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附錄
附錄一 問卷調查表
您好：
我是台灣大學公衛學院環境衛生研究所學生許雅婷，目前正進行一個車體內 部之微生物相關研究，這是一份針對雨刷水研究的問卷，想了解您對於雨刷水的 使用習慣，希望您能夠為我們填寫這份問卷。問卷內容將作為學術論文之用，資 料將以彙整方式呈現，敬請安心作答，也謝謝您的合作與幫忙！
A 車體資訊
A1. 請問您的車輛製造年份為西元__________年 A2. 請問您的車輛目前行經里程數___________公哩 B 用車習慣
B1. 請問您開車代步的頻率?
1)週末 2)週間(周一至周五) 3)每天 B2. 請問您平均每天開車的時間?
1)1小時內 2)1-3小時 3)3-6小時 4)6小時以上 B3. 請問您通常停車的位置 (是否日曬雨淋)?
1)地下室 2)地上室內 3)有遮蔽的室外 4)無遮蔽的室外 (路邊) C 雨刷水使用及維護
C1. 請問您是否有更換/清洗過雨刷水桶?
0)從未更換或清洗 1)是
C1-1. 上次更換/清洗為___年___月___日,距離今天_____天 C2. 請問您是否有添加過雨刷清潔劑 (有無泡沫產生)?
1) 有添加過雨刷清潔劑
0) 從未添加雨刷清潔劑且為添加自來水 (跳答至 C4) C3. 請問您添加哪種雨刷清潔劑 (雨刷清潔劑選單)?
130
1) 市售雨刷精 2)家用清潔劑 3)保養廠添加,品牌未知 4)其他_____
C3-A 廠牌 (名稱)______________
C3-1. 請問您添加的雨刷清潔劑是否有進行稀釋，稀釋比率為?
1)無 2)1:1 3)1:10 4)1:50 5)保養廠添加,比率未知 6)依產品說明 C3-2.請問您多久添加一次雨刷清潔劑 (進保養廠維護的頻率)?
1)從未補充過,已經使用___年 2)1年以上 3)6個月-1年 4)2-6個月 5)每月 6)每周
C3-3 請問您每次加入約多少體積的雨刷清潔劑?
添加雨刷清潔劑體積約為______mL □保養廠添加,體積未知,請問您通常 是到____________保養廠進行維護保養
C3-4. 請問您上次添加雨刷水為何時?
上次添加日期 ___年___月___日,距離今天_____天 C4. 請問您多久添加一次自來水?
1)從未補充過,已經使用___年 2)1年以上 3)6個月-1年 4)2-6個月 5)每月 6)每周
C4-1. 請問您每次添加多少體積的自來水?
添加自來水體積為______mL C4-2. 請問您上次添加雨刷水為何時?
上次添加日期 ___年___月___日,距離今天_____天 Ｄ其他紀錄
1. 請問您的雨刷水系統是否曾經故障而更換零件過?
□否 □是,已更換_________
2. 為了後續可能需要補齊的資訊，希望能夠留下您的聯絡方式，以利研究順進 行，個人資料除了不外洩之外，非必要也不會冒昧打擾您！請您放心～
車主姓名__________ ;車主連絡電話______________
131
附錄二 多變項分析中之自變項及應變項
Table B-1 Independent variable of water quality in multiple analysis for detection Legionella
X 值 Y 值 樣本數 統計方法
132
Table B-2 Independent variable of wiper fluid maintenance in multiple analysis for detection Legionella X 值 Y 值 X 值 X 值 Y 值
133
Table B-3 Independent variable of driving habit and car informantion in multiple analyses for detection Legionella
X 值 Y 值 樣本
134
Table B-4 Independent variable of water quality in multiple ana lysis for abundance of Legionella
X 值 Y 值 樣本數 統計方法
135
Table B-5 Independent variable of maintenance in multiple analysis for abundance of Legionella
X 值 Y 值
136
Table B-6 Independent variable of driving habit in multiple analysis for abundance of Legionella
X 值 Y 值 樣本數 統計方法
137
附件三 重複之圖表結果
Figure C-1 Positive rate of Legionella in wiper fluid samples of vehicle tank and outlet
Figure C-2 Concentration of Legionella in wiper fluid samples (Tank and Outlet)
0
Leg_T Lp_T Leg_V Lp_V Leg_C Lp_C
Positive rate (%)
Leg_Total Leg_Viable Lp_Total Lp_Viable
Concentration (cells/mL)
Tank Outlet
138
Figure C-3 Viability of Legionella in wiper fluid samples of tank and outlet
Figure C-4 Concentration of L. pneumophila relativing to that of Legionella spp.
