第六章 結論與建議
6.2 建議
1. 本研究指出垂直異質性導水度分佈，影響縱向傳輸之污染團移動速度與濃度
113
值，對於風險評估的影響不一致，建議可將場址污染傳輸模擬與風險評估考 慮垂直異質性導水度之影響，再據以評估監測井導水度調查所需之精度和評 估結果合理性。
2. 本研究假設條件也為影響導水度變異性模擬結果之差異。如假設場址與 BCA 場址其假設條件不同，如污染源種類、數目、注入量、導水度值，導 水度變異性程度，使得兩個場址導水度變異性模擬結果與風險的影響不同。
導水度異質性對於含氯有機溶劑污染場址健康風險評估之影響程度，可能都 將存在其他水文地質參數之影響，如孔隙率、水力梯度、降解率，吸附係數，
延散度。
3. 污染場址中其他水文地質參數的變異性也可能影響健康風險評估之差異，如 橫向延散度和水帄向導水度變異性都將影響污染團橫向傳輸範圍與水帄向 優勢路徑的形成。參數變異性的模擬結果與評估都有助於水文地質調查中佈 設之參考。
4. 本研究指出污染場址中降解作用和吸附作用對於污染傳輸和健康風險評估 之影響甚大，可延伸模擬其變異性影響程度。若能清楚得知地下水氧化還原 環境影響原污染物降解的速率，和土壤有機質含量的多寡，造成各關切污染 物遲滯速度的差異，有助於判定實際場址污染擴散範圍與影響程度。
5. 本研究健康風險評估為模擬污染源起始 24 年之間的危害風險，若是場址使 用時間和污染調查時間的不同，可能導致風險提高或降低，且導水度的變異 性也可能因評估模擬時間和污染調查時間的不同，而影響其風險差異。
6. RT3D 降解模式為一階降解反應，而 SEAM3D 包含水中離子與含氯碳氫化 合物生物降解反應，未來可使用如 SEAM3D 模擬水中離子與含氯碳氫化合 物電子轉換之生物降解反應。實際上地下水氧化還原環境為主要影響降解之 因素，若場址地下水質調查配合數值模擬，有助於判斷含氯有機污染物氧化 還原能力，與符合實際模擬結果。
114
7. 本研究為 DNAPL 溶解相污染傳輸模擬，然而 DNAPL 自由相移動之路徑與 DNAPL 池都深受導水度變異性之影響。導水度變異性和水文地質參數對於 DNAPL 自由相之影響為未來可研究之方向，可以使用如 TMVOC 和
UTCHEM 等模式模擬 DNAPL 多相流中其水文地質參數之影響。
115
參考文獻
Anderson M. R., Johnson R. L and Pankow J. F., 1992a, Dissolution of dense
chlorinated solvents into ground water: 1. Dissolution from a well-defined residual source, Ground Water, v30 i2. 250-256.
Anderson M. R., Johnson R. L. and Pankow J. F., 1992b, Dissolution of dense chlorinated solvents into groundwater. 3. Modeling contaminant plumes from fingers and pools of solvent. Environ. Sci. Technol. v26 i5. 901-908.
Alexander M., 1999, Biodegradation and Bioremediation 2nd ed., Academic Press, San Diego, CA., U.S.A..
Bagley, D. M. and J. M. Gossett, 1990, Tetrachloroethene Transformation to Trichloroethene and cis-1,2-Dichloroethene by Sulfate-Reducing Enrichment Cultures, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 56(8), pp 2511-2516.
Ball W. P., Robert P. V., 1991, Long-term sorption of halogenated organic-chemicals by aquifer material at equilibrium . Environ. Sci. Technol., 25, 1223-1236.
Banerjee S., 1984, Solubility of organic mixtures in water. Environ. Sci. Technol. v18 i8. 587-591.
Bedient P. B., Rifai H. S., and Newell C. J., 1994, contaimination, transport and remediation, PTR Prentice Hall, , Englewood cliff, New Jersey,541pp.
Bowling J. C., Zheng C., Rodriguez A. B. and Harry D. L., 2006, Geophysical constraints on contaminant transport modeling in a heterogeneous fluvial aquifer, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 85:72–88, doi:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2006.01.006.
Boggs J. M., Young S. C., Benton D. J., Chung Y. C., 1990, Hydrogeologic characterization of the MADE site. Interim Report EN-6915. Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Also, California.
Butler J. J., Lanier A. A., Healey J. M., Sellwood S. M., McCall W. and Garnett E., 2000, Direct-push hydraulic profiling in an unconsolidated alluvial aquifer, Kansas Geological Survey Open-File Report, 2000-62.
