1
Taiwan Studies in the Mainland China
*Ts’ui-jung Liu**
This article was originally published in Chang Gung Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (長庚 人文社會學報), Vol. 5, No. 2 (October, 2012), pp. 229-262.
Abstract
This article aims at providing a retrospection of the field of Taiwan studies in the Mainland China from three perspectives. First, an overview of the field of Taiwan studies in the Mainland China since 1980 will be presented with some statistics derived from catalogues published in recent years. Second, reviews of the Mainland scholars’ studies on certain subjects, such as the history, the economy, and the agriculture of Taiwan, covering a long period of time will be discussed. And thirdly, the agriculture of Taiwan will be taken as an example for illustrating major issues most recently concerned by the Mainland scholars. These concerns of the Mainland scholars may provide useful insights for experts of agricultural sciences, practitioners of agricultural enterprises, and decision-makers of agricultural policies in Taiwan for making a greater effort to keep the leading role of Taiwan’s agriculture at present and in the future under the circumstances of unavoidable competition and cooperation across the Straits.
Keywords: Taiwan studies, Agricultural development, Low-carbon agriculture, Trade of Agricultural products, Agricultural investment
1. An Overview of the Field
In recent years, some efforts have been made to catalogue works related to Taiwan studies and thus an overview of the field can be perceived. The Taiwan Research Institute of Xiamen University started to compile in 2006 and published in 2008 the Catalogue of Taiwan Studies in the Mainland Area (1980-2006) (hereafter,
Catalogue). In the Preface, Liu Guo-shen劉國深, Director of the Institute, stated that
this Catalogue contained about 13,000 entries of articles and 2,000 entries of
*
The first version of this article was delivered as a keynote speech on April 26, 2012 at the First World Congress of Taiwan Studies sponsored by the Academia Sinica. The author would like to thank Academia Sinica for inviting her to present this keynote speech.
**
Distinguished Visiting Fellow, Institute of Taiwan History, Academia Sinica. Email: ectjliu@gate.sinica.edu.tw.
monographs.1 In below, some statistics derived from the Catalogue will be discussed.
1.1 Geographical Distribution of Journals carrying Taiwan Studies
It is possible to use the List of Journals available in the Catalogue to perceive the geographical distribution of referred journals as listed in Table 1 and illustrated in Map 1.2 As can be seen in Map 1, journals carrying articles related to Taiwan studies were published all over the Mainland area in 26 provinces. Table 1 indicates that during 1980-2006, these journals were published in 84 cities with a total number of 1,309; and including those published in Hong Kong and Macao, the grand total was 1,317. It is remarkable that Beijing alone had 421 journals (31.3% of the grand total); following its lead, Shanghai had 76, Wuhan 61, Fuzhou 56, Guangzhou 44, and Nanjing 42 journals. In addition, there were 5 cities each had 30-34 journals, 8 cities each had 20-29 journals, and 9 cities each had 10-19 journals. These 28 cities, each had more than 10 journals, together had 1,192 journals, or 90.5% of the grand total. The other 56 cities, each had 1-7 journals, together had 117, or 8.9% of the grand total.
Table 1: Geographical Distribution of Journals referred in the Catalogue
City N City N City N
Beijing 北京 421 Hefei 合肥 25 Sub-total of 28 cities 1192
Shanghai 上海 76 Nanning 南寧 21 2 cities (7) 14
Wuhan 武漢 61 Taiyuan 太原 21 3 cities (6) 18
Fuzhou 福州 56 Lanzhou 蘭州 21 1 city (5) 5
Guangzhou 廣州 44 Tianjin 天津 20 3 cities (4) 12
Nanjing 南京 42 Hangzhou 杭州 19 5 cities (3) 15
Jinan 濟南 34 Zhengzhou 鄭州 19 11 cities (2) 22
Changsha 長沙 34 Shijiazhuang 石家莊 17 31 cities (1) 31
Changchun 長春 33 Chongqin 重慶 17 Sub-total of 56 cities 117
Shenyang 瀋陽 31 Kunming 昆明 16 Total of 84 cities 1309
Xian 西安 30 Guiyang 貴陽 15 Hong Kong 香港 7
Haerbin 哈爾濱 29 Huhehaote 呼和浩特 14 Macao 澳門 1
Chengdu 成都 28 Xiamen 廈門 12
Nanchang 南昌 26 Dalian 大連 10 Grand Total 1317
1
Pan Jin-ming ed., (2008), 464 pages; reface, p. 2. 2
Pan Jin-ming ed., (2008), List of Journals, pp. 395-414. It should be noted that Table 1 does not include two journals published in Taiwan, Taiwan yuanliu 臺灣源流 and Dangdai 當代. It is well acknowledged that Miss Li Yu-ting 李玉亭 of the Centre for GIS, RCHSS, Academia Sinica, helped in drawing this map.
Map 1: Distribution of Journals in the Mainland China carrying Articles related to Taiwan studies
1.2 Major Themes of Taiwan Studies
Entries of both articles and monographs were classified into eight major themes. In the case of articles, as they are too numerous to count one by one, I take the number of pages as a reference to estimate roughly the share of each major theme with the following results: (1) General Discourse on Taiwan, 0.8 page; (2) Society and Culture of Taiwan, 49.2 pages; (3) Politics of Taiwan, 93.5 pages; (4) Law of Taiwan, 23.5 pages; (5) Military Affairs of Taiwan, 11.5 pages; (6) Economy of Taiwan, 136 pages; (7) Literature of Taiwan, 39 pages; and (8) History of Taiwan, 39 pages.3 Apparently, the two most attractive major themes of articles related to Taiwan studies in the Mainland China are Economy of Taiwan (35% of the 393 pages) and Politics of Taiwan (24%).
As for monographs, a counting by entries (some of them had more than one volume) listed under each major theme obtained the results as follows: (1) General Discourse on Taiwan, 61 volumes; (2) Society and Culture of Taiwan, 148 volumes; (3) Politics of Taiwan, 433 volumes; (4) Law of Taiwan, 71 volume; (5) Military
3
Affairs of Taiwan, 32 volumes; (6) Economy of Taiwan, 229 volumes; (7) Literature of Taiwan, 122 volumes; and (8) History of Taiwan, 553 volumes. Of the total 1,649 volumes, the top three major themes were History (33.5%), Politics (26.3%), and Economy (13.9%), followed by Social and Culture (9.0%), Literature (7.4%), Law (4.3%), General Discourse (3.7%), and Military Affairs (1.9%).4
It is well known that the first journal of Taiwan studies in the Mainland China,
Taiwan Yanjiu Jikan 臺 灣 研 究 集 刊 (hereafter TYJ, the English title, Taiwan Research Quarterly, was changed to Taiwan Research Journal in 2010) was published
by the Taiwan Research Institute of Xiamen University in 1983. Another key journal,
Taiwan Yanjiu 臺灣研究 (hereafter TY, Taiwan Studies), was published in 1988 by
the Institute of Taiwan Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Here, the number of articles related to Taiwan history is taken as a reference to observe the changing role of these two key journals.
