High-lying state ISC rates in Os(II) complexes
5-1 系統介紹
本章節探討一系列以鋨(Osimiun)為中心金屬的過渡金屬錯合物 32,在實驗中觀
測到磷光放光的量子產率和螢光放光的量子產率的比值( P/ F)跟激發波長的大
小有關。也就是說系統間跨越的反應速率和激發波長的大小有關。而在較短激發 波長可以觀測到比較大的磷光放光的量子產率和螢光放光的量子產率的比值 ( P/ F),因此我們可以得知在較高的激發態(Sn->Tm,n>1,m>1)跟 S1到 T1這個路徑 相比有比較快速的系統間跨越的反應速率(ISC)。由實驗上觀測到這有趣的現象,
可以提供我們探討高激發態(high-lying excited states)的系統間跨越(ISC)的反應過 程,我也可以藉由分析和統整這些模型的特性去設計和預測這類型的過渡金屬錯 合物。
70
Table 20.實驗測得的吸收波長、放光波長、放光量子產率及 ISC 反應速率常數
aInformation regarding the fluorescence band is marked with [fl].bData were recorded in degassed CH2Cl2 solution at room temperature with ex=400nm for 1-4.cAnd with ex=266nm for 1-4 . All experimental data are found from Ref[32].
由 Table 20 可以得知 complex 6-9 的吸收波長大約在 370-380nm,而放光的部
8 371(12.4) 422[fl],589 0.48, 18.83 0.05, 6.52
8.52 × 109 6.5 × 1010
9 369(10.5) 417[fl],585 0.13, 19.20 0.01, 4.05
3.43 × 1010 4.3 × 1010
71
Figure 35. Complex 6 激發光譜和放光光譜圖
Steady state spectra of complex 6 in aerated CH2Cl2 at 298 K. Normalized absorption and excitation spectra monitored at different mission wavelengths. The excitation spectrum monitored at 420 nm. Experimetal spectra is found from ref [32]
5-2 計算結果
在最近的文獻中,作者用校正過後的螢光儀觀測螢光和磷光放光帶(emission band),發現得到兩個完全不同的激發光譜圖(excitation spectra)。螢光放光帶在短 波長的激發光區域和磷光放光帶和吸收光譜圖相比顯示一個明顯的缺陷,所以我 們可以知道用較高能量的激發光會得到較強的系統間跨越,並且貢獻較多磷光放 光。我們藉由 TDDFT calculation 計算出所有 Os(II)錯合物的 10 個單重激發態和 10 個三重激發態之間的自旋-軌道耦合積分值的大小,並且在自旋-軌道耦合關係 圖中發現與實驗一致的現象(Figure 36-39)。可以很清楚地看到在最低單重激發 態(約 400nm) 自旋-軌道耦合積分值積都非常的小(小於 100cm-1 )或是和其他 三重激發態甚至是高能量的三重激發態之間根本沒有自旋-軌道耦合作用力,如 Figure 36 所示 complex 6
S H
1 SOT
m (m=1-5)的大小分別為 0,50,19,30 an 和 92cm-1。72
將較高能量的單重激發態和較低的單重激發態相比,前者和三重激發態有較 強的自旋-軌道耦合積分值。舉例來說,在 Os-6 中 S4(4.10eV, 303nm)和 T5 (3.87, 321nm)的自旋-軌道耦合積分值大約 300nm-1(如 Figure 37),所以本章中所有過渡 金屬錯合物的最低單重激發態(約在 400nm)僅僅提供不到 100cm-1的自旋-軌道耦
合積分值積,但是相反的在較高能量的單重激發態可以貢獻大約 300cm-1的自旋
-軌道耦合積分值,後者比前者至少高出 3 倍左右。
為了找出在實驗和理論計算中觀測到的特殊狀況。因此我們致力於探討所有 的激發態的 MLCT 百分比貢獻、軌域組態的分析和 S-T 能階差(不只專注於最低激 發態的性質分析)。
本章的所有過渡金屬化合物在最低的單重激發態都是以 *的性質為主,並 且貢獻幾乎為零的自旋-軌道耦合強度,因此造成很慢的系統間跨越反應速率。
舉列來說,在 Os-6 中 S1、S2、T2和 T4的 MLCT 百分比分別為 2%、8%、6%和 14%,
