• 沒有找到結果。

薑皮[6]-gingerol 濃度高於薑芽, [6]-gingerol 濃度在薑的根莖及皮中含量約 為薑芽的1.67 倍、薑葉的 39 倍,1 公克薑皮含 0.823 mg [6]-gingerol 濃度, 效果,後期抑制效果大於前期。[6]-gingerol 抗發炎上,[6]-gingerol 對 λ-carrageenin 引發之大鼠足蹠腫脹有抑制作用,在[6]-gingerol 對抗血小板

Reference:

1. 孟產芳(1986)不可忽視生薑、大棗的藥用價值,中藥通報 11: 57.

2. Mowrey, D. B. and Clayson, D. E.(1982) Motion sickness, ginger and psychophysics. The Lancet 20: 655-667.

3. Chang, W.S., Chang, Y.H., Lu, F.I. and Chang, H.C. (1994) Inhibitory effects of phenolics on xanthine oxidase, Anticancer Res. 14: 501-506.

4. Park, K.K., Chun, K.S., Lee, J.M., Lee, S.S. and Surh, Y.J.(1998) Inhibitory effects of 6-gingerol, a major pungent principle of ginger, on phorbol

ester-induced inflammation, epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity and skin tumor promotion in ICR mice. Cancer Lett 129: 139-144.

5. FDA. Guideline for Submitting Documentation for the Stability of Human Drugs and Biologics, (1987) Center for Drugs and Biologics, FDA, Department of Health and Human Services. p538.

6. Balladin, D.A., Headley, O., Chang-Yen, I. and McGaw, D.R.(1997)

Extraction and evaluation of the main pungent principles of solar dried West Indian ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Renewable Energy. 12:125-130.

7. Balladin, D.A., Headley, O., Chang-Yen, I. and Mcgaw, D.R.(1998) High pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of the main pungent principles of solar dried West Indian ginger. Renewable Energy 13: 531-536.

8. Semb, A.G., Vagge, I. and Mjos, O. D.(1990) Oxygen free radical producing leukocytes cause functional depression of isolated rat hearts: Role of

leukotriene. J Mol Cell Cardiol 22: 555-563.

9. Aeschbach, R., J. Loliger, B.C. and Scott, A.(1994) Aruorma. Antioxidant actions of thymol, carbacrol, 6-gingerol, zingerone and hydroxytyrosol. Food Chem Toxico 32: 31-36.

10. Kiuchi, F., Shibuya, M. and Sankawa, U.(1982) Inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis from ginger. Chem Pharm Bull 30: 754-757.

11. Flynn, D.L., Rafferty, M.F. and Boctor, A.M.(1986) Inhibition of human neutrophil 5-lipoxygenase activity by gingerdione, shogaol, capsaicin and related pungent compounds. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, med 24: 195-198.

12. Chang, W.S., Yan, G.F., Chiang, H.C.(1994) Inhibitory effects of phenolic acids and allopurinol on xanthine oxidase. Anticancer Res 14: 501-506, 1.

13. Weissmann, G.., Smolen, J. E. and Korchak, H..M.(1980) Release of Inflammatory Mediators from Stimulated Neutrophils. New Engl J Medi 303:

27-34.

14. Adams, G. K., Lichtenstein, L. M.(1979) In vitro studies of antigen- induced bronchospasm, Effect of antihistamine and SAS-A antagonist on response to sensitized guinea pig and human airways to antigen.. Immuno, 122:

555-562.

15. Fuster, V. and Lewis, A.(1994)Connor memorial lecture. Mechanisms leading to myocardial infarction: insights from studies of vascular biology.

Circulation 90: 2126–2146.

16. Hennekens, C.H., Dyken, M.L. and Fuster, V.(1997)Aspirin as a therapeutic agent in cardiovascular disease: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 96: 2751-2753.

