1.2 Study motivation and purpose
1.2.2 Study purpose
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insufficient", and "without competition", combined with the economic negative growth as the last of the "Asian Tigers". The Government has repeatedly stressed that Taiwan is facing a talent crisis and job opportunities that are equally important as the economy. However, the numbers of masters and doctors in Taiwan currently are more than one million and 164 tertiary institutions are responsible for nurturing the higher education personnel. In fact, the numbers of students of the higher education in Taiwan are sufficient to supply the industrial, academic, research and government agencies required, but why the Government still worried about the brain drain issue. The migration of talent is the world trend of the normal social phenomenon that the reasonable talent flow can promote the social and economic development.The United States, Europe, Japan and other developed nations do not worry about the problem of brain drain, while Taiwan is very worried about this issue. Is the brain drain caused by the talent crisis or the talent crisis led to a brain drain? The main problems are Taiwan facing of talent crisis. The above problems prompted the motivation of individuals engaged in the study of brain drain.
1.2.2 Study purpose
"Rome was not built one day". Currently, our country faced the international investment environment recession, the international talents hunting snatching competition fierce, domestic talents leaving seriously, and the differences of human resource qualification largely. Moreover, the news reported that the large amount of Taiwanese bachelors go to New Zealand and Australia for labor working recently. The phenomenon of "generations frustration sense" is getting serious.The average payment of the young people was less than it ten years ago , which led to the rate of college students postponing their graduation up to 19.1% and the rate of the unemployment up to 12% in 2012. That is because more and more
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students fear the competition of work and escape through the further study or the Government employment for escaping the employment pressures.
National Science Committee on August 7, 2012 held off "Technology development advisory conference". In the Conference, as to the human resources problems in Taiwan, Acer Group founder Stan Shih9 pointed out that Taiwan actually does not have enough human talents but the economic status in Taiwan that cannot provide the good opportunities to young people. Thus, the mass generally said that "this generation is worse than the previous generation", which is not logic and unfair on the young people. Today, because of the unwilling to do the investment, it makes not enough job opportunities for the young people. He said that this generation is worse than the previous generation, which is our responsibility. Morris Chang10,the Chairman of TSMC, said Taiwan is not the lack of the PhD of NTU、NTHU and NCTU and nor lack of the basic human resources, but Taiwan is the lack of mid-level human resources with the creativity and innovation, who are able to convert the science and technology arenas to the economic values.
China, Singapore, Hong Kong and Korea in Asia are the major competition opponents against Taiwan. Their training forces are more aggressive and objective. As to China, the government selected Peking University and Tsinghua University as "985 Major University", in which the students are accepted the professional training courses. As to Singapore and Hong Kong, they do not only provide a better investment environment, but also recruit the global human talents through the excellent payment. Korea has its talent cultivation by strong confidence under the single racial cooperated with the excellent training and innovative research with the large companies such as Samsung and LG that create Korea
9 聯合報，《施振榮論人才：應提供舞台給年青人發揮》，2012 年 8 月 8 日。
10 聯合報，《張忠謀論人才：不缺台清交 缺創意人》，2012 年 8 月 8 日。
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have the strong global competitiveness in the network and mobile phone markets.
Compared to the other countries, our Government currently is relatively weak in talent cultivation efforts although we have invested on 50 billion education funding for the major universities in five years for human talent training. However, facing the poor international degree and industry competitiveness, the "magnetic effect" of China, and strong head hunting of Asian countries, those factors led to Taiwan in extended recruiting scholars and retained talent work suffering impeded. In recent years, the link of global economy recession influenced the working conditions of employers. The Government has launched numbers of incubation, mantaining and recruiting personnel policies in order to solve the problem of stagnation of the middle class people and the numbers of studying abroad. These will be discussed and evaluated in this thesis as the research purposes.
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Section 3、Research Methods/Processes 1.3.1 Research Methods
As the saying that "the cultivation takes a hundred years", which the National HRD is definitely not just happened recently, but the face of the wave of globalization. Many countries would like to solve the problem of the "Brain Drain" as one of the national competition strategy. In president's inaugural speech at the 13th President Ceromony11 said the vision of "Golden Ten Years (黃金十年)" building a country of peace, justice and happiness. The government will strongly emphasize the five points of the strengthen of economic growth momentum, job creation and the implementation of social justice, a low-carbon green energy environment, the national cultural strength and actively cultivating human capital force in order to raise the global competitiveness of the economic momentum that strengthen the personnel training to avoid the brain drain. The personnel training and recruiting has become the government's future objectives that various government departments also actively adopt the various methods to solve the plight of human capital problems by stimulating the economic and professional development and creating the new opportunity of economic miracle.
