第三章 發展句的寫法
3-1 認識段落 (Paragraph)
段落是由許多句子組成的，而每一個句子都是針對一個主題，以顯示這一段的中心思想。
當然，有的時候一篇文章裡會有好幾段都是談到同一主題，但是它們的要點卻不同，如：
Topic: The Internet Main ideas:
1.The Internet can be used to send e-mails.
2.The Internet can be used to search for information.
3.The Internet can be used to make phone calls.
3-2 一致性 (Unity)
在前面我們知道主題句限制一個段落的討論方向，這個主題句需要有一些細節來對主題句 加以說明和澄清，有關細節的句子稱為支持句，不同的主題句須要有不同的支持細節來使主題 清
楚和明確。
請看下面的段落：
There are two reasons why I have decided to buy a cell phone. It is difficult to decide what kind of
cell phone to buy. Most of my friends have cell phones. My friend Marilyn uses it to call home when she has to go home late. She uses it to play games when she feels bored. Thus, my mother has decided
to buy me a cell phone.
【段落中譯】
為什麼我决定買手機有二個原因。決定要買哪一種手機是很難的。我的朋友大多有手 機。我的朋友瑪麗琳用它打電話回家，當她必須晚回家時。當她感覺乏味時，她用它打電 動
遊戲。因此，我的母親决定給我買手機。
【分析】
在這一段裡，每一句都跟cell phone 有關，但是它們並不支持主題，因此這個段落缺 乏
一致性。如果把這一段改寫一下使它具有一致性，就會變成像下面的段落一樣：
There are two reasons why I have decided to buy a cell phone. First, I can use it to call home when I need to go home late. My mother always worries about me if I go home late. Second, I can use
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it to play games when I feel bored. For example, it always takes me a long time to wait for a doctor’s appointment. I can play games while I am waiting. I really feel that I need a cell phone.
【段落中譯】
Topic sentence: Mary did not get good grades in English for several reasons.
下面有幾個句子，有的和主題句有關，有的沒有關係，請選出與主題句相關的句子，在線 上打：
1
.
She was not interested in the subject.
2
.
She didn’t understand what the teacher was talking about.
3
.
She could not concentrate in class.
4 .
The classroom is well decorated.
5
.
The teaching activities were boring.
6 .
The teacher dressed beautifully.
這些句子中，除了第四句和第六句以外，都是跟英文成績差有關，都可以當作支持細節用。
如果用這個主題句和所提供的相關的細節，就可組成以下的段落：
Mary did not get good grades in English for several reasons. First, she was not interested in the subject, because she did not understand what the teacher was talking about. Second, she
could not concentrate in class. Third, the teaching activities were boring. She has to try hard to solve these problems in order to improve her English.
【段落中譯】
瑪麗由於幾個原因英文成績不好。首先，她對這一科沒興趣，因為她不瞭解老師在講什 麼。其次，她在班上不能集中注意力。第三，教學活動令人厭煩。她要改進她的英文必須設 法解決這些問題。
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【分析】這個段落裡的每一句都是跟主題句相關，是支持這個主題句的細節，這個段落就具有 一致性。
3-3 合理的順序
在決定主題句和支持主題句的細節後，句子的安排要有一定的順序，才能讓讀者了解段落 的意思。一般句子的安排方法如下：
(1) 從廣泛到明確
I bought two dresses last Sunday. I like the green one better.
( 我上星期日買了兩件禮服。我比較喜歡綠色的那一件。 ) (2) 從明確到廣泛
Reading biographies of famous people can give me ideas about solving my own problems.
We can learn a lot by reading about lives of others.
( 閱讀名人的傳記可以給我關於解決我自己問題的想法。我們可以從閱讀他人的生活 經
歷而學到很多東西。 )
(3) 依時間順序
Mary graduated in 2002. In 2005, she decided to go to the graduate school.
