1. 本實驗使用的箭頭形圖案以及文字型圖片作為認知資訊處理工作的刺 激,建議未來應該運用其他類型的刺激,因為不同類型的刺激各自代表不同的 心智概念,連帶大腦處理的區域和策略也不相同。目標是藉由操控其他類型的 刺激與實驗工作困難度,找出中樞神經的知覺認知功能在進行訊息處理時的共 同性與通則,並且能推廣到其他的符號以及編碼,解釋彼此之間的轉換法則。
2. 本實驗使用的箭頭或是符碼都是屬於符號(symbol)的視覺刺激訊號,另 外,匹配性效果亦見於非符號的刺激,例如於認知實驗研究中賽門效應(Simon effect)所用的設計,所有的刺激為「空間位置」(spatial location)。賽門 效應使用「空間位置」作為刺激,發現到不論「空間位置」是否與動作要求有 關或無關,均可見到匹配性的效果。賽門效應中所用的刺激會出現在螢幕上不 同 的 位 置 , 符 號 與 非 符 號 在 空 間 方 向 概 念 裡 相 較 之 下 就 產 生 了 內 因 性
(implicit,本實驗用的箭頭圖)與外因性(explicit),在空間不同位置出 現的刺激差別。這二因素對於一致性與匹配性的交互作用也有待進一步的實驗 探討。本研究由於時間上的限制,尚未對此現象做探討。藉由比較「符碼」與
「非符碼」或許能探究更近一步有關匹配性的「內因性」或「外因性」之心理 表徵(mental representation)。
參考文獻
Azizian, A., Watson, T. D., Parvaz, M. A., & Squires, N. K. (2006). Time course of processes underlying picture and word evaluation: An event-related potential approach. Brain topography, 18(3), 213-222.
Brecher, M., Porjesz, B., & Begleiter, H. (1987). Late positive component amplitude in schizophrenics and alcoholics in two different paradigms.
Biological psychiatry, 22(7), 848-856.
Christensen, C. A., Ford, J. M., & Pfefferbaum, A. (1996). The effect of stimulus-response incompatibility on P3 latency depends on the task but not on age. Biological psychology, 44(2), 121-141.
Cynthia Doucet, & Robert M. Stelmack. (1999). The effect of response execution on P3 latency, reaction time, and movement time.
Psychophysiology,
DAWSON, G. D. (1951). A summation technique for detecting small signals in a large irregular background. The Journal of physiology, 115(1), 2p-3p.
Deecke, L., Grozinger, B., & Kornhuber, H. H. (1976). Voluntary finger movement in man: Cerebral potentials and theory. Biological cybernetics, 23(2), 99-119.
Duncan, G., Johnson, R. H., & Lambie, D. G. (1981). Role of sensory nerves in the cardiovascular and respiratory changes with isometric forearm
exercise in man. Clinical science (London, England : 1979), 60(2), 145-155.
Fiori, N., Ragot, R., & Renault, B. (1992). Effect of target position on the sequential organization of processing stages. Biological psychology, 33(2-3), 157-171.
HICK, W. E. (1952). A note on one-tailed and two-tailed tests.
Psychological review, 59(4), 316-318.
Hillyard, S. A., Hink, R. F., Schwent, V. L., & Picton, T. W. (1973).
Electrical signs of selective attention in the human brain. Science (New York, N.Y.), 182(108), 177-180.
Hommel, B. (2004). Event files: Feature binding in and across perception and action. Trends in cognitive sciences, 8(11), 494-500.
Houlihan, M.,., Campbell, K., & Stelmack, R. M.,. (1994). Reaction time and movement timeas measures of stimulus evaluation and response processes. Intelligence,
HYMAN, R. (1953). Stimulus information as a determinant of reaction time.
Journal of experimental psychology, 45(3), 188-196.
Jacobson, G. P., & Yeh, H. S. (1985). The auditory brainstem response in surgical monitoring: The pathological significance of a reduced P1-P5 interwave interval. Clinical EEG (electroencephalography), 16(2), 83-87.
Jensen, A. R., & Munro, E. (1979). Reaction time, movement time, and
intelligence. Intelligence, 3, 121-126.
Johnson, R.,Jr, Pfefferbaum, A., & Kopell, B. S. (1985). P300 and long-term memory: Latency predicts recognition performance.
Psychophysiology, 22(5), 497-507.
Knight, R. G., & Godfrey, H. P. (1984). Reliability and validity of a scale for rating memory impairment in hospitalized amnesiacs. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 52(5), 769-773.
Kosslyn, S. M., & Shin, L. M. (1992). The status of cognitive neuroscience.
Current opinion in neurobiology, 2(2), 146-149.
Kutas, M., & Donchin, E. (1980). Preparation to respond as manifested by movement-related brain potentials. Brain research, 202(1), 95-115.
Kutas, M., McCarthy, G., & Donchin, E. (1977). Augmenting mental chronometry: The P300 as a measure of stimulus evaluation time.
Science (New York, N.Y.), 197(4305), 792-795.
Leuthold, H., & Sommer, W. (1998). Postperceptual effects and P300 latency.
Psychophysiology, 35(1), 34-46.
Magliero, A., Bashore, T. R., Coles, M. G., & Donchin, E. (1984). On the dependence of P300 latency on stimulus evaluation processes.
Psychophysiology, 21(2), 171-186.
McCarthy, G., & Donchin, E. (1981). A metric for thought: A comparison of P300 latency and reaction time. Science (New York, N.Y.), 211(4477), 77-80.
