第五章 結論與建議
第三節 後續研究
本研究探討家長參與學齡前親子休閒活動之動機對幼兒利社會行為的影響，
並調查親子休閒的現況，對未來研究者的建議：
一、觀察樣本的選擇：
樣本數僅限於一班，所以統計上的過程，常是無顯著差異，未來可將問卷作大量 樣本數的研究，相信會得到更多的收穫。
二、問卷對象的增加：
本研究在一個多月的活動觀察中，發現班級幼兒的利社行為會隨著老師 的情形而有不同的表現，團體活動時，常因是指導性強的活動，讓幼童減少 利社會行為的出現。而分組的活動及課間自由活動，為孩子自主性高的時候，
其利社會行為常會流露出來。本研究只設計給家長作答，未來可將問卷對象 擴及幼教師，李昭玲﹙民 75﹚提出幼教師的權威對於幼兒利社會行為有相當 的影響，由家長及教師兩者來探討幼兒利社會行為的情形，相信是更好的安 排。
參考文獻：
王冉卉〈民 90〉。週休二日休閒生活的輔導。輔導通訊，66 期，頁 13-16。
王美芬﹙民 81﹚。單親青少年休閒狀況之調查研究。國立彰化師範大學研究所碩 士論文。
王鍾和﹙民 70﹚。兒童發展。台北：大洋出版社。
王鍾和﹙民 82﹚。家庭結構、父母管教方式與子女行為表現。國立政治大學教育 研究所博士論文。
石明家〈民 90〉。SPSS 10.X 統計資料分析實務應用 。台北：碁峰。
汪中浩等〈民 90〉。城鄉學童休閒活動與親子間互動關係之調查研究。大專體育 學刊，2 卷 2 期，頁 61--75。
宋幸蕙﹝民 88 年﹞。台灣地區國民中學教師對休閒教育課程期望之研究。國立台 灣師範大學公民訓育碩士論文。
李昌叡﹙民 80﹚。幼兒分享行為之研究。國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士 論文。（未出版）
李郁文(民 88)。親子關係與幼兒語言發展之相關研究。 親子關係與幼兒發展學 術研討會。 南投：朝陽科技大學。
李昭玲﹙民 75﹚。學前兒童利社會行為的觀察研究—一個幼稚園大班的觀察。國 立師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文。（未出版）
李雯智﹙民 85﹚。國小五年級兒童利社會行為之俗民誌研究。國立嘉義師範學院 國民教育研究所碩士論文。（未出版）
李駱遜﹙民 89﹚。四歲幼兒利社會行為之研究：以一個幼稚園小班為例。國教學 報，第十二期。
何進財﹙民 80﹚。加強休閒生活教育共享美好生活。成人教育，第 2 期，頁 4。
吳明隆﹙民 88﹚。SPSS 統計應用實務 。台北：松崗。
林東泰﹙民 81﹚。休閒覺知自由與工作滿足之研究。社會教育學刊，21，頁 59-114。
林清山﹙民 74﹚。休閒活動理論與實務。台北：輔大出版社。
林清湫﹙民 88﹚。性別、年級、道德推理、同理心嶼國小學童利社會行為關係之 研究。國立嘉義大學國民教育研究所碩士論文。（未出版）
林維芬﹙民 80﹚。年級與學習策略對國小兒童利社會行為及利社會道德推理之影 響。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
林惠雅〈民 84〉。父母教養行為問卷之編製。應用心理學報，第 4 期，頁 39-71。
林翠湄譯〈民 84〉。社會與人格發展(D.R.Shaffer 原著，1994)。台北：心理出版 社
徐蒲玲﹙民 76﹚。台北市國小兒童性別、年級、學業成績及家庭射精地位對其休 閒活動類型影響之調查研究。私立中國文化大學家政研究所碩士論文。（未出版）
陳定雄﹙民 83﹚休閒運動相關術語之歷史研究。國立台灣體育學報，
顏秀真（民 89）。受歡迎與被拒絕國小一年級之行為特質與父母教養行為之比較 研究。靜宜大學青少年兒童福利碩士班碩士論文。
西文資料
Abu-Taleb, T.F.(1992).The relation between children`s self-concept and prosocial behavior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland College Park.
Anderson,J.M.(1992).The effects of adult commentary and prosical film modeling on children`s prosocial behavior.(Doctoral dissertation, California school of Professional Psychology-San Diego).Dissertation Abstracts International,53(10),5480B
Bandura,A.(1989).Social cognitive theory.In R.Vasta (Ed.),Annals of child development (6).Greenwich, CT : JAI Press.
