結果

一、山苦瓜對大鼠攝食及飼料效率之影響

表 4 - 1 為各組別實驗期間體重增加、飼料攝取量、能量效率及飼料效率。以誘 導肥胖之後的體重來作為初始體重，EAE 組顯著高於 LF 組與 BM 組(p < 0.05)，而 BM、TZD、HF 組與 LF 組相較有較高的趨勢，但無統計上的差異。在最終體重上，

TZD 組顯著高於 LF 組(p < 0.05)，此結果與 TZD 藥物所造成的肥胖相符合。而 BM、

EAE、HF 組與 LF 或與 TZD 組沒有差異。體重之平均日增重，五組之間沒有差異。

油脂含量會影響食物攝取量。每天飼料攝取量，LF 低油組飼料熱量密度較低，

因此LF 組攝食量高於高脂組，除了 TZD 組。而從攝食量看來，山苦瓜並不影響大 鼠的食慾，因BM 與 EAE、HF 組之間並無顯著差異。以熱量攝取來衡量，EAE、

TZD、HF 組顯著高於 LF 組(p < 0.0006)，而 TZD 組又顯著高於 HF 組。BM 組與 EAE、HF 和 LF 組沒有差異，而顯著低於 TZD 組(p < 0.0006)。

在飼料效率上，BM、EAE、TZD、HF 組顯著高於 LF 組(p < 0.0001)，而 TZD 組又顯著高於EAE 組(p < 0.05)，四組高脂飲食的飼料效率高於低脂組是因為其飼 料熱量高。在熱量效率上，EAE 和 HF 組顯著低於 TZD 和 LF 組(p < 0.01)，而 BM 組則與其它四組沒有差異。

二、山苦瓜對大鼠體重之影響

圖 4 - 1 為生長曲線圖，從誘導肥胖至分組餵食試驗飲食九週後山苦瓜對大鼠體 重變化的影響。在開始給予試驗飲食第 0、1 週及第 3 週直到整個試驗結束，TZD 組體重持續顯著高於LF 組(p < 0.008)，此與已知 TZD 藥物會造成肥胖副作用相符 合。而BM、EAE 和 HF 組體重與 LF 或 TZD 組沒有差異，除了在第四週時，BM 組曾顯著低於TZD 組(p < 0.05)。

三、山苦瓜對組織的絕對與相對重量之影響

表 4 - 2 為各組大鼠餵食試驗飲食九週後組織絕對重量表。在不考慮體重變化對 組織的影響下，不管是肝臟、腎臟、左小腿腓腸肌、睪丸和腎上腺的組織重量，五 組之間都沒有差異。在脂肪塊重量上，腹膜後脂肪塊(RE)與副睪脂肪塊(EP)的重量，

五組之間都沒有差異。但在腹股溝脂肪塊(Injuinal fat)重量上，TZD 組顯著高於 LF 組(p < 0.05)。

因為考慮到因為體重的變化，每個組織重量可能也會隨之變化，因此將各組織 重量除以體重，而得到相對組織重。表4 - 3 為各組大鼠餵食試驗飲食九週後組織相 對重量表。同樣的，不管是肝臟、腎臟、左小腿腓腸肌、睪丸和腎上腺的組織重量，

五組之間都沒有差異。

在脂肪塊重量上，腹膜後脂肪塊(RE)相對重量，EAE、TZD、HF 組顯著高於 LF 組(p < 0.05)，而 BM 組與 LF 組沒有差異。副睪脂肪塊(EP)相對重量，TZD、

HF 組顯著高於 LF 組(p < 0.05)，而 BM 和 EAE 組與 LF 組沒有差異。至於腹股溝 脂肪塊(Injuinal fat)相對重量，TZD 組顯著高於 BM、EAE、HF 和 LF 組(p < 0.05)，

而BM、EAE、HF 組與 LF 組沒有差異。

由這些結果得知，除了脂肪重量外，山苦瓜不影響大鼠其它組織重量；另外在 脂肪塊重量上看到，TZD 組因其肥胖的副作用，而使其有較重的脂肪組織。

四、山苦瓜對腹部體脂堆積之影響

圖 4 - 2 為餵食試驗飲食九週後腹部脂肪堆積量，腹部體脂堆積以三種脂肪塊包 括腹膜後脂肪塊(RE)、副睪脂肪塊(EP)和腹股溝脂肪塊(Injuinal fat)總和代表。

EAE、TZD 和 HF 組腹部體脂堆積顯著高於 LF 組(p < 0.006)，而 BM 組則與 LF 組 沒有差異，此結果顯示山苦瓜凍乾粉可改善高脂飲食所導致的腹部體脂堆積，而乙 酸乙酯萃物沒有如同山苦瓜凍乾粉之功效。

五、山苦瓜對脂肪細胞大小之影響

表4 - 4 及 4 - 5 分別為各組大鼠餵食試驗飲食九週後，腹膜後脂肪(RE)與副睪 脂肪(EP)的脂肪細胞直徑。因為山苦瓜可降低腹部體脂堆積，因此觀察山苦瓜對分 離自腹部脂肪的脂肪細胞大小之影響。首先在腹膜後脂肪(RE)的脂肪細胞直徑，