In addition to entries listed under the major theme of History of Taiwan, there were entries under sub-themes of history of education, economic history, and literary history respectively listed under major themes of Society and Culture, Economy, and Literature of Taiwan in the Catalogue.5 In counting the number of articles related to Taiwan history, all these entries are included as shown in Figure 1.
Number of Articles related to Taiwan History Published in the Mainland
0 50 100 150 200 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year Number Total TYJ TY
Fig. 1: Number of Articles related to Taiwan History published in the Mainland Journals listed in the Catalogue
4
Pan Jin-ming ed., (2008), List of Monographs, pp. 417-463.
5
Pan Jin-ming ed., (2008), History of Taiwan, pp. 356-395; history of education, pp. 43-44; economic history, pp. 311-317, literary history, p. 352.
During 1980-2006, the total number of articles related to Taiwan history listed in the Catalogue was 1,574, of which TYJ published 225 articles (14.9%) and TY published 61 articles (3.9%). Before 1983, only 17 articles related to Taiwan history were published in other journals. During 1983-2006, a turning point appeared in 1995 when the number of articles published in other journals increased sharply. In the case of TYJ, the average share of its articles on Taiwan history was 68.1% in 1983-1994 but only 7.2% in 1995-2006. In the case of TY, its articles on Taiwan history were published mostly in 1995-2001 with an average of 8.3%.
As for monographs, under the major theme of History of Taiwan, of the total 553 volumes, the entries of historical materials counted for 228 volumes, or 41.2%. In addition, there were 14 volumes of economic history listed under the major theme of Economy of Taiwan and 16 volumes of literary history under Literature of Taiwan.6
Furthermore, studies on Taiwan history published in the Mainland China may be compared with the data obtained from the Annual Bibliography of Taiwan History (hereafter, Annual Bibliography) for years 2004-2010 compiled and published by the Institute of Taiwan History, Academia Sinica.7 The journals referred in each Annual
Bibliography included those published in Chinese (in Taiwan and in the Mainland),
Japanese, Korean, and Western languages (mostly in English).
Figure 2 shows the number of referred journals in each Annual Bibliography. The total number of referred journals fluctuated from 126 to 156 during 2004-2010 with a peak of 197 in 2009. On average, the journals published in Taiwan shared 39.0% with the largest share of 51.5% in 2006. The Japanese journals were quite well referred as they shared 38.9% on average, and reached 51.1% in 2007 and 51.8% in 2009. In addition, the journals in Western languages had 10.1% on average and those in Korean had 7.4%, however, those published in the Mainland China had only 4.5%, apparently under represented.
The Annual Bibliography classified works of Taiwan history into four major themes such as political, economic, social, and cultural history; and three minor themes such as general history, biography, and historical materials of Taiwan. Moreover, in annual volumes of 2008-2010, there was a new theme of research method; however, as articles listed under this theme dealt mostly with book review and state of the field, they were reclassified into other themes according to their subject matter. Figures 3-6 illustrate respectively the shares of major themes focused
6
Pan Jin-ming ed., (2008), pp. 446-447; 450-451; 451-463. 7
Taiwan shi yanjiu wenxian leimu bianji xiaozu 臺灣史研究文獻類目編輯小組 (The Compiling Group of Annual Bibliography of Taiwan History) ed., (2005-2011). It should be noted that each annual volume of years 2005-2010 includes a list of missing entries of the previous year. These missing entries are added to suitable categories of each year in my statistics here. However, it should be noted that as missing entries of 2010 were not yet available, the data of 2010 was not as complete as previous years.
by articles, monographs, doctoral dissertations, and master theses.
Number of referred Journals
0 50 100 150 200 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year Number
Taiwan Mainland Japan Korea West Total
Fig. 2: Number of referred Journals in the Annual Bibliography
In the case of articles published in journals and symposiums, the annual total number fluctuated from 487 to 562 during 2004-2010 with a peak of 767 in 2009. The average shares of four major themes were in the order of cultural history 24.2%, political history 23.3%, social history 18.5%, and economic history 17.6% (Fig. 3).
As for monographs, the annual total number fluctuated from 385 to 294 during 2004-2010 with a trough of 237 in 2006 and a peak of 441 in 2009. On average, the historical materials had the largest share of 51.3%; thus, the shares of four major themes were much lower than in the case of articles, such as: cultural history 10.7%, social history 9.8%, political history 9.7%, and economic history 4.8% (Fig. 4).
Articles of Taiwan History
0 10 20 30 40 50 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year %
Political Economic Social Cultural
Monographs of Taiwan History
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year %
Political Economic Social Cultural Materials
Fig. 3: Articles of Taiwan History Fig. 4: Monographs of Taiwan History in the Annual Bibliography in the Annual Bibliography
In the case of doctoral dissertations, the number increased from 13 in 2004 to 71 in 2008 and then declined to 49 in 2009 and 34 in 2010. The average shares of four major themes were in the order of political history 33.2%, cultural history 27.5%, economic history 21.3%, and social history 17.0% (Fig. 5). Finally, the annual number of master theses increased from 122 in 2004 to 297 in 2009 and then decreased to 208 in 2010. The average shares of four major themes were cultural history 34.7%, social history 24.0%, economic history 20.1%, and political history 18.4% (Fig. 6).
Doctoral Dissertations of Taiwan History
0 20 40 60 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year %
Political Economic Social Cultural
Master Theses of Taiwan History
0 20 40 60 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year %
Political Economic Social Cultural
Fig. 5: Doctoral Dissertations of Taiwan
History in the Annual Bibliography
Fig. 6: Master Theses of Taiwan History in the Annual Bibliography
In other words, according to the Annual Bibliography, cultural history of Taiwan was the most favorable theme during 2004-2010 as revealed in articles, monographs, and master theses; and it ranked the second in doctoral dissertations. According to the definition given by the compiling group of the Annual Bibliography, culture referred to studies of cultural thought, institution, policy, education, literature, arts, languages, and media.8 This emphasis on cultural history of Taiwan in recent years in Taiwan, Japan and western countries was somewhat different from the situation in the Mainland China.
