寫作要點(全)

第一章

文章的結構

通常一篇文章的結構包含題目和內文兩大部分，而內文就是指文章的主要內容，往往由數 個段落組成。每個段落又由許多句子組合而成，句子和句子間又要使用不同的標點符號和轉折 語，所以嚴格說來，一篇文章應該包括題目、段落、轉折語和標點符號。不過初學英文作文也 要 懂得文章的類型，也就是文體。所以我們這本英文作文寫作技巧對文體段落轉折語和標點符號 也 會加以討論。 文章的類型是依照寫作的目的而有所不同，對英文作文初學者來說，比較常用的類型有三 種： 敘述文、描寫文和論說文，其用法如下： 1. 敘 述 文 (Narration) ： 用來說故事，說明事件的發生情形，這是寫自傳時常用的文體。 2. 描 寫 文 (Description) ： 用來描寫人、事、物的外觀、感覺等，如形狀、大小、顏色、聲音 或味道等。 3. 論 說 文 (Exposition) ：

用來解釋事情，經常用來回答what, how, 和 why 等問題。這是一般

學生寫作最常用的文體，為了使讀者瞭解書寫者的觀點，往往須要

綜合其它寫作的方法 ( 敘述文、描寫文等 ) ，書寫的方法有舉例、

列舉、比較與對比、因果關係等。

不管用哪種文體寫作，一篇文章是由段落所組成，段落有三個部分：

起始段(Introductory paragraph)，發展段 (Developing paragraph) 和結論段 (Concluding paragraph) 。 每一部分都有其作用，分別說明如下： 1-1 起始段 (Introductory Paragraph) 起始段是開場白，目的是要吸引讀者的興趣和告訴讀者這篇文章的主題或方向，所以要清 楚簡潔，通常可以分三個部分：引起動機、主旨句及兩者的連接語。 1. 吸引讀者興趣的部分，主要在引起閱讀的動機，可以用以下的方法： 以題目做為開始、一開始就說明全文的要義 ( 重點 ) 、簡述事件、事實或意見、問答的方 式起 頭、引用名言的方法、廣泛大眾的觀點，對這篇文章做概括性的解釋等。這樣讀者對文章 的 內容有概括的了解。 2. 主旨句(thesis)： 通常在起頭段的最後一句，這是這一段裡最明確和最完整的一句，它告訴讀者這篇文章要 點、概論和文章的結構等重點要旨。 79

3. 連接興趣吸引部分和主旨句之連接語：

建立吸引讀者興趣的部分和主旨間的橋樑，如果意思能夠清楚連接則可以免。 【範例一】

1_{You might think that Olympic athletes are the healthiest people in the world.} 2_{It’s true that}

many are. 3_{However, it’s true that quite a few Olympic athletes had to overcome illnesses early}

in

their lives.

(Patricia Ackert & Linda Lee, “Great Athletes”p. 65)

【段落中譯】 您也許會認為奧林匹克運動員是世界上最健康的人。許多人確實是。但是，有不少的 奧林匹克運動員必須在他們的早期生活中克服病痛。 【分析】 這段文章的起頭段共有三句，第一句是大眾的想法，是這一段中最廣泛的句子，第三 句 說明這篇文章的方向，有不少的運動家必須克服早年的疾病，是這段中最重要的句子，它 的

主題是Olympic athletes ，而 overcome illnesses 是限制主旨句的觀點，中間一句用以連接 第

一句和第三句的關係。 【範例二 】

1_{One of the most successful filmmakers today doesn’t live in Hollywood and isn’t married}

to a movie star. 2_{He doesn’t make just one kind of film and he doesn’t work in just one language.} 3_{He doesn’t just direct movies, he writes and produces them as well.} 4_{His name is Ang Lee.}

(Ken Beatty, “Making Movies” p.113) 【段落中譯】 目前最成功的製片商之一不住在好萊塢，也沒有和電影明星結婚。他不是只製作一種 影 片，也並不是只製作一種語言的影片。他不僅導演電影，他也製作電影。他的名字是李安。 【分析】 這一段是以否定的方式呈現要寫的要點，簡述寫這篇文章的方向，最後一句才表明主 題 是李安，從段落中可知這一篇要討論的細節包括以下幾段： 1. 這個製片人目前不住在好萊塢。 2. 不是跟電影明星結婚。 79

3. 他不是製作一種電影而已。 4. 他的影片不是一種語言而已。 5. 他寫劇本和製片。 ★注意： 1. 在起頭段要避免用道歉、埋怨或是個人困境，這樣會讓讀者分心，而使文章弱化。 2. 避免太廣泛的開始，這樣會無法限縮討論範圍而破壞文章的一致性。 1-2 發展段 (Developing paragraph) 發展段可以有好幾個段落，每一個主題要有一段落來對一個主題加以解釋、敘述或辯論。 發展段主要由三個部分所組成： 1. 主題句：是一段的重點，概述這一段的大要，用來表示段落的主題方向，這個句子是該段 中最廣泛的句子也是最重要的句子。 2. 發展句：用各種方式來說明和支持主題句。 3. 結論句：綜合段落的要點下結論，讓讀者知道這一段結束了，它與主題句相呼應，可以寫 摘要、觀點、意見、評語、建議等。 【範例一】

1_{Colors in clothing often carry meanings.} 2_{In the Western world, white stands for purity and}

innocence. 3_{The traditional wedding gown remains a modern custom.} 4_{Black, on the other hand,}

represents sorrow and death. 5_{It is, of course, the traditional color of mourning in the West.} 6_{Gray, a}

combination of black and white, suggests modesty and mystery. 7_{Red, the color of blood, stands for}

strength, heat, and sudden danger. 8_{Yellow, the color of the sun, suggests youth, hope, and cheer.} 9_{Finally, blue, which has a calming effect, suggests harmony, honesty, and faith.} 10_{People wear}

clothing because of the meaning the colors suggest.

( Laurie Blass & Meredith Pike-Baky, Worldbeat: Current Readings for ESL Students, P. 23) 【段落中譯】 穿著的顏色經常含有意義。在西方，白色代表純潔和天真。傳統的結婚禮服依然是現 代 的習俗。另一方面，黑色代表哀痛和死亡。這在西方，當然，是哀悼的傳統顏色。灰色是 黑 色和白色的組合，暗示謙遜和神秘。紅色是血液的顏色，代表力量、熱情和突發的危險。 黃 色是太陽的顏色，暗示年輕、希望和快樂。最後，藍色具有鎮定的作用，暗示和諧、誠實 和 信心。人們因為顏色所暗示的意義來穿戴衣物。 79

【分析】

這一段的主題句是 Colors in clothing often carry meanings.

這一段落是以西方人的觀點來看衣服的顏色之含意，接下來的發展句第二句到第九句用來 說 明主題句，以白色、黑色、灰色、紅色、黃色和藍色的這些細節來支持主題句，最後一句 是 結論句。 再看下面一個段落，是以教導作事的過程來支持主題句： 【範例二】

1_{It’s easy to copy something from one file and then paste it into another file by using the}

Office Clipboard. 2_{Just follow these steps.} 3_{First, select the words or paragraph you want to copy,}

and then press CTRL + C. 4_{Second, go to the place of the document where you want it to be copied,}

and then press CTRL + V to paste. 5_{Third, after the material is pasted, save the file.} 6_{You can repeat}

this process whenever you need to. 【段落中譯】 使用Office 的剪貼板從一個檔案中複製一些東西，然後貼入另一個檔案中是很容易的。 遵照這些步驟就可以。第一，選擇您想要複製的字或段落，然後按 CTRL + C 。第二，到 您 要複製這些資料的檔案和地方，然後按 CTRL + V 將它貼上。第三，在資料被貼上之後， 儲 存檔案。每當您需要時，可以重複這個過程。 【分析】

這一段是有關How to copy a text ，第一句是主題句，第二到第五句是說明複製 (copy) 的 過程，第六句是結論句。 1-3 結論段 (Concluding paragraph) 結論段告訴讀者文章已經寫完了，說明這篇文章的重要性，可以提出新構想和新事證，要 和起頭段相互呼應，經由第一段所提出的故事或細節來回答問題。可以用下列的方法寫： 1. 總結法： 把全篇的主旨歸納成簡單的摘要，在寫完起頭段和主體段後，在結論段可以用不同的措辭 複 述主題句的觀點，後面還要加評語使文章圓滿結束。 2. 回答問題法：結尾語也可以用一些回答，如以下問句的方法： 79

(1) 你的文章為什麼重要 ? (2) 未來可能發生的事 ? (3) 這個題目該如何處裡 ? (4) 該作何選擇 ? (5) 將這些答案在結論段中回答。 3. 以預測或建議的方法結束。 4. 如果是敘述法的話要有故事的結論。

5. 可以用 In conclusion, 或是In summary來開始結論段。 例如：

(1)Topic sentence: A good teacher has many characteristics.

