• 沒有找到結果。

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第五章 結論

本文將資訊不對稱與逃漏稅分別設立為勞動市場的第一階段與第二階段,

並以Romer (1986)的內生成長模型、Chen (2003)與 Hung (2015)等對逃漏稅模型 的設定和Betts and Bhattacharya (1998) 對工資契約的建立作為本模型的基本架 構。以往鮮少文獻將資訊不對稱與逃漏稅加入一研究中作考量,而本文則嘗試 融合兩者於模型;而我們將分別以資訊不對稱、金融發展程度等變數檢視逃漏 稅與失業率如何與經濟成長產生連結。;另外,更將透過比較靜態分析,探討 在各外生變數變動下,如何影響經濟體系之稅率、失業率與經濟成長率。

首先,本文使用資訊不對稱相關模型,有效區隔不同類型勞動者將分別在勞 動市場與家計部門中活動;而僅有在廠商從事生產之勞動工作者才可能有逃漏稅 之行為產生;而勞動市場活動也決定著本文失業率之變動;另外,本文所提及之 失業率的產生是由資訊不對稱現象引至就業市場不均衡的結構性失業,故本文探 討的失業率為自然失業率。第二,本文金融發展程度的高低將使勞動市場,活動 有所改變;經本文的數值模擬,我們得出兩個現象,金融發展程度越好的國家,

表示銀行轉換每單位存款為資本所耗用的成本較低,故勞動者在t 期存入銀行的 存款在t+1 期能取得之報酬會越多。此時,L 類型勞動者會產生較大的意願至廠 商就業,而在均衡分離型就業契約下,失業率必須上升,以驅使L 類型勞動者無 法進入廠商就業,最後,帶來經濟成長率的上升;反之對於金融發展程度較差國 家而言,銀行轉換每單位存款為資本所耗用的成本較高,故勞動者在t 期將存款 存入銀行後,在t+1 期能取得之報酬會越少,此時 L 類型勞動者沒有意願至廠商 就業,帶來了失業率下降與經濟成長率下降的現象。

據本文的結果,以比較美國與台灣為例。相較於台灣,美國是金融發展程 度相對高的國家,故勞動者在美國廠商的預期報酬較高之下,整體社會在1996

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至2015 年的平均失業率為 6%與平均經濟成長率為 4.34%17;反之,相較於美 國,台灣是金融發展程度相對低的國家,故勞動者在台灣廠商的預期報酬較低 之下,在1996 至 2016 年經濟社會的平均失業率為 4.04%與平均經濟成長率為 4.23%18。故在實際例子可見,金融發展程度高的國家相對低金融發展程度的國 家擁有著較高的失業率與較高的經濟成長率,與本文的結論相符合。

17 美國 2016 年第一季失業率與經濟成長資料來源分別為美國勞工統計局(Bure of Labor Statistics)和美國經濟分析局(U.S Bureau of Economic Analysis)。

18 台灣 2016 年第一季失業率與經濟成長資料來源為行政院主計總處。

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參考文獻

中文文獻:

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[ 2 ] 李建強(2003),「金融發展、經濟成長與資本所得稅」,《國立中正大學國際 經濟研究所博士論文》。

英文文獻:

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[ 6 ] Arnott, R. and J. E. Stiglitz (1991), “Moral Hazard and Nonmarket Institutions:

Dysfunctional Crowding Out or Peer Monitoring?,” American Economic Review, 81, 179–190.

[ 7 ] Azariadis, C. and B. D. Smith (1993), “Adverse selection in the overlapping generations model: the case of pure exchange,” Journal of Economic Theory, 60, 277-305.

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[ 10 ] Betts, C. and J. Bhattacharya (1998), “Unemployment, credit rationing, and capital accumulation: a tale of two frictions,” Economic Theory, 12, 489-517.

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Behavior & Organization, 83, 243– 253.

[ 12 ]Caballe, J. and J. Panades (1997), “Tax Evasion and Economic Growth,” Public Finance, 52, 318–340.

[ 13 ] Chen, B. L. (2003), “Tax Evasion in a Model of Endogenous Growth,” Review of Economic Dynamics, 6(2), 381-403.

[ 14 ] Cowell, F. A., Gordon, J. P. F. (1988). Unwillingness to Pay: Tax Evasion and Public Good Provision. Journal of Public Economics, 36, 305-321.

[ 15 ] Demirguc-Kunt, A., L. Laeven, and R. Levine (2004), “Regulations, Market Structure, Institutions, and the Cost of Financial Intermediation,” Journal of

Money, Credit, and Banking, 36, 593-622.

[ 16 ] Diamond, P. A. (1965), “National debt in a neoclassical growth model,”

American Economic Review, 55, 1126-1150.