(Lp/Leg, %) in wiper fluid samples collected from vehicle tank and outleta
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Legionella spp. L.pneumophila
viability (%)
Tank Outlet
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Total Viable
Lp % in Leg
Tank Outlet
139
Figure C-5 Comparison of levels of water quality indicators in wiper fluid of vehicle between tank and outlet
0.0
Conductivity(μS/cm) TDS (mg/L)
1
140
Table C-1 Concentration of Legionella in wiper fluid samples with or without washing wiper fluid tank
Legionella concentration, cells/mL
Washing or replacing wiper fluid tank
Without washing or replacing wiper fluid tank
P valuea
N Mean SD N Mean SD
Total Legionella spp. 48 4.1 x 106 2.5 x 107 5 3.9 x 106 8.4 x 106 0.73 Viable Legionella spp. 47 3.8 x 106 2.5x 107 5 1.3 x 105 2.3 x 105 0.48 Total L. pneumophila 42 1.2 x 103 1.2 x 103 3 5.3 x 102 6.2 x 102 0.99 Viable L. pneumophila 34 5.8 x 102 8.2 x 102 3 3.9 x 102 5.3 x 102 0.91
a:以 Wilcoxon rank sum test 進行有無清洗或更換雨刷水桶對退伍軍人菌濃度之影 響
Table C-2 Concentration of Legionella in wiper fluid samples of adding detergent solution or not,cells/mL
Legionella concentration, cells/mL
Adding detergent solution Without detergent solution P valuea
N Mean SD N Mean SD
Total Legionella spp. 42 3.5 x 105 6.3 x 105 11 5.0 x 106 2.7 x 107 0.63 Viable Legionella spp. 41 7.4 x 104 1.3 x 105 11 4.2 x 106 2.6 x 107 0.58 Total L. pneumophila 35 1.4 x 103 1.4 x 103 10 1.1 x 103 1.2 x 103 1.00 Viable L. pneumophila 29 5.6 x 102 5.7 x 102 8 5.6 x 102 8.5 x 102 0.90
a:以 Wilcoxon rank sum test 進行有添加雨刷清潔劑的平均濃度與未添加雨刷清潔 劑的平均濃度有無差異
141
Table C-3 Concentration of Legionella in wiper fluid samples of adding commercial screen wash or household cleaner,cells/mL
Legionella concentration, cells/mL
Commercial screen wash Household cleaner P valuea
N mean SD N mean SD
Total Legionella spp. 24 1.1 x 106 3.9 x 106 9 9.0 x 105 2.3 x 106 0.45 Viable Legionella spp. 24 1.2 x 105 2.7 x 105 8 1.3 x 105 2.9 x 105 0.59 Total L. pneumophila 20 1.0 x 103 1.1 x 103 8 8.9 x 102 1.2 x 103 0.47 Viable L. pneumophila 18 5.2 x 102 7.7 x 102 7 6.2 x 102 1.1 x 103 0.93
a:以 Wilcoxon rank sum test 進行添加市售雨刷精的雨刷水平均濃度與添加家用清 潔劑的平均濃度有無差異
142
Table C-4 Concentration of Legionella in wiper fluid samples in different detergent solution dilution, cells/mL
Legionella concentration, cells/mL
Legionella spp. Ｌ.pneumophila Total Viable Total Viable No dilution Mean 1.3 x 104 7.2 x 103 - -
SD -a - - -
N 1 1 0 0
Dilution of 1:1 Mean 6.4 x 106 1.1 x 103 6.3 x 102 SD 1.1 x 107 3.0 x 105 8.9 x 102 5.2 x 102
N 3 3 3 3
Dilution of 1:10 Mean 5.1 x 105 3.4 x 105 9.1 x 102 8.6 x 102 SD 9.3 x 105 5.2 x 105 1.4 x 103 1.1 x 103