Concluding sentence: In conclusion, a good teacher should possess many qualities.

Or: In conclusion, a good teacher should have interest in teaching, special knowledge in his field of teaching, and patience with his students.

這是一篇關於好老師的特質的文章，在結論段裡，作者重述文章的重點：對教學有興趣、 教

授科目擁有之專長和對學生有耐心。

(2)Topic sentence: Eating chimchi is an indispensable feature of Korean culture. Concluding sentence: In conclusion, Koreans cannot have a meal without chimchi.

　 這是一篇關於韓國文化特點的文章，在結論段裡，作者重述文章的重點：韓國人每餐必吃 泡菜。

【範例一】

Life in a new country can be scary, but it also can be fun. Would you eat a 100-year-old egg? Would you order shark in a restaurant?

(Patricia Ackert & Linda Lee, “Thoughts & Notions” P.85) 【段落中譯】 生活在一個新的國家可能會是可怕的，但是它也可能是有趣的。您是否會吃一個百年 雞 蛋呢? 您是否在餐廳點鯊魚呢 ? 【分析】 這一篇文章討論在新國家的生活，在這結論段裡，作者除了表達對文章的評論 ( 第一 句 ) 外，還提出與文章相關的問題供讀者思考。 【範例二】 79

Finally, experts say, we mustn’t give up on kids who drop out, no matter how difficult their circumstances. One of the students from the adult education program, Judy Yang, is a single mother. Empowered by the diploma from the General Educational Development exam, she’s got a career

goal: working in the information technology field. 【段落中譯】 最後，專家說，我們不能放棄輟學的孩子，無論他們的情況有多困難。成人教育計畫 的 一個學生，茱蒂楊是一個單親媽媽。從一般教育發展測驗所授與的文憑，她有事業目標： 努 力朝向資訊技術領域。 【分析】 這文章是討論中輟生的問題，在段結論是以專家所說的話及一個中輟生參加資格考試 而 取得高中文憑的經驗來做結論。 ★注意： 1. 如果文章很短就不要用摘要來結尾，如果文章很長，在結尾時就要寫摘要。 2. 避免在結尾段提出全新的觀點，這樣讀者就不清楚作者的用意或觀點，反而須要澄清。 79

1-4 練習題 1. 請辨別文章類型，敘述文請在線上寫 N ，描寫文請在線上寫 D ，論說文請在線上寫 E 。 ______ (1)

By the age of twenty, Ben had his third expensive car. His first one had fallen off a bridge into a fast river and been carried away into the sea, and the second had hit a tree and been badly damaged.

______ (2)

I just moved into a new apartment. Let me tell you about it. My apartment is on the 8th _{floor. There is an elevator, so I don’t have to climb the stairs. On the top}

floor, there is a swimming pool and a heated whirlpool to relax in. In the basement,

there is a laundry room with a new washer and dryer and a storage room, where I can keep my bicycle. Behind the building, there is a parking garage. I hope you

can visit me soon. ______

(3)

My parents bought me a used car when I graduated from college. It had over 10,000 miles on it. It had a sunroof and a cruise control. It looked great.

Unfortunately, it broke down on the highway when I first drove it on the highway. I had to call the towing car company to have it towed to the garage. I felt so embarrassed when I stood there waiting for the towing car. From then on, it broke down constantly. Now, I think I got a real lemon.

______ (4)

Alcohol can affect your brain. It can lead to loss of coordination, slow movement, confusion, fuzzy vision, or blackouts. It can also damage your organs, such as liver or kidney and cause cancer. In addition, it can affect your self-control. After using alcohol, you won’t behave like yourself and your

behavior will change. According to the report, it leads to the causes of many traffic deaths. Too much alcohol can lead to coma or even death. It’s more dangerous for teens to drink than adults. Teen drinkers are more likely to become alcoholics later. Beware that it’s illegal to buy or carry alcohol if you are under 21.

______ (5)

Vicky’s success was enormous. She hosted five television shows and wrote ten travel books. Many of the shows were filmed by herself while she was traveling around the world. People from all over the country called her for consultation regarding travel. She was one of the knowledgeable travel experts.

2. 請分辨下列各段，如為起始段請在線上寫 I ，發展段寫 D ，結論段寫 C 。 ______

(1)

By the time he was sixteen, Albert had begun to ask questions about the nature of light and gravity. Answering those questions would lead him to the Nobel

Prize as well as ideas that made possible the creation of the atomic bomb. (Ken Beatty, Albert Einstein in Read and Think: A Reading Strategies Course)

______ (2)

Terry is going to graduate from college in June. She worries about her future. Even though she has studied hard and got good grades at school, she is not sure

if she is lucky enough to find the job she likes. ______

(3)

It was time for Tony to take the train back to Kaohsiung. Jane dropped him off at the Main Station and said good-bye to him. A week later, Jane went to the

United States to study, and she never saw Tony after that. ______

(4)

Other people think that taking part-time jobs is OK for high school students as long as they can handle it appropriately. They believe that high school students

need spending money for their own purposes, such as taking girlfriends out to the movies or to a dinner. Understandably, most students do not want their parents to know that and they don’t want to ask their parents to pay for that. ______

(5)

Ethan loves swimming. He has been dreaming about joining the school

swimming team the following semester. There are some good ways to make his dream come true.

3. 在下列各段請選出適當的結論句。 (1)

I haven’t been to the movies for several reasons. First, we bought a big screen plasma TV with great sound and special effects. Second, I have been renting a lot of DVDs with low fares to be watched at home. Third, we want to save money for other purposes. Fourth, I can watch

the movies at any time without leaving the house. 結論句：

______ (A)

At last, I saved the money to buy a house. ______

(B)

In conclusion, it is unnecessary for me to watch the movies at the movie theater any more.

______ (C)

Of course, I will need a lot of DVDs.

______ (D)

Watching TV is really fun.

(2)

Cockroaches are disgusting insects. They crawl every corner in the kitchen as long as there is

leftover food or greasy stuff. They can survive almost anyplace. They eat almost anything. Once they are in, it’s very difficult to get rid of them.

結論句： ______

(A)

Cockroaches are really amazing creatures. ______

(B)

Few animals can live longer than they are. ______

(C)

Cockroaches are so successful at staying alive.

