此分析以線性廻歸和單因子變異數分析與 LSD 事後檢定的統計分析方法做分析,
探討各集群間對綠建築飯店的願付價格之差異為何?消費者對綠建築飯店的願付價格 的百分比是採用條件評估法(contingent valuation)。Hanemann(1984)假設消費者在被詢問 前消費者對綠建築飯店的願付價格需高於同等級飯店多付額外百分比的費用(Ai)時,已 經明白相對的價值,然而,此部份價值的少許構成要件是調查者知道與觀察者,此項議 題將會是重要性的假設情境,解釋統計兩選項回答模式(binary response models)和最大實 用性理論(utility maximizing theory)兩者的相關性(Hanemann, 1984; Hanemann, 1987)。假 設線性實用性函數(linear utility function)和邏輯斯分佈函數(logistic distribution function) 應用於兩選項式問題,邏輯斯函數就可被拿來估算願付價格(Hanemann, 1984):
𝑃𝑖 = (1 + 𝑒−(𝛼+𝛽𝐴𝑖))-1 此處
Pi:假設消費者願意以高於一般飯店售價一定百分比Ai至綠建築飯店入住則給予數 值 1,其他給於數值 0。
Ai:消費者在綠建築飯店消費時願意比一般飯店以較高百分比來消費(5 %、10 %、
15 %、20 %、25 %、30 %、35 %、40 %以上)。
因此,願付價格(WTP)的期望值計算方式為:
E(WTP) = ∫ (1 + 𝑒0∞ −(𝛼+𝛽𝐴𝑖))−1𝑑𝐴 = −𝛼
𝛽
36 轉換成以線性模式
log( 𝑃𝑖
1−𝑃𝑖) = α + βAi
表 5-14 消費者對綠建築飯店的願付價格
願付價格 綠色主動
α** 0.855 β** -4.684 WTP 16.69 % 綠色支持
α** 0.909 β** -4.146 WTP 19.54 % 獨善其身
α** 0.849 β** -4.344 WTP 16.98 %
附註:**代表迴歸獲得的參數顯著性達 0.01 水準;*代表迴歸獲得的參數顯著性達 0.05 水準
分析獲得結果如表 5-14 所示,其中所有 β 值都是負值,代表前往綠建築飯店消費 的最高願付價格越高,消費者願意支付此價格意願越低,價格與意願兩者呈現反向關係。
β 數值愈大,代表到綠建築飯店消費的最高願付價格愈高時,消費者仍然有高度支付意 願,也就是說此類型消費者對費用金額有較低敏感度;相反的,若β 數值愈小代表到綠 建築飯店消費的最高願付價格金額略高時,則消費者的支付意願會降低,也就是此類型 消費者對價格有較高靈敏度。
本研究探討消費者對於前往綠建築飯店消費之願付價格,研究結果顯示此三集群間 之消費者對於前往綠建築飯店之願付價格有顯著性差異,其中以「綠色支持」集群的願 付價格為最高,願意多付出 19.54 %之金額進行消費,其次分別為「獨善其身」集群的 16.98 %、「綠色主動」集群的 16.69 %。「綠色支持」與「獨善其身」集群「環保消極」
集群對於入住具有綠建築標章在願付價格上有顯著性差異。
六、結果與建議
本研究利用市場區隔的方式,至台東火車站採樣綠建築標章在飯店的願付價格研究,
依生活型態區分為「環保消極」、「綠色支持」和「獨善其身」此三大消費集群。研究結 果分析出「綠色支持」集群遊客至台東旅遊,會以環境保護為主,而此集群對於綠建築 飯店之住宿意願亦為三集群中最高者,其願意多付出 19.5%之金額進行綠建築飯店住宿 消費,其消費態度屬主動且會影響附近人群。「環保消極」集群對於綠色活動是比較注重
37
的,但對於綠色產品的黏著度較低,而是注重飲食及規律的生活習慣,但對於綠建築飯 店亦有住宿之意願並且願意額外付出 17%之金額來進行住宿消費。而「獨善其身」集群 持偏負面態度,其注重外界對於該集群的正面印象,會使自己擁有改變別人一起享受綠 色生活的特性,在三個集群中此集群是對於生活品質是最在意,願意對綠建築飯店付出 相較於一般飯店多17%的房價來住宿。
在現在綠色環保意識抬頭的社會背景中,綠建築飯店的成立並不多,飯店者考慮的 大多只是營運上實際面的綠色節約,減少碳排放,而少有人針對飯店的建築成本與營運 成本去下手。本研究分析出居住在南部的消費者對於綠色生活有較高的關注度,而北部 的消費者則是對綠色支持有較高的關注。
受訪者中南部人佔38%,其次是北部人,本研究問卷發放地點為台東車站,其搭乘 火車的族群則是以南部居多,北部車票不好購買,所以採樣樣本裡,北部人的族群數量 不夠多,爾後為使研究更周延,應該也要到台東機場發放問卷,以瞭解在台灣不同型態 之遊客對綠建築飯店之住宿意願與願付價格。
綜合本次研究數據,針對飯店在做綠色消費推廣時,建議可著重在31-40 歲的消費 者感受,其平均月收入約在30,000-40,000 元,價格策略應列入考量月收入來做評估,職 業為軍公教人員,旅遊套裝可設計2-5 人裝為佳,依此數據去做設計推廣,可以增加消 費者的黏著度。
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