BM、TZD、HF 組與 LF 組的細胞直徑中位數沒有差異，EAE 組的細胞直徑中位數 顯著高於BM 和 LF 組(p < 0.05)。接著，將細胞直徑由小到大做四個區分，為 20 ~ 100 μm、100 ~ 180 μm、180 ~ 260 μm 以及> 260 μm，發現 BM 組與 HF 組相較下，有 較多小直徑的脂肪細胞分佈百分比，有較少大直徑的脂肪細胞分佈百分比。

在副睪脂肪(EP)的脂肪細胞直徑，五組之間其細胞直徑中位數沒有差異。同樣 也發現BM 組與 HF 組相較下，有較多小直徑的脂肪細胞分佈百分比，有較少大直 徑的脂肪細胞分佈百分比。

這些結果表示了山苦瓜凍乾粉可有效抑制高脂飲食所誘導的脂肪細胞肥大，而 乙酸乙酯萃物同樣沒有如同山苦瓜凍乾粉之功效。

六、山苦瓜對脂肪細胞中三酸甘油酯與

DNA 含量之影響

表4 - 6 及 4 - 7 分別為各組大鼠餵食試驗飲食九週後，腹膜後脂肪(RE)與副睪 脂肪(EP)所含三酸甘油酯及 DNA 含量，並計算每毫克 DNA 中所含三酸甘油酯，以 間接評估平均細胞內三酸甘油酯含量。因為發現山苦瓜可抑制脂肪細胞肥大，因此 測量脂肪細胞中三酸甘油酯含量是否也減少。在腹膜後脂肪(RE)中，五組之間每克 組織三酸甘油酯含量沒有差異。每塊組織三酸甘油酯含量，EAE 組顯著高於 BM 與 LF 組(p < 0.02)。BM 和 HF 組與 LF 組沒有差異，但是 BM 組脂肪組織中三酸甘油 酯堆積有減少的傾向。五組的每克組織 DNA 含量與每塊組織 DNA 含量都沒有差 異。因為細胞數目與 DNA 含量成正比，此表示山苦瓜不影響脂肪細胞的數目。而 五組的每毫克DNA 中所含三酸甘油酯沒有差異。

在副睪脂肪(EP)中也有類似的結果，五組之間每克組織三酸甘油酯含量沒有差 異，每塊組織三酸甘油酯含量，EAE、HF 和 TZD 組顯著高於 LF 組(p < 0.03)，BM 與其它四組沒有差異，但是與其它高脂組相較，BM 組脂肪組織中三酸甘油酯堆積 有減少的傾向。每克組織DNA 含量與每塊組織 DNA 含量，BM 組顯著高於 LF 組 (p < 0.03)，表示 BM 組之副睪脂肪(EP)有較多脂肪細胞數，EAE、TZD 和 HF 組則 與BM 或 LF 組沒有差異，五組的每毫克 DNA 中所含三酸甘油酯沒有差異，但 BM 組有較小的趨勢。

七、山苦瓜對脂肪組織脂質生合成酵素活性之影響

圖4 - 3 及 4 - 4 分別為各組大鼠餵食試驗飲食九週後，腹膜後脂肪(RE)與副睪 脂肪(EP)脂質生合成酵素 Glycerol – 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH)與 Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)活性。因為觀察到山苦瓜可使腹部體脂堆積減少，脂肪細 胞減小以及脂肪細胞中三酸甘油酯有減少的傾向，所以觀察山苦瓜是否影響脂質生 合成相關酵素。G3PDH 是脂肪組織中三酸甘油酯合成的酵素，在圖 4-3 可見 G3PDH 活性在兩種脂肪組織(RE 和 EP)中活性差不多，五組腹膜後脂肪(RE)中的 G3PDH 活性沒有差異，但在副睪脂肪(EP)，BM 和 LF 組顯著低於 TZD 組(p < 0.05)，EAE 和 HF 組與其它組沒有差異，推測山苦瓜可能抑制 G3PDH 活性而使三酸甘油酯合 成減少。

另一個脂質生合成酵素為LPL，其為細胞外酵素可將脂蛋白中的三酸甘油酯水 解，運送到脂肪組織中合成三酸甘油酯。在圖4 - 3 顯示 LPL 活性在腹膜後脂肪(RE) 大於副睪脂肪(EP)，五組副睪脂肪(EP)中的 LPL 活性沒有差異，但在腹膜後脂肪 (RE)，BM 和 TZD 組顯著高於 EAE、HF 和 LF 組(p < 0.05)。雖然山苦瓜的抑制脂 肪細胞三酸甘油酯堆積無法以LPL 活性解釋，但此作用是否加速血脂質三酸甘油酯 清除，值得探討。

八、山苦瓜對脂肪組織脂解速率之影響

圖4 - 5 及 4 - 6 分別為各組大鼠餵食試驗飲食九週後，腹膜後脂肪(RE)與副睪 脂肪(EP)的刺激與基礎脂解速率。脂肪細胞內三酸甘油酯堆積決定於脂質生合成與 脂解速率間之平衡，Hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)是脂肪細胞內水解三酸甘油酯的 酵素，其會受到腎上腺素的刺激，在此我們以Isopreterenol 刺激脂肪細胞脂解。如 圖所示，刺激後甘油釋出速率稍增加，結果顯示不管是在腹膜後脂肪(RE)還是副睪 脂肪(EP)中，TZD 組的刺激與基礎脂解速率顯著高於 LF 組(p < 0.05)，BM、EAE 和HF 組與 TZD 或 LF 組沒有差異。本實驗不能証明山苦瓜經由增加脂肪組織脂解 達到降體脂功能。