◆練習題

詳解 1 . (1) N (2) D (3) N (4) E (5) N 2 . (1) C (2) C (3) C (4) B (5) C 3 . (1) B (2) B 【1 －段落中譯】 ( 1 ) 到二十歲時，彬擁有他的第三輛昂貴的汽車。他第一輛車從橋上掉入一條急流的河中而 被 沖入海，第二輛撞到了一棵樹而嚴重損壞了。 ( 2 ) 我剛搬入一棟新的公寓。讓我告訴您有關我的公寓的事。我的公寓在第八樓。有電梯， 因 此我不必爬樓梯。在頂樓上，有一個游泳池和一個熱水按摩浴池，可以放鬆自己。在地 下 室，有一間有新的洗衣機和烘乾機的洗衣房和一間我可以放我的自行車貯藏室。在大廈 的 後面，有一座停車場。我希望您能很快拜訪我。 ( 3 ) 當我從大學畢業後，我的父母買給我一輛二手車。它已開了一萬英哩以上了。它有一個 滑 動車頂和一個導航器。它看起來棒。不幸地，當我首次在高速公路駕駛時，它就拋錨 了。 79

我必須打電話給拖車公司將它拖到修車場。我在那裡站了很久等待拖車抵達，我感到很 尷 尬。從那時起，它經常拋錨。現在，我認為我買到了一部真正的爛車。 ( 4 ) 酒精可能影響您的頭腦。它可能導致喪失協調、動作緩慢、混亂、視線模糊或者喪失知 覺。 它也可能損壞您的器官，例如肝臟或腎臟和癌症的起因。另外，它可能影響您的自我控 制。 在喝酒以後，您不會表現得像你自己，並且您的行為會改變。根據報告，它導致許多交 通 事故死亡的起因。喝太多酒可能導致昏迷，甚至死亡。十幾歲的人喝酒比成人喝酒更危 險。 青少年的喝酒比較可能到後來成為酗酒者。當心，在二十一歲以下買酒或運載酒是非法 的。 ( 5 ) 薇姬的成功是很大的。她主持了五個電視節目，並且寫了十本旅行的書。許多的節目是 當 她環球旅行時自己拍的。全國各地的人打電話給她諮詢關於旅行的事情。她是最博學的 旅 行專家之一。 【2 －段落中譯】 ( 1 ) 當他是十六歲的時候，阿爾伯特開始問關於光和地心吸力的本質之問題。回答那些問題 將使他成為諾貝爾獎得主，並且使創造原子彈的構想成為可能。 ( 2 ) 特莉將於六月從大學畢業。她擔心她的未來。即使她努力讀書，在學校成績很好，她不 能確定她是足夠幸運地找到她喜歡的工作。 ( 3 ) 該是托尼乘火車到高雄的時候了。珍妮載他到火車站，向他告別。一個星期以後，珍妮 去 美國讀書，並且她以後未曾看見托尼。 ( 4 ) 其他人民認為高中學生找兼職工作是好的，只要他們可以適當地處理它。他們相信，高 中 學生需要有零用金可以供他們自己使用，例如帶女朋友看電影或晚餐。可理解地，多數 學 生不要他們的父母知道那些事情，而且，他們也不要要求他們的父母支付這些。 ( 5 ) 伊昇喜歡游泳。他夢想在下學期參加學校游泳隊。有一些好方式可以使他的夢想實現。 【 3 －段落中譯】 (1 我沒有看過電影有幾個原因。首先，我們買了一部有很好的聲音和特別效果的大螢幕電 79

) 漿 電視。其次，我以低費率租很多DVDs ，可以在家觀賞。第三，我們想要存錢作其他用 途。第四，我可以在任何時候觀看電影，無需離開房子。 (2 ) 蟑螂是令人厭惡的昆蟲。只要有殘餘食物或油膩材料，他們就在廚房爬行每個角落。他 們幾乎可以在任何地方生存。他們幾乎任何東西都吃。一旦他們進來，要擺脫他們是非 常困難的。

第二章

主題句的寫法

2-1 認識主題句 主題句是文章中ㄧ個段落的重點，它通常出現在第一句，這種寫法最清楚，最直接了當， 是開門見山式的寫法，西方人喜歡用這種方式寫文章，讀者一看就知道你要說什麼 ( 範例一 ) 。 不 過，有的時候它會出現在最後一句 ( 範例二 ) 。有的時候它會出現在段落中間 ( 範例三 ) 。有 的時候 沒有主題句，主題句是隱含的，而不明白說出，在段落中提供充分的細節，可以讓讀者推測出 段 落的主要意思 ( 範例四 ) 。但是，有的時候也可以不需要主題句，如果一個段落繼續前一段的 敘述， 而它的主題已經很明確了，則主題句可免，另外，在敘述一個事件時，如果插入一個主題句， 反 而會妨礙故事的流暢，因此在敘述一個事件時，通常沒有主題句。 對於初學者而言，主題句最好是放在第一句比較妥當。因此，在這裡我們要著重於主題句 放在第一句的寫法。 請見下面的範例： 【範例一】

1_{It is a good idea to avoid long quotations, especially quotations long enough to require}

indentation. 2_{There are few such quotations in academic writing that could not better be}

paraphrased. 3_{Long quotations not only discourage the reader, they often serve as a substitute for}

thought on the part of the writer. 4_{Try to quote partial sentences and to work these into your own}

sentences. (Lashch, 2002) 【段落中譯】 避免長的引文是一個好想法，特别是引文太長需要縮排時。在學術寫作中，像這種引 用句很少不能以更好的詮釋的方法改寫。長的引用文不僅使讀者失去興趣，他們經常作為 代 替作者這方面的想法之用。嘗試引述部份的句子，把這些融入你自己的句子中。 【分析】 在這一段第一個句子是主題句，其它的句子是支持主題句的發展句，主題句裡用了關 鍵

字“ avoid long quotations” ，第二句說明長的引句大多可以用改寫的方式來呈現，第三句

說明 長的引句不僅常使讀者覺得冗長無味，不知作者之真正意思，反而會認為是引句原作者的 意 思，而不是引用它的人的意思，所以，這兩句都是講要避免長引句的理由。最後一句是結 論 句，提出作者的意見，避免長的引句的方法。因此我們知道這一段的題目是Long Quotations. 限定主題的方法是用關鍵字和片語。 【範例二】

1_{Physically, caffeine speeds up the heart, promotes the release of stomach acid, and increases}

urine production. 2_{It also dilates some blood vessels while narrowing others.} 3_{In large amounts,}

caffeine may cause convulsions, but this is not too likely. 4_{It takes about ten grams of caffeine,}

about one hundred cups of coffee, to run a serious risk of death. 5_{Psychologically, caffeine}

suppresses

fatigue or drowsiness and increases feelings of alertness. 6_{Caffeine, then, can have various effects}

on a person. (Adams, W. Royce & Brody, Jane, 2000) 【段落中譯】 在身體上，咖啡因加速心跳，促進胃酸釋放，並且增加尿量。它也使一些血管擴張， 但是使其他的變狹窄。如果份量多，咖啡因也許會導致抽筋，但是這不是太可能的。大約 需要十克咖啡因，大約一百杯咖啡，才會有死亡的嚴重風險。在心理上，咖啡因可以抑制 疲勞或睡意，並且增加警覺。因此，咖啡因可能對人有各種各樣的作用。 【分析】 這一段說明咖啡因對人的影響，在一開始的第一句就說明咖啡因對人身體的一些影響， 並列出了一些細節：

(1)speed up the heart

(2)promote the release of stomach acid

(3)increase urine production

a. dilate some blood vessels/narrow others b. risk of death

接著又說明對心理的影響(psychologically)： (1)suppresses fatigue or drowsiness

(2)increases feelings of alertness

這些都是比較明確的細節，不能做為主題句，到最後一句話才說明咖啡因對人的影響： Topic sentence: Caffeine, then, can have various effects on a person.

這是這一段裡最廣泛的句子，也是這一段的重點，因此這是這一段的主題句。這一段 的題目是Caffeine ，限定主題的字是 effects 。

【範例三】

1_{You are on a road late at night, and your car gets a flat tire.} 2_{You look for your flashlight.} 3_{A child who is afraid of the dark keeps one under his pillow at night.} 4_{Few modern inventions are}

as useful as the flashlight. 5_{You can find something in the back of your closet.} 6_{And as a camper,}

you have one to light the night after the campfire has gone out.