According to the Catalogue, during 1980-2006, there were 46 articles listed as cultural history under the major theme of History of Taiwan; 36 articles listed as history of education under the major theme of Society and Culture; 115 articles listed as literary history under the major theme of Literature; putting together, these 197 articles counted for 12.5 % of the total 1,574 articles of Taiwan history.9
Another comparison can be made for the periodical history. Figure 7 shows the shares of articles listed for three periods under the major theme of History of Taiwan in the Catalogue.10 Figure 8 shows the shares of works (including articles and
8
Annual Bibliography, Preface of the 2010 volume, p. iv. 9
Pan Jin-ming ed., (2008), history of education, pp. 43-44; literary history, p. 352; cultural history, pp. 358-360.
10
monographs) related to different periods according to the list prepared by the Annual
Bibliography.11 In these two figures, the percentage of each period is calculated by a comparison of the number in each period with the sum of all periods in each year.
Because the periods were divided differently in the two sources, it is difficult to compare directly period by period. On the one hand, in Figure 7 the data of the
Catalogue revealed that on average, the ancient period (or pre-1840) shared 47.7%,
the modern period (1840-1949) 39.2%, and the contemporary period (post 1949) 13.1%. And it is quite obvious that before 1995, most studies focused on the pre-1840 period, but afterwards, the focus gradually changed to the contemporary period. On the other hand, in Figure 8 the data of the Annual Bibliography revealed that on average, the Japanese colonial period shared 46.5%, the post World War II period 35.6%, the Qing period 14.6%, and the pre-Qing period 3.3%.
Shares of Articles related to Different Periods of Taiwan History in the Catalogue
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 1980-1984 1985-1989 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 Year
Ancient Modern Contemporary
Shares of Works related to Different Periods of Taiwan History in
the Annual Bibliography
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year
Pre-Qing Qing Japanese CP Post WWII
Fig.7: Shares of Periodical History Fig. 8: Shares of Periodical History
in the Catalogue in the Annual Bibliography When only the data of 2000-2006 in Figure 7 was taken to compare with those of
2004-2010 in Figure 8, the results showed that the share of the post World War II period was 28.4% and 35.6% respectively in the two cases. It seemed that in recent years, scholars outside of the Mainland China have been more interested in the contemporary history of Taiwan.
As mentioned above, the data of the Catalogue revealed that Politics of Taiwan was one of the top major themes. For observing the changing roles played by TYJ and TY in publishing articles related to this theme, the sub-theme of general discourse on politics of Taiwan is taken here for a reference as shown in Figure 9.
During 1984-2006, the total number of articles dealing with general discourse on the politics of Taiwan was 951, of which TYJ had 161 (16.9%) and TY had 64 (6.7%).
11
I simply used the number listed in tables provided in the Preface of the Annual Bibliography. It should be noted that in the volumes of 2008-2010, degree theses were listed separately and they were not included in the number shown in Fig. 8.
Similarly, a turning point was found around 1995 as in the case of Taiwan history (see Fig. 1 above). It is notable that the average share of TYJ in 1984-1994 was 86.5% but in 1995-2006 only 9.9%; apparently, its role declined drastically. As for TY, even with entries of zero omitted, its average share was 19.1% in 1989-1990 and 14.6% in 1994-2002; a decline of its role was also perceivable.
Number of Articles related to General Discourse of the Politics of Taiwan
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year Number Total TYJ TY
Fig. 9: Number of Articles related to General Discourse of the Politics of Taiwan listed in the Catalogue
In regard to agriculture of Taiwan, the role of major journal was played by
Taiwan Nongye Tanso臺灣農業探索 (hereafter TNT, Taiwan Agricultural Research).
This journal, managed by the Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, was initiated in 1979 and formally publicized in 1985.12 In the Catalogue, under the major theme of Economy of Taiwan there was a sub-theme of agricultural sector with 377 entries of articles published in 1980-2006.13 Of these 377 articles, TNT had 113 (30.0%) and TYJ had 24 (6.4%). Figure 10 shows the distributions of these articles related to the agriculture of Taiwan.
As in the case of history and politics, the role of major journals related to agriculture of Taiwan also encountered a change around 1995. In 1982-1994, the average share of articles published in TNT was 32.1% and that of TYJ 28.9%; in 1995-2006, the average share of TNT was 25.9% while that of TYJ only 1.8%. In
12
See the website of Taiwan Nongye Tanso, retrieved March 9, 2012, from http://www.twnt.cn/CN/ volumn/home.shtml.
13
other words, before 1995, both TNT and TYJ played the major role of publishing articles related to agriculture of Taiwan, but afterward, the role of TNT declined slightly while that of TYJ drastically.
Number of Articles related to Taiwan Agriculture
0 10 20 30 40 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year Number Total TNT TYJ
Fig. 10: Number of Articles related to Taiwan Agriculture listed in the Catalogue
2. Reviews of Certain Subjects
In recent years, several scholars have tried to analyze the situation of Taiwan studies from different perspectives. Before going on to discuss review articles written by the Mainland scholars, two articles which may be helpful for understanding the current state of Taiwan studies should be mentioned here.
The first article by Jonathan Sullivan, Lecturer of the University of Nottingham in UK, regarded Taiwan studies as a field of research within area studies. Sullivan took 225 articles focusing on Taiwan as a base for his analysis. These articles shared 12.3% of the total number of articles published in English in 17 area studies journals from January 2004 to December 2008. Sullivan classified these articles into five themes with the following numbers: politics 114, international relations/security 57, political economy 29, social sciences 13, and humanities 12. Even though the share of political science was the largest, Sullivan contended that research on Taiwan was not limited to political science and its sub-disciplines, but also being carried out by specialists in economics, sociology, history, women’s studies, urban studies, environmental studies, development studies, anthropology and law. As for the authorship of these 225 articles, 199 (88%) were single author and 26 (12%) featured co-author or multiple authors, thus counted a total of 253 authors. Among these
authors, 38% were located in Taiwan, 36% in USA, 9% in UK, and 17% in continental Europe and Asian locations other than Taiwan (including Australia and New Zealand). Sullivan concluded that the field of Taiwan studies was neither in decline nor marginalized.14
The second article by Kelvin G. Cai, Associate Professor of the University of Waterloo in Canada, traced the evolution of decision-making think tanks and intelligent agencies as well as research institutes concerning Taiwan in the Mainland China since 1979. Cai suggested that, “In general, Beijing-based think tanks are the most conservative and hardline-oriented while Fujian-based research agencies are the most liberal, with those based in Shanghai lying in between the two in terms of attitude and orientation.” He also pointed out that the decision-making structure dealing with Taiwan had become increasingly institutionalized, bureaucratic, pragmatic and professional-based in Mainland China since the early 1990s.15
2.1 Reviews on the History of Taiwan
As for studies on the history of Taiwan, Chen Zhong-chun陳忠純, Assistant Professor of Taiwan Research Institute, Xiamen University, gave a review on articles published in TYJ during 1983-2007. In these 25 years, TYJ published a total of 1,446 articles, of which 306 (21.2%) were related to the history of Taiwan. By classifying all articles published in TYJ during 1996-2007, Chen Zhong-chun found that the shares of different disciplines were as follows: economics had 205 articles (30.6%); political science, 148 (22.1%); history, 134 (20.0%); literature, 98 (14.6%); law, 44 (6.6%); education and culture, 17 (2.5%); religion, 5 (0.8%); and others, 20 (3.0%). In other words, the history of Taiwan was the third major theme of articles published in TYJ. In terms of periods, most articles of Taiwan history focused on the Ming-Zheng, Qing, and Japanese colonial periods. In addition to quantitative analysis, Chen Zhong-chun contended that the articles of Taiwan history revealed three characteristics: (1) they had wide coverage, important focus, and deep dimension; (2) they emphasized not only Taiwan’s historical origin and its interaction with the Mainland but also local social development; and (3) they were highly academic but also had notable practical implications. He also pointed out some shortcomings of these articles: (1) it was needed to develop historical research methods; (2) it was needed to do more research on the Dutch colonial period and the post World War II period; (3) the number of articles focused on thought and culture was rather small; and (4) most articles of biography dealt with persons who had personal relationships with the Mainland.16
In addition to the above review article, two senior scholars wrote about their own
14
Jonathan Sullivan, (2011), pp. 706-718. 15
Kelvin G. Cai, (2011), pp. 219-245; the quotation is on p. 243. I would like to thank Professor Yeh Wen-shin for sending me a copy of this article.