17. Lloyd, J.(1996) Aspirin: how low is low dose? Alist Prescriber 19:79-81.

18. Silagy, C.(1996) Aspirin and the elderly. Curr Ther Res 37: 29-33.

19. Hirsh, J., Dalen, J.E. V. and Fuster, L.B.,(1992) Aspirin and other platelet active drugs. The relationship between dose, effectiveness and side effect.

Chest 102: 327S-336S.

20. Koo, K.L., Ammit, A.J., Roufogalis, B.D.(2001)Gingerols and related analogues inhibit arachidonic acid-induced human platelet serotonin release and aggregation. Thromb Res 103: 387-397.

21. Kim, S.O., Kundu, J.K., Shin, Y.K. and Surh, Y.J.(2005) [6]-Gingerol inhibits COX-2 expression by blocking the activation of p38 MAP kinase and NF-kappa B in phorbol ester-stimulated mouse skin. Oncogene 7, 24, (15), p58-67.

22. Nurtjahja-Tjendraputra E, Ammit, A.J., Roufogalis, B.D., Tran, V.H. and Duke, C.C.(2003) Effective anti-platelet and COX-1 enzyme inhibitors from pungent constituents of ginger. Thromb Res 111(4-5): 259-65.

23. Guh, J.H., F.N. Ko, T.T. Jong and C.M. Teng.(1995) Antiplatelet effect of gingerol isolated from Zingiber officinale. J Pharm Pharmacol 47: 329-332,.

24. Yamahara, J., Rong, H., Iwamoto, M.(1989) Active component of ginger exhibiting antiserotogenic action. Phytother Res 3: 70-71.

25. Huang, Q.R. lwamoto, M. Aoki, S. Tanaka, N. Tajima, K. Yamahara, .

(1991) Anti-5-hydroxytryptamine3 effect of galanolactone, diterpenoid isolated from ginger Chem Pharm Bul (Tokyo) 39: 397-9.

26. 那琦,謝文全,蔡輝彥,謝明村,張永勳(1995)神農本草經(古今功

33. 謝文全,李妍槿(2000)重輯重廣英公本草,中國醫藥學院中國藥學 研究所刊行,台中,pp103-104.

34. 明‧李時珍著(1988)本草綱目,國立中國醫藥研究所,台北:pp924-930 35. 清‧汪昂著;謝觀 董豐培評校(1995)全圖本草備要,重慶大學出版

社,pp205-206.

36. 清‧黃宮(1982)本草求真,中國中醫藥出版社,北京,106-107.

37. 清‧吳其濬(1974)植物名實圖考長編,世界書局、台北,203-207 38. 甘偉松(1977)藥用植物學,國立中國醫藥研究所,台北,pp644.

39. 謝明村(1988)中國藥材學,正中書局,台中:pp109.

40. 陳瑞龍(1997)生藥學,合記圖書公司,台北,pp190.

41. 李誠祜:藥用植物學,台灣文光圖書公司,台北,1962:pp488-490.

42. 張賢哲, 蔡貴花(1995)中藥炮製學,中國醫藥學院,台中,pp253-255.

43. 行政院衛生署中醫藥委員會(1999)組織型態學鑑定,台北,p309.

44. 中華本草編輯委員會,中華本草,上海科學技術出版社,上海,1996:

pp2296-2302.

45. Kelly C. Zancan, Marcia O.M. Marques, Ademir J. Petenate, M. and Angela , A.. (2002) Extraction of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) oleoresin with CO2 and co-solvents: a study of the antioxidant action of the extracts. J Supercrit Fluids 2457-76

46. 顏焜熒(1971)常用中藥之藥理(Ⅳ),國立中醫藥研究所,台北,pp16-17.

47. Dedov, V.N., Tran, V.H., Duke, C.C., Connor, M. and Christie, M.J.(2002)

Gingerols: a noveal class of vanilloid receptor(VR1)agonists. Br J Pharmacol 137, 793-798.