(Jean Zukowski et al., “In context: Developing Academic Reading Skills” p.25) 【段落中譯】 您深夜在公路上，並且您的汽車爆胎。您尋找您的手電筒。害怕黑暗的孩子在晚上放 一 支在他的枕頭之下。很少現代發明物像手電筒一樣有用。可以在您的壁櫥後面找到某樣東 西。 做為一個露營者，您有一支可以在營火熄滅後，點亮夜晚的手電筒。 【分析】 這一段的題目是 Flashlight ，主題句放在段落當中的第四句，前面的一到三句說明什 麼 時候需要手電筒，引導入主題，主題句後面兩句說明手電筒的用途。這種寫法比較不適合 初 學者。 【範例四】

Joy sat next to Diane in class. Joy is outgoing and has been very active at school. But Diane, on the contrary, is shy and avoids any opportunity to get involved in activities. Joy tried to engage Diane in conversation and invited her to social activities. The problem is the more Joy tried to talk

to her, the quieter Diane seemed to become. This made Diane felt embarrassed, talked even less, not only to Joy, but to all her friends. Finally, she refused to participate in any conversation at all.

Joy thought that Diane disliked her and never bothered to talk to her anymore. 【段落中譯】 喬依在班上坐在戴安娜旁邊。喬依在學校很外向也很活潑。但是戴安娜，相反，很害 羞 的並且避免所有投入活動的機會。喬依設法使戴安娜參與交談，並且邀請她參加社交活動。 問題是喬依越想讓她談話，戴安娜似乎變得更加安靜。這樣做了讓戴安娜感到窘迫，談話 更 少，不僅是跟喬依，而且是跟所有她的朋友。最後，她拒絕參加所有談話。喬依以為戴安 娜 討厭她，因此不再跟她談話。 【分析】 這一段說明兩個不同性格的女孩，Joy 是一個外向的女孩，而 Diane 是一個內向的女 孩，

Joy 的判斷錯誤以為拉她去參與活動就可以改變 Diane ，如果 Joy 多了解 Diane 的個性一 點，

他們可能成為好朋友，但是這只是隱含的意思，並沒有明確的說出。所以這一段並沒有主 題

句，我們從上下文可以推測出主題句應該是Joy does not understand Diane’s personality 。

2-2 主題句的寫法 一個句子需要有兩個部分：主語和述語，主語就是句子的主題，述語是對主題的陳述，可 以限制主題的觀點。 例如： S ubject ( 主語 ) P redicate ( 述語 ) 1.Yo-Yo Ma is a great musician. 2.Our feet are very important to us.

3.Libraries have three basic kinds of materials.

第一句裡的Yo-Yo Ma 是主語，是這個句子的主題， is a great musician 是述語，a great musician

是限制主題的觀點，第二句裡 our feet 是主題， very important to us 是限制主題的觀點，第三 句的

主題是 libraries ，限制主題的觀點是three basic kinds of materials.。

主題不能太廣泛，否則會偏離主題讓讀者無法了解在說什麼。也不能太明確，它會讓作者 沒有闡述的空間，因此，主題裡需要有一個限制的觀點，這個限制的觀點就是限制對這個題目 所

要討論的方向、意見或是感受，它可以限制你要寫的範圍。這個限制的觀點最好的方法就是把 關

鍵字或詞放在主題句中，要讓讀者可以用Who? What? Why? When? How? 等問題發問的觀點。 這些問題可以讓寫作的人不遺漏重要的事實，例如，一個事件發生的時間、地點、經過情形等。 如果寫作的題目是“Objection to Smoking”( 反對抽煙 ) ，首先可以提出下列的問題：

(1)Who objected to smoking?

(2)When were the objections expressed?

(3)What did they do to object to smoking? (4)Why did people object to smoking? (5)How do people make their views known? 根據所提的問題來開始寫。 因此，在寫主題句時，要對主題做一個說明，以限制這個主題。對主題做說明時，請注意 以 下的規則： 1. 簡單的陳述事實句子，不要用太明確，不適合的句子當主題句，因為這樣的句子缺乏可發 揮 的限定論點，例如： A. This purse costs NT$20,000.

B. Our meeting will be held at 9:00 A.M. C. A foot equals twelve inches.

2. 表示個人簡單觀點的句子不適合用來做主題句。用個人觀點寫出的主題句像“ I think” 或 “I

like”等是比較弱的主題句，可能只是作者的偏見，所提出的證據或支持理念也可能有瑕疵 ，不容意被接受，因此無法支持所要討論的論點，例如：

A. I like roses.

B. I think this book is good.

C. Television commercials are boring.

3. 一個適當的主題句通常是含有個人的意見，而你能在發展句中提出充分的證據來證明或說 明

它是正確的，或是作者想要詳細加以說明的理念，例如： A. Tai-chi is good for the soul as well as for the body.

B. Eating too much meat has several problems.

C. Television differs from newspapers in several ways.

2-3 限縮主題句的方法 在講到縮小範圍之前需要先了解廣泛和明確的區別， 請看下面的圖解，左邊是最廣泛而 右 邊是最明確的： More general - ---More specific C olumn A Column B Column C

techniques of playing basketball Sports Basketball injuries caused by basketball

experience of playing basketball countries visited

Vacation Carribean Cruise how to snorkle

differences of cultures

stereotype of students in distance learning Education distance learning methods of instruction in distance learning

benefits of distance learning

談到sports 時，因為其中包括的項目太廣了，可以縮小為只談 basketball ，但是 basketball 可 以談的範圍還是太廣，不容易寫，因此我們可以再縮小到更明確一點，只談論「打籃球的技 巧」、 「籃球所引起的傷害」或「打籃球的經驗」。 主題句的寫法可以根據這種方法縮小範圍，然後再寫出主題句，再請看以下的例子： 1. 把關鍵字或詞放在句中，例如在談到“ English” 時，你可以限定在以下的範圍 ( 畫單底線的 是主 題，灰色的是限制觀點 ) ：

The purpose of learning English The methods of leaning English The difficulty of learning English

Your experience of learning English

然後根據這些題目寫出主題句，以限定討論的範圍，請看以下的例句： English is important for some reasons.

(What are the reasons?) English is useful on many occasions.

(In what aspects?)

English learning requires strategies. (What are the strategies?)

There are similarities and differences in learning English and a native language. (What are their similarities?)

(What are their differences?)

應用逐漸縮小範圍的方法，並且把關鍵字或詞放在主題句中，試著問問看，根據這個主題 句，讀者可問些什麼問題。

2-4 練習題

1.Study the following pairs of sentences. For each pair, (1)check the one you think would be a good,

clear topic sentence for a paragraph; (2)underline the controlling idea.

在各組的句子中， (1) 選出你認為適合做為段落的主題句； (2) 在控制觀點的字或詞下面

畫線。

(1) A. Exercise is good for health.

B. Jogging is good for health for several reasons. (2) A. The legal age for driving in the US is 16 years old.

B. Safe driving requires great skills. (3) A. I think Mary is beautiful.

B. Mary won the beauty contest because of several reasons.

(4) A. My teacher talks too fast.

B. A good teacher should possess some characteristics. (5) A. A favorite Japanese food is sushi.

B. In the Japanese restaurant, there are several special dishes. (6) A. My favorite room is my bedroom.

B.I study in my bedroom. (7) A. BMW is expensive.

B. Small cars are more popular among students. (8) A. Swimming has many benefits.

B. I usually go swimming in the morning. (9) A. Paris is the capital of France.

B. The city I like most is Paris. (10

)

A. Watching TV helps me in three ways. B. Watching TV reduces my sleep time. 2. 在下面段落中找出主題句，在主題句下面畫線：

(1 )

Every evening, Nancy and Bill eat a big dinner. They have salad to begin with. Then they have the main dish. Usually they eat seafood, pork, chicken, or beef. Finally, they eat dessert. Nancy likes fruit, but Bill likes ice cream and cake.

