第三章、 英格蘭貴族的迴響
第三節、 英格蘭的「新」奢侈
eighteenth-Century England”in John Brewer, Roy Porter (eds), Consumption and the World of Goods, p. 209.
27 Maxine Berg, “New Commodities, Luxuries and Their Consumers in Eighteenth-Century England”in Maxine Berg and Helen Clifford (eds), Consumers and Luxury: Consumer Culture in Europe 1650-1850, pp. 65-66.
28 Robert Finlay, The Pilgrim Art: the Culture of Porcelain in World History, p. 284.
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的生活方式(more civilized way of life)，意即從「舊奢侈」過渡到「新奢侈」，或是由代表財富、階層和權力的「古代奢侈」轉移到代表商業、實用和舒
29 Maxine Berg, Luxury and Pleasure in Eighteenth-Century Britain, p. 5.
30 The Spectator, No. 69 (19 May 1711), Ⅰ, p. 295-296.
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Delectable Goods, pp. 9-11.32 Daniel Defoe, A Plan of the English Commerce. Being a Complete Prospect of the Trade of this Nation, as well Home as Foreign (1731) (London: printed for J. and J. Rivington, 1749), p. 27.
33 Penelope Corfield, “Urban Development in England and Wales in the Sixteenth and Se v-enteenth Centuries,” in D.C. Coleman and A. H. John(eds), Trade, Government, and Economy in Pre-industrial England: Essays Presented to F. J. Fisher (London: Weidenfeld
& Nicolson, 1976), pp. 231-232.
34 Maxine Berg, Luxury and Pleasure in Eighteenth-Century Britain, p. 23.
35 N.B. Harte, “State Control of Dress and Social Change,”in D.C. Coleman and A. H.
John(eds), Trade, Government, and Economy in Pre-industrial England: Essays Presented
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響的面向從個人的行為和生活方式，延伸到商品、建築、內部裝潢的設計；
新商品為符合消費的品味而不斷推陳出新，新興的中間階層也必須學習如 何正確地選擇、展示和運用各種不同的新商品。36
to F. J. Fisher, pp. 155-156.
36 Maxine Berg, Luxury and Pleasure in Eighteenth-Century Britain, p. 41.
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結論
2012 年 7 月 27 日，中國的理財網站「金融界」刊登了一則題為〈瓷 器收藏最後的處女地 外銷瓷正欲強勢歸來〉的報導，報導中的主角便是本 文的主題「中國外銷瓷」：
5 月 12 日，北京華辰 2012 年春拍現場，一件元青花魚藻紋大盤以 6888.5 萬元（人民幣）成交，成為該拍賣行瓷器拍賣的最高價，這也 是外銷瓷拍賣創下的最高紀錄……。1
根據這則報導，外銷瓷在 2012 年時創下拍賣史上的最高價，折合臺幣約 3.2 億元，但事實上相較於在中國宮廷和上層階層內流通的瓷器骨董，外銷 瓷向來被古物鑑賞家認為「不中不西」而收藏意願較低。1991 年，陶瓷收 藏專家馬廣明出差到瑞典時，發現當地幾乎每家文物店都有賣外銷瓷，價 格也便宜得驚人，一個非常漂亮的青花小碗只需幾歐元，甚至只要 50 歐元 就能買到一整套瓷器。
2005 年時元青花大罐《鬼谷下山》在倫敦拍出 1568.8 萬英鎊的高價，
折合臺幣約 7.3 億元，創下中國瓷器拍價的最高紀錄，但隨著大量的中國 富豪爭相投入中國文物拍賣市場，中國瓷器的成交價屢創新高，上億元的 拍賣商品已經不再稀奇，2011 年年底元青花梅瓶《蕭何月下追韓信圖》以 8.4 億港幣成交，折合約 32.4 億臺幣，不僅創下宋元瓷器成交價的新高，
更是目前為止中國藝術品拍賣史上的最高價。
1 楊格格，〈瓷器收藏最後的處女地 外銷瓷正欲強勢歸來(2012.07.27)〉，收錄於「金 融界」：http://money.jrj.com.cn/2012/07/27082613936351.shtml（2012/8/7點閱）。