九、山苦瓜對脂肪細胞分化指標

mRNA 之影響

為了解山苦瓜是否會影響脂肪細胞分化指標基因表現如：PPARγ、LPL 和 ADD1 / SREBP1c，以及脂肪細胞激素基因表現如：Adiponectin 和 Leptin，以北方轉漬法 定量mRNA 量。圖 4 - 7 ~ 4 - 16 為各組大鼠餵食試驗飲食九週後，腹膜後脂肪(RE) 與副睪脂肪(EP)中基因表現。結果發現不管是在腹膜後脂肪(RE)或副睪脂肪(EP)，

PPARγ、Adiponectin、Leptin、LPL 和 ADD1 / SREBP1c mRNA 表現五組間都沒 有差異。除了在副睪脂肪(EP)中 ADD1 / SREBP1c mRNA 表現，BM 和 LF 組顯著 低於TZD 組(p < 0.05)。

十、山苦瓜對禁食血糖與胰島素之影響

為了解山苦瓜對大鼠胰島素敏感性之影響，五組大鼠餵食試驗飲食第 0、3、6 及 9 週，以 OGTT 測試葡萄糖耐受性，可惜曲線下血糖面積(AUCGLU)五組間並無 顯著差異(結果未示)。圖 4 - 17 為各組大鼠餵食試驗飲食期間，禁食全血葡萄糖變 化。結果不管是第0、3、6 及 9 週，五組的禁食全血葡萄糖含量都沒有差異。

圖4 - 18 為各組大鼠餵食試驗飲食期間，禁食血清胰島素變化。在第 3 週時，

EAE 和 HF 組顯著高於 LF 組(p < 0.05)，BM 和 TZD 組與 LF 組沒有差異。在第 0、

6 及 9 週，五組的禁食血清胰島素含量都沒有差異，但 HF 組有較高的趨勢。結果 表示BM 和 TZD 組可避免在高脂飲食下誘發的高胰島素血症，而 EAE 組並未顯示 功效。

十一、山苦瓜對血清

Adiponectin 之影響

圖4 - 19 為各組大鼠餵食試驗飲食九週後，血清 Adiponectin 濃度。脂肪組織 可分泌荷爾蒙稱之為脂肪細胞激素(Adipocytokines)，Adiponectin 為其中一種，與 胰島素敏感性有關。在圖4 - 19，TZD 組血清 Adiponectin 濃度顯著高於 LF 組(p <

0.05)，表示 TZD 組有較好的胰島素敏感性與已知 TZD 促進 Adiponectin 分泌改善 胰島素敏感性相符。BM、EAE 和 HF 組與 LF 組或與 TZD 組都沒有差異。

十二、山苦瓜對血脂質之影響

表 4 - 8 為各組大鼠餵食試驗飲食九週後禁食血脂質，包括了三酸甘油酯、膽固 醇和游離脂肪酸。其結果不管是血清三酸甘油酯濃度、血清膽固醇濃度和血清游離 脂肪酸濃度，五組之間都沒有差異。因此，在此模式下山苦瓜不影響血脂質含量。

表

4 - 1 Wistar 大鼠餵食試驗飲食九週之初始體重、最終體重、攝食量、能量攝取、飼料效率及能量效率

^{1, 2}

Table 4 - 1 Initial body weight, final body weight, food intake, energy intake, feed efficiency and energy efficiency of rats fed with experimental diets for 9 weeks

^{1, 2}

Initial body weight

Final body weight

Body weight

gain Food intake Energy intake Feed efficiency Energy efficiency (g) (g) (g / d) (g / d) (kcal / d) (g gain / g feed) (g gain / kcal feed) BM (n = 9) 280 ± 26

^b

485 ± 48

^ab

3.27 ± 0.47 19.6 ± 2.1

^b

96.1 ± 10.1

^bc

0.17 ± 0.01

^ab

0.034 ± 0.002

^ab

EAE (n = 7) 312 ± 28

^a

520 ± 58

^ab

3.30 ± 0.58 20.5 ± 2.3

^ab

102.8 ± 11.5

^ab

0.16 ± 0.01

^b

0.032 ± 0.003

^b

TZD (n = 8) 293 ± 33

^ab

539 ± 66

^a

3.91 ± 0.62 22.0 ± 2.0

^a

110.7 ± 10.1

^a

0.18 ± 0.02

^a

0.035 ± 0.004

^a

HF (n = 7) 295 ± 25

^ab

497 ± 38

^ab

3.21 ± 0.33 19.7 ± 1.3

^b

98.7 ± 6.5

^b

0.16 ± 0.14

^ab

0.032 ± 0.002

^b

LF(n = 6) 274 ± 17

^b

469 ± 32

^b

3.09 ± 0.34 22.5 ± 1.3

^a

86.6 ± 5.0

^c

0.14 ± 0.01

^c

0.036 ± 0.003

^a

1

Values are means ± S.D..

2

The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HF, BM, EAE and TZD) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA

and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values were transformed to log values for the statistical analysis if the variances were not

homogeneous. The General Linear Model of the SAS package (SAS institute, Cary, NC) was employed for both statistical analysis

and differences were considered significant at p < 0.05.