(2 )

The Yukon River begins in Canada’s Yukon Territory. Many other rivers flow into it as it runs from East to West across central Alaska. Some of the rivers are fed by melting

glaciers. This gives the Yukon its strange whitish, or milky color. The river generally freezes in October and melts again in May. Large ice dams sometimes form and cause

large-scale flooding. As the Yukon nears the Bering Sea, it breaks into many smaller rivers, forming a delta. This fact makes it impossible for large ships to travel up the river.

With a total length of 1979 miles, the Yukon River is the fourth longest on the continent. (Beatrice S. Mikulecky/Linda Jeffries, More Reading Power, p.87)

(3 )

Jennifer is very talkative. I seldom had any chance to say anything when I saw her. I always listened to her and became a good audience. I don’t know why she had so much to talk about. She was so funny and had a lot of stories to share, from her family to our

classmates. However, she seldom talked about herself. She seemed to know everything about other people. Then I got tired and had to interrupt her. I hope I have the chance to know her better.

3. 下面幾個字都非常廣泛，請依照例句把他們縮小到明確的主題。 C olumn A C olumn B C olumn C

例句： entertainment

dance ballet dance rap dance rock dance (1)food _____________ ______________ (2)entertainment _____________ ______________ (3)clothing _____________ ______________ (4)furniture _____________ ______________ (5)language _____________ ______________ 4. 根據所提供的題目及括弧內的資料寫出一個主題句。 (1 )

Topic: Reading newspapers (advantages and disadvantages) Topic sentence: _______________________________________ (2

)

Topic: Cell phones (current trend)

Topic sentence:________________________________________ (3

)

Topic: Generation gaps (difficult)

Topic sentence: _______________________________________ (4

)

Topic: Volunteer (types of work)

Topic sentence: _______________________________________ (5

)

Topic: Baseball (reasons)

Topic sentence: _______________________________________

◆練習題詳解

1.

(1) B Jogging is good for health for several reasons. (2) B Safe driving requires great skills.

(3) B Mary won the beauty contest because of several reasons. (4) B A good teacher should possess some characteristics.

(5) B In the Japanese restaurant, there are several special dishes. (6) A My favorite room is my bedroom.

(7) B Small cars are more popular among students. (8) A Swimming has many benefits.

(9) B The city I like most is Paris. (1

0)

A Watching TV helps me in three ways. 2.

(1) Every evening, Nancy and Bill eat a big dinner.

每天晚上，南希和比爾吃一頓豐盛的晚餐。他們開始吃沙拉。然後他們吃主菜。通常 他們吃海鮮、豬肉、雞肉或者牛肉。最後，他們吃甜點。南希喜歡水果，但是比爾喜 歡冰淇淋和蛋糕。

(2) With a total length of 1979 miles, the Yukon River is the fourth longest on the continent. 育空河發源於加拿大的育空地區。當它從東流向西橫跨阿拉斯加中心地帶時，有許多 其他河流流入。有些河流是由融化冰河而形成的。這使育空河呈現奇怪的白色或者乳 白色。這條河通常在十月結冰並且在五月再溶化。有時候會形成大的冰水庫而造成大 規模洪水。當育空河臨近白令海時，它分開成許多更小的河流，形成一個三角洲。這 個事實使大船不可能在河流上行駛。育空河有1979 英里長，是這個大陸的第四長河 流。

(3) Jennifer is very talkative.

珍尼弗很健談。當我看見了她，我很少有所有機會說任何話。我總是聽她說話，變成 一個好聽眾。我不知道她為什麼有這麼多可以談論的。她很滑稽並且有很多故事可以 分享，從她的家庭到我們的同學。然而，她很少談論到她自己。她似乎知道一切有關 其他人的事。然後，我感到疲乏，並且必須打斷她。我希望我有機會多知道她一點。 3.

(1) food Chinese food General chicken, stinky tofu, oyster omelette (2) entertainment movies Shrek, Up, Top Gun

(3) clothing casual shirts, jeans, shorts

(4) furniture sofa couch, love seats, recliner (5) language English speaking, reading, writing 4.

(1) There are many advantages and disadvantages of reading newspapers.

(2) The businessmen are interested in the current trend of cell phones among young people. (3) It is difficult to eliminate generation gaps between parent and children.

(4) I have taken three types of volunteer work. (5) I play baseball for three reasons.

第三章

發展句的寫法

3-1 認識段落 (Paragraph) 段落是由許多句子組成的，而每一個句子都是針對一個主題，以顯示這一段的中心思想。 當然，有的時候一篇文章裡會有好幾段都是談到同一主題，但是它們的要點卻不同，如：

Topic: The Internet Main ideas:

1.The Internet can be used to send e-mails.

2.The Internet can be used to search for information. 3.The Internet can be used to make phone calls.

3-2 一致性 (Unity) 在前面我們知道主題句限制一個段落的討論方向，這個主題句需要有一些細節來對主題句 加以說明和澄清，有關細節的句子稱為支持句，不同的主題句須要有不同的支持細節來使主題 清 楚和明確。 請看下面的段落：

There are two reasons why I have decided to buy a cell phone. It is difficult to decide what kind of

cell phone to buy. Most of my friends have cell phones. My friend Marilyn uses it to call home when she has to go home late. She uses it to play games when she feels bored. Thus, my mother has decided

to buy me a cell phone. 【段落中譯】 為什麼我决定買手機有二個原因。決定要買哪一種手機是很難的。我的朋友大多有手 機。我的朋友瑪麗琳用它打電話回家，當她必須晚回家時。當她感覺乏味時，她用它打電 動 遊戲。因此，我的母親决定給我買手機。 【分析】 在這一段裡，每一句都跟cell phone 有關，但是它們並不支持主題，因此這個段落缺 乏 一致性。如果把這一段改寫一下使它具有一致性，就會變成像下面的段落一樣：

There are two reasons why I have decided to buy a cell phone. First, I can use it to call home when I need to go home late. My mother always worries about me if I go home late. Second, I can use

it to play games when I feel bored. For example, it always takes me a long time to wait for a doctor’s appointment. I can play games while I am waiting. I really feel that I need a cell phone.

【段落中譯】 有兩個原因為什麼我決定買手機。首先，當我需要晚回家時，我可以用它打電話回家。 如果我晚回家，我的母親總是擔心我。其次，當我感覺無聊時，我可以用它打電動遊戲。 例 如，我去看醫師時，總是需要長時間的等待。當我等待時，我可以打電動遊戲。我真的認 為 我需要一個手機。 【分析】這個段落就說明了要買手機的兩個原因，每一句都和主題句有關，具有一致性。 請再看下面的主題句：

Topic sentence: Mary did not get good grades in English for several reasons.

下面有幾個句子，有的和主題句有關，有的沒有關係，請選出與主題句相關的句子，在線 上打：

 ₁

.

She was not interested in the subject. 

₂ .

She didn’t understand what the teacher was talking about. 

₃ .

She could not concentrate in class. 4

.

The classroom is well decorated. 

₅ .

The teaching activities were boring. 6

.

The teacher dressed beautifully.

這些句子中，除了第四句和第六句以外，都是跟英文成績差有關，都可以當作支持細節用。 如果用這個主題句和所提供的相關的細節，就可組成以下的段落：

Mary did not get good grades in English for several reasons. First, she was not interested in the subject, because she did not understand what the teacher was talking about. Second, she

could not concentrate in class. Third, the teaching activities were boring. She has to try hard to solve these problems in order to improve her English.

【段落中譯】

瑪麗由於幾個原因英文成績不好。首先，她對這一科沒興趣，因為她不瞭解老師在講什 麼。其次，她在班上不能集中注意力。第三，教學活動令人厭煩。她要改進她的英文必須設 法解決這些問題。

【分析】這個段落裡的每一句都是跟主題句相關，是支持這個主題句的細節，這個段落就具有 一致性。 3-3 合理的順序 在決定主題句和支持主題句的細節後，句子的安排要有一定的順序，才能讓讀者了解段落 的意思。一般句子的安排方法如下： (1) 從廣泛到明確

I bought two dresses last Sunday. I like the green one better. ( 我上星期日買了兩件禮服。我比較喜歡綠色的那一件。 ) (2) 從明確到廣泛

Reading biographies of famous people can give me ideas about solving my own problems. We can learn a lot by reading about lives of others.

