芒果種原親緣關係之研究
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(2) 244. 台灣農業研究. 度高,於 1980 年逐步推廣種植,也在國內佔有 一席之地。目前依據農委會統計資料,台灣芒 果的栽培面積廣達 18,090 ha (COA 2008),主要 栽培品種有在來種、愛文、金煌、凱特、聖心 及台農 1 號等,這些品種中在來種的風味佳, 但果實小、種子大、纖維多,而愛文品種對炭 疽病抗病性弱、提早採收品質不佳,金煌及凱 特太晚採收容易發生果實劣變。若能改善現有 栽培品種的缺點,增加品種的多樣性,是果樹 育種者重要的工作目標。 除了實生選種,芒果的育種工作,常採行 雜交育種方式,印度農業研究所自 1959 至 1961 年,利用人工雜交方法,雜交了 26,911 朵雜交 花,共獲得 750 株 F1 雜交個體,經多年篩選, 僅育成 New Delhi 一品種,雜交率甚低,其結 實率僅 3% (Mukherjee et al. 1968),不易獲得成 果。因此,以單胚型優良品種放任自然授粉, 進行實生後代選育為芒果新品種選育較有效的 方法,然而此品種選育方法卻因為開放授粉, 使所育成品種的父本不明確,往往需要進一步 確認,造成困擾。由於芒果的幼年性長 (約 3–6 年),實生後代從播種至開花結果,至少須 4–5 年才能初步選拔,所需育種年限長,因此迫切需 要發展可早期選拔的方法 (pre selection method),以期能在早期篩選雜交後代,建立芒果品 種 DNA 增幅指紋資料庫,進行各個種原間的 親緣關係評估及發展品種特異性分子標誌,將 可鑑別實生苗親本來源,以縮短芒果育種年限 或提高育種效率。本研究以鳳山分所歷年來蒐 集之重要芒果種原為研究材料,進行各芒果品 種間的親緣關係分析,藉由分子標誌與形態差 異評估所蒐集種原之相似度,建立各品種之基 本資料供雜交育種工作之參考。. 材料與方法 供試植物材料 試驗所使用之芒果品種均取樣自農業試驗. 第 58 卷. 第4期. 所鳳山分所芒果品種保存園,計有 Hing Tong、 Chok-Anan、柴檨 (Tsar-Swain)、香檨 (PungSwain)、肉檨 (Va-Swain)、柿果 (Shih-Go)、 Dasheri、Aroemanis、Carabao、Slal、Irwin、 Buchanan、Ahping、Pope、Haden、Vanary、 Lippens、Tommy Atkins、Zill、Sensation、金煌 (Jin-Hwung) 、 Manalagi 、 Edward 、 大 黃 芒 (Da-Hung-Man)、 Tong Dam、 Cat、 Langra、 White、Tuong、Golek、台農 1 號 (Tainung No.1)、Keitt、Nimrod、Rad、Kent、Kensington、 Maya、玉文 6 號 (Yu-Win No.6)、E10-1、Osteen 等 40 個品種 (系) (表 1、圖 1)。. 種原特性調查 調查項目包括:果實形狀、果皮顏色、果 重、果長、果寬、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸含 量、種子重量及胚性等。. DNA 萃取 取芒果植株嫩葉 0.15 g,加適量液態氮於研 缽 中 磨 碎 後 加 入 等 體 積 PVPP (polyvinylpolypyrrolidone),以 1 mL 萃取液 [10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.5, 10 mM NaCl, 80 mM Na2EDTA, 0.1% (v/v) 2-mercaptoethanol, 2% (w/v) sodium sarkosyl],仔細研磨後置於 65℃水 浴 10 分鐘,然後以 12,000 rpm 離心 10 分鐘, 取上清液並加入 5 μL RNase A (5 mg/mL) 保持 在 37℃ 20 分鐘去除 RNA,再加入 600 μL 酚/ 氯仿 (pheno/chloroform) 混合液上下振盪混合 去除蛋白質,離心後取上清液加入 0.6 倍體積 的異丙醇 (isopropanol),在室溫下進行 DNA 沉降至少 20 分鐘後離心去除異丙醇,加入 70% 酒精 500 μL 洗滌管壁 2 次,倒置離心管,風乾 後加入適量的 1× TE 溶液 (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, 1 mM Na2EDTA) 並使 DNA 完全溶解,儲 存於-20℃備用 (Lee et al. 2007)。. PCR 條件 聚合酵素連鎖反應溶液為 1× PCR 緩衝液 [10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3 at 25℃, 50 mM KCl,.
