第五章 結果與討論
三、 施用肥料對紫錐菊的酚類與咖啡酸衍生物含量之影響
Ehsanipour et al., 2012; Sun et al., 2012)。對紫錐菊全株而言，施用有機質肥料處 理與控制組之總酚類化合物濃度並無顯著差異，但施用兩倍或三倍化學氮肥會顯 著低於控制組 (圖二十三)。兩個不同時間採收之紫錐菊總酚和總氮的相關係數 為− 0.968 (p ≤ 0.01，n = 7) 與− 0.663 (p ≤ 0.05，n = 7)，呈負相關 (圖二十四)。
此結果可能是因為施用高濃度的氮肥，使植體內的氮濃度高，造成關鍵酵素活性
下降，導致植株中總酚濃度下降，而施用適量的氮肥可提高苯丙胺酸解氨酶的活 性 (Ali et al., 2012)。但也有研究指出紫錐菊之酚類、黃酮類和咖啡酸衍生物含量 的改變與莽草酸之關鍵酵素，如莽草酸脫氫酶、分支酸變位酶和苯丙胺酸解氨酶 與並沒有直接關係 (Mobin et al., 2015)。亦可能是因為施用大量氮肥，會增加植 物體內胺基酸 (如苯丙胺酸、色胺酸及酪胺酸等) 的合成，植體具高氮含量會促 使植物合成蛋白質，傾向營養生長，而一次代謝會消耗同為二次代謝的前驅物質 之胺基酸，不利於二次代謝物的生合成。
表十二、不同肥料處理對紫錐菊根及地上部之總酚濃度的影響
Table 12. Effects of different fertilizer on total phenolic concentrations in root and shoot of E. purpurea
Treatment Concentration (g gallic acid kg-1)
Root Shoot
150 DAT
Chem 1 17.3 ± 3.3 ab 15.6 ± 2.4 abc Chem 2 10.5 ± 0.8 d 10.4 ± 1.5 c Chem 3 10.9 ± 0.7 d 12.3 ± 1.5 bc Org 1 12.8 ± 2.0 cd 21.4 ± 8.5 a Org 2 16.4 ± 0.4 ab 19.8 ± 3.4 a Org 3 18.5 ± 2.1 a 20.1 ± 3.4 a Control 15.2 ± 2.2 bc 18.8 ± 5.5 ab
180 DAT
Chem 1 12.3 ± 0.6 b 16.4 ± 6.0 ab Chem 2 15.9 ± 5.3 ab 12.5 ± 2.4 b Chem 3 14.2 ± 3.0 ab 12.7 ± 2.4 b Org 1 16.6 ± 2.9 ab 18.7 ± 3.2 a Org 2 15.6 ± 3.6 ab 14.7 ± 4.4 ab Org 3 16.4 ± 4.7 ab 16.5 ± 2.9 ab Control 19.4 ± 2.0 a 18.2 ± 2.6 a
Value are means ± standard deviation (n = 4) and the different letter(s) in column of the same sampling day indicate significant differences within each treatments at P ≤ 0.05 by LSD test.
圖二十三、不同肥料處理對紫錐菊全株之總酚濃度的影響
Fig. 23. Effects of different fertilizer treatments on total phenolic concentrations in whole plant of E. purpurea. Data are expressed as mean (n = 4), and the different letter(s) indicate significant differences within treatments of the same sampling day at P ≤ 0.05 by LSD test.
ab
c bc
a
a a a
y y y
x
xy xy
x
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Chem 1 Chem 2 Chem 3 Org 1 Org 2 Org 3 Control Total phenolic (g gallic acid kg-1 )
Treatments
150 days after transplant 180 days after transplant
圖二十四、(a) 移植後 150 天及 (b) 180 天，紫錐菊全株之總酚類化合物濃度與 總氮濃度的關係
Fig. 24. Correlation between the concentrations of totl phenolics and total nitrogen in the whole plant of E. purpurea at (a) 150 DAT and (b) 180 DAT.