( 閱讀名人的傳記可以給我關於解決我自己問題的想法。我們可以從閱讀他人的生活 經

歷而學到很多東西。 )

(3) 依時間順序

Mary graduated in 2002. In 2005, she decided to go to the graduate school. ( 瑪麗在二○○二年畢業了。在二○○五年，她決定去上研究所。 ) (4) 依空間順序

There is a bookstore on the right and on the left is a grocery store. ( 在右邊有一間書店，在左邊有一家雜貨店。 )

其他合理的順序如從問題到解答，從觀念到舉例等要注意段落句子的順序安排。 請看下面的範例：

【範例一】

Paul had to drive over one hour to the city, and then looked for a parking space. He lived in a small town outside Richmond, and he had to get to that city every day to work at a fast food restaurant. He wished he could find a job near his house. It usually took him about 20 to 30

minutes to find a parking space. 【段落中譯】 保羅必須駕駛一個小時的路程抵達城市，然後尋找一個停車位。他在瑞啟蒙外的一個 小 鎮居住，並且他每天必須到那個城市的一家快餐餐廳工作。他但願他能在他的家附近找到 工 作。他通常需要大約花二十到三十分鐘才能找到一個停車位。 【分析】這一段裡，句子的安排混亂，它的意思很難了解，因為句子的安排沒有一定的順序， 如果重新安排一下如下面的範例： 79

【範例二】

Paul lived in a small town outside Richmond, and he had to get to that city every day to work at a fast food restaurant. He had to drive over one hour to the city, and then looked for a parking space. It usually took him about 20 to 30 minutes to find a parking space. He wished he could find a job near his house.

【段落中譯】 保羅在瑞啟蒙外的一個小鎮居住，並且他每天必須到那個城市的一家快餐餐廳工作。 他 必須駕駛一個小時的路程抵達城市，然後尋找一個停車位。他通常需要大約花二十到三十 分 鐘才能找到一個停車位。他但願他能在他的家附近找到工作。 【分析】這個段落的意思就清楚多了，因為它是按照時間的順序寫的。因此，在書寫段落時 要 依照合理的順序寫，才能使讀者容易懂。 3-4 連貫性 (Coherence) 連貫性是指一篇文章中每一段落每一句話的意思，有清楚的脈絡，前一段與後一段，前一 句與後面一句，都能合理自然的銜接，從頭到尾一氣呵成。如果這樣，讀者自然覺得文章中每 句 的意思都能相互連接，所有支持句都能呼應主題句的中心思想。 請看下面的範例：

1_{Biking has five benefits.} 2_{First, I have found that it is the best way to lose weight.} 3_{I have}

lost 10 pounds since I started biking last year. 4_{Second, it makes a good method of transportation to}

work. 5_{It’s so convenient that I don’t need to wait for the bus.} 6_{Third, it does not cause air pollution}

and it is a good way to protect our environment. 7_{Fourth, it is inexpensive.} 8_{As long as I own one, I}

do not need money for gas. 9_{I can save lots of money.} 10_{Finally, when I go biking, I can enjoy the}

beautiful scene along the streets and ride at the speed I want. 11_{Anyway, I have a lot of fun biking.}

【段落中譯】 騎自行車有五個好處。第一，我發現它是最佳的減重方式。自從我去年開始騎自行車 以 來，我已經減掉了十磅。第二，它是去工作的好的交通工具。它非常方便以致於我不需要 等 待公共汽車。第三，它不會導致空氣污染，並且它是一個保護環境的好方式。第四，它是 低 79

廉的。只要我擁有一部，我不需要花錢加油，可以存很多金錢。最後，當我去騎自行車時， 我可以享受沿街的美好景色，並以我想要的速度騎車。總之，我騎自行車有很多樂趣。 【分析】這一段的主題句是 Biking has several benefits. 它有五個細節來支持主題句：

(1) the best way to lose weight (2) a good method of transportation (3) does not cause air pollution (4) doesn’t cost much

(5) enjoy beautiful scene

第三句是用來說明第二句，第五句說明第四句，第八句和第九句說明第七句，第十一 句是

結論句。作者是用 first, second, third, fourth, finally 來連接細節的。句子與句子間，則用代 名 詞和重覆關鍵字來連貫，整段都是在談biking ，沒有不相關的句子，因此這一段是具有連 貫 性的。 3-5 完整性 (Completeness) 一個段落除了要有一致性和連貫性外，還要有完整性，如果在主題句中告訴讀者有三個理 由或三種用途，這三種個理由或三種用途在段落中都必須出現並加說明，不可缺少，如果在主 題 句中說有很多理由或是很多用途，而段落中只談一個或兩個就不夠，在讀者看完一個段落後， 是 否能完全了解主題句的意思就很成問題，因為整個段落缺乏完整性的緣故。 請看下面範例：

In recent years American clothes-washing customs have greatly changed. Before World War II most clothing was washed by hand or by wringer-type washing machines. After the war, however, three

related developments changed the washing of clothes. First, in the late 1940s industry introduced phosphate detergents, which began to take the place of soap products. Automatic washing machines also came in. (Vivian Horn, Composition Steps, Newbury House Publishers, Inc., 1977. P.55)

【段落中譯】 近年來美國衣裳洗滌的習慣有很大的改變。在第二次世界大戰之前，大多數衣物洗滌 是 用手或由絞扭機類型洗衣機。然而，在戰爭以後，三種相關的發展改變了衣裳洗滌的發展。 首先，在一九四○年代晚期產業介紹了磷酸鹽洗滌劑，開始代替肥皂產品。自動洗衣機也 進 來了。 【分析】這一段說明最近美國人洗衣習慣的改變，在第三句說明在第二次世界大戰以後有三 79

個 原因改變了洗衣的的習慣，讀者自然而然就會期待作者說明是哪三個原因，但是作 者 只說明了兩個原因：

(1)First, in the late 1940s industry introduced phosphate detergents, which began to take the place of soap products.

(2)Automatic washing machines also came in.

作者並沒有說明第三個原因是什麼，可見這一段是不完整的。因此要了解是否完整可 以問自己兩個問題： 這個段落是否合理的支持主題句 ? 還有沒有什麼可以包括的 ? 3-6 練習題 1. 下面一段沒有按照合理的順序寫，請將它們按照合理的順序寫。

I saw several people jogging around the park. Jogging is my favorite exercise. Two months later, I lost five pounds and my cholesterol became normal. I started jogging three years ago. At that time, my doctor advised me to exercise regularly because I was overweight and my cholesterol

was high. The next day, I got up early and went to Daan Forest Park. It doesn’t need any skill, so I

followed them. Each time I jogged for one hour. It is really a good way to exercise. 2. 請根據下面的段落回答問題：

1_{There are three reasons why I have decided to become an English teacher in the future.} 2_{First, I am knowledgeable in the field of English.} 3_{English has been my favorite subject since I}

started learning it, and I have acquired the knowledge of this subject and know how to present it in

the lesson plan. 4_{Second, I am interested in becoming a knowledge transmitter.} 5_{Since I have}

strong background in this field, it would be my pleasure to share what I know with others.

6_Third,

I have patience with students. 7_{Some students may understand the subject very easily, but others}

may need extra time. 8_{I will always be available when students need me.} 9_{I think I possess the}

major characteristics of being a good teacher. (1)The topic sentence of this paragraph is:

____________________________________________

(2)Why does the writer want to become an English teacher? (A)

(B) (C)

(3) How is the third sentence related to the 2nd _sentence?

__________________________________

(4)What is the relationship between the fifth sentence and the 4th sentence? __________________________________

(5)What is the relationship between the 7th _{sentence and the 8}th _sentence?