表

4 - 2 Wistar 大鼠餵食試驗飲食九週之絕對組織重

^1,2

Table 4 - 2 Tissue weights of rats fed experimental diets for 9 wks

^{1, 2}

Liver Kidney Retroperitoneal fat (RE)

Epididymal fat (EP)

Injuinal

fat Gastrocnemius Testis Adrenal (g)

BM (n = 9) 12.89 ± 1.46 2.95 ± 0.28 15.39 ± 3.88 11.73 ± 2.88 1.27 ± 0.41

^ab

2.63 ± 0.23 3.50 ± 0.52 0.09 ± 0.03 EAE (n = 7) 14.40 ± 2.55 3.14 ± 0.51 18.95 ± 5.98 13.75 ± 4.08 1.33 ± 0.32

^ab

2.90 ± 0.27 3.70 ± 0.71 0.08 ± 0.03 TZD (n = 8) 12.87 ± 1.89 3.11 ± 0.31 18.43 ± 5.44 15.09 ± 4.14 1.95 ± 0.64

^a

2.94 ± 0.30 3.90 ± 0.76 0.08 ± 0.02 HF (n = 7) 13.66 ± 1.89 2.99 ± 0.30 16.35 ± 4.55 12.86 ± 3.75 1.31 ± 0.47

^ab

2.85 ± 0.37 3.73 ± 0.86 0.08 ± 0.03 LF (n = 6) 12.11 ± 2.36 2.99 ± 0.21 11.59 ± 3.45 9.29 ± 3.24 0.94 ± 0.28

^b

2.83 ± 0.27 3.81 ± 0.46 0.08 ± 0.20

1

Values are means ± S.D..

2

The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HF, BM, EAE and TZD) was analyzed statistically by one-way

ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values were transformed to log values for the statistical analysis if the

variances were not homogeneous. The General Linear Model of the SAS package (SAS institute, Cary, NC) was employed

for both statistical analysis and differences were considered significant at p < 0.05.

表

4 - 3 Wistar 大鼠餵食試驗飲食九週之相對組織重

^1,2

Table 4 - 3 Relative tissue weights of rats fed experimental diets for 9 wks

^{1, 2}

Liver Kidney Retroperitoneal fat (RE)

Epididymal fat (EP)

Injuinal

fat Gastrocnemius Testis Adrenal (%)

BM (n = 9) 2.74 ± 0.32 0.62 ± 0.04 3.22 ± 0.59

^ab

2.46 ± 0.41

^ab

0.26 ± 0.07

^b

0.56 ± 0.03 0.74 ± 0.09 0.02 ± 0.01 EAE (n = 7) 2.78 ± 0.20 0.66 ± 0.1 3.63 ± 0.79

^a

2.64 ± 0.58

^ab

0.26 ± 0.05

^b

0.57 ± 0.06 0.73 ± 0.13 0.01 ± 0.00 TZD (n = 8) 2.46 ± 0.29 0.60 ± 0.05 3.45 ± 0.64

^a

2.83 ± 0.45

^a

0.37 ± 0.12

^a

0.56 ± 0.05 0.74 ± 0.12 0.02 ± 0.00 HF (n = 7) 2.88 ± 0.46 0.63 ± 0.10 3.41 ± 0.76

^a

2.69 ± 0.70

^a

0.27 ± 0.08

^b

0.60 ± 0.09 0.79 ± 0.21 0.02 ± 0.00 LF (n = 6) 2.69 ± 0.33 0.67 ± 0.05 2.57 ± 0.61

^b

2.05 ± 0.55

^b

0.21 ± 0.05

^b

0.63 ± 0.08 0.85 ± 0.08 0.02 ± 0.01

1

Values are means ± S.D..

2

The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HF, BM, EAE and TZD) was analyzed statistically by one-way

ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values were transformed to log values for the statistical analysis if the

variances were not homogeneous. The General Linear Model of the SAS package (SAS institute, Cary, NC) was employed

for both statistical analysis and differences were considered significant at p < 0.05.

表

4 - 4 Wistar 大鼠餵食試驗飲食九週之腹膜後脂肪(RE)的脂肪細胞 直徑

^{1, 2}

Table 4 - 4 The diameter of adipocytes in retroperitoneal fat of rats fed with experimental diets for 9 weeks

^{1, 2}

BM EAE TZD HF LF

Medium (μm) 135 ± 23

^b

158 ± 15

^a

145 ± 11

^ab

147 ± 16

^ab

137 ± 13

^b

Cell number (%)

20 ~ 100 μm 22.7 ± 16.4

^a

6.7 ± 6.7

^b

8.5 ± 5.3

^b

13.6 ± 3.5

^ab

15.6 ± 8.8

^ab

100 ~ 180 μm 66.4 ± 12.0

^ab

66.6 ± 6.6

^ab

79.7 ± 5.7

^a

68.5 ± 14.4

^b

70.9 ± 7.1

^ab

180 ~ 260 μm 10.9 ± 10.3

^b

25.7 ± 11.4

^a

11.9 ± 7.7

^b

17.0 ± 14.9

^ab

13.5 ± 4.8

^b

260 μm

≧

0.0 1.0 ± 1.6 1.0 ± 1.6 1.0 ± 1.3 0.0

1

Values are means ± S.D..

2

The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HF, BM,

EAE and TZD) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and

Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values were transformed to log values for

the statistical analysis if the variances were not homogeneous. The

General Linear Model of the SAS package (SAS institute, Cary, NC)

was employed for both statistical analysis and differences were

considered significant at p < 0.05.

