Curriculum Framework
Secondary 3 Knowledge
77
Secondary 3
78
Knowledge context
Learning element Content
Use of mechanisms for transmission and control of movements
• Application of the common mechanical components to convert and control motion (e.g. gears, screw mechanisms, lever and linkage, cam and follower, rack and pinion)
• Selection of an efficient and/or appropriate simple mechanism for a product or system involves movement
Operations and Manufacturing
(K5)
Tools and Equipment
Safe use of tools and equipment
• Introduction of measuring instruments (e.g.
multi-meter & data-capturing devices) Appropriate choice and use of tools, equipment and machines for realisation of design solution
• Application of a range of machines to realize solutions to design problems - Lathe
- Vacuum former - Laser cutter - 3D printer (K6)
Production Process
Basic elements of design
• Basic concepts of CAD and 3D modeling
• Application of IT tools such as CAD software to present design ideas
• Animating of design ideas in computer animation or video clips
• Design critique and appreciation in design
• Contemporary design movement Design consideration
• Ergonomic concerns and industrial standards in making appropriate solutions
• Critical assessment on products and system design
• Technological advancements that may be accompanied by negative side effects, in respect of legal issues
• Value of intellectual property and possible ways of protection
79
Knowledge context
Learning element Content
Product design
• Roles of designers and engineers at work
• Organisation of resources and processes for making simple products or models of proposed solutions
• Comparison of appropriate processes, instruments and materials to be used for the making processes
• Evaluation of the quality of production system, products or environments against various essential factors
• Product Maintenance (e.g. techniques, parts replacement and disposal, maintainable design)
• Safety measures, precautions and standards required for making the products
Skills, procedures and resources for production process
• Know how to apply cost-benefit principles to technological processes
• Selection of appropriate tools and equipment and apply proper skills to implement solutions to design problems
• Selection and application of appropriate methods of material removal processes
• Selection and application of appropriate methods of material forming processes
• Selection and application of appropriate methods of joining materials or assembling components
• Selection and application of appropriate surface-finishing methods for aesthetic purposes to prevent corrosion and to prolong working life
• Proper use of a range of appropriate machines to implement solutions to design problems
80
Knowledge context
Learning element Content
Strategies and Management
(K7) Business Environments, Operations and Organisations
Business environments: economic, technological, cultural & physical, social-political-legal
• Main industries in Hong Kong
• Characteristics of business environment of Hong Kong
- Economic – a separate free market economy
- Technological – sophisticated telecommunication systems and transportation infrastructure
- Physical – close to Mainland, serving as the bridge between China and other parts of the world
- Cultural and Social –a skilled and high quality workforce
- Political-legal –Types of intellectual property rights include copyright, trademark, patent and registered design;
and understand the value of intellectual property and possible ways of protection
• Impact of globalisation on business in Hong Kong
Different types of business organisations
• Major forms of business organisations: sole proprietorship, partnership and limited company
• Characteristics of an entrepreneur Decision making, planning, organisation, control, evaluation, and quality assurance in business operations and projects
• Functions of planning, organising, leading and controlling in management
• Responsibilities of a business in providing a safe environment
81
Knowledge context
Learning element Content
Systems and Control
(K8)
Concepts of System
System components
• Distinction between manual and automation systems
• Examples on the application of control system in domestic and community contexts
• Functions of system components
• Examples of simple system-designs and analyse in terms of sub-systems
(K9)
Application of Systems
Mechanical, electrical, electronic and pneumatic control systems
• Identification and application of building blocks/modules of the electronic systems including the input, processing and output devices
• Functions of common components in a pneumatic system and recognise the related symbols
Model control systems
• Construction kits for model and simulate technological solutions
• Design of simple systems to meet specified problems
Technology and Living
(K10)
Food and Nutrition
Dietary goals and eating habits
• Recommended daily intake, dietary guidelines, dietary goals for different age groups (e.g. children, teenagers, adult, elderly) and people with different needs and dietary requirements
• Causes of eating disorder and influences on food choices (e.g. health concerns, cultural, social, economic and technological
