Albanese, M. A. (1993). Problem-based learning: A review of literature on its outcomes and implementation issues. Academic Medicine, 68(1), 52-81.
Assaraf, O. B.-Z., & Orion, N. (2005). Development of system thinking skills in the context of earth system education. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 42(5), 518-560. doi: 10.1002/tea.20061
Bar, V. (1989). Children's views about the water cycle. Science Education, 73(4), 481-500. doi: 10.1002/sce.3730730409
Barrows, H. S., & Tamblyn, R. M. (1980). Problem-based learning: An approach to medical education. New York: Springer Publishing.
Ben-Zvi-Assaraf, O., & Orion, N. (2010). Four case studies, six years later:
Developing system thinking skills in junior high school and sustaining them over time. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 47(10), 1253-1280. doi:
10.1002/tea.20383
Bridges, E. M., & Hallinger, P. (1992). Problem-based learning for administrators.
Eugene, OR: ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Measurement.
Brown, J. S., Collins, A., & Duguid, P. (1989). Situated cognition and the culture of learning. Educational Researcher, 18(1), 32-42.
Bucic, T., Robinson, L., & Ramburuth, P. (2010). Effects of leadership style on team learning. Journal of Workplace Learning, 22(4), 228-248.
Chin, C., & Chia, L.-G. (2006). Problem-based learning: Using ill-structured problems in biology project work. Science Education, 90(1), 44-67. doi:
10.1002/sce.20097
Cohen, E. G., Brody, C. M., & Sapon-Shevin, M. (2004). Teaching cooperative
learning : The challenge for teacher education . New York: State University of New York Press.
Cordiero, P. A., & Campbell, B. (1996, April). Increasing the transfer of learning through problem-based learning in educational administration. The American Education Research Association, New York.
Delisle, R. (1997). How to use problem-based learning in the classroom. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Dewey, J. (1897). My pedagogic creed. The School Journal, 54, 77-80.
Dewey, J. (2004). How we think. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing(Orininal work published 1910 )
Dewey, J. (2005). Democracy and education. Boston, MA: IndyPublish.com (Orininal work published 1916 )
Dochy, F., Segers, M., Bossche, P. V. d., & Gijbels, D. (2003). Effects of
problem-based learning: a meta-analysis. Learning and Instruction, 13, 533-568.
Drake, K. N., & Long, D. (2009). Rebecca's in the dark: A comparative study of problem-based learning and direct instruction/experiential learning in two 4th-grade classrooms. Journal of Elementary Science Education, 21(1), 1-16.
Duch, B. J., Groh, S. E., & Allen, D. E. (2001). Power of problem-based learning : A practical 'How to' for teaching undergraduate courses in any discipline. VA:
Stylus Publishing.
Edens, K. M. (2000). Preparing problem solvers for the 21st century through problem-based learning. College Teaching, 48(2), 55-60.
Efe, R., & Efe, H. A. (2011). Using student group leaders to motivate students in cooperative learning methods in crowded classrooms. Educational Research and Reviews, 6(2), 187-196.
Fan, Y., van den Dool, H. M., & Wu, W. (2011). Verification and intercomparison of multimodel simulated land surface hydrological datasets over the United States. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 12(4), 531-555. doi:
10.1175/2011jhm1317.1
Gijbels, D., Dochy, F., Bossche, P. V. d., & Segers, M. (2005). Effects of
problem-based learning: A meta-analysis from the angle of assessment. Review of Educational Research, 75(1), 27-61.
Gordin, L. (2010). Conceptualization and support of the role of teachers serving as team leaders in a professional learning community. ProQuest LLC. Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=ED518432
&lang=zh-tw&site=ehost-live
Herrington, J., & Oliver, R. (2000). An instructional design framework for authentic learning environment. Educational Technology Research and Development, 48(3), 23-48.
Hmelo-Silver, C. E. (2004). Problem-based learning: What and how do students learn?
Educational Psychology Review, 16(3), 235-266.
Hmelo-Silver, C. E., & Barrows, H. S. (2006). Goals and strategies of a
problem-based learning facilitator. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-based Learning, 1(1) , 21-39.