16
experiences in doing research on Taiwan history in the past 30 years. Li Zu-ji 李祖基, Professor of the Taiwan Research Institute, Xiamen University, gave a retrospection of the Mainland scholars’ research on Taiwan history in terms of the publication of monographs and articles, the compilation of historical materials, scholarly exchanges between the Mainland and Taiwan, as well as criticisms on historical conceptions of “Taiwan independence” and “de-Sinicize” (quzhongguohua 去中國化 ). For the future of the field, Li Zu-ji emphasized five aspects: (1) to give a priority to scientific construction and personnel training; (2) to insist on the principle of Taiwan history as a part of Chinese history; (3) to treat correctly the universality and uniqueness of research on Taiwan history; (4) to strengthen further the work of discovering and sorting out historical materials of Taiwan; and (5) to maintain the publication of journals such as Taiwan Yanchiu Jikan and Taiwan Yanjiu in a sustainable way.17 Deng Kong-zhao 鄧孔昭, another Professor of Xiamen University, told the story of his own experience in studying Taiwan history since he was a graduate student. He also traced the changing situation of the field in both the Mainland and Taiwan and stressed the importance of doing deeper research and producing more excellent works under the circumstance of flourishing publications.18
Here, it should be mentioned that in 2011, Yeh Wen-hsin 葉文心, Professor of University of California at Berkeley, delivered an objective review of writing the history of Taiwan by scholars holding different points of view across the Taiwan Straits.19 Her article may be helpful in enlightening historians who insisted on writing the history of Taiwan with a certain line of historical conception.
2.2 Reviews on the Economy of Taiwan
In regard to the economy of Taiwan, Wang Hua 王華, Assistant Professor of the Taiwan Research Institute, Xiamen University, gave a review on articles published in TYJ during 1983-1987, 1993-1997 and 2003-2007 in order to trace changes in research style through these periods. Wang Hua began with explanations of paradigms and methods applied in studying the economy of Taiwan and then proceeded to classify each article into different categories with illustrations in six figures.20 I summarize his classifications and findings in Table 2.
Regarding the content of articles on the economy of Taiwan, Table 2(1) shows that the shares of articles related to policy/regulation introduction and policy evaluation gradually decreased, while the shares of articles related to trend 17 Li Zu-ji, (2009), pp. 60-64. 18 Deng Kong-zhao, (2009), pp. 54-58. 19
Yeh Wen-hsin, (2011), 39 pages. I would like to thank Professor Yeh for sending me a copy of her paper.
20
prediction/future prospect increased; this tendency reflected that the research on the economy of Taiwan had been changed following the development of economic relations across the Taiwan Straits.
Table 2: Articles related to the Economy of Taiwan published in TYJ (1) Classified by Content
Periods 1983-1987 1993-1997 2003-2007
Classifications N % N % N %
Policy/Regulation Introduction 44 48.35 18 21.43 8 12.16
Institution/Policy/Viewpoint Evaluation 25 27.47 27 32.14 13 17.57
Current Situation Description 49 53.85 37 44.05 42 56.76
Issues/Causes/Impact Analysis 65 71.43 57 67.86 50 67.57
Trend Prediction/Future Prospect 26 28.57 26 30.95 24 32.43
Institution/Model Construction 0 0 9 10.71 22 29.73
Theory/Concept Investigation 2 2.2 5 5.95 2 2.7
Total Number of Articles* 91 84 74
(2) Classified by Method Periods 1983-1987 1993-1997 2003-2007 Classifications N % N % N % Value Judgment 8 8.79 0 0 0 0 Quantitative Description/Analysis 44 48.35 13 15.48 17 22.97 Documentary Induction 73 80.22 63 75 52 70.27 Logic/Theoretical Deduction 10 10.99 18 21.43 40 54.05 Empirical/Model Verification 0 0 0 0 7 9.46 Translation 15 16.48 21 25 13 17.57
Total Number of Articles* 91 84 74
* Each article is classified not only in one category.
Correspondingly, Table 2(2) shows that in terms of methods, the shares of quantitative description/analysis and documentary induction gradually decreased while the shares of logic/theoretical deduction increased; and some studies applying methods of empirical/model verification also appeared in 2003-2007.21
Another review article focused on the agriculture of Taiwan was written by Xu Biao-wen 許標文, Research Assistant, and Zeng Yu-rong 曾玉榮, Research Fellow, both from the Institute of Agricultural Economy and Scientific Information, Fujian
21
Academy of Agricultural Sciences. This article provided a quantitative analysis of studies published during 1979-2009 by the Mainland journals available in the database of China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). Xu and Zeng took 2,321 articles as a base for analysis and divided the trend of research into four stages as follows:
(1) The initial stage in 1979-1987: Following the “Three Communications” initiated by the Mainland authority, a few articles began to appear in journals with themes mostly related to agricultural resources and technology in Taiwan.
(2) The steady developing stage in 1988-1995: As the Mainland authority drew up a series of regulations and measures to encourage trade and investment from Taiwan, a large number of articles appeared with themes extending to agricultural cooperation and exchange, policy of agricultural development, and management of agricultural products.