S1→T2和 S2→T4之間的自旋-軌道耦合積分值的大小分別為 50cm-1和 175cm-1,所 以我們可以發現在較高能量的激發態有較大的 MLCT 百分比,因此提供較強的自 旋-軌道耦合強度。可以從 Figure 36 中發現 S4→T5有很強的自旋-軌道耦合作用力 (275cm-1),S4和 T5的電子躍遷都牽涉到大量的 d 軌域(MLCT percentage is 12% and 10% of S4 and T5)並且確定兩者之間有軌域組態的改變(from HOMO-2 to HOMO-5)。
所以在較高能量的單重和三重激發態之間可以得到比較大的自旋-軌道耦合積分 值和快速的系統間跨越,並有利於放出磷光。在我們的計算中我們用定量的方式 列出每個單重和三重激發態彼此之間的自旋-軌道耦合積分值(Figure 36-39),經過 這些方法可以讓我們很清楚的了解本章中所有過渡金屬系統間跨越的反應途 徑。
73
Figure 36.The SOC between several singlet and triplet excited states in Complex 6
Figure 37.The SOC between several singlet and triplet excited states in Complex 7
74
Figure 38.The SOC between several singlet and triplet excited states in Complex 8
Figure 39. The SOC between several singlet and triplet excited states in Complex 9
75
5-3 結論
不 論 在 實 驗 觀 測 或 是 理 論 計 算 的 結 果 , 我 們 都 一 致 地 發 現 到 excitation-dependent emission 的現象,也就是在較高能量的激發態比較利於發生 系統間跨越,而這個特殊的現象追根究底需討論到這些激發態本身的電子結構性 質,例如在第三章中的 Os-1 和 Os-2 和本章中的 Os-6 到 Os-9,這些過渡金屬錯 合物的最低單重激發態幾乎都為
*的電子躍遷性質,因此這些含有
*性質的 單重激發態和三重激發態彼此之間的自旋-軌道耦合作用力幾乎為零,所以得到 較慢的系統間跨越的反應速率。在 Os-6 中最低單重激發態的 MLCT 百分比微乎 其微(2%),而隨著激發態能量的提升,MLCT 百分比也相對增高(e.g. S2(8%), S4(12%) in Os-6),而這些較高能量的單重激發態又跟三重激發態有對應到正確的軌域組 態的改變,因此可以獲得很強的自旋-軌道耦合作用力,並且發生較快速的系統間 跨越反應速率,有利於磷光的放光,並得到較大的
P F比值。如果將這些過渡金屬錯合物應用在有機發光二極體33,我們就可以藉由改變電壓
去調控
P F 的比值,也就是說我們施加予不同的電壓會讓電子和電洞在不同的激發態中再結合,因此可以由此改變發光材料的發光顏色。
76
77
樣的系統,快速的系統間跨越源自於更高的單重態(反
Kasha s
' rule),並 得到一個跟依賴於激發波長大小的放光光譜。4. 總觀整體自旋-軌道耦合積分值(系統間跨越反應速率)的強度大小取決 於中心自旋-軌道耦合常數和所涉及激發態電子結構的性質之間的微妙平 衡。當同一列的過渡金屬原子的原子核由小到大增加,中心自旋-軌道耦 合常數也會不斷地增加,這反映了“external heavy atom effect”,但在同時,
也使得在低激發態更少 d 軌道電子參與軌域組態的轉變,反而造成自旋-軌道耦合積分值的大小降低, “internal effect” (如 Ag(I) V.S Cu(I)系列的 過渡金屬錯合物)。這個例子顯示了我們不能但就簡單的條件去試著預測 同族過渡金屬錯合物之間的相對系統間跨越反應速率和發光強度。此外,
這也證明了“heavy atom effect” 似乎不是絕對取決於原子核大小因素;透 過精心的分子結構設計,較輕的元素也可能會存在與重元素相同的發光效 率。
本篇研究的結果和公式可以作為預測過渡金屬錯合物光物理性質的基本 模型,類似於有機化合物系統上的 El-Sayed’s rule,可預期我們的研究和探討 對於化學和材料光電相關領域的研究人員可作為有用的參考。
78
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附件一 附圖和附表
Table 21.Os-1 的單重態激發能量、f 值、軌域貢獻和 MLCT 百分比
transition
statea E/eV nm oscillator
strength (f) contributionsb MLCT(%) Os-4
statea E/eV nm oscillator
strength (f) contributionsb MLCT(%) Os-4
aThe excited triplet state is labeled“Tn”, where“n”is the electronic state number. bH=HOMO, L=LUMO.