48. Someya, A., Horie, S., Yamamoto, H. and Murayama, T.(2003)

Modifications of capsaicin-sensitive neurons in isolated guinea pig ileum by 6-ginerol and lafatidine. Jap Pharmacol Soc., 92, 359-366.

49. Satoh, K., Kase, Y., Hayakawa, T., Murata, P., Ishige, A. and Sasaki, H.

2001) Dai-kenchu-to enhances accelerated small intestinal movement.

Biol Pharm Bull 24, 1122-1126.

50. Qian, D.S., Liu, Z.S.(1992) Pharmacologic studies of antimotion sickness actions of ginger. Chinese journal of integrated traditional and Western

medicine 12, 1, 95-98.

51. Suekawa, M., Ishige, K. Yuasa, K. Sudo, M. and Hosoya, E.(1984)

Pharmacological studies on ginger. I. Pharmacological actions of pungent constitutents,[6] -gingerol and[6]-shogaol. J. Pharmacobio-Dyn 7: 836-848.

52. Suekawa, M., Aburada, M. and Hosoya, E.(1986) Pharmacological studies on ginger. II. Pressor action of (6)-shogaol in anesthetized rats, or

hindquarters, tail and mesenteric vascular beds of rats. Pharmacobio-Dyn 9:

842-852.

53. Suekawa, M., Yuasa, K., Isono, M., Sone, H., Ikeya, Y., Sakakibara, I.

Aburada, M. and Hosoya, E. (1986) Pharmacological studies on ginger. IV.

Effect of (6)-shogaol on the arachidonic cascade. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi .,88,263-269.

54. Srivastava, K.C.(1986) Isolation and effects of some ginger components of platelet aggregation and eicosanoid biosynthesis. Prostaglandins leuko, Med 25, 187-198.

55. Kiuchi, F., Iwakami, S., Shibuya, M., Hanaoka, F., Sankawa, U.(1992)

Inhibition of prostaglandin and leukotriene biosynthesis by gingerols and diarylheptanoids, Chem Pharmaceu Bull 40(2), 387-391.

56. Cao, Z. F. Chen, Z. G. Guo, P. Zhang, S. M. Lian, L. X. Luo, L. Hu, W. M.

(1993) Scavenging effects of ginger on superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical.Chin Pharmaceu J8: 750-764.

57. Reddy, A.A.,. Lokesh, B. R.(1992) Studies on spice principles as antioxidants in the inhibition of lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsomes.

Mol Cell biochem 111: 117-124.

58. Vimala, S., Norhanom, A.W. and Yadav, M.(1999) Anti-tumour promoter activity in Malaysian ginger rhizome used in traditional medicine. Brit J

Cancer 80: 110-116.

59. Bode, A.M. and Ma, W.Y., (2001) Inhibition of epidermal growth factor-induced cell transformation and activator protein 1 activation by [6]-gingerol. Cancer Res 61: 850-853.

60. Wilasrusmee, C., Kittur, S., Siddiqui, J., Bruch, D., Wilasnismee, S. and Kittur, D.S.(2002) in vitro immunomodulatory effects of ten commonly used herbs on murine lymphocytes. African J of Trad Comple Alter Med 8:

467-475.

61. Mascolo, N., Jain, R., Jain, S.C. and Capasso, F. (1989) Ethnopharmaco -logic investigation of ginger (Zingiber officinale). J of Ethnopharmaco 27:

129-140.

62. Akoachere, J.F., Ndip, R.N., Chenwi, E.B., Ndip, L.M., Njock, T.E. and Anong, D.N.(2002) Antibacterial effect of Zingiber officinale and Garcinia kola on respiratory tract pathogens. East African Medi J 79: 588-592.

63. Jagetia, G.C., Baliga, M.S., Venkatesh, P., Ulloor, J.N.(2003) Influence of ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Rose) on survival, gluthathione and lipid peroxidation in mice after whole body exposure to gamma radiation. J Radiat Res 160: 584-592.