(3) The tortuous developing stage in 1996-2001: The Mainland authority continued to encourage investment from Taiwan while the Taiwan authority set up many barriers and thus the number of studies decreased; but new themes, such as organic agriculture, safety of agriculture, leisure agriculture, and rural development started to emerge.
(4) The stage after joining WTO since 2002: More articles appeared in more journals with a keen on leisure agriculture and organic agriculture.22
Xu and Zeng also analyzed the distribution of these articles by authors and found that on average, each article had 1.3 authors and the single author articles counted for 1,310, or 56.5% of the total. Among the authors, Zeng Yu-rong was the most productive as he had 58 articles of which 38 were single-authored. The authors were also ranked by the number of their articles and a brief introduction was given to each of them ranking on the top of this echelon.23 As for the journals, the total number was 667 and each journal published 3.5 articles on average. Of all journals, the leading one was TNT which published 417 articles (18.0%), while TYJ published 31 articles (1.3%) and ranked the seventh. Eight of the top ten journals were published in Fujian province and the other two in Beijing.24
Using keywords as a reference, Xu and Zeng found that during 2000-2009, the seven most frequently referred terms were in the order of (1) agricultural cooperation and exchange; (2) agricultural development policy, lesson, and thought; (3) business and management of agricultural products; (4) rural development; (5) agricultural
22
Xu Biao-wen and Zeng Yu-rong, (2010), pp. 7-8. 23
Xu Biao-wen and Zeng Yu-rong, (2009), pp. 8-10. 24
Xu Biao-wen and Zeng Yu-rong, (2009), p. 11. It was stated that before 1996, the original name of
Taiwan Nongye Tanso was Taiwan Nongye qingkuang 臺灣農業情況. The percentage of articles in
technology; (6) leisure and tourist agriculture; and (7) organic agriculture and safety of agriculture.25
Xu and Zeng concluded that as the subject of agriculture was becoming pluralized, in order to broaden the vision of research it was necessary to have more researchers, institutions, and journals. Modern agriculture was no longer traditional and required a wider range of business and higher technology to support its development, which in turn, would involve studies of natural sciences such as microbiology, genetics, and environmental science as well as sociology and management. To study the experience of agricultural development in Taiwan, it was not enough to apply simple and vague theory but necessary to do research on specific technology, mechanism, and policy in order to produce results which could provide guiding directions and applications. With more frequent and deeper interactions across the Taiwan Straits, efforts should be made to achieve a harmonious development of agriculture on both sides of the Straits.26
3. Major Concerns on the Agriculture of Taiwan
With the above detailed review related to studies on the agriculture of Taiwan, this section will take some articles published in 2010-2011 as examples to illuminate recent concerns of the Mainland scholars. Four subjects will be discussed below with selected articles.
3.1 The Agricultural Development in Taiwan
Regarding the agricultural development in Taiwan, Zhang Chuan-guo 張傳國, Professor of Economics, and Zhuang Li-huan 莊禮煥, M.A. Student, both from Xiamen University, analyzed the agricultural development across the Taiwan Straits in a comparative perspective. They pointed out three features of the agricultural development in Taiwan: (1) policy guidance in different stages since 1949 was the premise of agricultural development; (2) technological progress was the engine of agricultural modernization through application of machines, development of high technologies, education, and extension; and (3) agricultural cooperative organization played a key role in the industrialization of agriculture in Taiwan. They compared the agricultural sector across the Straits from viewpoints of the state of agricultural sector, the current stage of development, the construction of rural area, the agricultural organization, and the land system. Finally, they suggested that the agricultural development in Taiwan provided enlightenments for the Mainland in five aspects: (1)
25
Xu Biao-wen and Zeng Yu-rong, (2009), pp. 11-12 26
to reinforce continuously the supporting force for the farmer, agriculture and rural area (the so-called “san-nong 三農”); (2) to raise the quality of the farmer; (3) to emphasize rural construction; (4) to investigate the development of agricultural cooperative organization, and (5) to improve the land system.27
Zhao Jian趙建, Lecturer of Northeast University of Agriculture in Haerbin, investigated the rice policy of Taiwan and its enlightenment for developing grain security measures in the Mainland China. He discussed the situation of rice production in Taiwan in 2006-2008 and pointed out that the goal of Taiwan’s rice policy was to achieve a balance between demand and supply through various measures including the adoption of rotation and fallow system, the stabilization of rice price, the enhancement of rice competitiveness, as well as the breeding and extension of good quality rice strains. He suggested that Taiwan’s rice policy could enlighten the Mainland in formulating the grain security measures in four aspects: (1) grain security was the premise of agricultural policy, (2) enhancing the capability of grain production was the root of grain security, (3) promoting the productive capability of the farmer was the premise of grain security, and (4) utilizing fully the international regulations related to the trade of agricultural products was the way to expand the space of grain security.28
Wu Feng-jiao 吳鳳嬌, Associate Professor, and Chen Yin-zhong 陳銀忠, Ph.D. Student of Taiwan Research Center, Xiamen University, applied the Translog model to calculate and decompose the progress rate of agricultural technology in Taiwan during 1963-2008. They found that in the past 50 years, the progress rate of agricultural technology in Taiwan increased steadily from 0.0067 to 0.0073; while the pattern of agricultural growth had changed from extensive to intensive. They also suggested that in the future, technological change would still be the best way for Taiwan to overcome constrains of its resource endowment.29
Shan Yu-li 單玉麗, Research Fellow of the Modern Taiwan Institute, Fujian Academy of Social Sciences, discussed the land reforms in Taiwan. She traced the background, achievements and impacts of three land reforms in Taiwan since the 1950s. The land reform in the 1950s reduced the land rent and established the system of land to the tiller. The land reform in the 1980s expanded the scale of agricultural management through mechanization and modernization. And in the 1990’s, under the premise of ensuring agricultural land resource and guaranteeing rice supply, the land reform aimed at relaxing the control over agricultural land in order to release land for industrial and business usages. She suggested that the experience of land reforms in Taiwan could provide enlightenments for the Mainland in four aspects: (1) to