( 瑪麗在二○○二年畢業了。在二○○五年，她決定去上研究所。 ) (4) 依空間順序
There is a bookstore on the right and on the left is a grocery store.
( 在右邊有一間書店，在左邊有一家雜貨店。 )
其他合理的順序如從問題到解答，從觀念到舉例等要注意段落句子的順序安排。
請看下面的範例：
【範例一】
Paul had to drive over one hour to the city, and then looked for a parking space. He lived in a small town outside Richmond, and he had to get to that city every day to work at a fast food restaurant. He wished he could find a job near his house. It usually took him about 20 to 30
minutes to find a parking space.
【段落中譯】
保羅必須駕駛一個小時的路程抵達城市，然後尋找一個停車位。他在瑞啟蒙外的一個 小
鎮居住，並且他每天必須到那個城市的一家快餐餐廳工作。他但願他能在他的家附近找到 工
作。他通常需要大約花二十到三十分鐘才能找到一個停車位。
【分析】這一段裡，句子的安排混亂，它的意思很難了解，因為句子的安排沒有一定的順序，
如果重新安排一下如下面的範例：
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【範例二】
Paul lived in a small town outside Richmond, and he had to get to that city every day to work at a fast food restaurant. He had to drive over one hour to the city, and then looked for a parking space. It usually took him about 20 to 30 minutes to find a parking space. He wished he could find a job near his house.
【段落中譯】
保羅在瑞啟蒙外的一個小鎮居住，並且他每天必須到那個城市的一家快餐餐廳工作。
他
必須駕駛一個小時的路程抵達城市，然後尋找一個停車位。他通常需要大約花二十到三十 分
鐘才能找到一個停車位。他但願他能在他的家附近找到工作。
【分析】這個段落的意思就清楚多了，因為它是按照時間的順序寫的。因此，在書寫段落時 要
依照合理的順序寫，才能使讀者容易懂。
3-4 連貫性 (Coherence)
連貫性是指一篇文章中每一段落每一句話的意思，有清楚的脈絡，前一段與後一段，前一 句與後面一句，都能合理自然的銜接，從頭到尾一氣呵成。如果這樣，讀者自然覺得文章中每 句
的意思都能相互連接，所有支持句都能呼應主題句的中心思想。
請看下面的範例：
1Biking has five benefits. 2First, I have found that it is the best way to lose weight. 3I have lost 10 pounds since I started biking last year. 4Second, it makes a good method of transportation to work. 5It’s so convenient that I don’t need to wait for the bus. 6Third, it does not cause air pollution and it is a good way to protect our environment. 7Fourth, it is inexpensive. 8As long as I own one, I do not need money for gas. 9I can save lots of money. 10Finally, when I go biking, I can enjoy the beautiful scene along the streets and ride at the speed I want. 11Anyway, I have a lot of fun biking.
【段落中譯】
騎自行車有五個好處。第一，我發現它是最佳的減重方式。自從我去年開始騎自行車 以
來，我已經減掉了十磅。第二，它是去工作的好的交通工具。它非常方便以致於我不需要 等
待公共汽車。第三，它不會導致空氣污染，並且它是一個保護環境的好方式。第四，它是 低
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廉的。只要我擁有一部，我不需要花錢加油，可以存很多金錢。最後，當我去騎自行車時，
我可以享受沿街的美好景色，並以我想要的速度騎車。總之，我騎自行車有很多樂趣。
【分析】這一段的主題句是 Biking has several benefits. 它有五個細節來支持主題句：
(1) the best way to lose weight (2) a good method of transportation (3) does not cause air pollution (4) doesn’t cost much
(5) enjoy beautiful scene
第三句是用來說明第二句，第五句說明第四句，第八句和第九句說明第七句，第十一 句是
結論句。作者是用 first, second, third, fourth, finally 來連接細節的。句子與句子間，則用代 名
詞和重覆關鍵字來連貫，整段都是在談biking ，沒有不相關的句子，因此這一段是具有連
貫
性的。
3-5 完整性 (Completeness)
一個段落除了要有一致性和連貫性外，還要有完整性，如果在主題句中告訴讀者有三個理 由或三種用途，這三種個理由或三種用途在段落中都必須出現並加說明，不可缺少，如果在主 題
句中說有很多理由或是很多用途，而段落中只談一個或兩個就不夠，在讀者看完一個段落後，
是
否能完全了解主題句的意思就很成問題，因為整個段落缺乏完整性的緣故。
請看下面範例：
In recent years American clothes-washing customs have greatly changed. Before World War II most clothing was washed by hand or by wringer-type washing machines. After the war, however, three