Bar-Tal ,D. ,Raviv,A.,& Goldberg, M. (1982).Helping behavior among preschool children :An observational study. Child Development, 53, 396-402.
Bar-Tal ,D.(1976). Prosocial behavior: Theory and research.
New Yord: John Wiely.
Battistich,V.,& Solomon,D.(1991).A Longitudinal study of children`s social adjustment during elementary school .Paper presented at the Biennial meeting of the Society for research in Child Development (Seattle ,W A,Aprial 18-20,1991). (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED 332825)
Baumrind,D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding 3 patterns of preschool behavior.
Genetic Psychology Monographs ,75, 43-88.
Baumrind,D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority . Developmental psychology monograph,4(1,pt.2).
Bryan,J.H.,& Walbek,N.H.(1970).Preaching and practicing generosity : children`s actions and reactions .Child Development,41,329-353.
Bryman,A.,& Cramer,D. (1997) Quantitative Data Analysis with SPSS for windows.
London: Routledge.
Burford ,H.C. ,Foley,L.A., Rollins,R.G., & Rosario,K.S.(1996)Gender difference in preschooler`s sharing behavior in young children. Developmental Psychology,11(5),329-330
Cho,E.J.(1993).The role of perspective-taking and empathy in preschooler`s prosocial behavior. Dissertation Abstracts Internationa,53(9) , 3099A.
Cordes , K.A. ,& Ibrahim , H.M(1999).Applications in recreation & leisure for today and the future(2nd ed). The McGraw-Hill Companies , Inc.
Deci , E.L.,& Ryan , R.M.(1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior .New York :Plenum Press.
Deci , E.L.,& Ryan ,R.M.(1992). A motivational approach to self : integration in personality . Nebraska symposium on motivation,38,237-288.
Devellis,R.F. (1991).Scale Development Theory and Application. London: Sons.
Dianna Jolene Harrington(1997). Importance performance analysis of recreation after school program using development quality attributes .The thsis of WASHINGTON
STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Kinesiology and Leisure Studies by Dr. Alan Dr. Bright .
Eisenberg ,N.(1986). Altruistic emotion, cognition, and behavior. Hillsdale, HJ:
L.Erlbaum
Eisenberg ,N.,& Fabes,R.A.(1998). Prosocial Development. In W.Damon, (Ed.)Handbook of child psychology. vol.3, social, emotional, and personality development. New York: Wiley.
Eisenberg ,N.,& Mussen ,P.H.(1989).The roots of prosocial behavior in children. New York : Cambridge University Press.
Eisenberg-Berg ,N.,& Hand, M.(1979).The relationship of prescholer`s reasoning about prosocial moral conflicts to prosocial behavior.Child evelopment,50,356-363.
Erikson,E.(1963). Childhood and Society. New York: Norton.
Green ,R.G., Beatty ,W.W. , Arkin, R.M. (1984).Human motivation:
Physiological ,behavior ,and social approaches. Boston: Allyn Bacon ,INC.
Grusec ,J.E. & Lytton ,H.(1988).Social development: history ,theory ,and research.
New York:Springer-Verlag.
Grusec, J.E., Sass-Kortsaak, P.& Simuties , Z.M. (1978). Modeling direct instruction and attributions: effects on altruism. Developmental Psychology,14, 51-57.
Hart,C.H., Dewolf,D.m., Wozniak,P.& Buets,D.c.(1992). Maternal and paternal disciplinary styles: relations with preschools` playground behavioral orientations and peer status. Child development,63,879-892.
Hay,D.F.(1979). Cooperative interactions and sharing between very young children and their parents. Developmental Psychology , 15(6), 647-653
Howe,D. (1994). Single,African-American,low income mother`s child-rearing practices and stressors and their relationship to children`s behair and peer status.Research project,Wayne State University.(ERIC Document Reproduction Service NO.ED 373877)
Katz, L.G.(1997).Tomorrow begins today.ED407115.
Knight,G.P., & Kagan,S.(1977).Acculturation of prosocial and competive behaviors among second and third generation Mexican-American children. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology,8,273-284。
Kraus, R.G. (2001). Recreation & Leisure in modern society(6th ed).Jones and Bartlett Publishers ,Inc.
Krebs, D.L.(1970).Altruism-an examination of the concept and a review of literature.
Psychological Bulletin,73, 258-302
Kristan,L.G., Sanford,M.D.,Troter,L.,Steinberg,L., & Ritter,P.L. (1997). Parenting style,adolescents`attributions,and educational outcomes in nine heterogeneous high schools. Child Development,68(3),507-529.