Firstly, this study will address and collect the relevant theories and literatures to provide a comparative analysis schema of the problems. Afterward, according to the historical data collection and consolidation, a comparative analysis of research is through the literature review. This study will discuss the status and practice of human capital recruiting for the job situtation of China, Korea, Hong Kong and Singapore in a systematic and complete evaluation
11 中央通訊社，《總統馬英九就職演說全文》，2012 年 5 月 21 日。
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Moreover, the evolution of the industrial structure changes which was caused by the quality of human resource, research, enterprise, higher education personnel work of
"Incubation (育才)", "Maintaining (留才)", "Recruiting (攬才)". In this study, the number of international students, the willingness westward to work in China, foreign workers, personnel policies and personnel layout will be based on the relevant policies of the departments of the Ministry of Education and other data on higher education to explore the positive approaches of Taiwanese human capital dilemma in the current situation.
This study collected related information and data are enclosed: the related e-Books of China and Taiwan, websites of government, annual reports of education, official documents, laws and regulations of education, research reports, journal articles, dissertations, newspaper reviews, and books.
1.3.2 Process of Research 1.3.2.1 Data collection.
1.3.2.2 Literature review.
1.3.2.3 To collate, summarize and analyze the data.
1.3.2.4 Making recommendations and conclusions.
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Section 4、The research scope, content and limitations 1.4.1 The research scope
Facing the global human capital competition to enhance the national competitiveness and economic strength, every country is increasing human capital recruiting efforts, especially in Asia, such as Hong Kong, Singapore, Korea and China more fierce. The poaching and the flow of human capital has become an universal phenomenon. As to the "brain drain" discussion, this study does not only discuss the recruiting status of human capital flow of the Four Little Tigers in Asia and China, but also emphasize on practical implementation of the effects, problems and corresponding countermeasures of "Incubation", "Maintaining", "Recruiting" work as this research subject.
Followed by the good human capital foundation in the 1970s, the advantages of Taiwan human capital have gradually lost due to the fierce fight of political parties and the more stretched international situation and competition. It is getting harder in the implementation of the "Incubation", "Maintaining", "Recruiting" human capital , although the government has launched the policies of the "22K of bachelor employment program", "57K PhD industry employment program" and "5-year 50 billion major universities plan" to solve the unemployment problem. It is still the urgent needs of palliatives with the global economy and college students' oversupply.
The formation of Taiwan human capital becomes that "students cannot do what he learned", "enterprise has working vacancies but no workers", "high-level human capital loss" and "highly educated unemployment rate".
In this regard, the Government is strengthening and sophisticating on human
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capital policies through industry, government, academia and research exchange by views and discussions to enhance the communication focusing on the practical solutions. The President will make an important speech focusing on human capital policy, hoping to alleviate the current personnel dilemma on May 20, 2013.
Because it is not an easy job to address human capital problem by personal force, this paper is not available to investigate the whole issues easily and original official data are inconvenience collected. For analyzing the further human capital dilemma of Taiwan, this paper will emphasize on the implementation overview and faced problems of the "Incubation", "Maintaining", "Recruiting" human capital and give the personal opinions for the government.
1.4.2 The research content
"Human Capital Flow" is the current global attention issues. The progress of civilization and "Human Capital Flow" are the same way. "Human Capital Flow" is also a common phenomenon among countries. However, this is an important and serious issue how to recruit the needs of human resource and to retain the cultivation of human capital in the country.
This study will classify out human capital needs on globalization first, and the effects of human capital flows followed by the economic cycle theory and the industry development history. Furthermore, I will compare Hong Kong, Singapore and Korea of "Asian Little Tigers" and China to understand its existing overview and policy of human capital with the difficulties of human capital policies in Taiwan for the references of our future government human capital policies.
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1.4.3 The research limitations
1.4.3.1 I was just retired from the army service and had serviced at the important units of the Defense Department, which is limited by the 2nd and 4th item, the ninth article of Ordinance of people relationship of both countries. Moreover, I have signed the
"confidential agreement" that is prohibited to enter China. Even though the period of limitation expires, I still will comply with the limitation of prohibiting into China forever to avoid increasing the national and personal plagued. From the data collected, I will gather through a Chinese official government website, statistic data and academic articles as references for writing direction, the same collecting methods with Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore and other countries.
1.4.3.2 I originally planned to use the the fieldwork investigation in this research to actually understand the policies and countermeasures of brain drain of the relevant industry, academic, research and government by letters (Table-2 The communications records) to collect the internal data. However, the Personal Data Protection Act has been implemented on October 1, 2012. Those authorities in order to avoid conflict with the law declined to provide the internal information or reference. Moreover, my ability is limited without enough social relations for the dynamic data collection.
However, to ensure the information reality, credibility, and credibility in the process of writing papers, I will continue to deliberate the government current promoted policies and press releases, as well as references.
1.4.3.3 For Taiwan, the dynamic situation of "Incubation", "Maintaining", and "Recruiting"
human capital is limited by the provisions of Article 10 of the Constitution. "The people have the freedom of movement and residence, freedom". The Article V of the Immigration Law: "The Taiwanese residents have freedom of entry and exit and do
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not need to apply for permission except the national security staff". Moreover, the provisions of Article 9 of Ordinance of people relationship of both countries: "The Taiwanese entering China shall be approved by the general outbound inspection program. As to the data of high-tech, academia brain flow, this is not available to gather by the Immigration Department because the passport will not give the information of occupation, purpose outbound and career, only for those restricting the exit. For the residence information about foreigners in Taiwan, it is available through the Immigration website. As to the dynamic data flow of human capital, I only gathered from the foreigners residence information from the Immigration Department and current job investigation parameters of 1111-Job Bank. Thus, the current countermeasures of "Incubation", "Maintaining", and "Recruiting" human capital will be collected from the official government statistics and policies as the basic foundation and the job bank as the reference.
