• 沒有找到結果。

第五章 討論與建議

第三節 研究限制與建議

究預期般,指標間具有高相關 (inter-item correlation),建議未來研究在情緒表達 之指標上,可以進一步的研究,探討指標構念間的關係等,以期望能在正向情緒 表達之指標構念的衡量品質上能有進一步的改善。

再者,本研究之主要變項的資料皆收集自化妝品專櫃櫃員,因此可能產生共 同方法變異(common method variance)的問題 (Podsakoffet al., 2003),本研究在問 卷施測後,透過統計檢定技術,來檢驗共同方法變異之嚴重程度,即針對四構面 的基模,以及其所扮演的角色,例如 Snyder、Tanke 與 Berscheid (1977)的研究中,

探討基模於自證預言中所扮演之中介角色,他們將情境分為男性受試者與一位迷 人、有魅力的女性講電話,及與一位沒有吸引力的女生講電話,去看這樣的情境 刺激是否會激發受試者腦中不同的基模,研究結果發現,認為自己是與迷人的女

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

48

性講電話的男性受試者在整個互動之行為表現,被評分員評為更具社交性的、更 幽默以及更風趣,此外,在此情境中與受試者對話的女性,也被受試者評為更活 潑、更泰然自若以及更享受在整個談話中,顯示受試者在此情境刺激下會激發腦 內的與外表吸引力相關基模,並認為具有外表吸引力的人擁有更具社交吸引力的 特質,而本研究設計雖類似過去基模相關研究設計,皆探討基模扮演的中介角 色,但本研究並未以實驗控制顧客線索所給予員工的刺激,此外,也未進一步的 確認員工是否接收到我們所認為的顧客線索所給予的刺激,意及,員工是否真的 有注意到顧客的各項衣著線索與購買行為線索指標;另一方面,觀察員所觀察到 顧客線索之判斷,與員工本身近距離直接面對顧客所觀察到之線索判斷可能也有 落差,然而本研究因研究與問卷設計未能考量到這一點,因此未來的研究,可以 朝這一方面進行改善。

第五,本研究所選擇的場域為百貨公司化妝品專櫃,因此本研究所探討之研 究結果,包含變項之構念、指標之選擇等,可能較無法類推至其他服務產業 (如:

房仲業、超商、餐飲業等),但仍在員工情緒表達相關研究之產業類別做了一個 突破,本研究認為研究結果應可以推論至類似性質之流行產業,然而,仍建議未 來研究可以其他產業的服務業人員做為樣本來做相關的探討。

第六,本研究在衡量員工對顧客前期購買意願方面,是採用回溯性質,意即 是員工在交易結束後,回想顧客剛進店內時的行為線索等,可能會與當下對顧客 前期購買意願之判斷有落差,也可能受到整個互動過程或是互動結果之影響。

最後,本研究建議,未來相關研究在顧客衣著及購買行為線索所激發員工的 基模選擇上,可以進一步的深入探討顧客衣著及購買行為線索會如何激發員工腦 內的基模架構,以及是否會激發社會地位及前期購買意願以外的基模,或是不同 的基模是否會同時被激發並互相影響。

subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy white women. Health Psychology, 19, 586–592.

Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice:

Areview and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411-423.

Ashforth, B. E., & Humphrey, R. H. (1993). Emotional labor in service roles: The influence of identity. Academy of Management Review, 18, 88-115.

Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The Moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.

Bransford, J. D., & Johnson, M. K. (1973). Considerations of some problems of comprehension. In W. Chase (Ed.), Visual information processing. New York:

Academic Press.

Cha, S. E., & Edmondson, A. C. (2006). When values backfire: Leadership, attribution, and disenchantment in a values-driven organization. Leadership Quarterly, 17, 57−78.

Chang, T. Z., & Wildt, A. R. (1994). Price, product information, and purchase

intention: An empirical study. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 22, 16–27.

Cialdini, R. B., Borden, R. J., Thorne, A. W., Marcus R., Freeman, S., Sloan, & L. R.

(1976). Basking in reflected glory: Three (football) field studies. Journal of

Personality and Social Psychology, 34(3), 366-375.

Dasborough, M. T., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2002). Emotion and attribution of intentionality in leader-member relationships. The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 615-634.

Diener, E., Larsen, R.J., Levine, S. and Emmons, R.A. (1985) Intensity and frequency:

dimensions underlying positive and negative affect, Journal of Personality

andSocial Psychology, 48, 1253-1265.

Dodds, W. B., Monroe, K. B., & Grewal, D. (1991). Effects of price, brand and store information on buyers' product evaluations. Journal of Marketing Research, 28, 307-319.

