墨點櫻桃成熟枝條,平均會長有10 個節位。所有節位中,頂端 6 節會生長葉 片,靠近基部的 5 個節位不生長葉片,只生長花序,有時靠近基部具有葉片節之 腋芽也會萌出花序。一年中,臺大地區盆栽苗會萌發三次枝梢,分別於 2 至 3 月 間、4 至 5 月間及 8 至 9 月間萌出;陽明山竹子湖地區原生族群會萌發二次枝梢,
分別於2 至 3 月間及 8 至 9 月間萌出。調查陽明山竹子湖地區原生狀態植株,枝 條上萌發一次梢比例顯示,頂芽會顯著高於 2 至 6 節,第二節會顯著低於 1 及 3 至 6 節。墨點櫻桃枝條與葉片長、葉片寬、葉綠素計讀值會隨生長進程呈現 S 型 趨勢增加,初期具有一段快速生長時期,隨後達到生長接近平衡狀態。達到恆定 所需日數由短而長分別為枝條長、葉片長寬、葉綠素計讀值及乾物重,2013 年陽 明山竹子湖地區,枝條、葉片長寬、葉綠素計讀值及乾物重累積於標定後分別費 時37、50、54、141、400 日生長至恆定。
墨點櫻桃葉片搓揉後具有杏仁味,此杏仁味為其體內氰醣苷受酶催化的水解 產物苯甲醛及氫氰酸所致。隨著葉齡增加,平均每片葉片內總氰醣苷含量有上升 的趨勢,此趨勢與葉齡間呈雙 S 型曲線之迴歸關係。植株於葉片快速生長期,氰 醣苷含量有上升的趨勢,至葉片達完全展開後約40 日,總氰醣苷含量變化有停滯 生長時期。而後含量會隨葉齡增加而增加,至葉片乾物重累積達恆定,氰醣苷含 量也會達至恆定。根據含量分析及葉片性狀觀察,最適宜採集葉片的時機,為葉 片完全展開前,葉背墨點未大量生長的時候。
墨點櫻桃為臺灣原生植物,廣泛分布全島。野生族群為實生繁殖,預期植株 間具有之揮發性杏仁味成分發生之前利差異很大。影響墨點櫻桃葉片揮發性杏仁 味成分的因素包括:總氰醣苷含量、水解酶活性及葉片影響嗅覺感覺之其他揮發 性氣味。其中,其他揮發性氣味可藉由官能品評來了解。試驗於陽明山竹子湖及 臺大地區進行篩選,結果顯示植株編號Ⅱ12、Ⅱ29 及Ⅱ31,臺大地區以植株編號
Ⅰ5、Ⅰ15、Ⅰ19 具有開發潛力的植株。
74
墨點櫻桃於每年萌發一次梢,枝條長度長至恆定後開花。果實於每年10 月至 隔年 1 月成熟。未成熟果果皮呈綠色,成熟果果皮呈紫黑色。果實成熟過程,果 皮會由綠色漸轉為紫紅色後加深為紫黑色,此過程的果實於本試驗定義為半熟階 段。成熟果實高約0.7 至 0.8 公分,寬約 0.8 至 0.9 公分,果實總重約 0.45g,果實 體積約0.36 cm3。
綜合以上結果,墨點櫻桃植株於一年中具有 2 至 3 次採集嫩枝的時機。利用 篩選所得的高杏仁味植株,並採集其完全展開的嫩葉,進行適當的加工處理,使 氰醣苷轉化為苯甲醛,使葉片產生杏仁味,即可得到具有杏仁味的材料。
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附錄
表1、 臺大地區之墨點櫻桃植株基本性狀
Table 1. The characteristics of Prunus phaeosticta plants at National Taiwan University 植株編號 20 公分高直徑 (cm) 高度(cm) 附註
Ⅰ-1 0.652×0.658 72
Ⅰ-2 0.644×0.651 97
Ⅰ-3 0.681×0.711 64
Ⅰ-4 0.311×0.312 53 死亡
Ⅰ-5 0.663×0.594 64
Ⅰ-6 0.569×0.582 53.5
Ⅰ-7 0.577×0.583 105
Ⅰ-8 0.769×0.748 83
Ⅰ-9 0.726×0.692 56
Ⅰ-10 0.524×0.653
0.641×0.619 95 雙主幹
Ⅰ-11 0.577×0.582 49
Ⅰ-12 0.759×0.756 73
Ⅰ-13 0.349×0.369 44
Ⅰ-14 0.535×0.624 62
Ⅰ-15 0.582×0.47 33
Ⅰ-16 0.581×0.582 73
Ⅰ-17 0.464×0.501 59
Ⅰ-18 0.628×0.638 80
Ⅰ-19 0.564×0.594
0.471×0.492 74 雙主幹
Ⅰ-20 0.640×0.667 85
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表2、陽明山地區之墨點櫻桃植株基本性狀
Table 2.The characteristics of Prunus phaeosticta plants at at Jhuzihhu, Yangmingshan National Park.
