第六章 結論
附圖 5 太平洋島鏈(含第一、二島鏈)位置圖
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華民國沒有軍隊在美國所佔領的太平洋島嶼，因此美國可以決定中華民國的兵 力佈署，而中華民國在共同防禦條約中卻不能有對等的要求；6經過冗長的商 議終於擬定了中華民國尚能接受的條約內容，中華民國與美國在 1954 年 12 月 2 日與美國在華盛頓簽訂《中美共同防禦條約》。7
Sources:”The First and Second Pacific Island Chain “, The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus , http://japanfocus.org/data/144.JPG; Accessed: 2012/08/21
附圖 5 太平洋島鏈(含第一、二島鏈)位置圖
訂約後雙方共同發表聲明「…此項條約承認立約國對於臺灣與澎湖以及美 國所轄西太平洋島嶼之安全，具有共同之利害關係，規定經雙方之協議，將包
6 794A.5 MSP/11–1254, No. 392, “Memorandum of Conversation, by the Director of the Office of Chinese Affairs (McConaughy)”, Washington, November 12, 1954—3:45 p.m. , Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954. China and Japan (in two parts): Vol. 14, Part 1, pp. 890-892, U.S.
Department of State Office of the History,
http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v14p1/d392 , Accessed: 2012/07/26
7 顧維鈞 著，中國社會科學近代史研究所 譯，《顧維鈞回憶錄》第 11 分冊，(北京市：中華書
局，1990 年 8 月)，頁 474-486
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東勢力以及尋求親美的政權的目的。1954 年艾森豪(Dwight David Eisenhower, 1890－1969)將美軍部隊以顧問身分派入越南，12期望吳庭艷(Ngo Dinh Diem) 政府能夠力圖振作，反對北越發起的選舉活動，美國基於防止南越被共黨勢力 接管，美國家安全會議建議在政治與國際輿論上支持吳庭艷政府，並且適量的
8 同前註，頁 603
9 S/S Files: Lot 63D351: NSC 48/5, “Report to National Security Council by the Executive Secretary (Lay): [Annex 2] NSC Staff Study on U.S. Objection, policies and Course of Action in Asia”, Washington, May 17, 1951, United States Department of State, Foreign relations of the United States, 1951. Asia and the Pacific , Vol. 6(part 1), East Asia and the Pacific: multilateral relations, pp. 61-63,
University of Wisconsin Digital Collections,
http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1951v06p1 , Accessed: 2013/03/27
10 310.2/7–3054: Telegram, No. 246, “The Secretary of State to the Embassy in France”, Washington, July 30, 1954—6:30 p.m., United States Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954. China and Japan: Vol. 14, Part 1, pp. 513-514 , U.S. Department of State Office of the History, http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v14p1/d246 , Accessed:
2013/03/27
11 呂乃澄，周衛平 主編，《大棋局 中日美關係風雲五十年》，(北京市：當代世界出版社，2001
年 1 月)，頁 94
12 Congressional Quarterly researcher, “Issues for debate in American foreign policy”, (Washington, D.C. : CQ Press, 2010), pp. 34
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政府，14不幸 1957 年吳庭艷失敗，1961 年甘迺迪(John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 1917－1963)指派陸軍特種部隊(green beret)投入越南戰場，151963 年底美國策動一 個政變(coup d’eta)推翻了吳庭艷政府，自此美國增加對南越的軍事援助進而逐
13 S/S–NSC Files: Lot 63 D 351, NSC 5519 Series, No. 190, “National Security Council Report: U.S.
Policy on All-Vietnam Election”, Washington, May 17, 1955., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955–1957, Vietnam, Vol. 1, Vietnam, pp.410-412, U.S. Department of State Office of the History, http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v01/d190 , Accessed:2013/03/27
14 Central Files, 751G.00/4–655, No. 196, “ Telegram From the Secretary of State to the Embassy in Vietnam, “Washington, May 27, 1955—6:07 p.m. , Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955–
1957, Vol. 1, Vietnam, pp.422-423, U.S. Department of State Office of the History, http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v01/d196 ,Accessed: 2013/03/26
15 Congressional Quarterly researcher, “Issues for debate in American foreign policy”, op. cit. , pp. 34
16 Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Dynamics of World Power: A Documentary History of United States Foreign Policy 1945-1973 ,Vol.6 The Far East , (New York : Chelsea House, 1973) ,pp. 146-147