influences, facts and myths in health messages)
• Legislation and guidelines on food labeling (e.g. Food and Drug Regulation Guidelines on Voluntary Labelling of Genetically Modified Food, Labelling Guidelines on Food Allergens, Food Additives and Date Format)
82
Knowledge context
Learning element Content
Food groups
• Sources, functions and deficiencies of micro nutrients, including vitamins (vitamins A, B-complex, C and D) and minerals (iron, calcium, iodine and sodium)
• Local and global supply, safety issues, retention of food value of different food commodities
• Basic ideas of the use of functional food in enhancing health
Meal planning
• Principles in food costing and budgeting, meal pattern of a three-course meal
• Planning meals for different age groups (e.g. children, adolescents, elderly), people with special needs (e.g. weight
management) and celebration (e.g. party, festive)
• Meal presentation for different occasions
• Development of creative recipes for meeting different needs
(K11)
Food Preparation and Processing
Hygiene and safety
• Principles underlying the causes of food spoilage and preventive measures
• Causes and prevention of different types of food contamination and related food-borne disease (e.g. diarrhoea, typhoid fever, vomiting, Ciguatera Fish Poisoning)
• Principles and adaptation of safety and hygienic practices (e.g. proper use of labour saving equipment and appliances)
Principles of food preparation and processing
• Principles and purposes of food
preservation including causes, effects and prevention of food spoilage, and
preservation methods (e.g. dehydration, radiation)
• Principles underlying heat transference in cooking
• The choice, use and care of kitchen equipment and appliances (e.g. induction cooker) and time-or labour-saving equipment (e.g. blender, mincer)
83
Knowledge context
Learning element Content
Skills in food preparation and processing
• Planning and organising time and resources in preparing a three-course meal and meals for special occasion and celebrations
• Food preparation techniques including shaping, stuffing, cake making (whisking and melting), dough making, batter making, use of raising agents (biological source), pastry making (short crust pastry, Chinese pastry)
• Choosing and combining appropriate cooking methods for different foods and dishes
• Tools for sensory tasting and evaluation
• Working habits and organisation of work in food preparation
(K12)
Fabric and Clothing Construction
Choice of fabric in relation to the design and construction
• Man-made fibres (rayon, acrylic, polyester, nylon) including properties and types
• Fabric construction, including non-woven (bonding and felting) fabrics and fabric finishes (e.g. flame resistance, wrinkle free, stain resistance, easy care)
• Choice and care of different kinds of fabrics (e.g. made-made, woven and non-woven fabric)
• Fibre and fabric experiments (e.g. abrasion, insulation, absorbency)
84
Knowledge context
Learning element Content
Pattern and garment construction
• Pattern drafting including basic body measurement, drafting of basic blocks (e.g.
collar, sleeve), pattern styling/adaptation (e.g. blouse/shirt) and pattern specifications
• Sewing techniques including the use of sewing machine (embroidery stitching) and basic sewing stitches (e.g. tailor’s tack, button stitch)
• Various garment construction technology to meet specific purposes including seam and seam neatening (e.g. overlaid seam), disposal of fullness (e.g. tucks), neckline finishes (e.g. flat collar, shaped facing), fastenings (e.g. rouleau loop), opening (e.g.
fly-front), pocket (e.g. patch), trimmings and decoration (e.g. quilting)
• Working habits and systematic work practices in garment construction (K13)
Fashion and Dress Sense
Fashion trend and development
• Cultural, social, economic and technical influences on the development of fashion
• The principle of fashion design including design concepts (e.g. balance, harmony) and design elements (e.g. colour value)
• Application of the design cycle in textile product development and fashion design by considering different needs (e.g. cultural and social, functional, aesthetic, economic, health and safety, ergonomic)
• Life cycle of a product, ways to evaluate and appreciate different products,
development of mock-ups/working models/prototypes
• Basic ideas of evaluating a product in relation to cost (e.g. life span, function, breakeven analysis)
85
Knowledge context
Learning element Content
Choice of clothing for different considerations
• Dress sense including the use of colours and styles in relation to effects of colour on individual figures
• Wardrobe planning including the understanding of the effects of fabric texture, colour and style lines in relation to individual figures, choice of accessories to complement one’s outfit and to plan a clothing budget
• Planning for social occasions (e.g.
interview)
• Technological developments related to apparel and their implications when making personal choices (e.g. bio-engineering) (K14)
Family Living
Family relationship
• Impact of technology on family life (e.g.