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Table-2 The communications records
Fields Receiver's E-mail Reply Content Appendix
Science Gin, he said this information is for internal confidential and it cannot be supplied.
2 security of our students.
4
National Chiao Tung University
（nc50663@nctu.edu.tw）
According to the Ministry of education norms, it is currently only available for the reference of the Council without released by the public or used for other purposes. Please understand.
5 published on the Website of the school.
Our main business is to help domestic enterprises to recruit overseas human capital service. As to the
"Brain Drain" statistical data, please obtain from the relevant authorities.
8
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Please refer to the relevant
data through the website. 10 104 Job Bank
（lolin.lo104@104.com.tw）
Currently, we have found similar reports articles, please click on the following Web site.
11
E-job Job Bank
（FindJOB@mail.ejob.gov.tw）
Due to the the Personal Data Protection Act, we cannot supply you the information.
12
Global Views Monthly
（gvm@cwgv.com.tw）
Please refer to the public information published by the magazine that we are unable to provide additional data.
13
Common Wealth Magazine
（bill@cw.com.tw）
The magazines already published the relevant information. If you need to search any information,
Please refer to our official
website. 15
Industrial Development Bureau of the Ministry of Economic
Affairs
(service@moeaidb.gov.tw）
We don’t have the relevant statistical data, please refer to the Web site of CEPD.
16
Mainland Affairs Council
（macst@mac.gov.tw）
We do not have the relevant
information. 17
Bureau of Employment and Vocational Training.
（b73000026@evta.gov.tw）
Please refer to the Web site
of CEPD. 18
National Youth Commission
（jftsaur@nyc.gov.tw）
Please refer to the Web site of CEPD and Education Department.
19
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Chapter 2、The theory of globalization and human capital flow
Section 1、Preface
In this information era, knowledge flows quickly and transcends borders. Globalization and Internationalization is almost irresistible. Many successful countries, companies and individuals are able to predict the future and make decisions faster than the others to seize the opportunity and maintain their priority. Globalization refers to all members in political, economic, social, and cultural interactive and beyond the borders in the global village.
Globalization12 is a process, which is the phenomenon of social relations integration up due to the information and communications technology developed. In this era, a head office in the United States of transnational corporations can put the order through the real-time network to Taiwanese manufacturers and then the Taiwanese manufacturers put the products' specifications and data conveyed to the instructions to the China factories for production.
When each country plays the different roles in the production in the sales process, which is able to complete the task by globalization with the geographic barriers restrict collapsed.
12 張庭，《2010 社會學》，志光文化，第 9 章 22-25 頁。
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Section 2、The globalization theory and human capital flow
Since the phenomenon of globalization has been existed from ancient era, the watershed concept of globalization that most people think is from the computer invention in the 1970's by the information revolution. The origins of the term of "globalization" was first introduced by Theodore Levitt13 in 1983, used to describe the significant change in the international economy from 1965 to 1985, that is, goods, services, capital and technology in the global proliferation of phenomena in the fields of production, consumption and investment. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Economist S. Estuary in 1990 have also adopted this concept that refers to the production factors in speed and on a scale unprecedented in the global movement to seek an appropriate location and configuration14. Ohmae, the Japanese management master, noted in 1990 that the globalized economic activity through the transnational activities such as production, trade and financial integration. The enterprise or region plays a major push to build a new way of social organization that means the globalization eventually replacing the nationalization.
When capitalism entered the period of globalization in the late 1970, each country faces the fierce competition with each other and the third world country is to survive the crisis in this transitional phase. However, the trends of world globalization including the three characteristics are as follows15:
2.2.1 Led by financial capitalism
With the globalization, the funds of financial markets have the plenty of hot money between movements, like "casino capitalism". When the funds quickly flow between
13 Theodore Levitt, 1985. "Globalization of Markets" in the May–June 1983 issue of Harvard Business Review.
14 David Held 著，陳淑玲譯，《全球化大轉變（台北：偉伯文化事業出版社，2001 年 1 月）》，頁 2-13。
15 Suzanne Keller，《Sociology（台北：雙葉出版社）》。
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the country to country that will lead to the manipulation funds of Investment Company to create the beautiful earnings and profit by the short-term operation strategy replaced the long-term investment. Moreover, the industrial production investment will be reduced for their long-term strategy. This is the reason why the financial credit problems repeatedly and the financial crisis recurrence time shortened that brings the major trauma for the global economy such as the Lehman Brothers debt crisis of the United States in 2008.
2.2.2 The world division and North-South hemisphere differences
Although the funds are rapidly moving everywhere, they do not make the global
Although the funds are rapidly moving everywhere, they do not make the global