(3) 芒果種原親緣關係之研究. 245. 表 1. 本研究所使用之芒果品種 (系) 及其來源 Table 1. The name and origin of mango cultivars (or lines) used in the study No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20. Cultivar or line Hing Tong Chok-Anan Tsar-Swain Pung-Swain Va-Swain Shih-Go Dasheri Aroemanis Carabao Slal Irwin Buchanan Ahping Pope Haden Vanary Lippens Tommy Atkins Zill Sensation. Origin Thailand Thailand Southeast Asia Southeast Asia Southeast Asia Southeast Asia Hawaii Indonesia Philippines Southeast Asia Florida Hawaii Hawaii Hawaii Florida Hawaii Costa Rica Florida Florida Hawaii. Accession number TARI-F-I90-01 TARI-F-I90-02 TARI-F-I90-03 TARI-F-I90-04 TARI-F-I90-05 TARI-F-I90-06 TARI-F-I90-07 TARI-F-I90-08 TARI-F-I90-09 TARI-F-I90-10 TARI-F-I90-11 TARI-F-I90-12 TARI-F-I90-13 TARI-F-I90-14 TARI-F-I90-15 TARI-F-I90-16 TARI-F-I90-17 TARI-F-I90-18 TARI-F-I90-19 TARI-F-I90-20. No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40. Cultivar or line Jin-Hwung Manalagi Edward Da-Hung-Man Tong Dam Cat Langra White Tuong Golek Tainong No.1 Keitt Nimrod Rad Kent Kensington Maya Yu-Win No.6 E10-1 Osteen. Origin Taiwan Indonesia Hawaii Taiwan Thailand Vietnam USA India Vietnam Indonesia Taiwan Florida Israel Thailand Florida Hawaii Israel Taiwan Taiwan USA. Accession number TARI-F-I90-21 TARI-F-I90-22 TARI-F-I90-23 TARI-F-I90-24 TARI-F-I90-25 TARI-F-I90-26 TARI-F-I90-27 TARI-F-I90-28 TARI-F-I90-29 TARI-F-I90-30 TARI-F-I90-31 TARI-F-I90-32 TARI-F-I90-33 TARI-F-I90-34 TARI-F-I90-35 TARI-F-I90-36 TARI-F-I90-37 TARI-F-I90-38 TARI-F-I90-39 TARI-F-I90-40. 圖 1. 本研究中部分參試芒果品種之果實形狀與顏色。A:E10-1;B:聖心;C:金煌;D:愛德華;E:台農 1 號;F:香檨;G:瑪雅;H:玉文 6 號;I:凱特。 Fig. 1. The picture of some mango used in the study. Note different in fruit shape and color among these samples. A: E10-1; B: Sensation; C: Jin-Hwung; D: Edward; E: Tainung No.1; F: Pung-Swain; G: Maya; H: Yu-Win NO.6; I: Keitt..
(4) 246. 台灣農業研究. 1.5 mM MgCl2, 0.1% (w/v) Triton X-100], dATP、dCTP、dGTP 及 dTTP 各 200 μM。引 子 (primer) 濃度為 2.5 μM,芒果基因組 DNA 50 ng,0.5 U DNA polymerase (Thermus brockianus, Life Co.),總反應體積為 25 μL,所有溶液混合 後,覆蓋上 50 μL 礦物油 (Sigma mineral oil M3516),置於 PCR 儀 (ABI 2400) 進行反應。 聚合酵素連鎖反應程式設定為 95℃,30 秒、42℃,60 秒、72℃,90 秒,總共進行 40 次 循環,最後以 72℃,600 秒使反應完全。反應 結束後加入 2.5 μL 的 10× sample loading dye [1.0 mM EDTA-Na2, 0.4% bromophenol blue (w/v), 0.4% Xylene cyanol (w/v), 50% glycerol] 混合後,在 1.5%的瓊脂膠中進行電泳分析,再 以 ethidium bromide 染色,在 UV 燈下觀察並 照相記錄。. 逢機引子篩選 篩選 200 組逢機引子 (Operon f, g, h, y, aa 及 UBC kit 1),從其中選出具有品種間多型性 及重覆性較佳之 22 條引子進行結果分析。. 資料分析 DNA 條帶圖譜依該條帶出現記為 1,未出 現記為 0 的方式建立二維矩陣並依 Jaccard (1901) 所提之相似度計算公式計算各族群間 的相似度,公式如下:Sm = N11/(N − N00), Sm 為相似度,N11 為兩親本共有之條帶,N 為 總條帶數,N00 為兩親本都沒有的條帶數。叢 群分析 (cluster analysis) 則利用 NTSYS 軟體 計算各族群間的相似度並依 UPGMA 法統計兩 兩族群間的遺傳距離並繪製成親緣關係樹狀圖 (dendrogram)。. 結. 果. 品種特性 芒果親緣關係及分類,若依據葉片、果實 及 胚 等 性 狀 可 將 其 分 為 「 Indian type 」 和. 第 58 卷. 第4期. 「Indo-Chinese type」。一般 Indian type 品種, 種子多數為單胚性,果形較圓,果皮較鮮豔 (紅、紫、黃色),果肉多具特殊香味;Indo-Chinese type 品種,種子大都多數為多胚性,果形常為 長形且扁平,果皮顏色顏色通常為綠或黃綠 色,果肉芳香無異味 (Crane et al. 1997; Iyer & Degani 1997)。