Clement T. P., 1997, RT3D. A Modular Computer Code for Simulating Reactive Multispecies Transport in 3-Dimensional Groundwater Systems. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory .PNNL-11720.
Clement T. P., 2001, ART3D ,Analytical Model for Simulating Reactive Multi-species Transport in 3-Dimensional Groundwater Systems. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
Dagan G., 1993, High order correction of effective permeability of heterogeneous isotropic formations of lognormal conductivity distribution. Transport in Porous Media 12, 279–290.
Domenico P. A. and Scheartz F. W., 1998, Physical and Chemical Hydrogeology, 2nd ed., wiley, New York, p.506.
El Fantroussi S, Naveau H and Agathos S. N., 1998, Anaerobic dechlorinating bacteria. Biotechnol Prog 14:167–188Eggleston, J., Rojstaczer, S., 1998.
Identification of large-scale hydraulic conductivity trends and the influence of trends on contaminant transport. Water Resources Research 34 (9), 2155–2168.
Environment Agency UK, 2003, An illustrated handbook of DNAPL transport and fate in the subsurface.
Eskenazi B., Fenster L., Hudes M., Wyrobek A. J., Katz D. F., Gerson J. and Rempel D. M., 1991b, A study of the effect of perchloroethylene exposure on the
116
reproductive outcomes of wives of dry-cleaning workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 20:
593-600.
Fetter C. W., 1999, Contaminant Hydrogeology, 2nd Ed, Prentice-Hall, Inc., London, 334pp.
Freundt K. J., Liebaldt G. P., Lieberwirth E., 1977, Toxicity studies on trans-1,2-dichloroethylene. Toxicology, 7:141-153.
Gelhar L., Axness C., 1983, Three-dimensional stochastic analysis of macrodispersion in aquifers. Water Resources Research 19, 161–180.
Harmon T. C., Roberts P. V., 1994 Comparison of intraparticle sorption and
desorption rates for a halogenated alkene in a sandy aquifer material. Environ. Sci.
Technol., 28,1550-1560.
Hudak P. F., 2000, Principles of hydrogeology-2nded., LEWIS
Publish,Boca,Raton,London,New York,Washington,D.C.,33~35,133~143.
Hess K. M., 1989, Use of a Borehole Flowmeter to Determine Spatial Heterogeity of Hydraulic Conductivity and Macrodispersion in a Sand and Gravel Aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, MA, in Proceedings New Field Techniques for Quantifying the Physical and Chemical Properties of Heterogeneous Aquifers, edited by F.
Molz, J. Melville, and O. Guvan, pp. 497–508, Natl. Water Well Assoc., Dublin, Ohio.
Homsy G. M., 1987,Viscous Fingering in Porous Media. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. Volume 19, Page 271-311.
Hydrogeologic, Inc., 1996, MODFLOW-SURFACT Software (Version 2.2) Documentation, Hydrogeologic, Inc. Herndon, Virginia.
Johnson R. L. and Pankow J. F., 1992, Dissolution of dense chlorinated solvents into groundwater. 2.Source function for pools of solvent. Environ. Sci.
Technol.,26,896-901.
Lash L. H., Qian W., Putt D. A., Desai K., Elfarra A. A., Sicuri A. R. andParker J. C., 1998, Glutathione conjugation of perchloroethylene in rats and mice in vitro: sex-, species-, and tissue-dependent differences. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 150: 49-57.
Levine B., Fierro M. F. and Goza S. W., 1981, A tetrachloroethylene Fatality. J.
Forensic Sci. 26: 206-209.
Longino B. L. and Kueper, B. H., 1995, The use of upward gradients to arrest downward DNAPL migration in the presence of solubilizing surfactants,Can.
Geotech. J.32,296-308.
Matheron G. and de Marsily G., 1980, Is transport in porous media always diffusive?
A counter example. Water Resources Research 16, 901–917, 1967.
Melville, J. G., F. J. Molz, O. Guven, and M. A. Widdowson, 1991, Multi- level slug tests with comparisons to tracer data, Ground Water, 29(6), 897-907.
Mercer, J. W., and Cohen R. M., 1990, A review of immiscible fluids in the subsurface: models, characterization and remediation, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 6(2):107-163.
Middeldorp P. J. M., Luijten M. L. G. C., van de Pas B. A., van Eekert M. H. A., Kengen S. W. M., Schraa G. and Stams A.J.M., 1999, Anaerobic microbial reductive dehalogenation of chlorinated ethenes. Biorem. J., 3 (3), 151–169.
Palmer C. J. and Johnson R. L., 1989, Physical Processes Controlling the Transport of Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids in the Surface, Seminar Publication: Transport and Fate of Contaminants in the Subsurface, Chapter 3, EPA/625/4-89/019, pp. 23-28.