values and beliefs on the quality of life, structure of the family and roles of family members)
• Healthy lifestyle/sedentary lifestyle/unhealthy lifestyle
• Community health including health promotion and disease prevention
86
Knowledge context
Learning element Content
(K15)
Home Management and Technology
Management of family resources and budgeting
• Planning of family budget including income and fixed expenditure and ways of payment
• Influence on shopping (e.g. peer group)
• Impact of consumers’ choices including environmental, technological, social and economic factors
• Utilisation of resources in the family (e.g.
effective use of space in the home), 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycling), use and care of equipment and appliances for food preparation, laundry and cleaning in relation to environmental protection, conservation of resources (e.g. energy, water), waste management,
environmentally friendly products
• Principles in developing strategies for sustainable development (e.g. use of clean and alternative technologies, managing resources and reserves, implementation of eco-labelling and energy-labelling
schemes)
• ‘Health by Design’ including addressing people with special needs (e.g. elderly, disabled)
• Choice of floor and wall coverings, lighting, ventilation
• Current issues concerning health and environmental hygiene including its problems and solutions
Food technology
• Technology in food processing including functional properties of foods (e.g. foaming of protein, emulsification of fats)
• Food product development including idea generation, development of prototype, trial and sensory evaluation and consumer costing
• Basic idea of evaluating a food product in relation to cost (e.g. life span, function and breakeven analysis)
87
Knowledge context
Learning element Content
Energy saving device
• Cost, benefit and impact of using energy saving devices (e.g. mincer, pressure cooker, food processor)
Knowledge context
Learning element Content
Information and
Communication Technology/
Common Topic
(K16) Information Processing and Presentation
Information processing& information processing tools
• Databases features may include:
- save and retrieve a database file - display and edit records
- add and delete records - sort and search records - list records with selected data - forms, labels and reports
• Simple concept of database: database, file, record, field, primary key and queries Issues related to the use of IT
• Issues may include:
- digital signature
- data privacy, data security - recycling
- ergonomics, potential health hazards - employment trends, telecommuting,
cashless society, virtual communities
88
(B) Extension Learning Elements
Secondary 1 Knowledge
context
Learning element Content
Materials and Structures
(E2)
Material Processing
Processing of materials – removal, forming, joining and finishing
• Understanding of materials and resources could be processed to suit various needs
• Common materials processing methods, such as forming, bending, pressing, vacuum forming, casting and laminating of materials
• Application of common materials
processing methods to implement design solutions in school settings
Systems and Control
(E6)
System Integration
Interconnection of systems and sub-systems
• Simple electronic and electrical systems:
- Introduction to systems - Simple electrical systems - Simple electronic systems using
function modules
- Introduction to micro-controller based system
(E7) Control and Automation
Contemporary products
• Applications of control and automation technologies in existing products (e.g.
robotics, pollution monitoring systems, automation, remote sensing)
Technology and Living
(E8)
Fabric and Clothing Construction
Choice of fabric in relation to the design and construction
• Fabric construction processes in apparel sector (e.g. spinning of fibres)
(E9)
Fashion and Dress Sense
Fashion trend and development
• Factors affecting the development of the current fashion trend
(E10)
Home Management and Technology
Management of family resources and budgeting
• Different means of money transactions for household goods and services (e.g.
