Intermediate Student Book
(9) 書信開頭的稱呼與和結尾語的第一個字母要大寫：
Dear Mr. White:
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My dear Ms. Smith:
Very truly yours,
(10) 商標的名稱要大寫：Honda, Toyota, Prada
★注意：不要在不需大寫時用大寫。
(1) 普通名稱不需大寫：
請比較：
I am taking math, chemistry, physics, and economics at a college.
(我在大學修數學、化學、物理和經濟。 )
I will take French 201 at the National Taiwan Normal University.
(我要在國立臺灣師範大學修法語 201 課程。 )
(2) 一般地理位置不需大寫，但是特殊地理位置要大寫。
Taipei is located in the northern part of Taiwan.
(臺北位於臺灣的北部。 )
Some students from the South speak the language with an accent.
(從南部來的有些學生講話帶有口音。 )
(3) 親屬是普通名詞除非它們作為專有名詞用，否則不需大寫。
請比較以下的句子：
My mother told me to come home early.
( 我的母親告訴我早一點回家。 ) I heard Mother yell at Tim.
(我聽見母親對狄姆喊叫。 ) I often visit my aunt.
( 我經常拜訪我的阿姨 / 伯母。 ) I often visit Aunt Debbie.
(我經常拜訪黛比阿姨 / 伯母。 ) 練習題 ( 一 )
請改正句中的錯誤
(1) The bible is the holy book of christians.
(2) My friend moved from the south.
(3) Uncle dennis, my Mother’s older brother, wrote a book on the life of buddha.
(4) Terry earned a master of science degree in computer science.
(5) Can you find the information from the internet?
(6) The building is too tall. it blocks our view.
(7) Judy completed her degree in the Winter Quarter, so she didn’t have a graduation ceremony.
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(8) Paul has been working at the department of defense since his graduation from the College.
(9) Mary prays to god before the meal as though he gives her the food.
(10)Have you ever been to the children’s museum on main street?
10-2標點符號
標點符號如果沒有正確使用會使句子或文章內容的意思改變，因此在寫作文時非常重要。
下面是常用標點符號應注意的地方：
1.句號(.) period
(1)用在直述句，溫和的祈使句及間接問句之後。
Taylor wants to become a doctor when he grows up.
( 泰勒長大後，想要成為醫生。 ) Listen to your teacher carefully, please.
( 請仔細聽你們的老師講話。 )
Our teacher asked where you had got the information.
( 我們的老師問您哪裡得來的信息。 ) (2)用在縮寫字之後。
Mr. Mrs. Ms. Dr. Prof.
B.A. M.A M.S. Ph.D. M.D.
B.C. A.D. A.M. P.M.
e.g.
★注意：
(a)當縮寫字在句尾時，只用一個句號就好。
Washington D.C. is the capital of the U.S.A.
(b)公司行號或政府機構的縮寫時，通常省略逗號。
IBM is a computer company.
(c)由數個字的第一個字母所組成的字不需要用逗號。
NATO stands for North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
2.問號(?)
(1)用在直接問句之後。
What is your favorite movie?
( 您喜歡的電影是什麼?) (2)用在括號中表示存疑。
Dr. Sun Yat-sen was born in 1870(?) and he overthrew the Ching Dynasty.
( 孫逸仙博士在一八七○年 (?) 出生，他推翻了清朝。 ) 3.逗號(comma)
(1)用以分開一系列的單字，片語或子句。
In the party, everybody eats, drinks, talks, and has a good time.
( 在宴會裡，大家吃，喝，談話，大家過得很愉快。 )
After getting up in the morning, Tom brushes his teeth, puts on his clothes, and has his breakfast.
( 在早晨起來以後，湯姆刷牙，穿衣服，並且吃早餐。 )
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The Department of Finance announced that after the long-lasting efforts of the government, the economy was coming back; yet the statistical figures show that it is still too early to say so.
【段落中譯】
Second, send invitations.
Third, decorate the room.
Mary will buy you a present if she has money.
( 瑪麗買禮物給您如果她有金錢的話。 )
b.如果在主要子句前的副詞片語很短，則不用逗號。
Every morning he goes swimming before going to work.
