第五章 討論
第四節 未來展望與研究限制…
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概念,因此可能和睡前認知激發狀態較有關,進而對睡前認知狀態的預測力較大。此外,
若生活中的重要顯著事件可能會引發較高與持續較久的情緒激發狀態,故進一步和睡前 認知激發狀態產生較大的關聯性,因此,在測量方法上,相較於在取樣時間內不一定會 含有重要顯著事件的影響之情緒遲惰特質,容易取樣到過去重要顯著事件時的情緒反應 之情緒持續性可能和睡前認知激發狀態較有關,進一步對睡前認知激發有較大的預測 力。
第三節、 反芻特質與睡眠脆弱性間的關係
本研究結果顯示,反芻特質和壓力下的睡眠脆弱性無顯著的關係,此部分和過去 研究結果不相符。Fernández-Mendoza等人(2010)的研究結果發現,不論中年者或年 輕人,若其具反芻性者,可預測其在FIRST得分上之高得分。推論此結果可能來自於測 量工具上的差異。為降低反芻特質的測量受憂鬱症狀的影響,因此本研究採用刪除憂鬱 症狀相關題目的反芻反應風格短版量表,其中的深思反省題目內容具備反覆思索以及試 圖解決問題的特性,例如「寫下你的想法並分析它」;而苦惱自責題目內容則以鬱悶地 責怪自己、他人或命運為主軸,例如「想到『我做了什麼,而有如此下場?』」。然而前 述的過去研究所使用的反芻量表在題目上之描述則較注重於描述個體遭遇負向情緒時 可能呈現的相關反應,例如「對於讓我不開心或生氣的事情,我總會記得很久」、「我 經常發現我會不斷地回想那些讓我生氣的事情」、「我從來不會忘記他人讓我感到生氣 與不愉快的事,即便那些事可能是小事」。由於過去研究所使用的量表中會提及和負向 情緒相關的字眼,且著重描述經歷負向情緒的延續性,因此所測量到的反芻特質可能是 包含情緒與認知因素的情緒反芻;而在本研究中,用來測量反芻特質的量表較少提及和 憂鬱症狀相關的字眼,且在題目敘述上著重於因應負向情緒時,可能採取的認知運作反 應,故測量到的反芻相對之情緒因素較少。因此,本研究結果發現在降低情緒反芻的影 響後,反芻特質未能顯著預測睡眠脆弱特質。
第四節、 未來展望與研究限制
本研究結果顯示對睡眠有過度擔憂的失功能信念且情緒持續性較久會提高睡前 認知激發程度而提升壓力下的睡眠脆弱性,而睡前認知激發程度對擔憂的失功能信念與 情緒持續性和睡眠脆弱性間的影響具有完全中介效果的作用。值得注意的是,相較於睡 前生理激發,本研究發現在壓力下的睡眠脆弱特質主要受睡前認知過度激發狀態影響,
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且此睡前認知激發狀態,分別在認知向度上受對睡眠有過度擔憂的信念,而在情緒向度 上受情緒持續度較久所影響。
本研究的結果雖然部分釐清了睡眠脆弱特質的相關病理機制,但仍有方法上的限 制。首先,參與本研究的受試者皆為未達失眠的診斷標準的年輕學生族群,因此,將研 究結果推論至一般族群有其限制,需後續更多研究的驗證。再者,由於本研究主要欲探 討壓力下的睡眠脆弱性,雖然壓力下失眠反應量表已提供壓力情境的描述協助受試者想 像身處壓力情境來進行填答,若將壓力下的睡眠脆弱性視為特質,則前述的測量方式並 無不妥,但若能增加狀態的壓力事件測量,並於統計分析時加以控制,或許能夠更釐清 各項特質相關的前置因子間之關係。另外,狀態的壓力事件測量,對於探討情緒遲惰的 影響也有其重要性,因為壓力事件和個體長時間的情緒變化有關,在情緒遲惰經驗取樣 測量與計算中,未能排除受個體經歷不同程度與次數的壓力事件之影響,因此,控制壓 力事件的影響,有助於更加釐清情緒遲惰此特質的作用(koval, Pe, Meers, & Kuppens, 2013)。最後,本研究所採取的階層迴歸方式所得到的結果,仍屬於變項間的關聯性探 討,未能進行因果推論。因此,建議將來的研究可擴大樣本數,並使用結構方程模型來 驗證本研究變項之間的關係,以達到釐清病理因素之間因果關係的目的,並對相關病理 因素對壓力下的睡眠脆弱性之影響進行因果關係的推論。
本研究結果除了增進對於失眠脆弱性特質的了解之外,在臨床上也有其應用價值。
研究結果顯示,反芻的內容若和睡眠相關度低,則反芻對於壓力下容易經歷失眠之個體 的影響力較低,然而,若個體有較多睡眠相關的擔憂信念,則會提升睡前的認知激發程 度,而有礙於睡眠。此外,情緒持續程度越高,也有可能引發較高的睡前認知激發程度。
因此,對在壓力下容易經歷失眠之個體,若能及早調整和睡眠相關的擔憂信念,並學習 有效調節情緒的方式,皆可有效降低睡前的認知激發活動,減少失眠的發生率與改善失 眠症狀,而不陷入失眠之後的惡性循環中。
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