CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION
6.3 FUTURE STUDIES
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on observing middle powers’ response to conflicts at the global level. However, the literature has not looked closely enough at middle powers’ behavior at bilateral conflicts. This is important because, as this thesis demonstrates, there is new perspective to be gained when analyzing alleged middle powers’ response to bilateral conflicts in which they are personally involved. In this situation, middle powers struggle to settle the disputes and it is much more difficult for them to uphold their images as responsible international citizens. This insight must be added to the current literature in order to provide a more comprehensive picture of the nature of middle powers’ foreign policies.
6.3 Future Studies
The literature on middle power in the specific context of Korea can be improved by beginning to consider the country’s bilateral conflicts with Japan in future analysis. This is especially true of scholars seeking to critique South Korea’s middle power status, but it is also a factor that proponents might take into account too. Meanwhile, future discussions of middle power theory should consider adding more comparative studies by beginning to look more closely at bilateral disputes among and between middle powers. There are ample case studies to draw from in this regard.
The Turbot War, which lasted from 1994 to 1996, was an international fishing dispute between two middle powers, namely Canada and Spain. The problem centered around Canada’s assertion that Spanish ships were illegally overfishing Greenland halibut, also known as Greenland turbot, just outside Canada's declared exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Acting on these claims, Canada provocatively stopped a Spanish fishing trawler international waters and
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then arrested its crew. Other confrontations and inflammatory exchanges were made by both sides, until the EU on the side of Spain finally buckled under Canadian pressure. 17
Another still ongoing dispute involving a middle power is the territorial conflict over the South China Sea between Indonesia and China. Using its so called “9-Dashed Line,” Beijing has claimed most of the South China Sea as its own territory, including a waterway located within Indonesia’s EEZ. Indonesia is challenging China for control over this Natuna Waterway, which is abundant in natural resources, particularly oil, natural gas and fish. Indonesia has responded to Chinese claims with military buildup in its nearby Natuna Islands, the deployment of naval warships, and publically released new maps that have officially renamed the waters around the waterway with a more distinctly Indonesian name. At the time of this writing, Indonesia is continuing to take an aggressive posture in the region to defend its territorial claims against China.18
Further study by scholars of these kinds of situations will add additional clarity about how middle powers tend to handle disputes in which they are among the disputants, and how that contrasts with their handling of disputes in which they are not personally involved.
17 For further reading see Barry, Donald. Fishing for a Solution: Canada's Fisheries Relations with the European Union, 1977-2013. University of Calgary Press. 2014.
18 For further reading, see Cochrane, Joe. Indonesia, Long on Sidelines, Starts to Confront China’s Territorial Claims. The New York Times. September 2017.
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/10/world/asia/indonesia-south-china-sea-military-buildup.html
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