George, J. M. (1991). State or trait: effects of positive mood on prosocial behaviors at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 299–307.

Goodsell, C. T. (1976). Cross-cultural comparison of behavior of postal clerks towards clients. Administrative Science Quarterly, 21, 140-150

LeBeau, L. S., Coats, E. J., & Hall, J. A. (2005). Nonverbal behavior and the verticaldimension of social relations: A meta-analysis. Manuscript submitted for

publication.

Lingle, J. H., & Ostrom, T. M. (1979). Retrieval selectivity in memorybasedimpression judgments. Journal of Personality and Social

Psychology, 37, 180-194.

Lloyd, D. G. (1992). Self- and Cross-Fertilization in Plants. II. The Selection of Self- Fertilization. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 153, 370-380

Harvey, J. H., & Weary, G. (1984). Current issues in attribution theoryand research.

Annual Review of Psychology, 35, 427-459.

Head, H. (1920). Studies in neurology. London: Oxford Univ. Press.

Humphrey, R. H., & Ashforth, B. E. (1994). Cognitive scripts and prototypes in

Kenny, D. A., Beashy, D. A., & Bolger, N. (1998). Data analysis in social psychology.

In D. T. Gilbert & S. T. Fiske (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (pp.

233-265). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Mars, G., & Nicod, M. (1984). The world of waiters. London: George Allen & Unwin.

Markus, H., & Zajonc, R. B. (1985). The cognitive perspective in social psychology.

In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (3rd ed., pp.

137-230). New York: Random House.

Mulaik, S. A., James, L. R., Van Alstine, J., Bennett, N., Lind, S. Y., & Stilwell, C. D.

(1989). Evaluation of goodness of fit indices for structural equation models.

Psychological Bulletin, 105, 430-445.

Operario, D., Adler, N. E., & Williams, D. R. (2004). Subjective social status:

Reliability and predictive utility for global health. Psychology and Health, 19(2), 237-246.

Peters, T., & Austin, N. (1985). A passion for excellence. New York: Harper & Row.

Prinz, J.J., & Barsalou, L.W. (2000). Steering a course for embodied representation. In E. Dietrich & A. Markman (Eds.), Cognitive dynamics: Conceptual change in humans and machines (51-77). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Pugh, P. S. (2001). Service with a smile: Emotional contagion in the service encounter.

Academy of Management Journal, 44, 1018-1027.

Rafaeli, A., & Sutton, R. I. (1987). Expression of emotion as part of the work role.

Academy of Management Review, 12, 23-37.

Rafaeli, A. (1989). When cashiers meet customers: An analysis of the role of supermarket cashiers. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 245-273.

Rafaeli, A., & Sutton, R. I. (1989). The expression of emotion in organizational life.

Research in Organizational Behavior, 11, 1-42.

Rafaeli, A., & Sutton, R. I. (1990). Busy stores and demanding customers: how do they affect the display of positive emotion? Academy of Management Journal, 33, 623-637.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

52

Reeder, G. D., & Brewer, M. B. (1979). A schematic model of dispositional attribution in interpersonal perception. Psychological Review, 86, 61-79.

Schiffman, L. G. and L. L. Kanuk. (2000). Consumer Behavior, 7th ed., Prentice Hall, Inc.

Snyder, M., Tanke, E. D., & Berscheid, E. Social perception and interpersonal behavior: On the selffulfilling nature of social stereotypes. Journal of Personality

and Social Psychology, 1977, 35, 656-666.

Tan, H. H., Foo, M. D., Chong, C. L., & Ng, R. (2003). Situational and dispositional predictors of displays of positive emotions. Journal of Organizational Behaviro,

24, 961-978.

Tsai, W. C. (2001). Determinants and consequences of employee displayed positive emotions. Journal of Management, 27, 497-512.

Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of

Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.

Weiner, B. (1986). An Attributional Theory of Motivation and Emotion, Springer Verlag, New York.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

53

附錄一、員工觀察記錄表 問卷

編號

觀察 時間

品牌 名稱

員工情緒表達

交易時間 交易忙碌 程度 (開始交易時)

附註

(記載異常情形,如室 內過熱、員工同時有服

務其他顧客等…) 月/日 時 招呼語 微笑 眼睛接觸 致謝詞 合計 分/秒 員工數 顧客數

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

54

附錄二、顧客觀察記錄表 問卷

編號

觀察 時間

品牌

名稱 顧客行為 顧客衣著

附註

(是否有人陪同、是否有 爭執……等)

月/日 時 試用產品 主動詢問 妝容 首飾 配件

相關文件