Pankow, J. F., and Cherry J. A., 1996, Dense Chlorinated Solvents and other DNAPLs in Groundwater, Waterloo Press, Portland, OR, 522 p.
117
Rehfeldt K. R., Boggs J. M. and Gelhar L. W., 1992, Field study of dispersion in a heterogeneous aquifer: 3. Geostatistical analysis of hydraulic conductivity. Water Resources Research 28, 3309–3324.
Ross, H. C. and McElwee C. D., 2007, Multi-Level Slug Tests to Measure 3-D Hydraulic. Conductivity Distributions. Natural Resources Research 16(1): 67-79.
Pruess K. and Falta R. W., 1995, Stefan Finsterle and Alfredo Battistelli. T2VOC User’s Guide, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Report
LBL-36400,‖Berkeley, CA.
Pruess K. and Battistelli A., 2002, TMVOC, A Numerical Simulator for Three-Phase Non-Isothermal Flows of Multicomponent Hydrocarbon Mixtures in
Saturated-Unsaturated Herogeneous Media, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA.
Prommer H. and Barry D. A., 2001b, PHT3D – A reactive multi-component transport model for saturated porous media. Version 1.0 User’s Manual, Technical report, Contaminated Land Assessment and Remediation Research Centre, The
University of Edinburgh.
Schaerlaekens J., Mallants D., Simunek J., Van Genuchten M. Th. and Feyen J., 1999, Numerical simulation of transport and sequential biodegradation of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons using CHAIN_2D. Hydrological Processes, 13, 17, 2847–2859.
Schwille F., 1988, Dense Chlorinated Solvents in Porous and Fractured Media.
Lewis,Chelsea,MI.
Srinivasan P. and Mercer J. W., 1988, Simulation of biodegradation and sorption processes in groundwater, Ground Water, 26(4):475-487.
Sujatha T. V. and Hegde M. J., 1998, C-mitotic effects of trichloroethylene (TCE) on bone marrow cells of mice. Mutat. Res. 413: 151-158.
Tiehm A., Schmidt K., Stoll C., Muller A., Lohner S., Heidinger M., Wickert F. and Karch U., 2007, Assessment of natural microbial dechlorination.Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment, Special Issue I (2007): 71-77.
U.S.EPA., 1985, Health assessment document for tetrachloroethylene
(perchloroethylene) - final report. Washington, D.C., U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency:
EPA/600/8-82/006F.
U.S.EPA., 1989, Exposure Factors handbook. Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington DC.
U.S.EPA.,1992, Guidelines for Exposure Assessment. Risk Assessment Forum and U.S Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC.
U.S.EPA., 1992, Estimating Potential for Occurrence of DNAPL at Superfund Sites.
OSWER Publication 9355.4-07FS.
U.S.EPA., 2004, Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual Part E, Supplemental Guidance for Dermal Risk Assessment.
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington DC.
UTA (University of Texas at Austin), 2000, Technical Documentation for UTCHEM-9.0: A Three-Dimensional Chemical Flood Simulator, Reservoir Engineering Research Program, Center for Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, TX.
Verschueren. K, 1983, Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemical, 2d ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., Toronto, Ont. 1310 pp.
Verce M. F., Gunsch C. K., Danko A. S. and Freedman D. L., 2002, Cometabolism of cis-1,2-dichloroethene by aerobic cultures grown on vinyl chloride as the primary substrate. Environ. Sci. Technol., 36(10): 2171-2177.
118
Vogel T. M., Criddle C. S. and McCarty P. L., 1987, Transformation of halogenated aliphatic compounds. Environ Sci Technol 21: 722-736.
Waterloo, 2005, Visual MODFLOW v. 4.1 User’s Manual. Waterloo Hydrogeologic, Inc.,Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Widdowson M. A., 2001, SEAM3D. A Numerical Model for Three-Dimensional Solute Transport Coupled to Sequential Electron Acceptor-Based Biological
Reactions in Groundwater. Technical report, Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, Virginia.
Wilson J. T., Weaver J. W., Kampbel D. H., 1994, Intrinsic bioremediation of TCE in ground water a an NPL site in St. Joseph, Michigan. In Proceedings of the EPA Symposium on Intrinsic Bioremediation of Ground Water, August 30–September 1, Denver, CO, US Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/540/R-94/515.
Jang W. and Aral M. M., 2008,The Effect of Oxygen Transport on Biotransformation of Trichloroethylene in the Subsurface, ASCE Conference Proceedings 316, 60.
