究---說服我們消費越來越多。
【分析】
這一段是用釋義法寫的，說明consume 的意思，我在前面提到重複關鍵詞並不一定要
用同一詞類，可以用其它的詞類，第二句是用consume 與第一句連接，第三句是用拉丁文
的
consumere 與第二句連接，第四句用 wasteful or destructive 及 consumerism 與第三句的
to useup, to waste destroy及 consumere 連接，第五句的 products 與第二句的 products 連接，第六 句
的Brand A 和 Brand B 與第五句的 brands 相關連，第七句以 things 與第六句的 Brand A 和 Brand B 連接，第九句以 consume 與主題句銜接。所以這一段除了用名詞銜接外還用不同 詞
類及相似詞銜接以達成連貫性。
除了重複名詞外，在名詞前面加上指示形容詞this, that, these, those 也是連接句子常用的方 法，如：
The new community consists of single family homes, apartments, condominiums, and a hospital.
That hospital needs new equipment to meet the needs of the residents.
2. 代名詞或名詞的指稱：
用代名詞指稱原來的主詞，這樣可以達成段落的連貫，也可以使句子與句子連貫起來。請 看以下的例子：
(1)Bill lost confidence because he failed too many times.
( 比爾喪失信心因為他失敗許多次。 )
這一句是連接獨立子句和附屬子句，he指 Bill 。
(2)The students cleaned all the desks after removing them from the classroom.
( 把書桌從教室裡搬出去後，學生清洗所有的書桌。 ) 這一句的them指 desks 。
(3)The average college student has one bookshelf in his or her dormitory.
( 一般的大學生在他的宿舍有一個書架。 )
這一句的 his or her 指 the average college student。
(4)Amy wants a cell phone and she will use her own money to buy it.
( 艾米想要一個手機，並且她將用她自己的錢買。 ) 這一句的she 和 her 都是指 Amy。
(5)Bill picked up Miss Wang’s luggage by accident when he got off the bus. When he realized this, he called the bus station. The clerk took down the number and helped him find his. A few minutes later, the clerk called back and asked him to take the bag back to the bus station to exchange his.
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( 當比爾下車時，他意外地拿了王小姐的行李。當他發現時，他打電話到車站去。職員記 下他的電話號碼，並且幫助他找他的行李。幾分鐘後，這個職員打回來了，要求他拿王小 姐
的行李到車站換回他的行李。 )
第一句中when 所引導的附屬子句的主詞he是指 Bill ，第二句的獨立子句和附屬子句的主 詞都是用he，指的是 Bill ， realized 的受詞 this 是指 picked up Miss Wang’s luggage by
accident 這一件事，第三句的 him=Bill ，而 his 是指 his luggage 。最後一句的 him 是指 Bill ， his 是指 his luggage 。這一段是用代名詞來達成連貫的目的。
(6)We visited Cairo many years ago. It was very busy. We saw the Pyramids. They are very impressive.
Some people tried camel riding, and they said that it was an exciting experience.
( 很多年前我們參觀了開羅。它是非常繁忙的。我們看見了金字塔。他們令人印象深刻。
有些人嘗試去騎駱駝，他們說它是很刺激的經驗。 )
這一段是有關開羅旅遊的主題，它的結構如下：
Topic sentence: We visited Cairo many years ago.
其中有三個細節：
a.It was very busy.
b.We saw the Pyramids.
- They are very impressive.
c.Some people tried camel riding….
第二句的it 是指 Cairo ，以此跟第一句連接，第三句應該是 In the tour of Cairo ， we visited the
Pyramids. 在這裡因為意思很清楚，所以句前的片語省略掉了，我們仍然可以與主題連接，
第四句的they 是指 the Pyramids ，用以補充說明 the Pyramids ，第四句是複合句，用 and 連
接，在第二個對等子句中的they 是指 some people ， it 是指 camel riding 。 3. 轉折語
為了達到連貫性，作者也使用轉折語來連接句子的關係，缺乏這些用語會使段落無法通順 連貫而難理解，因此，在連接句子時要用轉折語，它們可以使句子一句一句的順利銜接，以下 是
一些常用的轉折語。
(1) 用以表示一連串相關的事件：
first, second, third, first of all, also, and, and then, in the first place, equally important, next, finally, again, last, still, too
例句：The boy finished his homework. Then, he went to play basketball with his friends.
( 男孩完成了他的家庭作業。然後，他跟他的朋友去打籃球。 )
Camping takes advance planning. Still, it is a great way for us to experience the country life.