表

4 - 5 Wistar 大鼠餵食試驗飲食九週之副睪脂肪(EP)的脂肪細胞 直徑

^{1, 2}

Table 4 - 5 The diameter of adipocytes in

epididymal

fat of rats fed with experimental diets for 9 weeks

^{1, 2}

BM EAE TZD HF LF

Medium (μm) 133 ± 9 150 ± 14 142 ± 18 145 ± 16 137 ± 15 Cell number (%)

20 ~ 100 μm 7.8 ± 6.2 3.1 ± 1.7 8.4 ± 10.4 6.2 ± 2.3 10.0 ± 10.9 100 ~ 180 μm 89.0 ± 6.7

^a

76.5 ± 12.9

^ab

77.8 ± 9.9

^b

81.1 ± 10.9

^ab

84.6 ± 8.3

^ab

180 ~ 260 μm 4.3 ± 2.6 15.0 ± 11.0 13.4 ± 12.8 12.3 ± 12.4 5.3 ± 4.4

260

≧

μm 0.0 0.1 ± 0.3 0.3 ± 0.9 0.4 ± 0.7

^a

0.0

1

Values are means ± S.D..

2

The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HF, BM,

EAE and TZD) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and

Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values were transformed to log values for

the statistical analysis if the variances were not homogeneous. The

General Linear Model of the SAS package (SAS institute, Cary, NC)

was employed for both statistical analysis and differences were

considered significant at p < 0.05.

表

4 - 6 Wistar 大鼠餵食試驗飲食九週之腹膜後脂肪(RE)所含三酸甘油酯、DNA 與每毫克 DNA 中所含三酸甘油酯含量

1, 2

Table 4 - 6 Triglycerides, DNA and triglycerides / DNA content in retroperitoneal fat pads of rats fed with experimental diets for 9 weeks

^{1, 2}

Triglycerides DNA Triglycerides / DNA

(mmol / g) (mmol / Tissue) (mg / g) (mg / Tissue) (mmol / mg) BM (n = 9) 0.35 ± 0.12 5.29 ± 1.76

^bc

0.12 ± 0.01 1.76 ± 0.41

EAE (n = 7) 0.43 ± 0.06 8.39 ± 3.52

^a

0.12 ± 0.02 2.22 ± 0.91 TZD (n = 8) 0.41 ± 0.03 7.58 ± 2.18

^ab

0.14 ± 0.06 2.45 ± 0.62 HF (n = 7) 0.38 ± 0.08 6.06 ± 1.26

^abc

0.14 ± 0.03 2.26 ± 0.39 LF(n = 6) 0.38 ± 0.10 4.48 ± 2.19

^c

0.16 ± 0.05 1.92 ± 0.99

3.04 ± 0.93 3.81 ± 0.64 3.22 ± 1.04 2.69 ± 0.42 2.72 ± 1.60

1

Values are means ± S.D..

2

The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HF, BM, EAE and TZD) was analyzed statistically by one-way

ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values were transformed to log values for the statistical analysis if the

variances were not homogeneous. The General Linear Model of the SAS package (SAS institute, Cary, NC) was employed

for both statistical analysis and differences were considered significant at p < 0.05.

表

4 - 7 Wistar 大鼠餵食試驗飲食九週之副睪脂肪(EP)所含三酸甘油酯、DNA 與每毫克 DNA 中所含三酸甘油酯含量

^{1, 2}

Table 4 - 7 Triglycerides, DNA and triglycerides / DNA content in epididymal fat pads of rats fed with

experimental diets for 9 weeks

^{1, 2}

Triglycerides DNA Triglycerides / DNA

(mmol / g) (mmol / Tissue) (mg / g) (mg / Tissue) (mmol / mg) BM (n = 9) 0.33 ± 0.06 3.74 ± 0.07

^ab

0.21 ± 0.06

^a

2.47 ± 0.76

^a

EAE (n = 7) 0.32 ± 0.05 4.37 ± 1.64

^a

0.15 ± 0.08

^ab

2.05 ± 1.45

^ab

TZD (n = 8) 0.30 ± 0.05 4.52 ± 1.28

^a

0.16 ± 0.05

^ab

2.43 ± 0.87

^ab

HF (n = 7) 0.37 ± 0.05 4.50 ± 1.50

^a

0.18 ± 0.06

^ab

2.03 ± 1.09

^ab

LF(n = 6) 0.30 ± 0.11 2.72 ± 1.10

^b

0.11 ± 0.02

^b

0.98 ± 0.10

^b

1.64 ± 0.51 2.56 ± 1.27 1.99 ± 0.52 2.32 ± 0.65 2.67 ± 1.60

1

Values are means ± S.D..

2

The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HF, BM, EAE and TZD) was analyzed statistically by one-way

ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values were transformed to log values for the statistical analysis if the

variances were not homogeneous. The General Linear Model of the SAS package (SAS institute, Cary, NC) was employed

for both statistical analysis and differences were considered significant at p < 0.05.

表

4 - 8 Wistar 大鼠餵食試驗飲食九週之禁食血脂質

^{1, 2, 3}

Table 4 - 8 Fasting serum lipids of rats fed with experimental diets for 9 weeks

^{1, 2, 3}

Triglycerides Cholesterol NEFA

(mmol / L) (mmol / L) (mmol / L)

2

The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HF, BM, EAE and TZD) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values were transformed to log values for the statistical analysis if the variances were not homogeneous. The General Linear Model of the SAS package (SAS institute, Cary, NC) was employed for both statistical analysis and differences were considered significant at p < 0.05.