[ 17 ] Domar, Evsey D. (1946), “Capital Expansion, Rate of Growth, and

Employment. Author(s): Evsey D. Domar. Source: Econometrica, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Apr., 1946), pp. 137-147.

[ 18 ] Easterly, W. and Rebelo, S. (1993). Fiscal policy and economic growth. Journal of Monetary Economics, 32(3), 417-458.

[ 19 ] Fu, J. (1996), “The effects of asymmetric information on economic growth,”

Southern Economic Journal, 63, 312-26.

[ 20 ] Gordon, R. and W. Li (2009), “Tax Structures in Developing Countries: Many Puzzles and a Possible Explanation,” Journal of Public Economics, 93(7), 855- 866.

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[ 21 ] Grossman, G. M. and E. Helpman (1991), “Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy,” MIT Press, Cambridge.

[ 22 ] Harrod, Roy F. (1939), “An Essay in Dynamic Theory,” Economic Journal, 49(March): 14–33.

[ 23 ] Hung, F. S. and W. R. Liao (2007), “Self-financing, Asymmetric Information, and Government Spending in a Simple Endogenous Growth Model,” Taiwan Economic Review, 35, 249-284.

[ 24 ] Hung, F. S. and C. C. Lee (2010), “Asymmetric Information, Government Fiscal Policies, and Financial Development,” Economic Development Quarterly.

[ 25 ] Hung, F. S. (2015), “Tax Evasion, Financial Dualism, and Economic Growth,”

Academia Economic Papers, 43:2, 175-213.

[ 26 ] Kolm, S.-C. (1973), “A Note on Optimum Tax Evasion,” Journal of Public Economics, 2,209

[ 27 ] Lucas, R. E. Jr. (1988), “On the Mechanics of Economic Development,”

Journal of Monetary. Economics 22,p.3-42. 20.

[ 28 ] Romer, P. M. (1986), “Increasing Return and Long-Run Growth,” Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002-1037.

[ 29 ] Romer, P. M. (1990), “Endogenous Technological Change,” Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), s71-s102.

[ 30 ] Rebelo, S. (1991), "Long Run Policy Analysis and the Long Run Growth",Journal of Policy Economy, 99, pp.500-521.

[ 31 ] Slemrod, J. (2006), “Taxation and Big Brother: Information, Personalization, and Privacy in 21st Century Tax Policy,” Fiscal Studies, 27, 1–15.

[ 32 ] Slemrod, J. and S. Yitzhaki (1987), “The Optimal Size of a Tax Collection Agency,” Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 89, 25–34.

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[ 33 ] Slemrod, J. and S. Yitzhaki (2002), “Tax Avoidance, Evasion, and Administration,” Handbook of Public Economics, 3, 1423–1470.

[ 34 ]Spence, A. M. (1973), “Job Market Signaling,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87, 355–374.

[ 35 ] Spence, A. M. (1974), “ Market Signaling: Informational Transfer in Hiring and Related Screening Processes,” Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

[ 36 ] Stokey, N.L. (1991), “ Human capital, product quality, and growth, ”Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol.106(2), pp.587-616.

[ 37 ] Taylor, L. (1983), “Structuralist Macroeconomics: Applicable Models for the Third World,” New York: Basic Books.

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附錄一

代表性個人的終身效用函數如下:

𝑈(𝐸𝑡 𝐼𝑡+1) = 𝐸𝑡 𝐶𝑡+1

𝐸𝑡 𝐶𝑡+1= 𝑝𝑡{ [𝛼𝑡𝑤𝑡(1 − 𝜏𝑡) −1

2𝜀(1 − 𝛼𝑡)2𝑤𝑡] (1 − 𝛿)𝒬𝜌 } +(1 − 𝑝𝑡){ [𝛼𝑡𝑤𝑡(1 − 𝜏𝑡) + (1 − 𝛼𝑡)𝑤𝑡−1

2𝜀(1 − 𝛼𝑡)2𝑤𝑡] (1 − 𝛿)𝒬𝜌}

勞動者透過選擇一個最適的 𝛼𝑡 以極大化效用,由一階條件:

𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑈(𝐸𝑡 𝐼𝑡+1) = 𝐸𝑡 𝐶𝑡+1 𝐹. 𝑂. 𝐶

→ 𝜕 𝑈(𝐸𝑡 𝐼𝑡+1)

𝜕 𝛼𝑡 = 𝑝𝑡[𝑤𝑡(1 − 𝛼𝑡)𝜀 + 𝑤𝑡(1 − 𝜏𝑡)](1 − 𝛿)𝒬𝜌 +(1 − 𝑝𝑡)[−𝑤𝑡+ 𝑤𝑡(1 − 𝛼𝑡)𝜀 + 𝑤𝑡(1 − 𝜏𝑡)](1 − 𝛿)𝒬𝜌 = 0