27
Zhang Chuan-guo and Zhuang Li-huan, (2010), pp. 16-20. 28
Zhao Jian, (2010), pp. 28-30. 29
undertake the land reform at an appropriate time was the way one must take for promoting social and economic development; (2) to strengthen the guidance of policy was the essential guarantee for successful land reform; (3) to enforce financial support was the objective requirement for carrying out the land reform; and (4) to organize the farmers and to innovate the pattern of agricultural management were the key for achieving the goal of land reform.30
3.2 The Development of Organic Agriculture and Low-carbon Agriculture
A group of researchers from the Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences led by Weng Zhi-hui 翁志輝 published an article in 2009 to discuss the strategy of low-carbon agricultural development in Taiwan and its inspiration for the Mainland.31 In June 2010, a conference on low-carbon agriculture was convened at Fuzhou with nearly 100 papers delivered by scholars from the Mainland and Taiwan. Zeng Yu-rong and Weng Bo-qi 翁伯琦, Research Fellow of the Fujian Research Center of Taiwan Agriculture, gave a report on this conference. They pointed out that this conference focused on four aspects: (1) the theory of low-carbon agriculture and the strategy of development; (2) the technology of low-carbon agriculture, (3) the technology and pattern of carbon sequestration (tanhui 碳匯), and (4) the extension and application of low-carbon industry. The conference papers highlighted more than ten major directions for future research in respect to theory, technology, and application. It was considered that there was a breakthrough in the theory of low-carbon agriculture, a broad prospect for the application of low-carbon theory in agriculture, and an advantage of co-development of low-carbon agriculture across the Straits.32
It should be mentioned by passing that papers delivered at this conference by scholars from Taiwan, Chen Xi-huang 陳 希 煌 , Professor of National Taiwan University, and Liu Jian-zhe 劉健哲, Professor of Asia University, were published individually in TNT.33
Before the above mentioned conference, Han Hai-dong 韓海東, Chen Min-jian 陳敏健 and Liu Ming-Xiang 劉明香, researchers from the Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the Fujian Engineering and Technology Research of Hilly Prataculture, gave a brief overview of the development of organic agriculture in Taiwan and Fujian.34 After the conference, the same group, with a change of the middle author to Lin Yong-hui 林永輝, discussed the development of organic agriculture in Taiwan and Fujian under the background of low-carbon agriculture in
30
Shan Yu-li, (2010), pp. 56-63. 31
Weng Zhi-hui, Lin Hai-qing, Ke Wen-hui, Zhou Qiong and Weng Bo-qi, (2009), pp. 586-591. 32
Zeng Yu-rong and Weng Bo-qi, (2010), pp. 21-25. 33
Chen Xi-huang, (2010), pp. 1-4; Liu Jian-zhe, (2010), pp. 1-5. 34
the world. They pointed out that the strategic position of “Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone” provided a good opportunity for Fujian to develop organic agriculture by drawing lessons from the experience of Taiwan.35
As for the certificate of fine quality agricultural products, Zhou Qiong 周琼, Associate Research Fellow, Fujian Research Center of Taiwan Agriculture, traced the development of Certified Agricultural Standards (CAS) in Taiwan since 1986. She explained the procedure of applying the CAS certificate, discussed the method of extending the CAS system, and pointed out the achievements by the end of 2009. She suggested that Taiwan’s experience of developing CAS could enlightened the Mainland in three aspects: (1) the design and implementation of the CAS system was the key guarantee for its progress; (2) the accountability of CAS was an assurance of its extension; and (3) to expand the scope of CAS was an important direction of promoting the competitiveness of Taiwan’s agricultural products.36 Zhou Qiong also wrote about the development of Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) in Taiwan since 1993 and its implications. She concluded with the following suggestions: (1) the accountability of GAP was assured by rigorous standards, (2) the basis of developing GAP lay in comprehensive education of safety production; and (3) the perfect system of controlling agriculture chemicals was a guarantee for managing GAP.37
3.3 The Cross-Straits Trade of Agricultural Products
A group of four authors led by Zheng Shao-hong 鄭少紅, Professor of the Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, analyzed the trade of agricultural products under the new situation. They traced the development of agricultural trade from 1992 to 2007 and pointed out that the exports from the Mainland to Taiwan was always larger than the imports from Taiwan, and the surplus had increased 18 times during this period in terms of US dollars. They pointed out that agricultural products exported from the Mainland to Taiwan concentrated mainly on fruits, nuts, fodder, and miscellaneous food; these items counted for more than 50% of the total value of the agricultural trade. Because Taiwan authority had included 830 items of the Mainland agricultural products in the list of import prohibition, therefore, efforts should still be made to improve the situation regardless the “Three Communications” had been basically realized in recent years.
They also analyzed the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of Taiwan’s special agricultural products on the Mainland markets, and pointed out that these products faced four major problems: (1) the import duty could be reduced further, (2) the criteria of inspection and quarantine were different across the Straits,
35
Han Hai-dong, Lin Yong-hu, and Liu Ming-xiang, (2011), pp. 452-457. 36
Zhou Qiong, (2010a), pp. 18-2. 37
(3) the channel of trade was not very smooth and thus it was still quite difficult to normalize the trade; and (4) no system was available for the extension of advanced technology and there was also an urgent need to enhance the quality of the Mainland farmers. Finally, they suggested that there were three ways for expanding the agricultural trade across the Straits: (1) to improve mechanism of policy making through mutual communications, (2) to develop harmonious new situation by jointly seeking similarities but retaining differences across the Straits, and (3) to fully utilize market-oriented mechanism for leading toward a mutual beneficiary win-win condition.38
Hua Xiao-hong 華曉紅, Research Fellow, and Zheng Xue-dang 鄭學黨, Ph.D. Student of University of International Business and Economics in Beijing, analyzed the characteristics of agricultural trade and options of policy across the Straits. They pointed out that during 1995-2009, the surplus of agricultural exports from the Mainland to Taiwan continued to decline and the share of agricultural trade in the total value of trade was still rather small. In 2009, the agricultural export from the Mainland to Taiwan was 2.3% of the total and the agricultural import from Taiwan to the Mainland was 0.7% of the total. Taiwan imported from the Mainland mainly the raw agricultural products, while exported to the Mainland mainly the manufactured agricultural goods.