( 每天早晨他去工作之前先去游泳。 )
(5) 用以分開非限制形容詞子句或片語與主要子句，如果是限定用法則不需逗號。
a.My English teacher, who studied in the US, has been teaching English for 20 years.
(我的英語老師，他曾經留學美國，已經教英語教了二十年了。)
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b.Water used to cover this area, which is a beautiful park now.
( 現在是一個美麗的公園的地區，過去都是被水淹沒的。 ) c.The woman who is wearing a green dress is our guest speaker today.
( 穿一件綠色洋裝的女士是我們今天的特邀溝通者。 )
第一句和第二句為非限定用法，其附屬子句 who studied in the US 和 which is a beautiful park now 是作為補充說明用。而第二句是限定用法，附屬子句是用來限定穿綠色衣服的女士。
(6) 用以分開獨立分詞構句或分詞構句，不管是在句首、句中、或句尾。
a.The homework being done, the children went to bed.
( 做完家庭作業後，孩子上床了。 )
b.The mother hired a tutor to help the boy, hoping to improve his grades.
( 母親雇用一位家庭教師幫助男孩，希望他的成績能進步。 ) (7) 用以分開表示相對意思的片語：
a.It was John, not me, who broke the window.
( 打碎窗子的是約翰，不是我。 )
b.Timmy did not drink milk for breakfast, but soda.
( 狄米早餐沒有喝牛奶，而是喝汽水。 ) (8) 用在 yes, no ,well 等字之後。
a.Yes, I went to the basketball game last night.
( 是的，我昨晚去看籃球比賽。 )
b.No, nobody understands what you are talking about.
( 不，沒人瞭解您談論什麼。 )
c.Well, I may have to reschedule the appointment.
( 那麼，我也許必須重新安排時間。 )
(9) 與人說話時，用在對方名字或稱謂之後，之前或前後。
A:John, could you do me a favor?
B:No problem, Mr. White.
(A：約翰，您能幫我一個忙嗎? B：沒有問題，懷特先生。) (10) 用以分開引用句
Mary asked, “Do you know that our president is going to visit our school?”
( 瑪麗問，「您知不知道我們的總統將參觀我們的學校 ? 」 )
“This is the funniest story I have ever heard,” said Tim.
( 「這是我所曾經聽見過的最滑稽可笑的故事」，狄米說。 ) 但是驚嘆句和問句例外：
“Good job!” Mr. Park said.
( 「做得好 ! 」朴先生說。 )
“When can I see my adviser?” the student asked.
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( 「我什麼時後能看到我的顧問 ? 」學生問。 )
如果引用句裡的文字是用來說明的，具有強調的意思，則用冒號：
The Home Owner Association Manual clearly stated: “The architectural design should be compatible with existing approved decks within the community.”
【段落中譯】屋主協會指南明白地陳述：「建築設計須與社區内現有的已批准的陽台規定相
Please write to my address at 6790, Osprey Drive, Bridgewater, New Jersey.
(請將信寄到 6790, Osprey Drive, Bridgewater, New Jersey。) (13) 用在such as及especially的前面。
We like Chinese food, such as General Chicken and egg rolls.
( 我們喜歡中國食物，例如一般雞和蛋捲。 ) Henry likes outdoor activities, especially hiking.
( 亨利喜歡室外活動，特别是遠足。 )
I found him in the room, he was writing his homework.
Correct: b .
I saw him in the room. He was writing his homework.
Correct: c .
I saw him in the room; he was writing his homework.
( 我在房子裡找到他，他正在寫他的家庭作業。 )
Wron a. People would feel bored without a television they would not know what to do for 79
g: recreation.
Corre ct:
b. People would feel bored without a television. They would not know what to do for recreation.
Corre ct:
c. People would feel bored without a television; they would not know what to do for recreation. moreover, nevertheless, so, still, then, therefore, thus, etc.。
John’s work was unsatisfactory; therefore, he was fired.
( 約翰的工作不能令人滿意的；因此，他被解雇了。 )
Most people watch television for information; however, many older people prefer to read newspapers.