__________________________________ (6)The concluding sentence is:

___________________________________

3.Please choose the appropriate supporting sentence based on the topic sentence below.請根據主題 句選出適當的支持句，然後將選出的句子按照順序排列成一篇文章。

Topic sentence: The department store is having a big sale this weekend. 發展句：

(A)We bought many sales items which we did not really need. (B)Mary and I went early in the morning.

(C)The next day I fell asleep in the class. (D)The store was packed when we got there.

(E)But we thought we could just stock up in case we need them. (F)By the time we got home, we were exhausted.

(G)It was very crowded in the bus when we went home.

◆練習題詳解

1.

Jogging is my favorite exercise. I started jogging three years ago. At that time, my doctor advised

me to exercise regularly because I was overweight and my cholesterol was high. The next day, I got up early and went to Daan Forest Park. I saw several people jogging around the park. It doesn’t need any skill, so I followed them. Each time I jogged for one hour. Two months later, I lost five pounds

and my cholesterol became normal. It is really a good way to exercise. 【段落中譯】 跑步是我喜愛的運動。我三年前開始跑步。那時候，我的醫生勸告我要常運動，因為 我 體重超重，並且我的膽固醇高。次日，我早起並且去大安森林公園。我看見幾人繞著公園 跑 步。它不需要任何技巧，因此我跟著他們跑。我每次跑步一個小時。兩個月以後，我减少 了 五磅，並且我的膽固醇變得正常。它真是一個好的運動方法。 2.

(1)There are three reasons why I have decided to become an English teacher in the future. (2)(A) I am knowledgeable in the field of English.

(B) I am interested in becoming a knowledge transmitter.

(C) I have patience with students. (3)It explains sentence 2.

(4)It explains sentence 4. (5)They explain sentence 6.

(6)I think I possess the major characteristics of being a good teacher. 【段落中譯】 我為什麼決定在將來要當一名英語老師有三個原因。第一，我的在英語領域是博學的。 自從我開始學習英文以來，它一直是我最喜愛的科目，我已經得到了這個科目的知識，並 且 知道如何在教學計畫中呈現教材。第二，我有興趣成為知識傳播者。既然我在這個領域有 堅 強的背景，我很樂意把我所知道的與其他人共享。第三，我對學生有耐心。有的學生也許 非 常容易地瞭解這個科目，但是其他學生也許需要更多的時間。當學生需要我時，我永遠可 以 被找到。我認為我擁有作為一位好老師的主要特徵。 3. (B、 D 、 A 、 E 、 G 、 F 、C)

The department store is having a big sale this weekend. Mary and I went early in the morning. The store was packed when we got there. We bought many sales items which we did not really need. But we thought we could just stock up in case we need them. It was very crowded in the bus when we went home. By the time we got home, we were exhausted. The next day I fell asleep in the class. 【段落中譯】 這個週末這家百貨公司在大銷售。瑪麗和我一大早就去了。當我們到那裡時，商店裡 擠 滿了人。我們買了一些我們並不是真正地需要的許多銷售物品。但是我們認為我們可以儲 存 起來，以防萬一我們需要時用。當我們回家時，公共汽車上非常擁擠。當我們回到家的時 候， 我們精疲力竭。次日我在上課時睡著了。 79

第四章

段落發展的技巧

段落發展的寫法要看段落開頭的主題句而定，有些主題句是根據個人的判斷或意見的陳 述，有些則是根據事實的陳述，請見下面的句子：

Mr. Brown is a strong leader.

The real estate company sold over 10,000 houses last season.

第一句是一種個人的判斷或意見，它有可能是真實的，也有可能是假的，要證實比較困難， 所以需要提出強有力的細節來說服讀者。而第二句是一個可以查證的事實，可以用數字來支持 論 點。因此，發展句要用哪一種方法來呈現細節就要看主題句的寫法而定。 以下要討論一些常用的方法。 4-1 舉例說明 (Example) 為了要讓讀者了解你的意思，可以用舉例來說明比較清楚，請注意作者用什麼信號來寫支 持句，請看以下的範例： 【範例一】

1_{Many students have difficulty understanding idioms, whose meanings cannot be derived}

from their component words. 2_{For example, the meaning of under the weather, which we often}

hear in conversation, is not feeling well. 3_{The individual word in the phrase is not related to}

physical conditions. 4_{It can be inferred that somebody may have a little cold due to the effects of}

the weather. 5_{Another instance is pull one’s leg, meaning to tease somebody.} 6_{Its accurate}

meaning can only be understood in word groups, not by the individual words. 7_{Further example}

can be seen in kick the bucket, which means die, whose meaning cannot be figured out literally because it doesn’t have anything to do with kick or bucket. 8_{If a student has never heard of the}

expression before, it is very easy for him/her to misinterpret the meaning of the phrase ； therefore, be very careful when you encounter idioms.

【段落中譯】

許多學生有困難瞭解成語，它們的意思不可能從他們的組成的字而理解。例如，我們 在

談話中常聽到的“under the weather” 的意思是身體不適。這片語中個別的詞與身體狀況無

關。

它可以推論某人也許由於天氣的影響而有一點感冒。另一個例子是“pull one’s leg”， 意 味戲

弄某人。它的準確意思只能由字群中瞭解，而不是由個別的字可以了解的。另一個例子是 “kick the bucket” ，意思是死亡，它的意思是不能以字面的意思來推測出，因為它跟 kick 或

是 bucket 沒有什麼關係。如果一個學生從未聽過這個詞，他或她是非常容易曲解這個詞 組

的意思；因此，當您遇到成語時，要非常小心。 【分析】這一段的主題句是：

Topic sentence: Many students have difficulty understanding idioms, whose meaning cannot be derived from their component words.

它的限制觀點是difficulty understanding idioms 。

這一段中是以舉例的方式來支持主題句，從 for example 及another instance 和further example 可知道是以舉例的方法來發展支持句的。共舉三個例子來支持主題句。

(1) 第二句For example, the meaning of under the weather…

(2) 第五句 Another instance is pull one’s leg, meaning to tease somebody. (3) 第七句Further example can be seen in kick the bucket…

第三句和第四句是支持第二句的，第六句用來支持第五句，最後一句是結尾，對主題 的評語。

但是在舉例的段落裡，像 for example 或 for instance 之類的信號語不一定需要，你仍 然

要能辨認出這是在舉例，請看下面範例： 【範例二】

Many children join different kinds of activities after school. They may go swimming, play basketball, play chess, go to a drawing class, go to a karate class, or go to the choir. These

activities make their school life more interesting and meaningful. 【段落中譯】 許多孩子在課後加入不同種類的活動。他們可能去游泳，打籃球，玩下棋，去繪畫班， 去空手道班或者去唱詩班。這些活動使他們的學校生活更加有趣和有意義。 【分析】在第二句的前面雖然沒有信號語，但是從所列的一連串的運動，我們仍然很清楚這 是 舉例說明。第三句是結論句。 4-2 事實描述 (Facts) 應用實際狀況或事證等資料加以說明敘述。 【範例】

Great white sharks are skillful hunters. All fish, even the smallest ones, produce small amounts of electricity. Great whites find their prey by feeling this electricity. It’s impossible to hide

from a great white shark. (Lin Lougheed,”Great White Sharks” People, Places, and Things 2) 【段落中譯】

大白鯊魚是純熟的獵人。所有魚，甚至是最小的魚，都會產生少量的電。巨大的白鯊 經

由感覺這種電來發現他們的獵物。要躲過一隻大白鯊魚不可能的。

【分析】這一段的題目是Great white sharks 。

它的主題句是 Great white sharks are skillful hunters. 第二句和第三句 All fish produce

small amounts of electricity. Great whites find their prey by feeling this electricity. 說明 大 白鯊獵食的方法。第二句、第三句和第四句提供事實 ( 所有的魚都會放電，大白鯊 只 要去感覺這種電源就可以找到魚 ) 來支持主題句。第二句到第四句都是在談獵取食 物 的技巧所以都是跟主題句有關。這一段所提供的資訊足以讓讀者了解主題句。 請再看另一個範例：

Galileo Galilei was one of the first modern scientists. He was born in Pisa, Italy, in 1564. At first he studied philosophy, but later he studied mathematics and astronomy. He was interested in the way the earth and other planets move around the sun. He found out several important facts about our world. He also started a new way of working in science. Before Galileo, scientists did not

do experiments. They just guessed about how something happened. Galileo was different. He did not just make guesses. He did experiments and watched to see what happened.