N 7 6 5 4
Dilution of 1:50 Mean 7.3 x 105 1.3 x 105 1.1 x 103 4.1 x 102 SD 1.7 x 106 2.8 x 105 1.1 x 103 7.8 x 102
N 16 16 15 14
Follow instructions of product
Mean 2.4 x 105 9.6 x 104 3.3 x 102 - SD 2.0 x 105 7.6 x 104 2.3 x 102 -
N 3 3 2 0
a:只有 1 個陽性樣本，無法計算其 SD 值
143
Table C-5 Concentration of Legionella in wiper fluid samples in different adding detergent solution frequency
Legionella concentration, cells/mL Legionella spp. Ｌ.pneumophila
Total Viable Total Viable Every week Mean 1.8 x 106 6.4 x 104 1.3 x 103 8.8 x 102 SD 3.4 x 106 6.4 x 104 1.8 x 103 1.4 x 103
N 4 4 4 4
Every month Mean 4.9 x 106 1.5 x 105 7.2 x 102 3.2 x 102 SD 9.4 x 106 2.6 x 105 7.3 x 102 4.6 x 102
N 4 4 4 4
2-6 months Mean 2.7 x 105 6.8 x 104 6.9 x 102 1.7 x 102 SD 5.4 x 105 1.7 x 105 6.7 x 102 1.5 x 102
N 10 10 9 8
6 months -1 year Mean 1.5 x 107 1.5 x 107 1.4 x 103 9.2 x 102 SD 5.0 x 107 5.0 x 107 1.4 x 103 9.6 x 102
N 12 11 8 5
Over 1year Mean 1.0 x 104 3.0 x 103 4.1 x 102 1.0 x 102 SD 1.4 x 104 4.2x 103 1.2 x 102 -
N 3 3 2 1
Never Mean 1.1 x 105 3.9 x 104 3.1 x 103 2.4 x 103
SD -a - - -
N 1 1 1 1
a:只有 1 個陽性樣本，無法計算其 SD 值
144
Table C-6 Concentration of Legionella in different frequency of adding tap water
Legionella concentration, cells/mL
Frenquency of adding tap water
Never One year 6month-one year 2-6 months Every month Every week Total Legionella spp. Mean 1.3 x 105 9.2 x 105 7.1 x 105 4.0 x 103 3.8 x 104 6.5 x 102
SD -a 1.2 x 106 8.5 x 105 - 1.5 x 104 -
N 1 2 2 1 3 1
Viable Legionella spp. Mean 2.0 x 103 2.5 x 103 1.9 x 103 1.7 x 102 1.1 x 102 1.0 x 102
SD - 2.3 x 103 - - 1.5 x 102 -
N 1 2 1 1 3 1
TotalＬ.pneumophila Mean 1.1 x 104 1.3 x 105 2.2 x 105 2.0 x 103 3.8 x 102 4.8 x 102
SD - 1.3 x 105 2.4 x 105 - 3.3 x 102 -
N 1 2 2 1 3 1
Viable Ｌ.pneumophila Mean 1.1 x 103 9.8 x 102 6.8 x 102 1.0 x 102 2.2 x 101 2.0 x 101
SD - 7.2 x 102 - - - -
N 1 2 1 1 1 1
a:只有 1 個陽性樣本，無法計算其 SD
145
Table C-7 Concentration of Legionella in wiper fluid and tap water, and the detection limit of Legionella spp.and L. pneumophila by qPCR is 4.60 cells/mL and 3.03 cells/mLa
Total cells (cells/mL) Viable cells (cells/mL) Legionella spp. L. pneumophila a Legionella spp. L. pneumophila Wiper
fluid
Tank Mean 4.4 x 106 1.3 x 103 4.0 x 106 7.9 x 102
SD 2.8 x 107 1.7 x 103 2.7x 107 1.2 x 103
Range 3.8 x 101 - 1.9 x 108 2.6 x 101 - 7.6 x 103 4.9 x 100 - 1.8 x 108 1.1 x 101 - 4.0 x 103
N 47 41 46 31
Oulet Mean 3.9 x 106 1.3 x 103 3.0 x 106 5.3 x 102
SD 2.1 x 107 1.5 x 103 2.1 x 107 8.0 x 102
Range 3.2 x 102 - 1.5 x 108 5.7 x 100 - 5.1 x 103 2.0 x 101 - 1.5 x 108 1.5 x 101 - 2.9 x 103
N 56 43 54 33