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( 露營需要預先計畫。而且，它是我們體驗鄉村生活的一個很好的方式。 )
(2) 以相同的意思複述一個句子：
that is, that is to say, in other words
例句： I don’t have money; that is, I cannot go to Paris with you.
( 我沒有錢；也就是說，我不能跟您到巴黎去。 ) (3) 增加相對的觀點或對比的句子：
but, yet, however, nevertheless, still, though, whereas, in contrast, rather 例句：She speaks Japanese fluently. However, she doesn’t speak it often.
( 她日語說得很流利。然而，她不常講日語。 ) (4) 用以附加說明一個觀點：
and, too, furthermore, moreover, in addition, besides, in the same way
例句： Our goal is to produce good quality products. Furthermore, we would like to provide after-sale services to our customers.
( 我們的目標是生產優良品質的產品。而且，我們希望為我們的顧客提供售後服 務。 )
(5) 用以表示因果關係：
so, therefore, consequently, as a result, thus, hence, if follows that, because 例句：It started to rain, so we waited until it stopped.
( 開始下雨，因此我們等到雨停止。 )
I don’t like music; therefore, I never go to the concert.
( 我不喜歡音樂；因此，我從未去過音樂會。 ) (6) 用以說明不明確的事：
in fact, indeed, now,
例句：He did not lose in the stock market. Indeed, he got some dividends.
( 他在股市上沒有虧錢。事實上，他賺了一些股息。 ) (7) 用以表示讓步：
some believe that, it has been claimed that, once it was believed, I admit, of course, naturally 例句：We were delighted in walking in the park with amazing view.
( 我們很高興在有驚人景色的公園裡散步。 )
Of course, the park was not always a pleasant place to see.
( 當然，公園並不總是一個值得看的宜人的地方。 ) (8) 用於舉例：
for example, for instance, after all, an illustration of, to illustrate, specific 例句：To illustrate the point, Prof. Ding told us the story of his life.
( 為了要說明要點，丁教授告訴我們他的生活故事。 )
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4. 搭配語的應用
搭配語經常相互搭配使用的語彙，善用搭配語可以使段落具有連貫性，文章流暢，避免錯 誤的用語，有的時候一個句子在文法上沒有錯，但是聽起來怪怪的，就是因為沒有用對搭配語。
搭配語可以是結構上的搭配，也可以用語彙來搭配。
(1) 從語彙來說，經常同時出現的字，如 salt 和 pepper, hammer 和nail, desk和 chair, need 和 thread ， salt 也可以跟 water 搭配而成salt water。但是，有些字雖然是相同意思，卻有 不
同的用法，如strong 和 powerful 都是強有力的意思，但是它們的搭配語卻不完全一樣，
如
濃茶是strong tea，而不可說 powerful tea ，它可以跟computer 搭配成powerful computer( 高
效率的電腦 ) ， strong 不能跟computer 搭配，適當的搭配可以使讀者容易了解段落的意 思，
而達成文章的連貫性。例如，以下是一些常看到的搭配語：
a. do: do away with, do over, do your hair/nail, do me a favor
b. make: make a mistake/a decision, make somebody feel guilty/good/sick, make a living c. play: play sports/games, play a CD, play a tape, play a role, play a joke/trick
(2) 從結構上來說，有些動詞必須跟受詞，而有些卻不可以跟受詞，有些動詞的主詞只能是 人
或是有生命的，而不能是無生命的，請看以下的例句：
a. The man concealed his gun. ( 這人藏匿他的槍。 ) conceal 後面必須跟受詞 。
b. *The man lives a big house.
這兩個句子的字序都是：主詞+ 動詞 + 受詞，但是 a 句是合文法的而 b 句卻不合文法，
因為
動詞live 後面不可以跟直接受詞，要跟一個介系詞才可以。
再看以下的例句：
a. I admire his ability.
b. *The tree admires his ability.
這兩個句子中，c 句可以，而 d 句卻不可以，因為動詞admire 只能接受人作為主詞，而不 能以
物作主詞，有些動詞只能跟某種主詞搭配，錯誤的搭配會使讀者無法理解文章的意思，
而缺乏
連貫性。因此搭配語的應用也是達成連貫性的方法。當他們一起出現時可以增加文章的 連貫性。
5. 平行結構
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在結構相似的兩個片語可以平行並列，這樣可以使文章更流暢，避免誤解，有助於文章的 了解。
(1) 名詞與名詞並列
Wrong: I prefer novels to playing video games.
Correct: I prefer novels to video games.
( 我比較喜歡小說而不喜歡電動遊戲。 ) (2) 動詞與動詞並列
Wrong: In my leisure time, I play the guitar, basketball, and listen to music.