related developments changed the washing of clothes. First, in the late 1940s industry introduced phosphate detergents, which began to take the place of soap products. Automatic washing machines also came in. (Vivian Horn, Composition Steps, Newbury House Publishers, Inc., 1977. P.55)
【段落中譯】
近年來美國衣裳洗滌的習慣有很大的改變。在第二次世界大戰之前，大多數衣物洗滌 是
用手或由絞扭機類型洗衣機。然而，在戰爭以後，三種相關的發展改變了衣裳洗滌的發展。
首先，在一九四○年代晚期產業介紹了磷酸鹽洗滌劑，開始代替肥皂產品。自動洗衣機也 進
來了。
【分析】這一段說明最近美國人洗衣習慣的改變，在第三句說明在第二次世界大戰以後有三 79
個
原因改變了洗衣的的習慣，讀者自然而然就會期待作者說明是哪三個原因，但是作 者
只說明了兩個原因：
(1)First, in the late 1940s industry introduced phosphate detergents, which began to take the place of soap products.
(2)Automatic washing machines also came in.
作者並沒有說明第三個原因是什麼，可見這一段是不完整的。因此要了解是否完整可 以問自己兩個問題：
這個段落是否合理的支持主題句 ? 還有沒有什麼可以包括的 ?
3-6 練習題
1. 下面一段沒有按照合理的順序寫，請將它們按照合理的順序寫。
I saw several people jogging around the park. Jogging is my favorite exercise. Two months later, I lost five pounds and my cholesterol became normal. I started jogging three years ago. At that time, my doctor advised me to exercise regularly because I was overweight and my cholesterol
was high. The next day, I got up early and went to Daan Forest Park. It doesn’t need any skill, so I
followed them. Each time I jogged for one hour. It is really a good way to exercise.
2. 請根據下面的段落回答問題：
1There are three reasons why I have decided to become an English teacher in the future.
2First, I am knowledgeable in the field of English. 3English has been my favorite subject since I started learning it, and I have acquired the knowledge of this subject and know how to present it in
the lesson plan. 4Second, I am interested in becoming a knowledge transmitter. 5Since I have strong background in this field, it would be my pleasure to share what I know with others.
6Third,
I have patience with students. 7Some students may understand the subject very easily, but others may need extra time. 8I will always be available when students need me. 9I think I possess the
major characteristics of being a good teacher.
(1)The topic sentence of this paragraph is:
____________________________________________
(2)Why does the writer want to become an English teacher?
(A) (B) (C)
(3) How is the third sentence related to the 2nd sentence?
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__________________________________
(4)What is the relationship between the fifth sentence and the 4th sentence?
__________________________________
(5)What is the relationship between the 7th sentence and the 8th sentence?
__________________________________
(6)The concluding sentence is:
___________________________________
3.Please choose the appropriate supporting sentence based on the topic sentence below.請根據主題 句選出適當的支持句，然後將選出的句子按照順序排列成一篇文章。
Topic sentence: The department store is having a big sale this weekend.
發展句：
(A)We bought many sales items which we did not really need.
(B)Mary and I went early in the morning.
(C)The next day I fell asleep in the class.
(D)The store was packed when we got there.
(E)But we thought we could just stock up in case we need them.
(F)By the time we got home, we were exhausted.
(G)It was very crowded in the bus when we went home.