82
aThe excited singlet state is labeled“Sn”, where“n”is the electronic state number. bH=HOMO, L=LUMO.
Table 24.Os-2 的三重態激發能量、f 值、軌域貢獻和 MLCT 百分比
transition
statea E/eV nm oscillator
strength (f) contributionsb MLCT(%) Os-2
83
Table 25.Os-3 的單重態激發能量、f 值、軌域貢獻和 MLCT 百分比
transition
statea E/eV nm oscillator
strength (f) contributionsb MLCT(%) Os-3
aThe excited singlet state is labeled“Sn”, where“n”is the electronic state number. bH=HOMO, L=LUMO.
Table 26.Os-3 的三重態激發能量、f 值、軌域貢獻和 MLCT 百分比
transition
statea E/eV nm oscillator
strength (f) contributionsb MLCT(%) Os-3
aThe excited triplet state is labeled“Tn”, where“n”is the electronic state number. bH=HOMO, L=LUMO.
84
Table 27.Os-4 的單重態激發能量、f 值、軌域貢獻和 MLCT 百分比
transition
statea E/eV nm oscillator
strength (f) contributionsb MLCT(%) Os-4
aThe excited singlet state is labeled“Sn”, where“n”is the electronic state number. bH=HOMO, L=LUMO.
Table 28.Os-4 的三重態激發能量、f 值、軌域貢獻和 MLCT 百分比
transition
statea E/eV nm oscillator
strength (f) contributionsb MLCT(%) Os-4
aThe excited triplet state is labeled“Tn”, where“n”is the electronic state number. bH=HOMO, L=LUMO.
85
Table 29.Os-5 的單重態激發能量、f 值、軌域貢獻和 MLCT 百分比
transition
statea E/eV nm oscillator
strength (f) contributionsb MLCT(%) Os-5
S1 3.05 406 0.0354 H L(99%) 61
S4 3.86 321 0.0004 H-2 L(95%) 67 S5 3.97 313 0.1192 H-1 L(87%) 10
S7 4.10 303 0.2265 H-3 L(81%) 7
S10 4.38 283 0.0145 H-4 L(75%) 34
aThe excited singlet state is labeled“Sn”, where“n”is the electronic state number. bH=HOMO, L=LUMO.
Table 30.Os-5 的三重態激發能量、f 值、軌域貢獻和 MLCT 百分比
transition
statea E/eV nm oscillator
strength (f) contributionsb MLCT(%) Os-5
T1 2.84 436 0 H L(92%) 57
T2 3.26 381 0 H-1 L(61%),H-3 L(14%) 8 T4 3.48 356 0 H L+1(65%), H L+2(12%),
H-1 L(5%) 48
T5 3.74 332 0 H-3 L(52%),H-4 L(16%) 15
T8 3.83 323 0 H-2 L(92%), 65
aThe excited triplet state is labeled“Tn”, where“n”is the electronic state number. bH=HOMO, L=LUMO.
86
Table 31.The c coefficients of osmium d orbitals in selected orbitals of Os-1 at optimized ground states geometries
Table 32.The c coefficients of osmium d orbitals in selected orbitals of Os-2 at optimized ground states geometries
87
Table 33.The c coefficients of osmium d orbitals in selected orbitals of Os-3 at optimized ground states geometries
mo d d d d d
H-5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.00
H-4 0.33 0.18 0.00 0.19 0.00
H-3 0.32 0.20 0.00 0.37 0.22
H-2 0.16 0.38 0.32 0.17 0.25
H-1 0.20 0.24 0.00 0.14 0.11
H 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15
Table 34.The c coefficients of osmium d orbitals in selected orbitals of Os-4 at optimized ground states geometries
mo d d d d d
H-6 0.00 0.14 0.41 0.00 0.00
H-5 0.00 0.21 0.18 0.00 0.00
H-4 0.36 0.00 0.00 0.59 0.00
H-3 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.57
H-2 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.34
H-1 0.00 0.31 0.56 0.00 0.00
H 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.10
88
Table 35.The c coefficients of osmium d orbitals in selected orbitals of Os-5 at optimized ground states geometries
Table 36.The c coefficients of osmium d orbitals in selected orbitals of Cu-1 and Cu-2 at optimized ground states geometries
mo d d d d d
89
Table 37.The c coefficients of osmium d orbitals in selected orbitals of Ag-1 and Ag-2 at optimized ground states geometries
mo d d d d d
Table 38.The c coefficients of osmium d orbitals in selected orbitals of Au-1 and Au-2 at optimized ground states geometries
Mo d d d d d
90
H-2 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.00 H-1 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 H 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Table 39.The c coefficients of osmium d orbitals in selected orbitals of Os-6 to Os-9 at optimized ground states geometries