Tap water Mean 1.9 x102 7.3 x101 2.0 x101 1.6 x101
SD 2.3x102 9.1 x101 2.2 x101 1.1 x101
Range 4.4 x 101 - 5.9 x 102 5.0 x 100 - 2.3 x 102 1.3 x 100 - 5.7 x 101 3.6 x 100 - 2.5 x 101
N 5 5 5 3
a:此表僅取陽性樣本
146
Table C-8 Comparison of the water quality between tap water and wiper fluid samplesa
Tank Outlet Tap water P valueb
N Mean SD Range N Mean SD Range N Mean SD Range
Free chlorine (mg/L) 36 0.2 0.2 0.04-1.0 31 0.1 0.1 0.05-0.7 5 0.3 0.2 0.07-0.52 0.26 Turbidity (NTU) 48 23.1 96.7 0.6-671 46 31.8 107.1 0.6-711 5 1.8 0.9 0.8-3.04 0.02**c Hardness (mg/L) 44 49.7 29.9 15-135 44 56.5 46.6 3-250 5 25.2 11.2 10.0-37.0 0.20 pH 48 7 1.2 3.7-10.2 48 7 1.2 3.6-10 5 7.5 0.1 7.4-7.6 0.54 Conductivity (μS/cm) 46 383.8 381 2.4-1880 46 380.5 351.2 2.6-1882 5 87.8 5.8 80.7-96.6 0.01**
TDS (mg/L) 46 204.4 241.4 0.4-1216 46 203.7 232.9 0.4-1244 5 41.6 2.8 38.1-45.8 0.01**
DOC (ppm)e 48 3007.7 7348.9 0.7-43307 47 3511.6 7575.9 88.1-42886 0 ND ND ND 0.01**
HPC (CFU/mL) 44 1.1x107 6.2x107 50-4.1x108 47 1.4x106 3.7x106 50-2.5x107 5 4.4x103 9.7x103 10-2.2 x 104 0.003**
a:此表僅顯示陽性樣本,自由餘氯,濁度,硬度,DOC, HPC 的偵測下限各為 0 .015mg/L, 0.01 NTU, 0.01 mg/L, 0.625 ppm, 50 cfu/mL b:以 Kruskal-Wallis test 檢定 Tank、Outlet 和 Tap water 三組的水質因子是否有差異
c:**代表 P<0.05
e: 5 件自來水中的 DOC 皆為陰性樣本 (偵測下限為 0.625 ppm)
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附錄四 分析方法之 QAQC 1. 物化因子分析之 QAQC
使用直讀式儀器測量餘氯、濁度、硬度、pH、導電度、溫度和 TDS，量測 前依據儀器說明書進行儀器校正及 QAQC，以建立直讀式儀器的可信度。
1.1 直讀式儀器檢測水溫之可信度測試
於五種不同水溫的水樣，利用水銀式溫度計和直讀式儀器測得水溫之相對誤 差為 1.1-6.4%，其相對誤差皆小於 15%，以此直讀式儀器量測環境水樣之水溫。
Table A Reliability test of direct-reading instruments for temperatue
水樣 (n=3)
A B C D E
水銀式溫度計 (℃) 46.4 ± 0.1 36.4 ± 0.1 29.3 ± 0.1 25.3 ± 0.1 15.1 ± 0.1 直讀式儀器 (℃)a 44.9 ± 0.1 36.0 ± 0.1 28.5 ± 0.1 24.5 ± 0.1 14.1 ± 0.1 相對誤差 (%) 3.3 ± 0.1 1.1 ± 0.2 3.0 ± 0.2 2.9 ± 0.2 6.4 ± 0.6 a:直讀式儀器為可攜式多參數計 Sension 156 portable multiparameter meter (Hach Company , Loveland , Co ., USA)
1.2 直讀式儀器檢測硬度之可信度測試
取 50mL 的碳酸鈣溶液置於三角燒瓶內，加入 1 至 2 mL 緩衝溶液，使溶液 之 pH 為 10.0 ± 0.1，並於 5 分鐘內依下述步驟完成滴定，加入 2 滴 Eriochrome Black T 指示劑溶液，慢慢加入 EDTA 滴定溶液，並同時攪拌之，直至淡紅色 消失，正常的情況下，滴定終點時溶液呈藍色，計算碳酸鈣溶液的總硬度濃度。
計算公式如下：
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總硬度 (m /L) = T 滴定體積 × 每 mL T 所對應之碳酸鈣重 × 1000 水樣體積
以硬度的標準方法及硬度計量測 100 ppm 及 50 ppm 的碳酸鈣標準溶液的相 對誤差分別為 6.66%和 6.37%，相對誤差均小於 15%，故此硬度計之量測值可信，
以此直讀式儀器量測環境水樣之硬度。
Table B Reliability test of direct-reading instruments for hardness
碳酸鈣 100 ppm
(n=3)
碳酸鈣 50 ppm (n=3) 標準方法 (mg/L) a 97.22 ± 2.01 45.78 ± 1.75
硬度計 (mg/L) b 103.67 ± 0.94 48.67 ± 1.25 相對誤差 (%) 6.66 ± 1.26 6.37 ± 1.51 a:標準方法為 NIEA W208.51A
硬度計 (mg/L) b 103.67 ± 0.94 48.67 ± 1.25 相對誤差 (%) 6.66 ± 1.26 6.37 ± 1.51 a:標準方法為 NIEA W208.51A