( 大多數人看電視是得到資訊；然而，許多老人喜歡看讀報紙。 )
(3)用來分開兩個長或複雜的主要子句，即使他們前面有對等連接詞 (and, but, or, nor, for)也可以 用。
Renting a small apartment, Henry is a full-time student and a part-time worker at a convenience store in the evening; but his brother, also a full-time student, does not need to work at all.
(亨利租一棟小公寓，他是一個正規的學生和一名晚上在一家便利商店名工作的兼職工作 者；但是他的兄弟，也一個正規學生，但是他不需要工作。 )
The surprised birthday party was chaos because the planning people were late for the decoration of the party hall; the birthday girl did not show up until one hour later; and the stereo didn’t work.
(因為計劃人太晚裝飾宴會大廳，驚奇的生日聚會是一團混亂；生日的女孩直到一個小時以 後才出現；並且立體音響不能用。)
(4)用來分開一連串的長項目，尤其是當中有逗號的。
I have traveled many cities, such as Los Angeles, California; Chicago, Illinois; Baltimore, Maryland; and Richmond, Virginia.
( 我旅行了許多城市，例如洛杉磯，加利福尼亞；芝加哥，伊利諾伊，巴爾的摩，馬里蘭；
以及維吉尼亞的里奇蒙。 )
5.冒號(：)
(1)用在介紹摘要、主題和子題間、解釋或逐項列舉之前(在 as follows, the following as these 或 given below 之後)。
The discussion can help us draw the conclusion: Parents will spoil their children if they do not pay attention to discipline.
( 討論可能幫助我們總結結論：如果家長不注意他們的管教，他們會寵壞他們的孩 79
子。 )
Ken Beatty wrote the book Read and Think: A Reading Strategies Course.
(肯貝蒂寫了這本書閱讀與思考：讀書戰略課程。)
An essay should include three parts: the introduction, the body, and the conclusion.
( 散文應該包括三部分：起頭、主體和結論。 )
To bake the cake, I will need the following ingredients: flour, eggs, yeast, and sugar.
( 要烘烤蛋糕，我將需要以下成份：麵粉、雞蛋、酵母和糖。 )
Our train leaves Washington, DC at 9:00 a.m. and arrives in New York at 12:00 noon.
(我們的火車在上午九點離開華盛頓特區，並且在中午十二點抵達紐約。) (4)用在較長的引用句或正式問句之前。
This is my favorite quotation: “It is difficult to say what is impossible, for the dream of yesterday is the hope of today and reality of tomorrow.”
( 這是我最喜歡的引用文：「很難說什麼是不可能，因為昨天的夢是今天的希望和明天的
“If you don’t come on time, I will─” he stopped and walked away.
(“ 如果您不準時來，我會─”」他停下並且走開。 )
If her ex-husband forces her to open the door ─ she doesn’t want to think about that.
( 如果她的前夫迫使她打開門─ 她不想去想它。 ) I─I’m not sure. You’d better ask her.
(我─我不敢肯定。您最好問她。)
The function of most punctuation─commas, and semicolons, dashes, and so on─is to help
organize the relationships among the parts of a sentence. Its role is semantic: to add precision and complexity to meaning. It increases the information potential of strings of words.
( Menand, Louis. “Bad Comma.” The New Yorker, June 28, 2004. P. 103.)
【段落中譯】
多數標點的作用─逗號和分號，破折號，等等─是幫助組織在句子之中的關係。它的 79
Chest pain, shortness of breath, irregular heart beats, dizziness, or sweat—can signify heart problem.
( 胸口痛，呼吸短促，心律不整，頭暈或者冒汗─是心臟問題的信號。 )
Perry’s term paper got an A.
( 佩里的期終報告得到了 A 。 )
I have to cancel tomorrow’s doctor appointment because I have a meeting at that time.
( 我必須取消明天看醫生的時間，因為我那時要開一次會議。 )
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I cannot find James’s backpack.
( 我找不到詹姆斯的背包。 )
(2)在複數名詞的後面只要加上標點(-’)就好了 I will take two weeks’ vacation in the summer.
