本研究結果可歸納以下幾點結論：
1. 以高果糖飼料誘導之糖尿病前期大鼠，其體內氧化壓力上升，處於發炎反應狀 態，因而抑制胰島素訊息傳遞路徑，致使其空腹血糖異常增高、葡萄糖耐受性 不良，肝臟醣類代謝也因此受影響。
2. 糖尿病前期大鼠餵食 Vescalagin 與 Gallic acid 四周後，其體內抗氧化酵素之 活性明顯提升，因此改善胰島素阻抗情況，使葡萄糖有效進入細胞，供細胞代 謝、利用，並改善空腹異常高血糖與葡萄糖耐受性。
3. Vescalagin 與 Gallic acid 藉由提升糖尿病前期大鼠體內抗氧化酵素活性與降 低體內脂質過氧化作用，能抑制活性氧物質所誘導之細胞核內 NF-κB 與下 游發炎相關蛋白 ( COX-2、MCP-1 與 ICAM-1 ) 之表現，因此改善糖尿病前 期大鼠胰島素阻抗之情況。
130
圖 7-1、粉紅種蓮霧帅果分離物─ Vescalagin 與 Gallic aicd 改善高果糖飼料誘導糖尿病前期大鼠胰島素阻抗、醣類代謝、抗 發炎可能之機制。
Figure 7-1. The potential mechanisms of vescalagin and gallic acid isolated from unripe pink wax apple on
alleviating insulin resistance, carbohydrate metabolism and anti-inflammation in the high fructose diet induced
prediabetic rats.
131
Control HF HF+Pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
飲食量(g/day) vescalagin and gallic acid were isolated from unripe wax apple.
Control：Normal diet
HF：High fructose diet ( HFD ) ( 66% fructose )
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
132
Control HF HF+Pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
Body Weight (g) treated with vescalagin and gallic acid isolated from unripe wax apple for 4 weeks.
Control：Normal diet
HF：High fructose diet ( HFD ) ( 66% fructose )
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
133
Control HF HF+Pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) (mg/dl)
0
Figure 5-3. The change of fasting blood sugar in high fructose diet induced prediabetic rats treated with vescalagin and gallic acid isolated from unripe wax apple for 4 weeks.
Control：Normal diet
HF：High fructose diet ( HFD ) ( 66% fructose )
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
134
Control HF HF+pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
Insulin (ug/L)
Figure 5-4. Effect of insulin in high fructose diet induced prediabetic rats treated with vescalagin and gallic acid isolated from unripe wax apple for 4 weeks.
Control：Normal diet
HF：High fructose diet ( HFD ) ( 66% fructose )
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
135
Control HF HF+Pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
C-peptide (pmol/L)
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
136
Control HF HF+pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
HOMA-IR Index treated with vescalagin and gallic acid isolated from unripe wax apple for 4 weeks.
Control：Normal diet
HF：High fructose diet ( HFD ) ( 66% fructose )
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
137
Control HF HF+pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
Fructosamind (umol/L)
Figure 5-7. Effect of fructosamind in high fructose diet induced prediabetic rats treated with vescalagin and gallic acid isolated from unripe wax apple for 4 weeks.
Control：Normal diet
HF：High fructose diet ( HFD ) ( 66% fructose )
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
138 prediabetic rats treated with vescalagin and gallic acid isolated from unripe wax apple for 4 weeks.
Control：Normal diet
HF：High fructose diet ( HFD ) ( 66% fructose )
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
139
Control HF HF+Pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
Areas Under the Curve of OGTT
0 prediabetic rats treated with vescalagin and gallic acid isolated from unripe wax apple for 4 weeks.
Control：Normal diet
HF：High fructose diet ( HFD ) ( 66% fructose )
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
140
Control HF HF+pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
Free Fatty Acid (mmol/L) treated with vescalagin and gallic acid isolated from unripe wax apple for 4 weeks.
Control：Normal diet
HF：High fructose diet ( HFD ) ( 66% fructose )
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
141
Control HF HF+pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
Triglyceride (mg/dl) treated with vescalagin and gallic acid isolated from unripe wax apple for 4 weeks.