mo d d d d d
91
H-5 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.14 H-4 0.12 0.20 0.00 0.24 0.00 H-3 0.00 0.20 0.38 0.21 0.00 H-1 0.00 0.27 0.22 0.00 0.19
H 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
L 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
L+1 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.19 L+2 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 L+3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15
Os-9
H-6 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 H-5 0.00 0.29 0.37 0.00 0.00 H-4 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 H-3 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.16 0.00 H-2 0.00 0.28 0.32 0.00 0.00 H-1 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00
H 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
92
Figure 40.Spatial plots (isovalue = 0.03) of selected molecular orbitals for Os-1 at ground-state optimized geometry
HOMO LUMO LUMO+2
LUMO+4 LUMO+3
LUMO+6
93
Figure 41.Spatial plots (isovalue = 0.03) of selected molecular orbitals for Os-2 at ground-state optimized geometry
HOMO HOMO-2 HOMO-3
HOMO-4 HOMO-5
HOMO-6 LUMO
94
Figure 42.Spatial plots (isovalue = 0.03) of selected molecular orbitals for Os-3 at ground-state optimized geometry
HOMO HOMO-1 HOMO-2
HOMO-3 HOMO-4 HOMO-5
HOMO-7 LUMO
95
Figure 43.Spatial plots (isovalue = 0.03) of selected molecular orbitals for Os-4 at ground-state optimized geometry
HOMO HOMO-1 HOMO-2
HOMO-3 HOMO-4 HOMO-5
HOMO-6 LUMO
96
Figure 44.Spatial plots (isovalue = 0.03) of selected molecular orbitals for Os-5 at ground-state optimized geometry.
HOMO HOMO-1 HOMO-2
HOMO-3 HOMO-4
LUMO
97
Figure 45.Spatial plots (isovalue = 0.03) of selected molecular orbitals for Cu-1 at ground-state optimized geometry
HOMO HOMO-1 HOMO-2
HOMO-3 LUMO
98
Figure 46.Spatial plots (isovalue = 0.03) of selected molecular orbitals for Cu-2 at ground-state optimized geometry
HOMO HOMO-1 HOMO-2
HOMO-3 HOMO-4
HOMO-6 LUMO
HOMO-HOMO-7
99
Figure 47.Spatial plots (isovalue = 0.03) of selected molecular orbitals for Ag-1 at ground-state optimized geometry
LUMO
HOMO HOMO-1 HOMO-2
HOMO-3 HOMO-4
100
Figure 48 .Spatial plots (isovalue = 0.03) of selected molecular orbitals for Ag-2 at ground-state optimized geometry
LUMO
HOMO HOMO-1 HOMO-2
HOMO-3 HOMO-4
HOMO-5
101
Figure 49 .Spatial plots (isovalue = 0.03) of selected molecular orbitals for Au-1 at ground-state optimized geometry.
LUMO
HOMO HOMO-1 HOMO-2
HOMO-3 HOMO-7
HOMO-8
102
Figure 50 .Spatial plots (isovalue = 0.03) of selected molecular orbitals for Au-2 at ground-state optimized geometry
HOMO HOMO-1 HOMO-2
HOMO-4 LUMO
103
附件二 期刊論文草稿
Semi-Quantitative Assessment of Intersystem Crossing Rate: An Extension of El-Sayed Rule to the Emissive Transition Metal Complexes
Elise Yu-Tzu Li
1*, Tzung-Ying Jiang
1, Yun Chi
2and Pi-Tai Chou
3*Affiliations:
1Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
2Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
3 Department of Chemistry and Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices,
National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
*e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
ABSTRACT: The main goal of this study is to provide systematic elucidation of the parameters that influence S
T intersystem crossing (ISC). Particular attention is
paid to: (i) the computation of Sn T
m spin-orbit coupling strength based on aABSTRACT: The main goal of this study is to provide systematic elucidation of the parameters that influence S