17 Richard M. Nixon, No more Vietnams ,( New York : Arbor House, June 1986), p. 45
18 Congressional Quarterly researcher, “Issues for debate in American foreign policy”, op. cit. , pp. 34
19 Hamilton Fish Armstrong, ”Isolated America , Foreign Affairs. Oct72, Vol. 51 Issue 1, p1-10. 10p.
pp. 1
20 S/S Files: Lot 63D351: NSC 48/5, “Report to National Security Council by the Executive Secretary (Lay): U.S. Objection, policies and Course of Action in Asia”, United States Department of State / Foreign relations of the United States, 1951. Asia and the Pacific , Vol. 6 (part 1), East Asia and the Pacific: multilateral relations, pp. 49-51, University of Wisconsin Digital Collections, http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1951v06p1 , Accessed: 2013/03/27
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面對「臺灣問題」陷入了一面要保存臺灣不被共黨佔領，又要贏得中國人民、
亞洲非共黨政府與人民的支持的困境；美國國家安全會議認為，只有在未來北 平政權或是臺北政權發生改變，海峽兩岸關係才會逐漸明朗化；基於民族與歷 史的事實以及國際的承諾，特別是《開羅宣言》與《波茨坦公告》，都支持臺 灣是中華民國的一部分，所以縱使美國準備考慮所有事實決定臺灣最終的處置，
臺灣不能與中華民國分開。但美國絕不能將臺灣歸還給一個對美國採取敵對行 動的中華人民共和國。21也就是說中華民國從 1949 年 12 月，自大陸轉進到臺 灣之後美國採取觀望的態度，因為韓戰爆發以及擔心發生全面性之戰爭，使美 國為了自己的國家安全利益，將中華民國有條件的拉回美國的掌握。
依據 1953 年美國家安全會議 NSC 148/1 文件，美國認為直接裝備中華民 國的部隊，比由美國指派自己的部隊進駐臺灣，相較之下後者支出的預算低合 乎成本利益，不過必須確認所支持的中華民國部隊，要在美國的控制之下為美 國的利益服務，以確保這些部隊不會用於違反美國國家利益之行動；至於中華 人民共和國則依據 NSC 166 文件，尋求中華民國共產黨政權的改變或是由其 他友好美國的政權所取代為美國的國家利益；同時也支持中華民國的國民黨政 府在聯合國內具有代表中國的地位。22甚至 1953 年 10 月，美國為了降低蘇聯 與中華人民共和國對美國的威脅，已經在國家安全政策文件 NSC 162/2 中，明 文美國必須開放與蘇聯及共產中國兩者，經由談判的方式解決單獨問題 (Individual Issues)甚至全部問題(Major Issues)的可能性；23美國一直沒有放棄獲
21 S/S Files: Lot 63D351: NSC 48/5, “Report to National Security Council by the Executive Secretary (Lay): U.S. Objection, policies and Course of Action in Asia”, United States Department of State / Foreign relations of the United States, 1951. Asia and the Pacific , Vol. 6 (part 1), East Asia and the Pacific: multilateral relations, pp. 55-56, University of Wisconsin Digital Collections, http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1951v06p1 , Accessed: 2013/03/27
22 611.93/11–453, No. 146, “Memorandum by the Director of the Office of Chinese Affairs (McConaughy) to the Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (Robertson): Briefing of General Smith on NSC-166 and NSC-146/1”, Washington, November 4, 1953. United States Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954. China and Japan: Vol. 14 , Part 1, pp. 262-264, U.S. Department of State Office of the History, http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v14p1/d146 , Accessed:2013/04/01
23 S/S–NSC files, lot 63 D 351, NSC 162, No. 100, “Report to the National Security Council by the Executive Secretary (Lay) ”, Washington, October 30, 1953. United States Department of State,
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S. Robertson)參謀長聯席會主席雷德福(Arthur W. Radford)，以保證美絕對不會 承認中華人民共和國，以及繼續阻止其進入聯合國，視中華民國為中國唯一合 http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v02p1/d100 ,Accessed: 2012/11/2224 S/P Files: Lot 70 D 199, No. 48. “National Policy Paper, Republic of China”, Washington, September 11, 1964., United States Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Vol. 30, China, pp. 86-94 , U.S. Department of State Office of the History, http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v30/d48 , Accessed: 2013/03/27
25 何燿光 著，〈臺海危機與轉機〉，海軍總司令部 編《海軍艦隊發展史(第二輯)》，前引文，頁
1069-1082
26 Leonard H. D. Gordon , “United States Opposition to Use of Force in the Taiwan Strait, 1954-1962”, The Journal of American History, History, Vol. 72, No. 3 (Dec., 1985), pp. 637-660, pp. 640
27 Department of State, Central Files, 711.5800/4–2155. No.219 “Message From the Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (Robertson) to the Secretary of State”, Taipei, April 25, 1955. , Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955–1957, China, Vol. 2 , pp. 510-517, U.S.