Mullis, R. J., Holcomb, P. J., Diner, B. C., & Dykman, R. A. (1985). The effects of aging on the P3 component of the visual event-related potential. Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, 62(2), 141-149.
Okada, Y. C., Kaufman, L., & Williamson, S. J. (1983). The hippocampal formation as a source of the slow endogenous potentials.
Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, 55(4), 417-426.
Pachella, R. G., & Fisher, D. F. (1969). Effect of stimulus degradation and similarity on the trade-off between speed and accuracy in absolute judgments. Journal of experimental psychology, 81(1), 7-9.
Paller, K. A., Kutas, M., & Mayes, A. R. (1987). Neural correlates of encoding in an incidental learning paradigm. Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, 67(4), 360-371.
Paller, K. A., McCarthy, G., Roessler, E., Allison, T., & Wood, C. C.
(1992). Potentials evoked in human and monkey medial temporal lobe during auditory and visual oddball paradigms. Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, 84(3), 269-279.
Pfefferbaum, A., Ford, J., Johnson, R.,Jr, Wenegrat, B., & Kopell, B. S.
(1983). Manipulation of P3 latency: Speed vs. accuracy instructions.
Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, 55(2), 188-197.
Picton, T. W., Skinner, C. R., Champagne, S. C., Kellett, A. J., & Maiste, A. C. (1987). Potentials evoked by the sinusoidal modulation of the
of America, 82(1), 165-178.
Picton, T. W., Vajsar, J., Rodriguez, R., & Campbell, K. B. (1987).
Reliability estimates for steady-state evoked potentials.
Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, 68(2), 119-131.
Polich, J. (1985). Semantic categorization and event-related potentials.
Brain and language, 26(2), 304-321.
Polich, J. (1987a). Comparison of P300 from a passive tone sequence paradigm and an active discrimination task. Psychophysiology, 24(1), 41-46.
Polich, J. (1987b). Response mode and P300 from auditory stimuli.
Biological psychology, 25(1), 61-71.
Polich, J. (1987c). Task difficulty, probability, and inter-stimulus interval as determinants of P300 from auditory stimuli.
Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, 68(4), 311-320.
Polich, J. (1991). P300 in the evaluation of aging and dementia.
Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.Supplement, 42, 304-323.
Polich, J. (1996). Meta-analysis of P300 normative aging studies.
Psychophysiology, 33(4), 334-353.
Polich, J., Brock, T., & Geisler, M. W. (1991). P300 from auditory and somatosensory stimuli: Probability and inter-stimulus interval.
International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the
International Organization of Psychophysiology, 11(2), 219-223.
Polich, J., & Geisler, M. W. (1991). P300 seasonal variation. Biological psychology, 32(2-3), 173-179.
Posner, M. I. (2004). Cognitive neuroscience of attention.
Ragot, R., Renault, B., & Remond, A. (1980). Hemispheric involvement during a bimanual RT task: P300 and motor potential. Progress in brain research, 54, 736-741.
Shucard, D. W., Shucard, J. L., & Thomas, D. G. (1987). Auditory event-related potentials in waking infants and adults: A developmental perspective. Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, 68(4), 303-310.
Simson, R., Vaughan, H. G.,Jr, & Ritter, W. (1977). The scalp topography of potentials in auditory and visual Go/NoGo tasks.
Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, 43(6), 864-875.
Simson, R., Vaughn, H. G.,Jr, & Ritter, W. (1977). The scalp topography of potentials in auditory and visual discrimination tasks.
Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, 42(4), 528-535.
Snyder, R. D. (1980). Topographic mapping in childhood developmental dyslexia. Annals of Neurology, 8(6), 642-643.
Squires, K. C., Donchin, E., Herning, R. I., & McCarthy, G. (1977). On the influence of task relevance and stimulus probability on
event-related-potential components. Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, 42(1), 1-14.
Stapleton, J. M., & Halgren, E. (1987). Endogenous potentials evoked in simple cognitive tasks: Depth components and task correlates.
Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, 67(1), 44-52.
Stapleton, J. M., Halgren, E., & Moreno, K. A. (1987). Endogenous potentials after anterior temporal lobectomy. Neuropsychologia, 25(3), 549-557.
Stapleton, J. M., O'Reilly, T., & Halgren, E. (1987). Endogenous potentials evoked in simple cognitive tasks: Scalp topography. The International journal of neuroscience, 36(1-2), 75-87.
Sternberg, M. J., & Gullick, W. J. (1990). A sequence motif in the transmembrane region of growth factor receptors with tyrosine kinase activity mediates dimerization. Protein engineering, 3(4), 245-248.
Sutton, S., Braren, M., Zubin, J., & John, E. R. (1965). Evoked-potential correlates of stimulus uncertainty. Science (New York, N.Y.), 150(700), 1187-1188.
Valle-Inclan, F. (1996). The locus of interference in the simon effect:
An ERP study. Biological psychology, 43(2), 147-162.
Verleger, R. (1997). On the utility of P3 latency as an index of mental chronometry. Psychophysiology, 34(2), 131-156.
Yingling, C. D., & Hosobuchi, Y. (1984). A subcortical correlate of P300 in man. Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, 59(1), 72-76.
羅耀嘉. (1993). 聽覺 P300 與某些認知環節關係的初探. 心理學動態, 1(3), 44-47.
魏景漢,羅耀嘉. (2002). 認知事件相關腦電位敎程. 北京,經濟日報出版社