Kuczynski, L.C., Zahn-Waxler, C., & Radke-Yarrow , M.(1987). Development and content of imitation in the second and third years of life. Developmental Psychology , 23(2),276-282
Lee ,Lo-Hsun ,K.(1996).Teaching social competence in young children : A study of one preschool teacher`s beliefs and paractice. Unpulished doctoral
dissertation ,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaing.
Lewis,O.R.(1996).Emotion and prosocial skills in gifted minority preschooles.
Dissertation Abstravts International,56 (10),3890A.
Lipscomb, T,; Mcallister , Y.A.,& Bergman ,N.J.(1985). A development inquiry into the effects of multiple models on children`s generosity. Merril-Palmer Quarterly ,31(4), 335-344.
Long,B.H. & Henderson,E.H. (1973).Children’s Use of Time: Some Person and Social Correlates. Elementary School Joural,January 1977,pp.193-203.
Maccoby,E.E.(1980).Social development ：Psychological growth and the parent-child relationship. N.Y.: Harcourt Brace Javanovich.
Maccoby,E.E. & Martin,J.A.(1983).Socialization in the context of the family:
parent-child interaction.In E.M.Hetherington(ed.), Handbook of child psychology:
Socialization, personality , and social development(vol.4).N.Y.:Wiley.
McLoyd,V.C.(1989).Socialization and development in a changing economy:The effects of job loss and income loss on children.American Psychologist,44,293-302.
McLoyd,V.C.(1990).The impact of economic hardship on black families and children:
Psychological distress,patenting ,and socioemotional development.Child Development ,61,311-346.
Neighbors ,D.R.(1997).The social behaviors of four-and five-year-olds in multiage and same –age classrooms. Dissertation Abstracts International,57(12),5044A
Parker , G. , Tupling ,H. , & Brown ,L.B.(1979).A Parental Bonading Instrument.
British Journal of Medical Psychology,52,1-10.
Pelletier,L.G.,Fortier,M.S.,Vallerand,R.J.,Tuson,K.M.,Brier,N.M.&Blais,M.R.(1995).
Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, amotivation in sports :The sport motivation scale. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology,17,35-53.
Raviv, A.,& Bar-Tal, D. (1981).Demorgraphic correlates of adolescents` helping behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 10,45-53.
Robert,G.c. (1992).Motivation in sport and exercise: Conceptual constraints and converence.In G.C.Robert(Ed.)Motivation in sport and exercise(pp.1-30).Human Kinetics: Inc.
Rushton, J.P.(1982).Social learning theory and the development of prosical behavior. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.),The development of prosical behavior. N.Y. : Academic Press.
Russell, R.V. (1982) Planning programs in recreation . Printed in the United States of America The C.V. Mosby Company.
Shaffer, D.R.(1979). Social and Personality Development. Monterey, Calif:Brooks/Cole.
Witt,P.A. & Bishop,D.W.,(1979).Situational Antecedents to Leisure Behavior .Journal of Leisure Research.(2),P.64-77.
Yarrow,M.R. ,Waxler,C.Z., Barrett,D., Darby,J., King,R., Pickett,M., & Smith,J.
(1976).Dimensions and correlates of prosocial behavior in young children. Child Development,47, 118-125.
Abu-Taleb, T.F.(1992).The relation between children`s self-concept and prosocial behavior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland College Park.
Anderson,J.M.(1992).The effects of adult commentary and prosical film modeling on children`s prosocial behavior.(Doctoral dissertation, California school of
Professional Psychology-San Diego).Dissertation Abstracts ernational,53(10),5480B Bandura,A.(1989).Social cognitive theory.In R.Vasta (Ed.),Annals of child
development (6).Greenwich, CT : JAI Press.
Bar-Tal ,D. ,Raviv,A.,& Goldberg, M. (1982).Helping behavior among preschool children :An observational study. Child Development, 53, 396-402.
Bar-Tal ,D.(1976). Prosocial behavior: Theory and research. New Yord: John Wiely.
Battistich,V.,& Solomon,D.(1991).A Longitudinal study of children`s social adjustment during elementary school .Paper presented at the Biennial meeting of the Society for research in Child Development(Seattle ,W A,Aprial 18-20,1991). (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED 332825)
Baumrind,D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding 3 patterns of preschool behavior.
Genetic Psychology Monographs ,75, 43-88.
Baumrind,D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority . Developmental psychology monograph,4(1,pt.2).
Bryan,J.H.,& Walbek,N.H.(1970).Preaching and practicing generosity : children`s actions and reactions .Child Development,41,329-353.