64. Mahady, G.B., Pendland, S.L., Yun, G.S., Lu, Z.Z., Stoia, A.(2003) Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoc) and the gingerols inhibit the growth of Cag A+

strains of Helicobacter pylori. Anticancer Res 23: 3699-3702.

65. Chen, H.C., Chang, M.D., Chang, T.J.(1985) Antibacterial properties of some spice plants before and after heat treatment. Biom Engineering, 18, 190-195.

66. Ficker, C., Snith, M.L., Akpagana, K., Gbeassor, M., Zhang, J., Durst, T., Assabgui, R. and Arnason, J.T.(2003) Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of antifungal compounds from ginger. Phytother Res 17:

897-902.

67. Sanderson, L., Bartlett, A., Whitfield, P.J. (2002) In vitro and in vivo studies on the bioactivity of a ginger (Zingiber officmale) extract towards adult

schistosomes and their egg production. J Helminthol 76: 241-247.

68. Gupta, Y.K. and Sharma, M.. (2001) Reversal of pyrogallol-induced delay m gastric emptying in rats by ginger (Zingiber officinale). Methods Find Exp J Clini Pharmacol 23: 501-503.

69. Hashimoto, K., Satoh, K., Murata, P., Makino, B., Sakaki-bara, I., Kase, Y., Ishige, A., Higucji, M. and Sasaki, H..(2002) Component of Zingiber officinale that improves the enhancement of small intestinal transport. Planta Med 68: 936-939.

70. Ai-Yahya, M.A., Rafatullah, S., Mossa, J.S., Ageel, A.M., Parmar, N.S. and Tariq, M.(1989) Gastroprotective activity of ginger. Zingiber officinale Roscoe., in albino rats. American J Chin Med 17: 51-56.

71. Yamahara, J., Hatakeyama, S., Taniguchi, K., Kawamura, M., Yoshikawa, M.

(1992) Stomachic principles in gingpr. II. Pungent and anti-ulcer effects of low polar constituents isolated from ginger, the dried rhizoma of Zingiber officinale Roscoe cultivated in Taiwan. The absolute stereostructure of a new diarylheptanoid. Yakugaku. Zasshi 112: 645-655.

72. Yoshikawa, M., Yamaguchi, S., Kunimi, K., Matsuda, H., Okuno, Y.,

Yamahara, J. and Murakami, N.(1994) Stomachic principles in ginger. III.

An anti-ulcer principle, 6-gingesulfonic acid, and three monoacyl

-digalactosylglycerols ols, gingerglycolipids A, B, and C, from Zingiberis rhizome originating in Taiwan. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 42: 1226-1230.

73. Yamahara, J., Miki, K.., Chisaka, T., Sawada, T., Fujimura, H., Tomimatsu, T., Nakano, K. and Nohara, T.(1985) Cholagogic effect of ginger and its active constituents. Ethnopharmacol 13: 217-225.

74. Kawada, T., Sakabe, S., Watanabe, T. and Iwai, K.(1988)Some pungent principles of spices cause the adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamine in anesthetized rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 188: 229-233.

75. Wu, H., Ye, D.J., Zhao, Y.Z. and Wang, S.L.(1993) Effect of different preparations of ginger on blood coagulation time in mice. Chin J Integr Med 18: 147-149.

76. Thomson, M., AI-Qattan, K.K., AI-Sawan, S.M., Alnaqeeb, M.A., Khan, I.

and Ali, M.(2002) The use of ginger (Zmgiber officinale Roscoe). as a potential anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic agent. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 67: 475-478.

77. Srinivasan, K., Sambaiah, K.(1991)The effect of spices on cholesterol 7 alpha – hydroxylase activity and on serum and hepatic cholesterol levels in the rat Int J Vitam Nutr Res 61: 364-369.