3

NEFA: Non esterified fatty acid.

0

Fig. 4 - 1 The growth curve of rats fed with experimental diets during the whole experimental period. Values are means ± S.D. (n = 6 ~ 9). The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HF, BM, EAE and TZD) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values were transformed to log values for the statistical analysis if the variances were not homogeneous. The General Linear Model of the SAS package (SAS institute, Cary, NC) was employed for both statistical analysis and differences were considered significant at p < 0.05.

b c b

Adaptation (1 wk) Treatment (9 wk)

BM EAE TZD HF LF 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

R el ati ve fa t w ei gh t ( ％ )

injuinal fat / BW epididymal fat / BW retroperitional fat / BW

圖

4 - 2 Wistar 大鼠餵食試驗飲食 9 週之腹部脂肪塊堆積重量

Fig. 4 - 2 The accumulated weight of abdominal fat pads of rats fed with experimental diets for 9 weeks. Values are means ± S.D. (n = 6 ~ 9). The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HF, BM, EAE and TZD) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values were transformed to log values for the statistical analysis if the variances were not homogeneous. The General Linear Model of the SAS package (SAS institute, Cary, NC) was employed for both statistical analysis and differences were considered significant at p < 0.05.

ab a a a

b

0

G3PDH activity (nmol / mg protein x min)

BM

Fig. 4 - 3 The glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) activity in retroperitoneal (RE) and epididymal (EP) fat pads of rats fed with experimental diets for 9 weeks. Values are means ± S.D. (n = 6 ~ 9). The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HF, BM, EAE and TZD) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values were transformed to log values for the statistical analysis if the variances were not homogeneous. The General Linear Model of the SAS package (SAS institute, Cary, NC) was employed for both statistical analysis and differences were considered significant at p < 0.05.

b ab a

ab

b

0

LPL activity (nmol / hr x mg prot)

BM

Fig. 4 - 4 The lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in retroperitoneal (RE) and epididymal (EP) fat pads of rats fed with experimental diets for 9 weeks. Values are means ± S.D. (n = 6 ~ 9). The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HF, BM, EAE and TZD) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values were transformed to log values for the statistical analysis if the variances were not homogeneous. The General Linear Model of the SAS package (SAS institute, Cary, NC) was employed for both statistical analysis and differences were considered significant at p < 0.05.

a a

b b b

RE

St im ul at ed li po ly si s r at e (μ mol gl yc er ol / g t is su e)

^BM

EA

B as al li po ly si s r at e (μ m ol g ly cero l / g ti ss ue )

BM

Fig. 4 - 5 The stimulated (A) and basal (B) lipolysis rate of retroperitoneal fat pads of rats fed with experimental diets for 9 weeks. Values are means ± S.D.

(n = 6 ~ 9). The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HF, BM, EAE and TZD) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values were transformed to log values for the statistical analysis if the variances were not homogeneous. The General Linear Model of the SAS package (SAS institute, Cary, NC) was employed for both statistical analysis and differences were considered significant at p < 0.05.

a

EP

St im ul at ed li pol ys is r at e (μ mol gl yc er ol / g tis su e)

BM

EAE

B as al li po ly si s r at e (μ m ol g ly cero l / g ti ss ue )

_BM

EAE

Fig. 4 - 6 The stimulated (A) and basal (B) lipolysis rate of epididymal fat pads of rats fed with experimental diets for 9 weeks. Values are means ± S.D.

(n = 6 ~ 9). The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HF, BM, EAE and TZD) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values were transformed to log values for the statistical analysis if the variances were not homogeneous. The General Linear Model of the SAS package (SAS institute, Cary, NC) was employed for both statistical analysis and differences were considered significant at p < 0.05.

a

(A) BM TZD HF LF EAE PPARγ

18S (B)

0 1 2 3

BM TZD HF LF EAE

Re la tiv e m RNA ab un da ce

圖

4 - 7 Wistar 大鼠餵食試驗飲食 9 週以北方點墨法偵測腹膜後脂肪 (RE) PPARγ mRNA 相對量

Fig. 4 - 7 Northern blot analysis (A) for mRNA of PPARγ in retroperitoneal (RE) fat pads of rats fed with experimental diets for 9 weeks. Signals were quantitated by image analysis. (B) Each value was normalized by 18S. The fold induction was calculated by taking the normalized value of HF group as 1.

Values are means ± S.D. (n = 6 ~ 9). The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HF, BM, EAE and TZD) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values were transformed to log values for the statistical analysis if the variances were not homogeneous.

The General Linear Model of the SAS package (SAS institute, Cary, NC) was

employed for both statistical analysis and differences were considered

significant at p < 0.05.

(A) BM TZD HF LF EAE PPARγ

18S (B)

0 1 2 3

BM TZD HF LF EAE

Re la tiv e m RN A abunda ce

圖

4 - 8 Wistar 大鼠餵食試驗飲食 9 週以北方點墨法偵測副睪脂肪(EP) PPARγ mRNA 相對量

Fig. 4 - 8 Northern blot analysis (A) for mRNA of PPARγ in epididymal (EP) fat pads of rats fed with experimental diets for 9 weeks. Signals were quantitated by image analysis. (B) Each value was normalized by 18S. The fold induction was calculated by taking the normalized value of HF group as 1.