Bryman,A.,& Cramer,D. (1997) Quantitative Data Analysis with SPSS for windows.
London: Routledge.
Burford ,H.C. ,Foley,L.A., Rollins,R.G., & Rosario,K.S.(1996) Gender difference in preschooler`s sharing behavior in young children. Developmental Psychology,11(5),329-330
Cho,E.J.(1993). The role of perspective-taking and empathy in preschooler`s prosocial behavior. Dissertation Abstracts Internationa,53(9) , 3099A.
Cordes , K.A. ,& Ibrahim , H.M(1999).Applications in recreation & leisure for today and the future(2nd ed).The McGraw-Hill Companies , Inc.
Deci , E.L.,& Ryan , R.M.(1985).Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior .New York :Plenum Press.
Deci , E.L.,& Ryan ,R.M.(1992).A motivational approach to self : integration in personality . Nebraska symposium on motivation,38,237-288.
Devellis,R.F. (1991).Scale Development Theory and Application. London: Sons.
Dianna Jolene Harrington(1997). Importance performance analysis of recreation after school program using development quality attributes .The thsis of WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Kinesiology and Leisure Studies by Dr. Alan Dr. Bright .
Eisenberg ,N.(1986). Altruistic emotion, cognition, and behavior. Hillsdale, HJ:
L.Erlbaum
Eisenberg ,N.,& Fabes,R.A.(1998). Prosocial Development. In W.Damon, (Ed.)Handbook of child psychology. vol.3, social, emotional, and personality
development. New York: Wiley.
Eisenberg ,N.,& Mussen ,P.H.(1989).The roots of prosocial behavior in children. New York : Cambridge University Press.
Eisenberg-Berg ,N.,& Hand, M.(1979).The relationship of prescholer`s reasoning about prosocial moral conflicts to prosocial behavior.Child Development,50,356-363.
Erikson,E.(1963). Childhood and Society. New York: Norton.
Green ,R.G., Beatty ,W.W. , Arkin, R.M. (1984). Human motivation:
Physiological ,behavior ,and social approaches. Boston: Allyn Bacon ,INC.
Grusec ,J.E. & Lytton ,H.(1988). Social development: history ,theory ,and research.
New York:Springer-Verlag.
Grusec, J.E., Sass-Kortsaak, P.& Simuties , Z.M. (1978).Modeling direct instruction and attributions: effects on altruism. Developmental Psychology,14, 51-57.
Hart,C.H., Dewolf,D.m., Wozniak,P.& Buets,D.c.(1992). Maternal and paternal disciplinary styles: relations with preschools` playground behavioral orientations and peer status. Child development,63,879-892.
Hay,D.F.(1979). Cooperative interactions and sharing between very young children and their parents. Developmental Psychology , 15(6), 647-653
Howe,D. (1994). Single,African-American,low income mother`s child-rearing practices and stressors and their relationship to children`s behair and peer status.Research project,Wayne State University.(ERIC Document Reproduction Service NO.ED 373877)
Katz, L.G.(1997).Tomorrow begins today.ED407115.
Knight,G.P., & Kagan,S.(1977).Acculturation of prosocial and competive behaviors among second and third generation Mexican-American children. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology,8,273-284。
Kraus, R.G. (2001). Recreation & Leisure in modern society(6th ed).Jones and Bartlett Publishers ,Inc.
Krebs, D.L.(1970). Altruism-an examination of the concept and a review of literature.
Psychological Bulletin,73, 258-302
Kristan,L.G., Sanford,M.D., Troter,L., Steinberg,L. , & Ritter,P.L. (1997). Parenting style,adolescents`attributions,and educational outcomes in nine heterogeneous high schools. Child Development,68(3),507-529.
Kuczynski, L.C., Zahn-Waxler, C., & Radke-Yarrow , M.(1987). Development and content of imitation in the second and third years of life. Developmental Psychology , 23(2),276-282
Lee ,Lo-Hsun ,K.(1996). Teaching social competence in young children : A study of one preschool teacher`s beliefs and paractice. Unpulished doctoral dissertation ,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaing.
Lewis,O.R.(1996).Emotion and prosocial skills in gifted minority preschooles.
Dissertation Abstravts International,56 (10),3890A.
Lipscomb, T,; Mcallister , Y.A.,& Bergman ,N.J.(1985). A development inquiry into the effects of multiple models on children`s generosity. Merril-Palmer Quarterly ,31(4),
335-344.