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淘汰率則較低，品質極佳的、稍有瑕疵的皆一起外銷，到了歐洲之後，高 品質的瓷器以高價賣與貴族，品質較差的則由中間階層接收。可見在瓷器 的銷售過程當中，早已經歷了一層層的區隔，擁有者的競相炫耀，又區隔 出了不同的身分、地位和品味，直至現今的骨董拍賣之中，這些區隔仍舊 存在，並且由於現代媒體的無遠弗屆，這些區隔被渲染得更加巨大。
由於這股「中國狂熱」仍然延續，古董的價格被持續哄抬，中國本土 流傳下來的瓷器數量已不足以滿足此需求，只好將目光投向「尚未開發」
的外銷瓷；而在現今的消費社會當中，商品被更大量地製造和銷售，各人 所擁有的物件類別已經相差無幾，差別在於各人擁有的生活品味和選擇的 生活方式，多反映在文化與藝術商品的消費形式與消費能力差異上。換言 之，文化藝術品的消費從表面上看來是屬於個人的品味差異，能夠顯現出 個人的人格，但實質上卻反映出不同身份的人在生活方式上的差異；而擁 有物的品質高低和數量多寡，看似是一種生活方式的選擇與表現，卻是彰 顯各人品味差異的表徵。
炫耀性的消費不再限於高單價的商品，而在於使用者的態度和生活方 式，「炫耀性消費」的消費行為在古今中外從來沒有停止過，差別只在於 其欲區隔的人群和商品的內容。
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史料
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期刊論文
1. Berg, Maxine and Clifford, Helen, “Introduction”in Maxine Berg and Hel-en Clifford (eds), Consumers and Luxury: Consumer Culture in Europe
1650-1850, pp. 1-16.
2. Berg, Maxine and Eger, Elizabeth, “Introduction,” in Maxine Berg and Elizabeth Eger (eds), Luxury in the Eighteenth Century: Debates, Desires
and Delectable Goods (Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2003), pp. 1-6.3. Berg, Maxine and Eger, Elizabeth, “The Rise and Fall of the Luxury De-bates,” in Maxine Berg and Elizabeth Eger (eds), Luxury in the Eighteenth
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Consumers and Luxury: Consumer Culture in Europe 1650-1850,
(Man-chester: Manchester University Press, 1999), pp. 63-85.‧
Eight-eenth-Century England,” in Elinor Gordon(ed), Chinese Export Porcelain:an Historical Survey (New York: Main Street/Universe Books, 1975), pp.
95-100.
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214-247.
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Macmillan, 2003), pp. 135-150.8. Evans, Adrian B. “Enlivening the Archive: Glimpsing Embodied Con-sumption Practices in Probate Inventories of Household Possessions,”
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11. Harte, N.B. “State Control of Dress and Social Change,” in D.C. Coleman and A. H. John(eds), Trade, Government, and Economy in Pre-industrial
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學位論文
1. 陳國棟，〈淸代前期的粤海關一六八三–一八四二〉，臺北：國立臺灣 大學歷史學硏究所碩士論文，1980。
網路資料
1. 〈十七、十八世紀歐洲之瓷器狂熱與日本有田燒瓷器〉，收錄於「臺 灣陶藝聚落」： http://www.taiwanclayart.org.tw/b_04.html（2012/4/3 點閱）。
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5. 丁敘鈞，〈金碧輝煌廣彩瓷〉，收錄於「典藏藝術網」：
http://artouch.com/（2012/8/20點閱）。
6. 楊格格，〈瓷器收藏最後的處女地 外銷瓷正欲強勢歸來 (2012.07.27)〉，收錄於「金融界」：
http://money.jrj.com.cn/2012/07/27082613936351.shtml（2012/8/7點 閱）。