78. Fuhrman, B. Rosenblat, M. Hayek, T. Coleman, R. Aviram, M.(2000)

Ginger extract consumption reduces plasma cholesterol, inhibits LDL oxidation and attenuates development of atherosclerosis in atherosclerotic, apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Nutrit 130(5):1124-31.

79. Tanabe, M. Chen, Y. D. Saito, K. and Kano, Y. (1993)Cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitory component from Zingiber officinable Roscoe. Chem Pharm Bull, (Tokyo) 41: 710-713.

80. Liu, N., Huo, G., Zhang, L. and Zhang, X. (2003).Effect of Zingiber officinale Roscoe on lipid peroxidation in hyperlipidemia rats. J Hygiene Res 32: 22-23.

81. Nagasawa, H., Watanabe, K., Inatomi, H..(2002) Effects of bitter melon (Momordica charantia 1.) or ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) on spontaneous mammary tumorigenesis in SHN mice. Am J Chin Med 30:

195-205.

82. Jagetia, G.C., Baliga, M.S., Ulloor, J. N.(2003)Influence of ginger rhizome

Zingiber officinale Roscoe)on survival, gluthathione and lipid peroxidation in mice after whole body exposure to gamma radiation. Radiat Res 160:

584-592.

83. Vishwakarma, S.L., Pal, S.C., Kasture, V.S., Kasture, S.B.(2002)

Anxiolytic and antiemetie activity of Zingiber officinale. Phytother Res 16:

621-626.

84. Kamtchouing, P., Mbongue Fandio, G.Y., Dimo, T., Jatsa, H.B.(2002)

Evaluation of androgenic activity of Zingiber officinale and Pentadiplandra brazzeana in male rats. Asian J Androl 4: 299-301.

85. Anonymous.(2003)Zingiberis rhizome. In: ESCOP Monographs. Thieme Press Stuttgart New York, pp. 547-553.

86. 林景彬(1997)常用中藥藥理與應用,中國醫藥學院, p71-p77.

87. He, X.G., Bernart, M.W. Lian L.Z. and Lin, L.Z.(1998)High perfor- mance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometric analysis of pungent constituents of ginger J Chromato Sci 796: 327-334.

88. Gomide., R.(1983) Operacoes corn sistemas solidos granulares, in: R.

Gomide (Ed.), Operacoes Unitarias, vol. I, Edicaodo Autor, Anais. São Paulo, Brazil pp. 27-30.

89. Franca, L.F., Meireles. M.A.A. (2000) Modeling the extraction of carotene and lipids from pressed palm (Elaes guineensis) fibers using supercritical CO2 , J Supercriti Fluids 18: 35-47.

90. 楊皓耀(2003,10 月) High pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of [6]-gingerol on Ginger .十二屆東洋醫學會•台北:榮民總醫院.

91. Martha Windholz, THE MERCK INDEX, An Encyclopedia of Chemicals and Drugs, Ninth Edition, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway N. j. USA p 4255.

92. Pancho, L.R., Kimura, I. and Kimura, M.(1989)Reversed effects between crude and processed ginger extracts on PGF2 alpha-induced contraction in mouse mesenteric veins. Japan Journal Pharmacol 50: 243-246.

93. Kuo, J.M., Yeh, D.B. and Pan, B.S.(1999) Rapid photometric assay evaluating antioxidative activity in edible plant material. J Agri Food Chem 47: 3206-3209.

94. Ippooshi, K., Azurma, K., Ito, H., Horie, H. and Higashio, H.(2003)

[6]-Gingerol inhibits nitric oxide synthesis in activated J774.1 mouse macrophagps and prevents peroxynitrite-induced oxidation and nitration reactions. Life Sci 73: 3427-3437.

95. Takahiro, N. and Kesuke, O.(2002) Metabolism of [6]-gmgerol in rats. Life Sci 70: 2165-2175.

96. Ding, G.H., Naora, K.., Hayashibara, M., Katagiri, Y., Kano, Y. and Iwamoto, K., (1991)Pharmacokinetics of [6]-gmgerol after intravenous administration in rats. Chem Pharm Bull, (Tokyo) 39: 1612-1614.