Long,B.H. & Henderson,E.H. (1973). Children’s Use of Time: Some Person and Social Correlates. Elementary School Joural,January 1977,pp.193-203.
Maccoby,E.E.(1980). Social development : Psychological growth and the parent-child relationship. N.Y.: Harcourt Brace Javanovich.
Maccoby,E.E. & Martin,J.A.(1983).Socialization in the context of the family:
parent-child interaction.In E.M.Hetherington(ed.), Handbook of child psychology:
Socialization, personality , and social development(vol.4).N.Y.:Wiley.
McLoyd,V.C.(1989).Socialization and development in a changing economy:The effects of job loss and income loss on children.American Psychologist,44,293-302.
McLoyd,V.C.(1990).The impact of economic hardship on black families and children:
Psychological distress,patenting ,and socioemotional development.Child Development ,61,311-346.
Neighbors ,D.R.(1997). The social behaviors of four-and five-year-olds in multiage and same –age classrooms. Dissertation Abstracts International,57(12),5044A
Parker , G. , Tupling ,H. , & Brown ,L.B.(1979).A Parental Bonading Instrument.
British Journal of Medical Psychology,52,1-10.
Pelletier,L.G.,Fortier,M.S.,Vallerand,R.J.,Tuson,K.M.,Brier,N.M.&Blais,M.R.(1995).
Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, amotivation in sports :The sport motivation scale. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology,17,35-53.
Raviv, A.,& Bar-Tal, D. (1981). Demorgraphic correlates of adolescents` helping behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 10,45-53.
Robert,G.c. (1992).Motivation in sport and exercise: Conceptual constraints and converence.In G.C.Robert(Ed.) Motivation in sport and exercise(pp.1-30). Human Kinetics: Inc.
Rushton, J.P.(1982).Social learning theory and the development of prosical behavior. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.),The development of prosical behavior. N.Y. : Academic Press.
Russell, R.V. (1982) Planning programs in recreation . Printed in the United States of America The C.V. Mosby Company.
Shaffer, D.R.(1979). Social and Personality Development. Monterey, Calif:Brooks/Cole.
Witt,P.A. & Bishop,D.W.,(1979).Situational Antecedents to Leisure Behavior .Journal of Leisure Research.(2),P.64-77.
Yarrow,M.R. ,Waxler,C.Z., Barrett,D., Darby,J., King,R., Pickett,M., & Smith,J. (1976).
Dimensions and correlates of prosocial behavior in young children. Child Development,47, 118-125.
附錄一
家長參與學齡前親子休閒活動之動機對幼兒利社會行為的影 響
﹙預試﹚親愛的家長您好：
這份問卷的目的在於瞭解家長參與學齡前親子休閒活動之動機對幼兒利社會 行為的影響。由於您們的協助，本研究才能獲得寶貴資料，研究結果將可作為您 從事親子休閒活動的參考。
本 研 究 純 屬 學 術 性 之 調 查 研 究 ， 採 不 記 名 方 式 做 答 ， 個 人 之 資 料 對 外 絕 對 保 密 ， 請 您 放 心 填 答 。 當 您 看 完 一 題 時 ， 不 要 考 慮 太 久 ， 請 您 依 自 己 真 實 情 況 來 填 答 。 這 不 是 考 試 ， 亦 沒 有 對 與 錯 。 每 一 題 都 要 做 答 ， 全 部 做 答 完 畢 後 ， 請 再 檢 查 一 遍 ， 請 不 要 遺 漏 任 何 一 題 。
敬 祝 闔 家 平 安
身 體 健 康 謝 謝 您 的 幫 忙 ！ 國 立 台 灣 體 育 學 院 體 育 研 究 所
指 導 教 授 ： 趙 叔 蘋 教 授
休閒運動組研究生：王冉卉 敬上親子休閒活動：指父或母一方或二方與孩子共同進行互動的休閒活動即是。
本研究所指的休閒活動是於工作時間之外，閒暇之餘，自由時間之下，依個 人興趣與需要主動參與的活動。
第一部份：基本資料
說明：請您詳實在□內打「ˇ」，謝謝您的協助。1. 幼兒性別： □男 □女
2. 填 表 人： □父親 □母親 □祖父母 □其他 。
3. 父親教育程度： □國中以下 □高中 □大專﹙學﹚ □碩士 □博士 4. 母親教育程度： □國中以下 □高中 □大專﹙學﹚ □碩士 □博士
3. 父親教育程度： □國中以下 □高中 □大專﹙學﹚ □碩士 □博士 4. 母親教育程度： □國中以下 □高中 □大專﹙學﹚ □碩士 □博士