They also analyzed the characteristics of agricultural trade across the Straits from the viewpoints of different productivity levels and international market structure. They found that in 2008, Taiwan imported grains mainly from USA, India, and Australia; notably, the share of USA was 76.5% but that of the Mainland China only 2.7%. By comparing the relative competitive advantage, they found that vegetables of the Mainland had higher index (0.89) than those of USA (0.81) and Japan (0.02), and thus they suggested that Taiwan could import more vegetables from the Mainland to save transportation cost. They also pointed out that the agricultural goods produced by the Taiwanese merchants in the Mainland were sold mostly in the Mainland and to the third place rather than back to Taiwan. They analyzed the problems of the agricultural trade in respect of the existed trade barriers, international competition and sensitivity of the trade across the Straits, and the trade diversion effects of regional economic cooperation. Finally, they pointed out some alternatives for the future development of agricultural trade across the Straits as follows: (1) to deepen agricultural cooperation by breaking the single direction investment; (2) to establish the guarantee system for solving disputes; and (3) to change the single direction favorable terms and return to the standard and regulation.39
38
Zheng Shao-hong, Cai Xian-en, Jiang Yin, and Tong Chang-shui, (2010), pp. 1-6. 39
3.4 Agricultural Investment in the Mainland from Taiwan
It is notable that at a press conference on 9 March 2012, the spokesman of the Ministry of Agriculture of PRC replying the question raised by a journalist from Taiwan and said, there were already 29 Development Parks for Taiwan Farmers (Taiwan Nongmin Chuangyeyuan 臺灣農民創業園; hereafter TNCY) and nine Laboratory Parks for the Cross-Strait Agricultural Cooperation (Haixia Liangan
Nongye Hezuo Shiyanqu 海峽兩岸農業合作實驗區) established in the Mainland.40
The nine Laboratory Parks were established during 1997-2007 at the following places:
Zhangzhou漳州in Fujian (1977), Pindu平度in Shandong (1999), Heilongjiang黑龍江 (1999), Yangling楊凌in Shaanxi (2000), Hainan 海南 (2006), Zhanjiang 湛江 at Foshan 佛山in Guangdong (2006), Kunshan昆山 and Yangzhou揚州in Jiangsu (2006), Suburbia of Shanghai (2006), and Yulin玉林in Guangxi (2007).41
As for the TNCYs, according to a report by Zhu Shou-yin朱守銀, Research Fellow of the Rural Economic Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture of PRC, from April 2006 to May 2010, there were 25 TNCYs approved by the Ministry of Agriculture and the Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council. The distributions of these 25 TNCYs were as follows: five in Jiangsu, four in Fujian, three each in Guangdong and Zhejiang, two each in Anhui and Sichuan, and one each in Heilongjiang, Shandong, Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing Municipality, and Yunnan. Altogether, these 25 TNCYs planned to develop more than 3,500,000 mu 畝 (approximately 234,500 ha; 1 mu = 0.0667 ha) of land.42 By the end of 2011, another four TNCYs were established with two in Fujian, and one each in Guangxi and Hebei.43 Thus so far, Fujian has six TNCYs; the largest number among the provinces. In below, a few case studies on TNCYs will be discussed.
Wu Feng-jiao gave a study on four TNCYs established in Fujian with the SWOT analysis. The TNCY established at Zhangpu 漳浦 County in April 2006 had 70 Taiwanese enterprises and 6 individual investors with a total investment of 1.2 billion USD. The TNCY established in February 2008 At Yongfu 永福 County in Zhangping 漳平 City, due to its special geographical conditions, had 45 Taiwanese enterprises specialized in high mountain tea and flower production as well as more than 300 individual investors. Of these Taiwanese 45 enterprises, 38 devoted to high
40
See the news report, retrieved March 15, 2012, from http://2010jiuban.agri.gov.cn:82/gate/big/ search.agri.gov.cn/agrisearchfuwu/search.jsp, The English name, Development Park of Taiwan Farmers, is taken from the website of the Development Park for Taiwan Farmers at Zhangpu, retrieved March 15, 2012, from http://www.zptc.gov.cn/. Different translations of the name appeared in articles referred below.
41
For details of laboratory parks, see the website of Cross-Straits Agriculture, retrieved March 15, 2012, from http://agri.Chinataiwan.org/service/lab/.
42
Zhu Shou-yin, (2010), pp. 13-15. 43
See the website of Cross-Straits Agriculture, retrieved March 15, 2012, from http://www.chinataiwn. org/jm/ny/twnmcyy/index_2.htm.
mountain tea and had developed 40,000 mu of land. It had become the largest base of the cross-Straits agricultural cooperation in producing tea. The total amount of investment to Yongfu TNCY reached 4.3 billion CNY. It is notable that by the end of April 2009, the actual agricultural investments from Taiwan to Fujian reached 15.2 billion USD, the largest amount of this sort in the Mainland.
Another two TNCYs in Fujian were both established in May 2009. The one at Xianyou仙游 County in Putian 莆田 City had 19 Taiwanese enterprises engaged in producing fruits and flowers. The other at Qingliu清流 County in Sanming三明City had 22 Taiwanese enterprises engaged in producing rare species of trees and flowers, cool spring aquaculture, leisure agriculture, and processing of wood product. The SWOT analysis revealed that TNCYs in Fujian had the strengths of advantageous location, high complementarities, and favorable policy; the weaknesses were due to inconvenient local transportation and shortage of financial supports; the opportunities lay in the willingness of Taiwanese farmers to come to Fujian and play the pioneer role; and the threats were the control from Taiwan and the competition from TNCYs in other provinces.44
Zhang Jia-en章家恩, Professor of South China Agricultural University, led a group of five authors to investigate the planning of TNCY established in December 2008 at Chaonan潮南District in Shantou汕頭 City, Guangdong. They contended that the aim of this TNCY at Chaonan was to utilize the advantage of Shantou in respect to its location, resources, and being a native place of overseas Chinese, in order to introduce and fully utilize the agricultural enterprises from Taiwan with their investments, variety of strains, and techniques to construct a modern agricultural park for demonstrating new strains and production, developing and transferring new high technologies, and exporting agricultural products. In addition to illustrate the spatial design of this park, they pointed out that the major products of the park were vegetables (2,100 mu), fruits (1,000 mu), flowers (500 mu), as well as poultry and animals (400 mu). They also confirmed that for implementing the plan there were reliable facilities of institution, technology, and management.45
As for the TNCY established at Chongqing 重慶Municipality in October 2006, Wang Sheng王勝, Researcher of Chongqing Academy of Social Sciences, presented the SWOT analysis. The total planning area of this TNCY is 25,000 mu, of which 5,000 mu are in the nuclear area at Beibei 北碚 District. By the SWOT analysis, Wang pointed out the strengths of Chongqing TNCY consisted of the deep historical relations with Taiwan, the only direct-controlled municipality in the West China, the wide supportive hinterland market, the human resource and technology for special
44
Wu Feng-jiao, (2010), pp. 8-14. 45
products, abundant labor forces, and the convenient transportation. The weaknesses were its location in the interior, its climatic differences from Taiwan, and its cultural differences and a lack of accessorial measures. The opportunities were the peaceful relations across the Straits, the rapid transference of Taiwan’s industry to the Mainland, the demonstrative effects of economic cooperation between Sichuan and Taiwan, and the importance attached by the authority of municipality. And the threats were the disturbance of unstable political policy across the Straits, the barrier of introducing new agricultural technology and the risk of extension. With the SWOT analysis, Wang suggested that further development of Chongqing TNCY could be pursued in the following ways: (1) to set up the principle for introducing high technology from Taiwan; (2) to take the proper sequence of development step by step; (3) to select key products, varieties, and enterprises for soliciting investors; (4) to solve the problems of funding and land; and (5) to improve the organization of management as well as to strengthen the propaganda.46
Regarding the TNCY established in 2010 at Jiangyong江永County in Hunan province, Yin Zhao-rong尹兆榮, a staff of the Jiangyong Office of Taiwan Affairs, pointed out the strengths of this TNCY in terms of its geographical location, natural resources, special agricultural products, strong policy guidance, and precise development ideas. He mentioned some new opportunities in recent years for the development of this TNCY and urged to grasp the new opportunities by establishing the sound mechanism, setting up the strong supportive policy, enforcing the communication and cooperation, improving the guarantee system, as well as providing good services for the construction of this TNCY.47
Finally, in a brief article by Zhang Xiu-hua張秀華, Hegang Agricultural Science Institute in Heilongjiang, the strengths of TNCY established in 2010 in Hegang鶴崗 City along the Heilongjiang basin was analyzed with information related to geographical location, transportation, climate, economic basis, and cooperative opportunities.48
In summation, from the four subjects related to the agriculture of Taiwan discussed above, it is quite clear that the Mainland scholars mostly agree that Taiwan can provide enlightenments to the Mainland from its experience of agricultural development and new agricultural technologies. Through the trade of agricultural products across the Straits and the agricultural investments from Taiwan to the Mainland, they expect that there will be more cooperation in the future.