Department of State Office of the History,
http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v02/d219 , Accessed: 2012/02/21
28 Department of State, Central Files, 793.00/4–2955, No. 231,“Memorandum From the Deputy Under Secretary of State (Murphy) to the Secretary of State ”, Washington, April 29, 1955, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955–1957, China, Vol. 2, pp.531-534, U.S. Department of State Office of the History, http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v02/d231 , Accessed:2012/03/28
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對中華人民共和國採取「圍堵而不孤立 (Containment but not Isolation) 」的政 策。311963 年 12 月 12 日，美國遠東事務助理國務卿希爾斯曼(Roger Hilsman, 1919-)發表對中華人民共和國「門戶開放」政策的演說，說明美國決心大開大 門直到中國大陸發生變化，詹森(Lyndon Baines Johnson, 1908－1973)總統任內 再接再厲的嚐試所謂的「搭橋政策」；32相信些都與「康隆報告書(Conlon Report)」
有密切關係；331964 年 3 月，美國內含新聞界對越戰的進展感到沮喪；341964
29 張雅君，〈「中俄睦鄰友好合作條約」的性質、意涵與影響〉，《中國大陸研究》，第 45 卷/第 2 期(民國 91 年 3、4 月)，頁 35-58，頁 40-41
30 No. 304 “ Editorial Note “, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958–1960, China, Vol. 19, pp.
602, U.S. Department of State Office of the History, http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v19/pg_602, Accessed: 2013/03/28
31 Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Harriman Papers, Kennedy-Johnson Administration, L.B.
Johnson, Jan-July 1966., No. 156, “ Memorandum From the Ambassador at Large (Harriman)to the President’s Special Assistant (Moyers)“, Washington, June 3, 1966., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Vol. 30, China, pp. 318, U.S. Department of State Office of the History, http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v30/pg_318 , Accessed: 2013/03/28
32 陳毓鈞 著，《「一個中國」與臺北 - 華府 - 北京》，前引書，頁 85
33 中央研究院近代史檔案館，〈立法院外委員會:康隆報告有關臺灣及美國對華政策之譯文〉，《康
倫(隆)報告》，外交部檔案，400.7/0096，頁 195-218 ；這是美國參議院外交委員會於 1959 年 1 月擬訂專題 15 項，分別委託美國內各大學及私人學術團體研究。其中「美國對亞洲外交政 策(United Stated Foreign Policy In Asia)」係委託康隆學社(Conlon Associates Ltd.)編寫，經該委
員會於 1959 年 9 月 1 日交稿即一般人所稱之「康隆報告書」。該書共計 155 頁，計分為四章。
研究之範圍計分為南亞、東南亞、即東北亞(包括中國)三地區。其中東北亞(包括中國)地區由 1943-1946 年在美國海軍情報單位專司日本研究的，南加州大學教授施伯樂(Robert Anthony Scalapino,1919–2011)執筆，並經學者 30 餘人校閱提供意見。施伯樂在報告中對中共的政策，
“Memorandum From Michael V. Forrestal of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy): South Vietnam”, Washington, May 26, 1964., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Vol. 1, Vietnam, 1964, pp. 385-386 ,
U.S. Department of State Office of the History,
http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d178, Accessed: 2013/03/29
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http://udndata.com/library/, 瀏覽日期： 2012/02/1239 RG 330, OASD/ISA Files: FRC 70 A 3717, 333, “Memorandum of Conversation1: Call on the Secretary of Defense by the Chinese Minister of Defense “, Washington, September 22, 1965, 9:15–11 a.m., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Vol. 30, China, pp.209-214 , U.S.