→ 𝑝𝑡[(1 − 𝛼𝑡)𝜀 + (1 − 𝜏𝑡)] + (1 − 𝑝𝑡)[−1 + (1 − 𝛼𝑡)𝜀 + (1 − 𝜏𝑡)] = 0

→ 𝑝𝑡[(1 − 𝛼𝑡)𝜀 + (1 − 𝜏𝑡)] − 𝑝𝑡[−1 + (1 − 𝛼𝑡)𝜀 + (1 − 𝜏𝑡)]

+[−1 + (1 − 𝛼𝑡)𝜀 + (1 − 𝜏𝑡)] = 0

→ 𝑝𝑡+ [−1 + (1 − 𝛼𝑡)𝜀 + (1 − 𝜏𝑡)] = 0

→ 𝑝𝑡+ (1 − 𝛼𝑡)𝜀 − 𝜏𝑡 = 0

→ 𝛼 =𝜀 + 𝑝𝑡− 𝜏𝑡 𝜀

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附錄二

H 類型勞動者分離型就業契約限制式:

(1 − 𝜇){

𝐸𝑡 𝐼𝑡+1

− 𝜅

𝐻

𝑤

𝑡

} + 𝜇(𝛽

𝐻

𝑤

𝑡

− 𝜅

𝐻

𝑤

𝑡

) >

𝛽𝐻𝑤𝑡 其中𝐸𝑡 𝐼𝑡+1 = 𝑝𝑡× { [𝛼𝑡𝑤𝑡(1 − 𝜏𝑡) −1

2𝜀(1 − 𝛼𝑡)2𝑤𝑡] (1 − 𝛿)𝒬𝜌 } +(1 − 𝑝𝑡) × { [𝛼𝑡𝑤𝑡(1 − 𝜏𝑡) + (1 − 𝛼𝑡)𝑤𝑡1

2𝜀(1 − 𝛼𝑡)2𝑤𝑡] (1 − 𝛿)𝒬𝜌} 代入限制式

→ (

1 − 𝜇

)

{{

𝑝𝑡× { [𝛼𝑡𝑤𝑡(1 − 𝜏𝑡) −1

2𝜀(1 − 𝛼𝑡)2𝑤𝑡] (1 − 𝛿)𝒬𝜌 } +(1 − 𝑝𝑡) × { [𝛼𝑡𝑤𝑡(1 − 𝜏𝑡) + (1 − 𝛼𝑡)𝑤𝑡−1

2𝜀(1 − 𝛼𝑡)2𝑤𝑡] (1 − 𝛿)𝒬𝜌}}

− 𝜅

𝐻

𝑤

𝑡}

>

𝛽𝐻𝑤𝑡

→ (

1 − 𝜇

)

{{

𝑝𝑡× { [𝛼𝑡(1 − 𝜏𝑡) −1

2𝜀(1 − 𝛼𝑡)2] (1 − 𝛿)𝒬𝜌 } +(1 − 𝑝𝑡) × { [𝛼𝑡(1 − 𝜏𝑡) + (1 − 𝛼𝑡) −1

2𝜀(1 − 𝛼𝑡)2] (1 − 𝛿)𝒬𝜌}}

− 𝜅

𝐻}

>

𝛽𝐻 Let 𝐸𝑡^ 𝐼𝑡+1 =𝑝𝑡× { [𝛼𝑡(1 − 𝜏𝑡) −1

2𝜀(1 − 𝛼𝑡)2] (1 − 𝛿)𝒬𝜌 } + (1 − 𝑝𝑡) × { [𝛼𝑡(1 − 𝜏𝑡) + (1 − 𝛼𝑡) −1

2𝜀(1 − 𝛼𝑡)2] (1 − 𝛿)𝒬𝜌}

→ (

1 − 𝜇

) {𝐸^𝑡 𝐼𝑡+1

− 𝜅

𝐻}

+ 𝜇

(

𝛽

𝐻

− 𝜅

𝐻)

>

𝛽𝐻

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附錄三

政府的預算限制式:

(1 − 𝜇)θ𝑤𝑡+ (1 − 𝜇)𝑓0𝑝𝑡𝑤𝑡= (1 − 𝜇)𝜏𝑡𝑤𝑡𝛼𝑡

+

(1 − 𝜇)𝑝𝑡(1 − 𝛼𝑡)𝑤𝑡

→ θ + 𝑓0𝑝𝑡 = 𝜏𝑡𝛼𝑡

+

𝑝𝑡(1 − 𝛼𝑡)

→ 𝜏𝑡𝛼𝑡 = 𝑓0𝑝𝑡− 𝑝𝑡(1 − 𝛼𝑡) + θ 𝜏𝑡 = 𝑝𝑡(𝑓0+ 𝛼𝑡− 1) + θ

𝛼𝑡 此式為式( 23 )之結果

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