Total phenolic (g gallic acid kg-1)
Nitrogen concentration (g kg-1)
y = -1.2991x + 28.05
Total phenolic (g gallic acid kg-1)
Nitrogen concentration (g kg-1) R = − 0.97***
R = − 0.66**
(a) 150 DAT
(b) 180 DAT
(二) 咖啡酸衍生物之濃度 洋薊酸 (林，2003；吳，2007；Lin et al., 2011)，顯示同樣為臺灣栽培之紫錐菊也 會因地區的不同造成紫錐菊活性成分之組成及含量的差異。
七) 有相反的趨勢。因此，可知植體內之總氮濃度低，會促使紫錐菊產生更多的 咖啡酸衍生物，且 150 天與 180 天兩次紫錐菊樣品之總咖啡酸衍生物和總氮的相 關係數分別為− 0.94 (p ≤ 0.05，n = 7) 與− 0.68 (p ≤ 0.05，n = 7)，兩者具高度與 中度負相關 (圖二十七)。紫錐菊之咖啡酸衍生物來自於莽草酸途徑，咖啡酸的前 驅物為苯丙胺酸，且 150 天與 180 天兩次紫錐菊樣品之咖啡酸衍生物與酚類化合 物的相關係數分別為 0.99 (p ≤ 0.01，n = 27) 與 0.96 (p ≤ 0.01，n = 28)，兩者的變 化皆具有高度正相關 (圖二十八)，因此，氮肥影響咖啡酸衍生物的機制可能與酚 類化合物含量的相似。
圖二十五、紫錐菊咖啡酸衍生物之 HPLC 分析圖譜 (a) 標準品混合物、(b)紫錐 菊根萃取物及(c) 紫錐菊地上部萃取物
Fig. 25. The HPLC chromatograms of the caffeic acid derivatives in E. purpurea. (a) mixture standard, (b) the extracts of E. purpurea roots and (c) shoots. 1: caftaric acid;
2: chlorogenic acid; 3: cynarin; 4: echinacoside; 5: cichoric acid.
1
2 3
4
5
5
5 1
1 2 (a)
(b)
(c)
表十三、移植後 150 天和 180 天，不同肥料處理對紫錐菊根之咖啡酸衍生物的影響
Table 13. Effects of different fertilizer on concentrations of caffeic acid derivatives in roots of E. purpurea at 150 and 180 DATa
Value are means ± standard deviation (n = 4) and the different letter(s) in column of the same sampling day indicate significant differences within each treatments at P ≤ 0.05 by LSD test. a DAT: days after transplanting. b tr: trace. c nd: not detected.
Treatment Concentration (μmol g-1)
Caftaric acid Chlorogenic acid Cynarin Echinacoside Cichoric acid Total caffeic acid derivatives 150 DAT
Chem 1 5.3 ± 1.1 a trb trb ndc 17.3 ± 4.1 a 22.6 ± 5.2 a Chem 2 2.2 ± 0.7 bc trb trb ndc 6.6 ± 2.3 c 8.8 ± 2.9 c Chem 3 2.0 ± 1.2 bc trb trb ndc 8.6 ± 3.8 bc 10.7 ± 5.0 bc Org 1 1.9 ± 1.3 c trb trb ndc 8.5 ± 2.1 bc 10.4 ± 1.9 c Org 2 4.6 ± 0.9 a trb trb ndc 12.7 ± 4.5 ab 17.3 ± 5.2 ab Org 3 4.3 ± 3.2 ab trb trb ndc 16.7 ± 3.8 a 21.0 ± 6.4 a Control 5.5 ± 1.3 a trb trb ndc 13.5 ± 3.3 ab 19.0 ± 4.4 a
180 DAT
Chem 1 2.9 ± 1.0 b trb trb ndc 16.4 ± 7.0 a 19.3 ± 7.4 a Chem 2 4.5 ± 2.1 ab trb trb ndc 15.3 ± 7.9 a 19.8 ± 9.9 a Chem 3 3.6 ± 0.7 b trb trb ndc 16.0 ± 6.5 a 19.5 ± 7.2 a Org 1 4.5 ± 0.8 ab trb trb ndc 13.9 ± 4.1 a 18.3 ± 3.9 a Org 2 4.8 ± 2.4 ab trb trb ndc 16.9 ± 5.9 a 21.7 ± 7.7 a Org 3 5.0 ± 1.8 ab trb trb ndc 15.1 ± 6.0 a 20.1 ± 7.7 a Control 6.5 ± 1.3 a trb trb ndc 21.4 ± 2.5 a 27.9 ± 3.4 a
表十四、移植後 150 天和 180 天，不同肥料處理對紫錐菊地上部之咖啡酸衍生物的影響