Department of State Office of the History,
http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v30/d104 ,Accessed: 2013/02/25
40 Johnson Library, National Security File, “Memorandum From James C. Thomson, Jr., of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy)”, Washington, June 2, 1965., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Vol. 30, China, pp.171-173, U.S. Department of State Office of the History, http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v30/d87, Accessed: 2013/03/26
41 胡為真 著，《美國對華「一個中國」政策之演變》，(臺北市：臺灣商務印書，2001 年[民 90])，
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1969 年美國在遠東地區推行尼克森主義(Nixon Doctrine)，43尼克森的國家 安全助理季辛吉(Henry A. Kissinger, 1923- )認為國家是一種可以加以平衡的力 量，對於外交政策則認為那種在國內被視為正義的東西都能夠變成一種可以談
43 National Archives, RG 59, Policy Planning Staff Files: Lot 77 D 112, Director's Files, Selected Lord Memos, No. 54 “Paper Prepared in the National Security Council Staff: The Nixon Doctrine for Asia – Some Hard Issues“, Washington, Undated, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–
1976, Vol. 1, Foundations of Foreign Policy, 1969–1972, pp. 174-184, U.S. Department of State Office of the History, http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v01/d54 , Accessed:
2013/03/05
44 Henry A. Kissinger, “Reflections on American Diplomacy”, Foreign Affairs , Oct56, Vol. 35 Issue 1, p37-56, pp.38 & 43
45 National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 252, Agency Files, NSC 1969-71., No. 41, “Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon: Analysis of changes in international politics since World War II and their implications for our basic assumptions about U.S. foreign policy”, Washington, October 20, 1969. , Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Vol. 1, Foundations of Foreign Policy, 1969–
1972, pp. 123-125, U.S. Department of State Office of the History, http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v01/d41 , Accessed: 2013/03/29
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46 National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 252, Agency Files, NSC 1969-71., No. 41, “Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon: Analysis of changes in international politics since World War II and their implications for our basic assumptions about U.S. foreign policy”, Washington, October 20, 1969. , Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Vol. 1, Foundations of Foreign Policy, 1969–
1972, pp. 137-139, U.S. Department of State Office of the History, http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v01/d41 , Accessed: 2013/03/29
47 National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 519, Country Files, Far East, China, Vol. 3., No. 65 “Memorandum From John H. Holdridge of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger): US Treatment of Peng Ming-min”, Washington, January 28, 1970., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Vol.
17, China, 1969–1972, pp. 173-175, U.S. Department of State Office of the History, http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v17/d65, Accessed: 2013/03/29
48 National Archives, RG 59, EA/ROC Files: Lot 73 D 38, Pol. Assessment–US/GRC. , No.88,
“Assessment Prepared by the Central Intelligence Agency: Taiwan Situation Assessment ”, Washington, September 2, 1970., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Vol. 17, China, 1969–1972, pp. 227-229, U.S. Department of State Office of the History, http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v17/d88 , Accessed: 2013/03/29
49 陳毓鈞 著，《「一個中國」與臺北 - 華府 - 北京》，前引書，頁 87
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日尼克森訪問北京並於 2 月 27 日在上海發表上海公報(Shanghai Communiqué) 表示：美國認知海峽兩岸的中國人都堅信只有一個中國且臺灣是大陸的一部分， China, No.115 “Memorandum From John H. Holdridge of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger)”, Washington, April 13, 1971., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Vol. 17, China, 1969–1972, pp. 296-297, U.S.Department of State Office of the History,
http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v17/d144, Accessed: 2013/03/29
52 National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 1032, Files for the President—China Material, Polo I, Record, July 1971 HAK trip to PRC, No. 144 “Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon: My Talks with Chou En-Lai”, San Clemente, California, July 14, 1971., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Vol. 17, China, 1969–1972 , pp.453-455, U.S. Department of State Office of the History, http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v17/d144, Accessed:
2013/03/29
53 季辛吉(H. A. Kissinger,) 著，《論中國(On China)》，胡利平，林華，楊韵琴，朱敬文 譯，前引 書，頁 244-245