Control：Normal diet
HF：High fructose diet ( HFD ) ( 66% fructose )
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
142
Control HF HF+pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
Liver Tissue Weight (g)
Figure 5-12. Effect of liver weight in high fructose diet induced prediabetic rats treated with vescalagin and gallic acid isolated from unripe wax apple for 4 weeks.
Control：Normal diet
HF：High fructose diet ( HFD ) ( 66% fructose )
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
143
Control HF HF+pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
TBARS (MDA) (uM/ mg protein)
0 fructose diet induced prediabetic rats treated with vescalagin and gallic acid isolated from unripe wax apple for 4 weeks.
Control：Normal diet
HF：High fructose diet ( HFD ) ( 66% fructose )
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
144
Control HF HF+Pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
SOD ( unit/ mg protein)
0
Figure 5-14. Effect of superoxide dismutase in high fructose diet induced prediabetic rats treated with vescalagin and gallic acid isolated from unripe wax apple for 4 weeks.
Control：Normal diet
HF：High fructose diet ( HFD ) ( 66% fructose )
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
145
Control HF HF+Pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
Catalase ( unit/ mg protein )
0
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
146
Control HF HF+Pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
Glutathione Peroxidase ( unit/ mg protein )
0
Figure 5-16. Effect of glutathione peroxidase in high fructose diet induced prediabetic rats treated with vescalagin and gallic acid isolated from unripe wax apple for 4 weeks.
Control：Normal diet
HF：High fructose diet ( HFD ) ( 66% fructose )
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
147
Control HF HF+pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
HXk / Actin relative expression
0.0
Figure 5-17. Effect of hexokinase on protein expression in high fructose diet
induced prediabetic rats treated with vescalagin and gallic acid isolated from unripe wax apple for 4 weeks.
Control：Normal diet
HF：High fructose diet ( HFD ) ( 66% fructose )
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
Hexokinase ( 103 KDa ) β-Actin ( 42 KDa )
148
Control HF HF+pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
PFK / Actin relative expression
0.0
Figure 5-18. Effect of phosphofructokinase on protein expression in high fructose diet induced prediabetic rats treated with vescalagin and gallic acid isolated from unripe wax apple for 4 weeks.
Control：Normal diet
HF：High fructose diet ( HFD ) ( 66% fructose )
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
PFK ( 63 KDa ) β-Actin ( 42 KDa )
149
Control HF HF+pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
Aldolase / Actin realative expression
0.0 prediabetic rats treated with vescalagin and gallic acid isolated from unripe wax apple for 4 weeks.
Control：Normal diet
HF：High fructose diet ( HFD ) ( 66% fructose )
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
Aldolase ( 37KDa ) β-Actin ( 42 KDa )
150
Control HF HF+pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
GS / Actin relative expression
0.0
Figure 5-20. Effect of glycogen synthase on protein expression in high fructose diet induced prediabetic rats treated with vescalagin and gallic acid isolated from unripe wax apple for 4 weeks.
Control：Normal diet
HF：High fructose diet ( HFD ) ( 66% fructose )
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
GS ( 84KDa ) β-Actin ( 42 KDa )
151
Control HF HF+pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
F-1,6-BP / Actin relative expression
0.0
Figure 5-21.Effect of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase on protein expression in high fructose diet induced prediabetic rats treated with vescalagin and gallic acid isolated from unripe wax apple for 4 weeks.
Control：Normal diet
HF：High fructose diet ( HFD ) ( 66% fructose )
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
β-Actin ( 42 KDa ) F-1,6-BP ( 36 KDa )
152
Control HF HF+pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
G6PD / Actin relative expression
0 1 2 3
圖 5-22、管餵蓮霧帅果分離物─ Vescalagin 與 Gallic acid 四周對高果糖飼料誘 導糖尿病前期大鼠葡萄糖-6-磷酸脫氫酶表現量之影響。
Figure 5-22.Effect of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase on protein expression in high fructose diet induced prediabetic rats treated with vescalagin and gallic acid isolated from unripe wax apple for 4 weeks.
Control：Normal diet
HF：High fructose diet ( HFD ) ( 66% fructose )
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
β-Actin ( 42 KDa ) G6PD ( 62 KDa )
153
Control HF HF+pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
IR / Actin relative expression
0.0
Figure 5-23.Effect of Insulin receptor ( IR ) on protein expression in high fructose diet induced prediabetic rats treated with vescalagin and gallic acid isolated from unripe wax apple for 4 weeks.