( 我在夏天將要休假二個星期。 )
They proposed to raise the workers’ income as soon as possible.
( 他們提議儘快提高工人的收入。 ) (3)在複合名詞的字尾加 -s 以形成所有格。
My mother-in-law’s room was beautifully decorated.
( 我的婆婆的房間裝飾得很美。 )
John and Mary’s parents are very nice. →共同擁有 ( 約翰和瑪麗的父母是非常善良的。 )
John’s and Mary’s parents are all very nice. →個別擁有 ( 約翰的父母和瑪麗的父母都是非常善良的。 )
但是如果名詞的最後一個音的發音是 s 或是 z，而接在後面的字是 s 開頭，則只加上標點，不 需
加 s，如 for conscience' sake。
用來表示縮寫
“He is a nice boy, ” she explained, “and you don’t understand him.”
( 「他是一個好男孩」，她解釋，「而您不了解他」。 )
(2)如果引用句本身是直述句而且位在一個問句之後，必須先用引號，再用問號。
Did he say, “I am going to college next year”?
( 他是否說，「我明年去上大學」?) wake me safe with sunshine’s light. God bless Mommy, Daddy, and Geneva (or I Jamaica) too, and make all his kiddies honest and true. Amen. ” ---Julie Salamon (p.117)
【段落中譯】
「現在我躺下睡覺，我祈禱上帝保護我的靈魂。保護我度過繁星的夜晚，並平安地以 79
陽
光的光芒喚醒我。上帝保祐媽媽、爸爸和珍妮瓦 ( 或我牙買加 ) ，並且使所有他的小孩們
誠實
和真實。阿們。」
★注意：如果引用段落式縮進去的，則引號要省略。
(4)引用句中另有引用句時, 用單引號表示
Diana said, “ The teacher told them, ‘Now, before I finish, I’d like you to all stand up.”
( 戴安娜說，「老師告訴了他們，『現在，在我說完之前，我希望您對所有人都站起 來。』」 )
★注意：美式英文中，雙引號在外，單引號在內。
在歌名、詩的題目、期刊中的文章題目、短篇小說題目、電視節目、廣播節目、散文等的前 後要用引號。
引號也可以用在特殊意義的字上，如：
Who said, “Now, it’s fun time”?
12.刪節號 (…)
用以表示引用句中省略的文字。如刪節號用在句尾，另加原句句尾的標點符號，如果是問 號，則在刪節號之後加問號 (…?)
原來的句子：
According to the rule, “Tenant shall not make any alterations to the premises including but not limited to installing aerials, lighting fixtures, dishwashers, washing machines, dryers, shelving, or other items without first obtaining written permission from landlord. Tenant shall not change or install locks without landlord’s prior written consent.”
【段落中譯】
根據規定，「房客若是沒有先獲房東的書面許可，不准對房產做任何改變，包括但不限 於安裝天線、燈具、洗碗機、洗衣機、烘乾機、棚架，或者其他項目。沒有房東的事先的同 意書，房客不准換或安裝鎖」。
用刪節號之句子：
( 用 於 句 中 ) According to the rule, “Tenant shall not make any alterations to the premises including
but not limited to installing … without landlord’s prior written consent.”
(根據規定，「房客不准對房產做任何改變，包括但不限於安裝…沒有給房東的預
先的書面同意書」。 )
( 用 於 句 尾 )According to the rule, “Tenant shall not make any alterations to the premises including
but not limited to installing aerials, lighting fixtures….”
( 根據規定，「房客不可以對房產做任何改變，包括但不限於安裝天線，燈具
… . 」。 )
練習題 ( 二 ) 1.改正錯誤的標點符號：
(1) Debbie didn’t look like her photo I think it must be an old one.
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(2) It was my birthday and as usual I got a cake.
(3) My dear students said the teacher do you understand what I mean
(4) Mr. and Mrs. Lee have lived in the same house for example for all their lives.
(5) Good luck Mary said Debbie.
(6) The inside of the building consisted of a few small rooms, almost like office cubicles, which were
(6) The inside of the building consisted of a few small rooms, almost like office cubicles, which were