46 Wang Sheng, (2010), pp. 48-52. 47 Yin Zhao-rong, (2010), pp. 59-61. 48
Conclusion
During 1980-2006, the journals carrying articles related to Taiwan studies in the Mainland China were published in 84 cities located in 26 provinces. The number of journals increased considerably with a turning point around 1995 when more articles were published in journals other than some major ones. From the review articles focused on the history, the economy, and the agriculture of Taiwan, it is perceivable that the strength and weakness of these studies were well recognized. It is also notable that Mainland scholars’ concerns about the agricultural of Taiwan may be helpful in providing insights for experts of agricultural sciences, practitioners of agricultural enterprises, and decision-makers of agricultural policies in Taiwan for making a greater effort to keep the leading role of Taiwan’s agriculture under the circumstance of unavoidable competition and cooperation across the Straits.
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(Development Strategies and Technical Countermeasures of Cross-Strait Low Carbon Agriculture),” Taiwan Nongye Tanso 《 臺 灣 農 業 探 索 》 [Taiwan
Agricultural Research], No. 4, pp. 21-25.
Zhang Chuan-guo 張傳國 and Zhuang Li-huan 莊禮煥 (2010), “Haixia liangan nongye fazhan bijiao yanjiu 海峽兩岸農業發展比較研究 (A Comparative Analysis of Cross-Strait Agricultural Development),” Taiwan Nongye Tanso《臺 灣農業探索》[Taiwan Agricultural Research], No. 5, pp. 16-20.
Zhang Jia-en 章家恩, Ye Yan-qiong 葉延瓊, Wei Li-hua 魏立華, Ho Ming-qian 何 銘謙, and Li Yun 李韻 (2010), “Gunagdong Shantou Chaonan Taiwan nongmin changyeyuan zongti guihua silu tantao 廣東汕頭潮南臺灣農民創業園總體規 劃思路探討 (Planning Idea of Taiwan Farmers Pioneer Park of Chaonan, Shantou City, Guangdong Province),” Taiwan Nongye Tanso 《臺灣農業探索》 [Taiwan Agricultural Research], No. 3, pp. 8-12.
Zhang Xiu-hua 張秀華 (2010), “Hegang shi Heilongjiang liuyu Taiwan nongmin chuangyeyuan jianshe youshi fenxi 鶴崗市黑龍江流域臺灣農民創業園建設優
勢分析 (An Analysis of the Strengths of Development Park for Taiwan Farmers in Hegang City along the Heilongjiang River Basin),” Xiandai Nongye Keji 《現 代農業科技》[Modern Agricultural Technology], No. 9, p. 381, p. 384.
Zhao Jian 趙建 (2010), “Taiwan daomi zhengce ji dui dalu zhiding liangshi anquan cuoshi de qishi 臺灣稻米政策及對大陸制定糧食安全措施的啟示 (Taiwanese Rice Policy and Its Enlightenment for the Development of Grain Security Measures in Mainland China),” Taiwan Nongye Tanso《臺灣農業探索》 [Taiwan
Agricultural Research], No. 3, pp. 28-30.
Zheng Shao-hong 鄭少紅, Cai Xian-en 蔡賢恩, Jiang Yin 蔣穎, and Tong Chang-shui 童長水 (2010), “Xin xingshi xia haixia liangan nongchanpin maoyi de sikao 新 形勢下海峽兩岸農產品貿易的思考 (Consideration of Cross Strait Agricultural Trade under the New Situation),” Taiwan Nongye Tanso《臺灣農業探索》 [Taiwan Agricultural Research], No. 2, pp. 1-6.
Zhou Qiong 周琼 (2010a), “Taiwan youliang nongchanpin zhengming biaozhang (CAS) de fazhan ji qi qishi 臺灣優良農產品證明標章 (CAS) 的發展及其啟 示 (Development of Certified Agricultural Standards (CAS) in Taiwan and Its Enlightenment),” Taiwan Nongye Tanso《臺灣農業探索》[Taiwan Agricultural
Research], No. 3, pp. 18-2.
Zhou Qiong 周琼 (2010b), “Taiwan Jiyuanpu biaozhang de fazhan ji qi qishi 臺灣吉 園圃標章的發展及其啟示 (Development of Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) in Taiwan and Its Enlightenment),” Taiwan Nongye Tanso《臺灣農業探索》 [Taiwan Agricultural Research], No. 4, pp. 27-30.
Zhu Shou-yin 朱守銀 (2010), “Taiwan nongmin chuangyeyuan de jianshe yu fazhan 臺灣農民創業園的建設與發展 (The Construction and Development of the Development Parks for Taiwan Farmers),” Nongcun gongzuo tongxun《農村工作 通訉》[Newsletter of Rural Work], No. 19, pp. 13-15.
The news report. Retrieved March 15, 2012, from
http://2010jiuban.agri.gov.cn:82/gate/big/search.agri.gov.cn/agrisearchfuwu/sear ch.jsp
The website of the Development Park for Taiwan Farmers in Zhangpu. Retrieved March 15, 2012, from http://www.zptc.gov.cn/
The website of Taiwan Nongye Tanso. Retrieved March 9, 2012, from http://www.twnt.cn/CN/volumn/home.shtml
The website of Cross-Strait Agriculture (Liangan Nongye wang 兩岸 農 業網 ). Retrieved March 15, 2012, from http://agri.Chinataiwan.org/service/lab/ and http://www.chinataiwan.org/jm/ny/twnmcyy/index_2.htm