Table 14. Effects of different fertilizer on concentrations of caffeic acid derivatives in shoots of E. purpurea at 150 and 180 DATa
Value are means ± standard deviation (n = 4) and the different letter(s) in column of the same sampling day indicate significant differences within Treatment Concentration (μmol g-1)
Caftaric acid Chlorogenic acid Cynarin Echinacoside Cichoric acid Total caffeic acid derivatives 150 DAT
Chem 1 10.9 ± 3.0 ab trb ndc ndc 21.5 ± 6.0 abc 32.4 ± 8.4 ab Chem 2 6.0 ± 0.9 b trb ndc ndc 12.2 ± 3.3 c 18.2 ± 3.5 c Chem 3 6.3 ± 1.5 b trb ndc ndc 13.4 ± 4.6 c 19.7 ± 6.0 bc Org 1 14.2 ± 5.1 a trb ndc ndc 18.2 ± 10.6 bc 32.4 ± 10.5 ab Org 2 15.8 ± 0.6 a trb ndc ndc 25.5 ± 9.4 ab 41.2 ± 9.2 a Org 3 12.2 ± 4.0 a trb ndc ndc 29.5 ± 5.2 a 41.7 ± 8.4 a Control 13.0 ± 5.6 a trb ndc ndc 25.6 ± 9.0 ab 38.6 ± 14.5 a
180 DAT
Chem 1 9.7 ± 5.4 ab trb ndc ndc 19.8 ± 8.9 ab 29.4 ± 13.9 abc Chem 2 8.6 ± 2.5 ab trb ndc ndc 13.4 ± 4.1 b 22.1 ± 5.9 bc Chem 3 5.6 ± 1.3 b trb ndc ndc 14.5 ± 5.4 b 20.1 ± 6.2 c Org 1 10.7 ± 2.8 ab trb ndc ndc 25.4 ± 7.5 a 36.1 ± 10.0 a Org 2 6.1 ± 5.8 b trb ndc ndc 17.4 ± 7.8 ab 23.4 ± 9.1 abc Org 3 9.7 ± 4.5 ab trb ndc ndc 20.1 ± 4.2 ab 29.8 ± 7.9 abc Control 13.7 ± 2.4 a trb ndc ndc 21.4 ± 5.2 ab 35.1 ± 6.6 ab
圖二十六、不同肥料處理對紫錐菊全株之總咖啡酸衍生物濃度的影響
Fig. 26. Effects of different fertilizer treatments on the concentrations of total caffeic acid derivatives in the whole plant of E. purpurea. Data are expressed as mean (n = 4), and the different letter(s) indicate significant differences within treatments of the same sampling day at P ≤ 0.05 by LSD test.
圖二十七、(a) 移植後 150 天及 (b) 180 天，紫錐菊全株之總咖啡酸衍生物濃度 與總氮濃度的關係
Fig. 27. Correlation between the concentrations of total caffeic acid derivatives and totl nitrogen in the whole plant of E. purpurea at (a) 150 DAT and (b) 180 DAT.
y = -4.5515x + 83.787
Total caffeic acid derivatives (μmol g-1)
Nitrogen concentration (g kg-1)
Total caffeic acid derivatives (μmol g-1)
Nitrogen concentration (g kg-1) R = − 0.94***
R = − 0.68**
(a) 150 DAT
(b) 180 DAT
圖二十八、(a) 移植後 150 天及 (b) 180 天，紫錐菊全株之總咖啡酸衍生物濃度 與總酚類化合物濃度的關係
Fig. 28. Correlation between the concentrations of total caffeic acid derivatives and totl phenolics in the whole plant of E. purpurea at (a) 150 DAT and (b) 180 DAT.
y = 0.3914x + 4.8764
Total phenolic (g gallic acid kg-1)
Total caffeic acid derivatives (μmol g-1)
y = 0.4022x + 4.9583
Total phenolic (g gallic acid kg-1)
Total caffeic acid derivatives (μmol g-1) R = 0.96***
R = 0.99***