植株編號 胸高直徑 (cm) 高度(cm) 植株經緯度** 附註
Ⅱ-1 2.569×2.291 338 30.00" N 13.83" E 原(編號)12
Ⅱ-2 2.243×2.345 338 30.34" N 14.04" E 原13
Ⅱ-3 4.389×4.530 406 30.41" N 14.04" E 原15
Ⅱ-4 6.921×7.438 517 28.84" N 15.59" E 原16
Ⅱ-5 7.650×6.501 500 29.17" N 15.76" E 原17
Ⅱ-6 2.691×2.842 384 29.15" N 15.51" E 原18
Ⅱ-7 2.345×2.409 364 29.15" N 15.51" E 原19
Ⅱ-8 1.245×1.082 165 29.55" N 15.92" E 原20
Ⅱ-9 1.842×1.817 214 29.55" N 15.92" E 原21
Ⅱ-10 2.123×2.121 305 29.70" N 15.85" E 原22
Ⅱ-11 6.852×7.798 601 29.06" N 16.17" E 原23
Ⅱ-12 2.083×1.882 343 29.08" N 15.95" E 原24
Ⅱ-13 1.550×1.491 341 30.03" N 16.54" E 原25
Ⅱ-14 2.807×3.327 394 29.89" N 16.42" E 原26
Ⅱ-15 3.852×3.636 284 29.91" N 16.43" E 原27
Ⅱ-16 2.241×2.193 303 30.27" N 16.61" E 原28
Ⅱ-17 2.432×2.543* 158 30.25" N 16.64" E 原29
Ⅱ-18 3.928×4.283 445 30.11" N 16.91" E 原30
Ⅱ-19 3.744×4.267 384 30.04" N 15.75" E 原31
Ⅱ-20 5.930×4.378 410 29.79" N 15.85" E 原32
*直徑為測量地際所得
**
經緯度之度及分皆為 25∘10' N 121∘32'E
圖1 Fig.
圖2 Fig. 2
、墨點櫻桃 1. The plan
、墨點櫻桃 2. The front
桃植株照 t photo of P
桃枝條及葉片 t (a) and ba
Prunus phae
片(a)正面圖 ck (b) view
84
eosticta
圖及(b)背面 w of Prunus p
面圖,背景一
phaeosticta
一格為1 公
a branches a
公分
and leaves.
圖3 ures of prun
85
osticta at ba
的病徵及(b)金 by Microc
化學結構(Y nasin and am
(b)
ack of blade
金斑龜金花
cyclus prun
Yikrazuul, 2
scars causeed by
圖6 Picric acid m
脂基之基本 ures of cyan
仁苷生合成 thways for n and amygd
理 r synthesis dalin.
ection princ
yanogen gly
徑(Raquel e and catab
ciple rule.
ycosides and
圖9 Fig. 9
、苦味酸鈉 9. Devices o
鈉法分析裝置 of sodium p
置
picric acid m
87
method