Values are means ± S.D. (n = 6 ~ 9). The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HF, BM, EAE and TZD) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values were transformed to log values for the statistical analysis if the variances were not homogeneous.

The General Linear Model of the SAS package (SAS institute, Cary, NC) was

employed for both statistical analysis and differences were considered

significant at p < 0.05.

(A) BM TZD HF LF EAE Adiponectin

18S (B)

0 1 2

BM TZD HF LF EAE

Re lat ive m RNA a bu nd ac e

圖

4 - 9 Wistar 大鼠餵食試驗飲食 9 週以北方點墨法偵測腹膜後脂肪 (RE) Adiponectin mRNA 相對量

Fig. 4 - 9 Northern blot analysis (A) for mRNA of adiponectin in

retroperitoneal (RE) fat pads of rats fed with experimental diets for 9 weeks.

Signals were quantitated by image analysis. (B) Each value was normalized

by 18S. The fold induction was calculated by taking the normalized value of

HF group as 1. Values are means ± S.D. (n = 6 ~ 9). The significance of

differences among the five groups (LF, HF, BM, EAE and TZD) was analyzed

statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values

were transformed to log values for the statistical analysis if the variances were

not homogeneous. The General Linear Model of the SAS package (SAS

institute, Cary, NC) was employed for both statistical analysis and differences

were considered significant at p < 0.05.

(A) BM TZD HF LF EAE Adiponectin

18S (B)

0 1 2

BM TZD HF LF EAE

Rel at ive m RNA ab un da ce

圖

4 - 10 Wistar 大鼠餵食試驗飲食 9 週以北方點墨法偵測副睪脂肪(EP) Adiponectin mRNA 相對量

Fig. 4 - 10 Northern blot analysis (A) for mRNA of adiponectin in

epididymal (EP) fat pads of rats fed with experimental diets for 9 weeks.

Signals were quantitated by image analysis. (B) Each value was normalized

by 18S. The fold induction was calculated by taking the normalized value of

HF group as 1. Values are means ± S.D. (n = 6 ~ 9). The significance of

differences among the five groups (LF, HF, BM, EAE and TZD) was analyzed

statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values

were transformed to log values for the statistical analysis if the variances were

not homogeneous. The General Linear Model of the SAS package (SAS

institute, Cary, NC) was employed for both statistical analysis and differences

were considered significant at p < 0.05.

(A) BM TZD HF LF EAE Leptin

18S (B)

0 1 2

BM TZD HF LF EAE

Re lat ive m RNA a bundac e

圖

4 - 11 Wistar 大鼠餵食試驗飲食 9 週以北方點墨法偵測腹膜後脂肪 (RE) Leptin mRNA 相對量

Fig. 4 - 11 Northern blot analysis (A) for mRNA of leptin in

retroperitoneal (RE) fat pads of rats fed with experimental diets for 9 weeks.

Signals were quantitated by image analysis. (B) Each value was normalized

by 18S. The fold induction was calculated by taking the normalized value of

HF group as 1. Values are means ± S.D. (n = 6 ~ 9). The significance of

differences among the five groups (LF, HF, BM, EAE and TZD) was analyzed

statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values

were transformed to log values for the statistical analysis if the variances were

not homogeneous. The General Linear Model of the SAS package (SAS

institute, Cary, NC) was employed for both statistical analysis and differences

were considered significant at p < 0.05.

(A) BM TZD HF LF EAE Leptin

18S (B)

0 1 2

BM TZD HF LF EAE

Re lat ive m RN A a bunda ce

圖

4 - 12 Wistar 大鼠餵食試驗飲食 9 週以北方點墨法偵測副睪脂肪(EP) Leptin mRNA 相對量

Fig. 4 - 12 Northern blot analysis (A) for mRNA of leptin in epididymal (EP) fat pads of rats fed with experimental diets for 9 weeks. Signals were quantitated by image analysis. (B) Each value was normalized by 18S. The fold induction was calculated by taking the normalized value of HF group as 1.

Values are means ± S.D. (n = 6 ~ 9). The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HF, BM, EAE and TZD) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values were transformed to log values for the statistical analysis if the variances were not homogeneous.

The General Linear Model of the SAS package (SAS institute, Cary, NC) was

employed for both statistical analysis and differences were considered

significant at p < 0.05.

(A) BM TZD HF LF EAE LPL

18S (B)

0 1 2 3

BM TZD HF LF EAE

Re lat ive m RN A a bun da ce

圖

4 - 13 Wistar 大鼠餵食試驗飲食 9 週以北方點墨法偵測腹膜後脂肪 (RE) LPL mRNA 相對量

Fig. 4 - 13 Northern blot analysis (A) for mRNA of LPL in

retroperitoneal (RE) fat pads of rats fed with experimental diets for 9 weeks.

Signals were quantitated by image analysis. (B) Each value was normalized

by 18S. The fold induction was calculated by taking the normalized value of

HF group as 1. Values are means ± S.D. (n = 6 ~ 9). The significance of

differences among the five groups (LF, HF, BM, EAE and TZD) was analyzed

statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values

were transformed to log values for the statistical analysis if the variances were

not homogeneous. The General Linear Model of the SAS package (SAS

institute, Cary, NC) was employed for both statistical analysis and differences

were considered significant at p < 0.05.