cash, cheques, credit cards)
89
Secondary 2 Knowledge
context
Learning element Content
Information and
Communication Technology
(E1)
Computer Networks
Usual components of a computer network
• Simple description of various components of a computer network (such as workstation, network interface card, cabling, switch, server, router, access point and modem) and their interrelationship
• Basic ideas and examples of two types of computer networks, local area network (LAN) and wide area network (WAN)
• Different transmission media including wired and wireless media commonly used for Internet access
Internet activities
• Discussion forum, online chat, video-conferencing, exchange information through electronic mails and file transfer, e-commerce, e-learning and web hosting
• Basic concepts of common standards used on the Internet such as Uniform Resource Locator (URL), Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, Domain Name System (DNS) and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
90
Knowledge context
Learning element Content
Materials and Structures
(E2)
Material Processing
Processing of materials – removal, forming, joining and finishing
• Understanding of materials processing methods to implement design solutions, including: removal, cutting with hand tools, machining with lathe turning, drilling and sawing
Appropriate choice and use of materials process
• Selection of appropriate materials processing methods according to requirements, such as material properties, safety and quantity Operations and
Manufacturing
(E3)
Project Management
Planning and organising work in steps or procedures
• Setting of overall project goals, such as setting tasks, sequencing activities, developing schedules, prioritising actions in evaluation of design proposals (such as selecting suitable production process, testing of materials, making and testing of prototypes, evaluating product performance), investigating and reconciling
conflicting requirements, assessing the quality and organising the ways forward
• Development of cost estimates and budgets to plan project expenditures
• Analysis of resources allocation and labour utilisation for cost effectiveness Systems and
Control
(E6)
System Integration
Interconnection of systems and sub-systems
• Electronic and electrical components, devices, circuits and simple theories - Introduction to basic electrical and
electronic components
- Classic electronic and electrical circuits
- Circuit diagram and printed circuit board
91
Knowledge context
Learning element Content
(E7) Control and Automation
Control for automation
• Use of electronics, microprocessors and computers for control automation
• Select and assemble electronic-control systems to solve electronic-control problems
• Recognise the common symbols for representing electronics components and draw simple electronic circuit diagrams
• Use construction kits to model
pneumatic-control systems to achieve specified functions
• Exercise control of motion in terms of magnitude, speed, time delay and sequence by using pneumatic systems Technology
and Living
(E8)
Fabric and Clothing Construction
Choice of fabric in relation to the design and construction
• Fabric construction processes in apparel sector (e.g. weaving, knitting, felting) (E9)
Fashion and Dress Sense
Fashion trend and development
• Renowned fashion designers and their signature work pieces
(E10)
Home Management and Technology
Management of family resources and budgeting
• Different means of money transactions for housing, household goods and services (e.g. on-line shopping, hire purchase, mortgages and loans)
92
Secondary 3 Knowledge
context
Learning element Content
Information and
Communication Technology
(E1)
Computer Networks
Use of computer networks
• Applications of computer
communications (such as electronic payment system, electronic money, and e-commerce), the use of server in such setting, and the impact of Internet to these applications
• The needs of using computer networking and the way to connect various components to build simple SOHO network (both wired and
wireless) that is able to be connected to the Internet
• The advantages of computer networks (such as sharing of resources and exchanging of information on the Internet)
Materials and Structures
(E2)
Material Processing
Processing of materials – removal, forming, joining and finishing
• Understanding of materials processing methods to implement design solutions, including:
- Joining (permanent): soft and hard soldering, riveting, different types of adhesives
- Joining (semi-permanent): fastening, knock-down fixtures
• Common materials processing methods used in industrial production (e.g.
injection moulding, blow moulding, pressing)
• The idea of surface finishing (e.g.
preparation, coating and polishing)
• A range of coating methods (e.g.
electroplating, painting, protective films, veneering, enameling)
93
Knowledge context
Learning element Content
Operations and Manufacturing
(E3)
Project Management
Co-operation and co-ordination with individuals in projects: decision making, planning, organisation and evaluation procedures
• Roles and responsibilities of project leaders and team members
• The importance in managing groups and individuals in order to increase the effectiveness of the team
• Evaluation and control planned cost
• Monitoring of schedule implementation
• Evaluation of overall project performance
Strategies and Management
(E4) Resources Management
Financial budgeting (personal & company) and reporting
• Users of financial statements
• Concepts of assets, capitals, liabilities and the accounting equation: Capital = Assets – Liabilities
• Presentation of company’s financial position by using a balance sheet
• Concepts of incomes, expenditures and the equation: Income – Expenditures = Surplus
• Presentation of students’ consumption patterns by using a personal financial budget
• Calculation of discount, gross profit, mark-up and margin
Scheduling of resources
• Nature of money
• Features of different finance products