Hmelo, C. E., & Evensen, D. H. (2000). Introduction- problem-based learning:
Gaining insights on learning interactions through multiple methods of inquiry.
In D. H. Evensen & C. E. Hmelo (Eds.), Problem-based learning : A research perspective on learning interactions (pp. 1-16). New Jersey: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates.
Hmelo, C. E., & Lin, X. (2000). Becoming self-directed learners: Strategy
development in problem-based learning. In D. H. Evensen & C. E. Hmelo (Eds.), Problem-based learning: A research perspective on learning interactions (pp. 227-250). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (1999). Learning Together and Alone: Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic Learning(5th ed). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Kelson, A. C. M., & Distlehorst, L. H. (2000). Groups in problem-based
learning(PBL): Essential elements in theory and practice. In D. H. Evensen &
C. E. Hmelo (Eds.), Problem-based learning: A research perspective on learning interactions (pp. 167-184). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Kerekes, J., Diglio, M., & King, K. P. (2009). How can teachers enable students to pose and solve problems using contexts within and outside mathematics?
International Forum of Teaching & Studies, 5(2), 5-10.
Lamont, J. (2011). Cloud computing: It can work for you. KM World, 20(1), 12-13.
Langen, T. A., & Welsh, R. (2006). Effects of a problem-based learning approach on attitude change and science and policy content knowledge. Conservation Biology, 20(3), 600-608. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00453.x
Lund, D. C., Lynch-Stieglitz, J., & Curry, W. B. (2006). Gulf Stream density structure and transport during the past millennium. Nature, 444(7119), 601-604. doi:
10.1038/nature05277
Mathews, L. M. (2012). Problem-based learning and knowledge transfer in a vocational nursing program. 72, ProQuest Information & Learning, US.
Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2012-990 50-129&lang=zh-tw&site=ehost-live Available from EBSCOhost psyh database.
Murray, I., & Savin-Baden, M. (2000). Staff development in problem-based learning.
Teaching in Higher Education, 5(1), 107-126. doi: 10.1080/135625100114993 Nadelson, L. S., & Jordan, J. R. (2012). Student attitudes toward and recall of outside
day: An environmental science field trip. Journal of Educational Research, 105(3), 220-231.
National Research Council. (1996). The National Science Education Standards.
Washington DC: National Academy Press.
National Research Council. (2000). Inquiry and the National Science Education Standards: A Guide for Teaching and Learning. Washington DC: National Academy Press.
Norman, G. R., & Schmidt, H. G. (1992). The psychological basis of problem-based
learning: A review of the evidence. Academic Medicine, 67(9), 557-565.
Odell-Fisher, E., & Giese, R. N. (1978). Sensing the Sea: A Curriculum Guide in Marine Education for Grades Two and Three. Retrieved from
http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/vims/vimse78001.pdf
Pedersen, S., & Min, L. (2002). The transfer of problem-solving skills from a problem-based learning environment: The effect of modeling an expert's cognitive processes. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 35(2), 303.
Savery, J. R., & Duffy, T. M. (2001). Problem based learning: An instructional model and its constructivist framework. CRLT Technical Report, 16-01, 1-17.
Savin-Baden, M., & Major, C. H. (2004). Foundations of problem-based learning.
CA: Society for Research into Higher Education & Open University Press.
Schmidt, H. G. (1993). Foundations of problem based learning: some explanatory notes. Medical education, 27(5), 422-432.
Smeds, P., Jeronen, E., Kurppa, S., & Vieraankivi, M.-L. (2011). Rural camp school eco learn - outdoor education in rural settings. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 6(3), 267-291.
Stepath, C.M. (2004, June). Awareness and monitoring in outdoor marine education.
Tropical Environment Studies and Geography Conference 2004, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia.
Sungur, S., & Tekkaya, C. (2006). Effects of problem-based learning and traditional instruction on self-regulated learning. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(5), 307-317.
Torp, L., & Sage, S. (2002). Problems as possibilities : problem-based learning for K-16 education. Alexandria, VA: The Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.