97. Monge, P., Scheline, R., Solheim, E.(1976)The metabolism of zingerone, a pungent principle of ginger. Xenobiotica 6: 411-423.

98. Young, H.Y., .Chen., G..L.(2002)Analytical and stability studies of Ginger preparations, J Food Drug Anal 10: No.3, 149-153.

99. Michael, M. (2004)Intramural animal care and use (ACU) program of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), http://oacu.od.nih.gov.

100. Yukio, O.(1998) Measurement of platelet aggregation and attempts for standardization Sysmex. Brit J Phys Med Vol 8 No.1, p288

101 Wang, Y.Y., Hao, M.R, Yang, L., LI, C.L.(1997) Effects of Qileng Tableng tablets on platelet aggregation and ischemia cerebral edema. J Trad Chin Med 28: 541-3.

102. Born, GVR.(1962) Aggregation of blood platelets by adenosine diphosphate and its reversal. Nature 194: 927-929.

103. Born G. (1962)Quantitative investigation into the aggregation of blood latelets. physiol sci,(23-24): 67-69.

104. Wang, Y. T, Tang, Z.Y. and Peng, S.Q.(2004) Inhibition of platelet aggregation by polyaspartoyl L-arginine and its mechanism. Acta pharmacol Sinica 25:(4),469-473.

105. Parmley, W. W. and Chatterjee, K.(1994)Cardiovascular pharmacology.

Mosby-Year Europe, Ltd. London, pp.9.2-9.42.

106. Zimmermann, M.(1983)Ethical guidelines for investigation of experimental pain in conscious animals. Pain 16: 109-110.

107. Koster, R., Anderson, M. and DeBeer, E.(1959)Acetic Acid Analgesic Screen. Fed Proc 18: 418-420.

108. Hunskaar, S. and Hole, K.(1987): The formalin test in mice: dissociation between inflammatory and non-inflammatory pain. Pain 30: 103-114.

109. Dubuisson, D. and Dennis, S.G. (1977) The formalin test: a quantitative study of the analgesic effects of morphine meperidine, and brain stem stimulation in rats and cats. Pain 4: 167-174.

110. Bhattacharya, S.K. and SarKar, M.K.(1986) Effects of some centrally administered putative amino acid neurotransmitter on carrageenin- induced paw edema in rats. J Pharm pharmacol 38: 144-146.

111. Young, H.Y., Luo, Y.L. and Peng.,W.H. (2005)Analgesic and

Anti-inflammatory activities of (6)-gingerol. J Ethanopharmacol 96: 207 - 210.

112. Denniff, P., Macleod, I., and Whiting, D. (1981) Synthesis of gingerols, pungent principle of ginger and related compounds through regioselective aldol condensation. J Org Chem 82-87.

113. Jin, J., Kunapuli, S.P. (1998) Coactivation of two different G- protein - coupled receptors is essential for ADP-induced platelet aggregation Proc Nati Acad Sci USA. 95: 8070–8074.

114. Karniguian A, Grelac F, Rendu, F. (1990) Collagen-induced platelet activation mainly involves the protein kinase C pathway. Biochem J 268(2): 325- 31.

115. Dong, E. and Shi, S.(1990)Effects of the combination of aspirin and nifedipine on platelet aggregation and thrombogenesis . Chin Journal of Cardiovasc dis 18(5):301-3, 319.

116. Rie, K., Takako, K. and OMIYAMA, H.S. (2001) Evaluation of the method for nifedipine administration for a rapid onset of clinical use: A Clinical Study in Normal Volunteers J pharmaceu Soci 121(5): 355-64.

117. Vinegar, R., Schreiber, W. and Hugo, R.(1969) Biphasic development of carrageenin edema in rats. J Pharmaco Exp Therap 166: 96-103.

相關文件