• Calculation of simple and compound interests; and present value
• Sources of financing
• Concepts of shares and dividends Human resources
• Human resource management process
• Importance of putting the right number and kinds of people to the right places at the right time for achieving company goals
94
Knowledge context
Learning element Content
(E5) Marketing
Market Research
• Simple method to conduct market research
Promotion campaigns
• Introduction to 4 Ps – Product, Price, Place and Promotion
• Advantages and Drawbacks of advertising
• Implications of advertisement:
awareness of the negative impacts of advertisement despite its positive impacts
Customer services
• Effect of customer needs to product development and promotion
Quality assurance
• Collection of feedback from customers to ensure quality of goods and services Systems and
Control
(E6)
System Integration
Interconnection of systems and sub-systems
• Appropriate application of equipment and instruments
- Operation of basic electronic and electrical equipment and measuring instruments
- Common tools and machines in doing electronic and electrical projects
• Application of different types of systems (mechanical, electronic, pneumatic, and computing) and sub-systems that can be interconnected to achieve a particular function
• Analysis of simple system-designs by using block diagrams
• Simple systems design in order to meet specified problems
• Combination of interrelated systems (software applications, structures and/or mechanisms) in order to create a new system which could be connected with other systems
95
Knowledge context
Learning element Content
(E7) Control and Automation
Control for automation
• Fundamental principles and basic physical architecture of the PC based computer system to exercise control
• Advantages and limitations of a computer-control system
• Application of simple devices for input and output
• Design of simple control program using flow-chart
• Use of control software and interface to exercise control
• Application of construction kits to model computer-control systems to achieve specified functions
Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)
• Advantages and limitations of
computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)
• Advantages and limitations of using Computer Aided Design & Drafting (CADD)
• Advantages and limitations of 3D printing
• Advantages and limitations of robots
• Use of robots in industry and the basic concepts of robotics
Technology and Living
(E8)
Fabric and Clothing Construction
Choice of fabric in relation to the design and construction
• Specific features of blended fibres (E9)
Fashion and Dress Sense
Fashion trend and development
• Current trend in fashion design and fashion illustrations
( E10)
Home Management and Technology
Management of family resources and budgeting
• Financial planning for different stages of family life cycle (e.g. savings, fixed deposit, insurances)
96
2.5 Curriculum and Subject Organisation
2.5.1 Technology education at the primary level is provided through the General Studies curriculum7. The existing subjects of the TE KLA for the junior and senior secondary levels are given in Figure 1 in Section 1.3 of this Guide.
2.5.2 At present, many schools are adopting a subject-based learning approach to providing technology education through Computer Literacy, Design and Technology, and Home Economics/Technology and Living at the junior secondary level. The learning elements in the TE curriculum at the junior secondary level have been reviewed and enriched. In order to provide a broad and balanced TE curriculum at the junior secondary level, schools are recommended to adopt a modular approach to implementing the curriculum with its core modules of learning element offered to all students. Some schools may consider offering extension modules of learning element to meet the needs of their students in addition to the core modules of learning element so as to offer opportunities for students to excel.
2.6 Smooth Transition from Kindergarten to Primary, and from Primary to Junior Secondary
2.6.1 Children at the kindergarten level are curious about the nature and phenomena in daily life. Through daily contacts with modern inventions, children can develop their awareness of the connections of science and technology with the environment and everyday life.
2.6.2 At the primary level, the emphasis of technology education is on “Awareness and Exploration”. It aims to develop students’ innovativeness and their sensitivity to the effects of scientific and technological development. Teachers are encouraged to engage students in hands-on and minds-on activities by adopting the enquiry-based learning approach in the learning and teaching of science and technology.
2.6.3 GS teachers need to understand how children learn in kindergartens, and provide a supportive learning environment to ignite primary students’ curiosity and sustain their interest in science and technology. More information about the kindergarten education curriculum is available at the Kindergarten Education Curriculum Guide (2017).
2.6.4 The GS curriculum provides opportunities for students to integrate knowledge, skills, values and attitudes across three KLAs, i.e. Science Education, Personal, Social and Humanities Education and Technology Education. The curriculum development of the TE KLA at the junior secondary level is a progressive continuation of the primary GS curriculum, with the six strands in the GS curriculum closely linked to the various knowledge contexts in the TE curriculum. Teachers need to ensure vertical continuity when planning the school TE curriculum. Gradual development based on
7 In General Studies, TE learning contents are embedded in six knowledge strands: “Health and Living”,
“Science and Technology in Everyday Life”, “Global Understanding and the Information Era”, “People and Environment”, “Community and Citizenship” and “National Identity and the Chinese Culture”. Details are available in the General Studies Curriculum Guide (Primary 1 - 6) (2017).