Control：Normal diet
HF：High fructose diet ( HFD ) ( 66% fructose )
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
β-Actin ( 42 KDa ) IR ( 95 KDa )
154
Control HF HF+pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
IRS-1 / Actin relative expression
0.00 high fructose diet induced prediabetic rats treated with vescalagin and gallic acid isolated from unripe wax apple for 4 weeks.
Control：Normal diet
HF：High fructose diet ( HFD ) ( 66% fructose )
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
β-Actin ( 42 KDa ) IRS-1 ( 180 KDa )
155
Control HF HF+pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
PI3K / Actin relative expression
0.0
Figure 5-25.Effect of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase on protein expression in high fructose diet induced prediabetic rats treated with vescalagin and gallic acid isolated from unripe wax apple for 4 weeks.
Control：Normal diet
HF：High fructose diet ( HFD ) ( 66% fructose )
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
β-Actin ( 42 KDa ) PI3K ( 85 KDa )
156
Control HF HF+pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
AKT / Actin relative expression
0.0
Figure 5-26.Effect of AKT/Protein kinase B on protein expression in high fructose diet induced prediabetic rats treated with vescalagin and gallic acid isolated from unripe wax apple for 4 weeks.
Control：Normal diet
HF：High fructose diet ( HFD ) ( 66% fructose )
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
AKT ( 60 KDa ) β-Actin ( 42 KDa )
157
Control HF HF+pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
GLUT2 / Actin relative expression
0.0
Figure 5-27.Effect of glucose transporter-2 on protein expression in high fructose diet induced prediabetic rats treated with vescalagin and gallic acid isolated from unripe wax apple for 4 weeks.
Control：Normal diet
HF：High fructose diet ( HFD ) ( 66% fructose )
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
GLUT2 ( 57 KDa ) β-Actin ( 42 KDa )
158
Control HF HF+pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
NF-kB / Actin relative expression
0.0 prediabetic rats treated with vescalagin and gallic acid isolated from unripe wax apple for 4 weeks.
Control：Normal diet
HF：High fructose diet ( HFD ) ( 66% fructose )
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
NF-κB ( 65 KDa ) β-Actin ( 42 KDa )
159
Control HF HF+pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
COX-2 / Actin relative expression
0.0
Figure 5-29.Effect of cyclooxygwnase-2 on protein expression in high fructose diet induced prediabetic rats treated with vescalagin and gallic acid isolated from unripe wax apple for 4 weeks.
Control：Normal diet
HF：High fructose diet ( HFD ) ( 66% fructose )
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
COX-2 ( 69 KDa ) β-Actin ( 42 KDa )
160
Control HF HF+pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
MCP-1 / Actin relative expression
0.0
Figure 5-30.Effect of Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 on protein expression in high fructose diet induced prediabetic rats treated with vescalagin and gallic acid isolated from unripe wax apple for 4 weeks.
Control：Normal diet
HF：High fructose diet ( HFD ) ( 66% fructose )
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
β-Actin ( 42 KDa ) MCP-1 ( 86 KDa )
161
Control HF HF+pio(30) HF+Ves(30) HF+Ves(10) HF+GA(30) HF+GA(10)
ICAM-1 / Actin relative expression
0.0
Figure 5-31.Effect of Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on protein expression in high fructose diet induced prediabetic rats treated with vescalagin and gallic acid isolated from unripe wax apple for 4 weeks.
Control：Normal diet
HF：High fructose diet ( HFD ) ( 66% fructose )
HF+Pio(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ pioglitazone (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+Ves(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Vescalagin (10 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(30)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (30 mg/ kg B.W.) HF+GA(10)：HFD ( 66% fructose)+ Gallic acid (10 mg/ kg B.W.)
*：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from Control.
**：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from Control.
#：significantly different ( p < 0.05 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
##：significantly different ( p < 0.01 ) from HF ( High fructose diet ).
Values were calculated as mean ± S.D. for six rats in each group.
β-Actin ( 42 KDa ) ICAM-1 ( 58 KDa )
162