(A) BM TZD HF LF EAE LPL

18S (B)

0 1 2 3

BM TZD HF LF EAE

Rel ati ve m RNA a bu nd ac e

圖 4 - 14 Wistar 大鼠餵食試驗飲食 9 週以北方點墨法偵測副睪脂肪(EP)

LPL mRNA 相對量

Fig. 4 - 14 Northern blot analysis (A) for mRNA of LPL in epididymal (EP) fat pads of rats fed with experimental diets for 9 weeks. Signals were quantitated by image analysis. (B) Each value was normalized by 18S. The fold induction was calculated by taking the normalized value of HF group as 1.

Values are means ± S.D. (n = 6 ~ 9). The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HF, BM, EAE and TZD) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values were transformed to log values for the statistical analysis if the variances were not homogeneous.

The General Linear Model of the SAS package (SAS institute, Cary, NC) was

employed for both statistical analysis and differences were considered

significant at p < 0.05.

(A) BM TZD HF LF EAE ADD1 / SREBP1c

18S (B)

0 1 2 3

BM TZD HF LF EAE

Rel at ive m RNA ab un da ce

圖

4 - 15 Wistar 大鼠餵食試驗飲食 9 週以北方點墨法偵測腹膜後脂肪 (RE) ADD1 / SREBP1c mRNA 相對量

Fig. 4 - 15 Northern blot analysis (A) for mRNA of ADD1 / SREBP1c

LPL in retroperitoneal (RE) fat pads of rats fed with experimental diets for 9

weeks. Signals were quantitated by image analysis. (B) Each value was

normalized by 18S. The fold induction was calculated by taking the

normalized value of HF group as 1. Values are means ± S.D. (n = 6 ~ 9). The

significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HF, BM, EAE and TZD)

was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range

tests. Values were transformed to log values for the statistical analysis if the

variances were not homogeneous. The General Linear Model of the SAS

package (SAS institute, Cary, NC) was employed for both statistical analysis

and differences were considered significant at p < 0.05.

(A) BM TZD HF LF EAE ADD1 / SREBP1c

18S (B)

0 1 2

BM TZD HF LF EAE

Re lati ve mR NA abunda ce

圖

4 - 16 Wistar 大鼠餵食試驗飲食 9 週以北方點墨法偵測副睪脂肪(EP) ADD1 / SREBP1c mRNA 相對量

Fig. 4 - 16 Northern blot analysis (A) for mRNA of ADD1 / SREBP1c in epididymal (EP) fat pads of rats fed with experimental diets for 9 weeks.

Signals were quantitated by image analysis. (B) Each value was normalized by 18S. The fold induction was calculated by taking the normalized value of HF group as 1. Values are means ± S.D. (n = 6 ~ 9). The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HF, BM, EAE and TZD) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values were transformed to log values for the statistical analysis if the variances were not homogeneous. The General Linear Model of the SAS package (SAS institute, Cary, NC) was employed for both statistical analysis and differences were considered significant at p < 0.05.

ab ab

b

a

b

0 25 50 75 100 125 150

0 wk 3 wk 6 wk 9 wk

Fa st in g s eru m g lu co se ( m g / d L )

BM EA E TZD

HF LF

圖

4 - 17 Wistar 大鼠餵食試驗飲食 9 週之禁食全血葡萄糖變化

Fig. 4 - 17 The change of fasting blood glucose of rats fed with

experimental diets for 9 weeks. Values are means ± S.D. (n = 6 ~ 9). The

significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HF, BM, EAE and

TZD) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s

multiple range tests. Values were transformed to log values for the

statistical analysis if the variances were not homogeneous. The General

Linear Model of the SAS package (SAS institute, Cary, NC) was

employed for both statistical analysis and differences were considered

significant at p < 0.05.

0.0

F ast in g se ru m in su lin ( μ g / L )

BM

Fig. 4 - 18 The change of fasting serum insulin of rats fed with experimental diets for 9 weeks. Values are means ± S.D. (n = 6 ~ 9). The significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HF, BM, EAE and TZD) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Values were transformed to log values for the statistical analysis if the variances were not homogeneous. The General Linear Model of the SAS package (SAS institute, Cary, NC) was employed for both statistical analysis and differences were considered significant at p < 0.05.

a b

a

ab

a

0 5 10 15 20

BM EAE TZD HF LF

S eru m e a d ip on ecti n (μ g / m L ) b ab

ab

a

ab

圖

4 - 19 Wistar 大鼠餵食試驗飲食 9 週之血清 Adiponectin 濃度

Fig. 4 - 19 The concentration of serum adiponectin of rats fed with

experimental diets for 9 weeks. Values are means ± S.D. (n = 6 ~ 9). The

significance of differences among the five groups (LF, HF, BM, EAE and

TZD) was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s

multiple range tests. Values were transformed to log values for the

statistical analysis if the variances were not homogeneous. The General

Linear Model of the SAS package (SAS institute, Cary, NC) was

employed for both statistical analysis and differences were considered

significant at p < 0.05.

在文檔中 山苦瓜改善高油高糖餵食大鼠腹部體脂堆積及胰島素抗性; Wild Bitter Melon Ameliorate Abdominal Fat Accumulation and Insulin Resistance in High Fat High Sugar Fed Rats (頁 108-142)