Correct: In my leisure time, I play the guitar, play basketball, and listen to music.
( 在我的閒暇時間，我彈吉他，打籃球，並且聽音樂。 ) (3) 形容詞對形容詞
Wrong: The boy is smart and with skills.
Correct: The boy is smart and skillful.
( 這男孩是聰明和有技能的。 ) a. 比較時也要平行對等
Wrong: To Mary, speaking English is as easy as Chinese.
Correct: To Mary, speaking English is as easy as speaking Chinese.
( 對瑪麗來說，講英語就像講中文一樣容易。 ) b. 子句對子句
In New York it is hot and humid during the summer. In Los Angeles it is hot and dry.
( 在紐約夏天是熱而潮濕的。在洛杉磯它是熱而乾燥的。 )
這兩個平行句子很清楚而緊密地連結，很容易讓讀者了解意思，這種結構，有強烈的對比 意思。
9-3 練習題
1. 閱讀下面的段落，然後回答下面的問題：
1Amy was born lucky. 2She is the youngest daughter in a wealthy family. 3She has a beautiful, adorable face. 4When she does something wrong, she faces it with an innocent smile and nobody will
blame her. 5She is smart. 6She often gets good grades in the tests. 7You are a good test taker and you know how to take a test. 8Amy doesn’t need to spend a lot of time studying because she memorizes the
materials very fast. 9She doesn’t need to do the dishes, because she is the youngest. 10At Christmas, she
always gets the best present because she is the youngest in the family. 11In short, I do believe that some
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people are born lucky, but I have to work hard to get what I want.
(1) Are all the sentences related to the topic sentence? If not, please list the one(s) that is (are)not related.
(2) What methods does the writer use to achieve paragraph coherence?
(3) What is the topic sentence of this paragraph?
(4) How many details are there in this paragraph? Please list them.
2. 請用所提供的轉折詞填入句中，使句意完整：
(for example, moreover, because, nevertheless, instead, otherwise, consequently, in a word, in addition, otherwise, for this reason, after all)
(1)In the meeting, the residents discussed about whether the trash should be sorted. __________, should it be sorted by the residents, or should it be sorted in a central collection facility?
(2)Most consumers have become quite careful when it comes to how they are spending their money.
__________, the quiet real estate market indicates that many homeowners are choosing to stay where they are for now.
(3)We didn’t enjoy our vacation, __________ the weather was bad.
(4)There are many kinds of periodicals in our library; __________, there are times and Newsweek.
(5)Nancy broke her leg; __________, she would have participated in the marathon.
(6)I didn’t blame her for the mistakes. __________, I encouraged her.
(7)He spoke too long in the meeting; __________, part of the events was cancelled.
(8)Bill didn’t finish his report. __________, he is absent today.
(9)My father kept telling me that he would support me until I graduate from college. __________, I found that he couldn’t even support himself.
(10)Mary did not stay at home to study for the test. __________, she went to the movie.
◆練習題詳解
1.
(1) No, sentence7 is not related.
You are a good test taker and you know how to take a test.
(2) This paragraph uses pronoun and repetition of nouns to achieve coherence (3) The topic sentence: Amy was born lucky.
(4)Six details:
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a.She is the youngest daughter in a wealthy family.
b.She has a beautiful, adorable face.
c.When she does something wrong, she faces it with an innocent smile and nobody will blame her.
d.She is smart.
-She often gets good grades in the tests.
-Amy doesn’t need to spend a lot of time studying, because she memorizes the materials very fast.
e.She doesn’t need to do the dishes, because she is the youngest.
f.At Christmas, she always gets the best present because she is the youngest in the family.
2.
(1 )
In the meeting, the residents discussed about whether the trash should be sorted. In other
words, should it be sorted by the residents, or should it be sorted in a central collection facility?
(2 )
Most consumers have become quite careful when it comes to how they are spending their money. In addition, the quiet real estate market indicates that many homeowners are
choosing to stay where they are for now.
(3 )
We didn’t enjoy our vacation, because the weather was bad.
(4 )
There are many kinds of periodicals in our library; for example, there are times and Newsweek.
(5 )
Nancy broke her leg; otherwise, she would have participated in the marathon.
(6 )
I didn’t blame her for the mistakes. Moreover, I encouraged her.
(7 )
He spoke too long in the meeting; consequently, part of the events were cancelled.
(8 )
Bill didn’t finish his report. For this reason, he is absent today.
(9 )
My father kept telling me that he would support me until I graduate from college.
Nevertheless, I found that he couldn’t even support himself.
(1 0)
Mary did not stay at home to study for the test. Instead, she went to the movie.
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