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此外,後續研究可以考慮加入第三代,探討中老年父母(第一代)、成年子 女(第二代)與其子女(第三代)的代間關係,檢視三代是否會呈現不同的代間 交換模式,夾在兩個世代間的成年子女也許會因此背負更多責任與壓力,甚或其 實得到了更多的幫助而降低生活壓力。再者,分析時亦可以同時放入不同世代的 代間支持,檢視在同時控制不同代間支持行為對於個人的影響。
此外本研究僅以相互性孝道觀念作為華人社會的重要文化指標,並比較其對 於代間支持的作用,然而在雙元孝道的框架下,權威性孝道亦是不可或缺的一部 分,本研究考量到兩者的高度相關以及相互性孝道漸增的重要性,使本文在模型 中僅放入相互性孝道,然而未來研究仍可考慮同時檢視權威性孝道的作用。最後,
奉養父母的態度亦有可能是影響代間交換的重要變項,過去即有研究發現兒女不 同的奉養態度會影響實際上照顧父母的程度與內容(伊慶春 2014),尤其相較於 西方社會的個人主義,東亞社會較為強調家庭、孝順與奉養,顯示奉養態度在既 有的文化脈絡下仍然是一個重要的因素,實可放入研究中一併探討。
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https://dep.mohw.gov.tw/DOS/cp-1767-38429-113.html,取用日期:2019 年 10 月 1 日。
中華民國勞動部全球資訊網,2017,〈107 年勞工生活及就業狀況調查統計結果〉, https://www.mol.gov.tw/announcement/2099/38978/,取用日期:2019 年 11 月 24 日。
中華民國統計資訊網,2019,〈現住人口出生、死亡、結婚、離婚登記〉,
https://www1.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=15409&CtNode=4693&mp=3, 取 用 日期:2020 年 1 月 9 日。
中 華 民 國 內 政 部 戶 政 司 全 球 資 訊 網 , 2018 〈 戶 數 結 構 表 〉,
https://www.ris.gov.tw/app/portal/346,取用日期:2020 年 1 月 9 日。
二、 中文文獻
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林如萍,2012,〈台灣家庭的代間關係與代間互動類型變遷〉。頁 75-124,收錄於 伊慶春、章英華編,《台灣的社會變遷1985~2005:家庭與婚姻》。台北:
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101-148。
葉光輝、章英華、曹維純,2012,〈臺灣地區民眾家庭價值觀之變遷與可能心理 系(1994-2011)〉。《社會學研究》170: 116-144。
曾瀝儀、張金鶚、陳淑美,2006,〈老人居住安排選擇-代間關係之探討〉。《住 宅學報》15(2): 45-64。
熊瑞梅,1994,〈影響情感與財務支持連繫的因素〉。《人文及社會科學集刊》 6(2):
303-333。
劉碧素、黃惠璣,2009,〈綜觀老人家庭照護與孝道〉。《護理雜誌》56(4): 83-88。
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Bengtson, V. L., Roberts, R. E., 1991, “Intergenerational solidarity in aging families: An example of formal theory construction.” Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53(4): 856-870.
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Bowlby, E. J. M, 1980, Attachment and Loss, vol. 3. Loss: Sadness and Depression. New York: Basic Books.
Chattopadhyay, A., Marsh, R., 1999, “Changes in living arrangement and familial support for the elderly in Taiwan: 1963-1991.” Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 30(3): 523-537.
Yi, C. C., Lin, J. P., 2009, “Types of Relations between Adult Children and Elderly Parents in Taiwan: Mechanisms Accounting for Various Relational Types,” Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 40(2): 305-324.
Hogan, D. P., Eggebeen, D. J., & Clogg, C. C., 1993, "The Structure of Intergenerational Exchanges in American Families," American Journal of Sociology, 98(6): 1428-1458.
Homans, G. C., 1958, "Social Behavior as Exchange," American Journal of Sociology, 63(6): 597-606.
Hillcoat-Nallétamby, S., Dharmalingam, A., 2002, “Constraints of Multi-Generational Support for Those in Mid-Life-An Emerging Policy Issue?” Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, 19: 128-140.
Homans, G. C., 1974, Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.
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Hoyert, D. L., 1991, “Financial and household exchanges between generations.”
Research on Aging, 13(2): 205-225.
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Lin, J. P., Chang, T. F., & Huang, C. H., 2011, “Intergenerational relations and life satisfaction among older women in Taiwan.” International Journal of Social Welfare, 20(1): 47-58.
Ju-Ping Lin, Chin-chun Yi, 2013, “A comparative analysis of intergenerational relations in East Asia,” International Sociology, 28(3): 297–315.
Yi, C. C., Lin, J. P., 2009, “Types of relations between adult children and elderly parents in Taiwan: Mechanisms accounting for various relational types.”
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Litwin, Howard, 2004, “Intergenerational Exchange and Mental Health in Later-life: The Case of Older Jewish Israelis.” Aging & Mental Health, 8(3): 196–200.
Knoll, N., Burkert, S., & Schwarzer, R., 2006, “Reciprocal support provision: Personality as a moderator?” European Journal of Personality, 20(3): 217-236.
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Lowenstein, A., Katz, R., Gur-Yaish, N., 2007, “Reciprocity in parent–child exchange and life satisfaction among the elderly: a cross-national perspective.” Journal of Social issues, 63(4): 865-883.
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Yeh, K. H., Yi, C. C., Tsao, W. C., & Wan, P. S.,2013, “Filial piety in contemporary Chinese societies: A comparative study of Taiwan, Hong Kong, and China.” International Sociology,28(3): 277-296.
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表12 孝道分數分佈
權威性孝道 相互性孝道
孝道分數 次數(百分比) 孝道分數 次數(百分比)
-6.8 40 (3.76%) -7.9 3 (0.28%) -5.8 22 (2.07%) -6.9 2 (0.19%) -4.8 47 (4.42%) -5.9 2 (0.19%) -3.8 82 (7.71%) -4.9 9 (0.85%) -2.8 119 (11.19%) -3.9 24 (2.26%) -1.8 102 (9.60%) -2.9 39 (3.67%) -0.8 148 (13.92%) -1.9 110 (10.35%)
0.2 125 (11.76%) -0.9 178 (16.75%) 1.2 133 (12.51%) 0.1 220 (20.70%) 2.2 97 (9.13%) 1.1 476 (44.78%) 3.2 78 (7.34%)
4.2 35 (3.29%) 5.2 35 (3.29%)
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圖1 影響成年子女提供父母財務支持因素的信賴區間
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圖2 影響成年子女提供父母勞務支持因素的信賴區間
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圖3 影響成年子女提供父母情感支持因素的信賴區間
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圖4 影響成年子女接收父母財務支持因素的信賴區間
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圖5 影響成年子女接收父母勞務支持因素的信賴區間
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圖 6 影響成年子女接收父母情感支持因素的信賴區間