Wartenberg D., Reyner D and Siegel Scott C., 2000, Trichloroethylene and cancer:
Epidemiologic evidence. Environ Health Perspect. 108(suppl. 2): 161-176.
Wood W. W., Kramer T. P. and Hem P. P. Jr., 1990, Intergranular diffusion: An important mechanism influencing solute transport in clastic aquifers. Science 247 (March 30):1569-72.
Yeh G. T., Lin H. C., Richards D. R., Cheng J. P. and Jones N. L., 1996,
FEMWATER: a three-dimensional finite element computer model for simulating density dependent flow and transport, US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Pennsylvania State University, Brighan Young University.
Zheng C. and Wang P. P., 1999, MT3DMS: A modular three-dimensional
multispecies model for simulation of advection, dispersion and chemical reactions of contaminants in groundwater systems; Documentation and User’s Guide, Contract Report SERDP-99-1, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS.
Zemansky G. M. and McElwee C. D., 2005, High-Resolution Slug Testing, Ground Water, 43(2), 222-230.
Zlotnik V. A. and Zurbuchen B. R., 2003, Field study of hydraulic conductivity in a heterogeneous aquifer: Comparison of single-borehole measurements using different instruments, Water Resources Research, 39(4), 1101,
doi:10.1029/2002WR001415.
丁澈士、蘇惠珍（譯），2004，PMWIN 三維地下水模式，五南圖書出版公司。
黃佳雯，2005，「地下水模式工具於污染控制場址範疇界定之研析」，碩士論文，
國立台灣大學。
經濟部工業局，2007，「含氯碳氫化合物土壤及地下水污染預防與整治技術手 冊」。
經濟部工業局，2009，「土壤及地下水污染預防與整治技術手冊」。
119 編號：EPA-96-L101-02-204，790 p.。
行政院環境保護署，2008，97 年區域性地下水井維護及資料更新計畫，計畫編 號：EPA-97-G102-02-201，947 p。
行政院環境保護署，2010，健康風險評估技術規範，環署綜字第 0990029366 號 令。
ASTDR, 2007, CERCLA Priority List of Hazardous Substance,
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/cercla/07list.html, last accessed on 5 Oct 2010.
GMS SEAM3D, http://www.xmswiki.com/xms/GMS:SEAM3D, last accessed on 20 July 2008.
GMS UTCHEM, http://www.xmswiki.com/xms/GMS:SEAM3D, last accessed on 20 July 2008.
GMS SEAM3D, http://www.xmswiki.com/xms/GMS:SEAM3D, last accessed on 20 July 2008.
GMS FEMWATER, http://www.xmswiki.com/xms/GMS:SEAM3D, last accessed on 20 July 2008.
Groundwater Vistas, http://www.groundwater-vistas.com/, last accessed on 5 Oct 2010.
PetraSim, http://www.thunderheadeng.com/petrasim/index.html, last accessed on 5 Oct 2010.
U.S.EPA., Integrated Risk Information System , IRIS, http://www.epa.gov/iris/, last accessed on 5 Oct 2010.
Visual MODFLOW,
http://www.swstechnology.com/groundwater-software/groundwater-modeling/vis ual-modflow-pro, last accessed on 5 Oct 2010.
行政院環境保護署土壤及地下水污染整治網, 列管中場址數目, http://sgw.epa.gov.tw/public/0401.asp, last accessed on 5 Oct 2010.
行政院環境保護署土壤及地下水污染整治網，桃園 RCA 廠污染事件發生與處理 歷程, http://sgw.epa.gov.tw/public/0602_RCA.asp, last accessed on 5 Oct 2010.
120
附錄一
健康風險評估計算流程，以情境一均質導水度 1 號觀測井模擬 24 年 PCE 濃度與 時間分佈之風險計算為例:
致癌風險暴露劑量計算
情境一均質導水度1號觀測井 PCE 24年每年350天，共8400天之總暴露濃度
ED
water oral water oral water
4850 0.75 17.14
0.0369
121
4. 使用地下水作為洗澡或日常清洗用途，水中關切污染物經皮膚接觸吸收之暴 露劑量，公式(2-22) (2-23):
4850 0.000062 1 17300
0.00308
water oral water oral water
CF 1000 12.73
3000
CF 1000 10.18
3000
1000 0.679 0.75
1000 0.51 307937 21.6 0.15
water
122
0.0000423 1 17300
0.0119
0.00862 0.051 0.000440
oral oral water oral
R Intake SF
2. 吸入吸收途徑之致癌風險:
-water(total) 0.0725 0.0142 0.00103
inh inh inh
R Intake SF
3. 皮膚接觸吸收途徑之致癌風險:
0.00308 0.051 0.000157
dermal dermal water dermal
R Intake SF