(Beatrice S. Mikulecky/Linda Jeffries, Reading Power, Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. 1998, p.92) 【段落中譯】 伽利略是現代早期科學家中之一位。他在1564年出生在比薩，意大利。 他起初學哲 學， 但是後來他學數學和天文。他對月球和其它行星繞的太陽運行的方法感興趣。他對我們的 世 界有些重要的發現。他利用新方法來研究科學。他跟他以前的科學家不一樣，因為他用實 驗 的方法，而以前的科學家是用猜的。他做實驗並觀察結果如何。 【分析】這一段是以事實來發展段落，關於Galileo這位現代科學家的故事是用可以證實的資 料寫出來的。

Topic sentence: Galileo Galilei was one of the first modern scientists. 細節包括：

1.his birth place and year 2.his fields of study

3.his interest 4.his finding

5.his new way of working in science (1)before Galileo—guess

(2)he did experiments

這些支持細節都是可以查證的。句子的安排是從他的出生介紹起，一直到他的科學 發 現，是按照時間的順序安排的，句子的連接都是以代名詞來達成連貫性。 4-3 統計數字 (Statistics) 應用各種調查或研究的統計加以補充或證實。 【範例】

ABC Optronics Corp, the nation’s No. 3 panel maker, reported an increase of NT$8.13 billion in the first quarter of this year---its highest since 2008. In the same period last year, it had a

loss of 15.91 billion. But in the final quarter of last year, its income amounted to NT$1.9 billion. This result indicates the recovery of economy since its recession in 2008.

【段落中譯】 ABC 光電公司，是全國的第三大面板製造商，據報告今年度的第一季增加了新台幣 八十億一千三百萬元---是自2008年以來最高的。在去年同一期，它虧損新台幣一百五十億 九千一百萬元。但是在去年度最後一季，它的收入達到新台幣十一億九千萬元。這個結果 顯 示自二○○八年以來的經濟蕭條已經恢復了。 【分析】

1.這一句的主題句是ABC Optronics Corp, the nation’s No. 3 panel maker, reported an increase of NT$8.13 billion in the first quarter of this year---its highest since 2008.

2.是以統計數字來支持主題句。

3.第一句主題句中提到去年同一季仍然是虧損的狀態，第二句提到去年最後一季已經轉變 為獲利了，第三句提到今年第一季的收入更高了。

4.從動詞 reported 以後的部分是限制觀點。

5.最後一句結論句是 This result indicates the recovery of economy since its recession in 2008.

4-4 個人經驗 (Personal experience)

個人的經驗往往是段落發展最有效的方法，利用親身的經驗來支持主題句，讀者比較容易 了解，請看以下的範例：

【範例】

Eric Lin doesn’t like cheese, because he had a bad experience with it. He told me about his experience with cheese. He attended an international meeting in Canada about ten years ago. At that time, he had never tasted western food before, especially cheese. At the reception, he was

really hungry. He saw a big plate of cheese and it was beautifully decorated. It looked delicious. Without hesitation, he took some and had a big bite. He almost threw out. What a strange taste! He turned around and walked to the corner of the room swiftly. He was afraid that somebody might see this embarrassing situation. From then on, he has never had cheese.

【段落中譯】 埃里克・林不喜歡乳酪因為他有一個不好的經驗。他告訴我有關他對乳酪的經驗。大 約 十年前，他到加拿大參加了一次國際會議。那個時候以前，他未曾品嘗過西方食物，特别 是 乳酪。在招待會中，他真地很餓。他看見一大盤乳酪，並且它裝飾得很美。它看起來很可 口。 毫不猶豫地，他拿了一些，並且大口咬下去。他幾乎嘔吐出來。好奇怪的味道呀 ! 他轉身， 迅速地走了到房子的角落。他害怕別人會看到這個尷尬的情況。從那時起，他從未再嚐過 乳 酪。 【分析】

這一段的主題句是Eric Lin doesn’t like cheese because he had a bad experience with it. 限

制觀點是 bad experience. 支持細節是有關 Eric 的經驗從第二句開始到倒數第二句。這個經

驗

是在說明主題句他不喜歡乳酪的理由。這個經驗足以說明主題句的意思。

4-5 練習題

1. 決定以下的句子是事實還是意見，事實請在線上寫 F ，意見請寫 O 。 _____ (1)Honda Accord is a small car made in Japan.

_____ (2)Debbie is the most popular hair designer in this area.

_____ (3)The metric system is better than using inches and feet. _____ (4)Retired people like Florida for three reasons.

_____ (5)Washington, DC is the capital of the United States. 2. 請閱讀以下的段落，並回答下列的問題：

(A)

Agreed upon symbols are used to represent things, processes, ideas, or events in ways that make communication possible. For example, there’s no logical reason why the letters in the word

book should stand for the object you’re reading now. Spanish speakers call it libro; German call

it

a Buch. Even in English, another term would work just as well as long as everyone agreed to use it

the same ways.

(W. Royce Adams, Reading Beyond Words, Harcourt College Publishers, 2000. P.4.) (1)What is the topic sentence of this paragraph?

(2)What technique does the writer use to develop this paragraph? (3)What signal words are used in this paragraph?

(4)Are the supporting sentences in this paragraph unified? Please explain. (5)Is this paragraph coherent? Please give examples.

(B)

There are two ways parents can teach children how to spend money wisely. First, when the children need to buy something, parents should only give them enough cash to buy the item they want. In that case, they can only spend the money within limit. Second, parents can establish an allowance system for the children to earn money from doing household jobs. They can tell the

children to save the money and buy what they want by using their own allowance. I think from these basic things, children should learn how to balance their budget.

(1)What is the topic sentence of this paragraph?

(2)What technique does the writer use to develop this paragraph? (3)What signal words are used in this paragraph?

(4)Are the supporting sentences in this paragraph unified? Please explain. (5)Is this paragraph coherent? Please give examples.

◆練習題詳解

1 . (1) F (2) O (3) F (4) O (5) F 2. (A)

(1) Agreed upon symbols are used to represent things, processes, ideas, or events in ways that make communication possible.

(2) Example

(3) for example, even

(4) Yes. All the sentences in the paragraph support the topic sentence. (5) Yes. In the example, the pronoun “it” is used to refer to book. 【段落中譯】 大家都同意的標誌以某種方式被用來代表事物、過程、想法或者事件，而使溝通成為 可 能。例如，沒有合理的理由說明為什麼在book這個字裡的字母應該用來代表您現在所讀的 東西。說西班牙語的人稱它為libro；德國人稱它為 Buch 。即使用英語，其他的名詞也一 樣 的表達只要大家同意使用它。 (B)

(1) There are two ways parents can teach children how to spend money wisely. (2) Listing

(3) First, Second

(4) Yes. They are about how to save money.

(5) Yes. The key words are repeated in this paragraph. 【段落中譯】 父母親如何能教孩子明智地花錢的二種方法。首先，當孩子需要買某種東西時，父母 親 應該只給他們足夠的現金買他們要的項目。在那個情況下，他們只能在限制範圍内花錢。 第 二，父母可以建立孩子的零用錢制度，讓他們能從做家事賺取金錢。他們可以告訴孩子把 錢 存起來，用他們自己的零用錢買他們想要的東西。我想從這些基本的事，孩子應該學會如 何 平衡他們的預算。 79