本試驗供參試之 40 種芒果品 種,皆為本分所芒果種原所保存收集,其中單 胚性品種共 23 種、多胚性品種有 17 種 (表 2)。 單胚性品種除 Lippens、Manalagi、Nimrod、 Maya 等之外,其餘皆從美國引進,這些品種 均源自印度品種或其實生後代選育獲得;多 胚性品種多數從菲律賓、印尼、泰國及越南 等地引進。 本研究參試品種中,柴檨、香檨、肉檨、 柿果檨等 4 個品種,皆為西元 1562 年由南洋或 華南地區引進 (Chen 1991),一般統稱 「在來種」 芒果,這些品種果形長形且扁平、果肉纖維粗、 具有濃郁香味、種子大、多胚性、果皮為黃綠 色,從其形態上分類則屬於 Indo-Chinese type。 Aremanis、Carabao、White 等品種為西元 1912 年由南洋地區引進 (Chen 1991),這些品種果形 長形、香味濃郁、多胚性、果皮為黃綠色,從 其形態上分類較偏向 Indo-Chinese type。1954 年自美國佛羅里達洲引進的愛文 (Irwin)、海頓 (Haden)、吉祿 (Zill)、肯特 (Kent)、凱特 (Keitt) 和 1967 年自夏威夷等地引進的 Dasheri、Ahping、 Edward、Buchanan、Pope、Kensington、Vanary、 Sensation 等品種 (Chen 1991),種子均為單胚 性,果形較圓,果皮顏色也較鮮豔 (紅或橙紅 色),果肉多具特殊香味,其形態分類上偏向 Indian type。Hing Tong、Chok-Anan、Tong Dam、Rad 等品種則是由泰國引進,果形長形、 種子多胚性、果皮為黃綠色,其形態上分類則 較屬 Indo-Chinese type。Lippen 引自哥斯大黎 加、Tommy Atkins、Langra 和 Osteen 自美國引 進,這些品種種子均為單胚性,果形較圓,果.
(5) Fruit shape. Elliptic Elliptic Elliptic Oblong Elliptic Elliptic Elliptic Elliptic Elliptic Roundish Elliptic Roundish Roundish Roundish Roundish Roundish Roundish Roundish Roundish Elliptic Oblong Elliptic Roundish Elliptic Oblong Elliptic Roundish Oblong Roundish Oblong Elliptic Elliptic Roundish Elliptic Elliptic Roundish Roundish Oblong Elliptic Roundish. Cultivar or line. Hing Tong Chok-Anan Tsar-Swain Pung-Swain Va-Swain Shih-Go Dasheri Aroemanis Carabao Slal Irwin Buchanan Ahping Pope Haden Vanary Lippens Tommy Atkins Zill Sensation Jin-Hwang Manalagi Edward Da-Hung-Man Tong Dam Cat Langra White Tuong Golek Tainong No.1 Keitt Nimrod Rad Kent Kensington Maya Yu-Win No.6 E10-1 Osteen. Yellow and red Yellow Yellow green Yellow green Yellow green Yellow green Yellow green Green Yellow Yellow green Orange red Orange and red Orange and red Orange and red Yellow and red Yellow and red Yellow and red Orange and purple Yellow and red Yellow and red Yellow Green and yellow Yellow orange Yellow green Yellow Yellow and green Yellow Yellow Green and yellow Yellow and green Yellow and red Yellow and red Orange and red Yellow and red Orange red Yellow and red Yellow and red Orange red Red Orange red. Skin color of ripe fruit 100 313 151 140 80 294 151 408 236 228 343 402 363 282 283 665 260 344 253 341 946 282 387 1155 364 614 322 442 548 525 216 718 338 329 690 345 274 782 231 480. Fruit weight (g) 7.7 11.9 9.1 9.1 6.9 9.8 8.3 11.9 10.9 8.7 10.0 10.2 10.4 8.7 8.2 11.8 8.9 9.1 8.6 9.9 19.0 10.2 9.8 16.5 12.6 14.0 9.5 18.6 15.2 16.5 9.4 12.8 8.1 12.4 11.8 9.7 7.6 15.8 9.6 12.2. Fruit length (cm). 表 2. 不同芒果品種 (系) 果實型態調查表 Table 2. Phenotypes of mangos fruit in different cultivars or lines. 5.2 7.5 5.7 5.2 4.9 7.5 5.7 8.6 6.7 7.1 7.8 8.7 8.7 7.8 7.6 10.5 7.4 8.5 7.8 8.2 10.0 7.0 8.4 12.0 7.1 9.2 7.9 7.0 8.7 7.9 7.0 10.3 9.5 7.3 10.6 8.5 8.3 9.9 6.7 9.0. Fruit width (cm) 16.9 18.5 14.3 12.8 13.8 17.4 16.8 14.1 16.0 19.5 12.5 16.2 19.1 16.3 15.4 17.1 20.4 16.7 19.5 14.8 15.7 18.3 16.6 14.1 17.0 17.1 18.3 17.0 14.6 18.6 16.9 14.4 16.9 18.8 16.7 14.8 19.3 16.2 15.3 16.5. Total Soluble solid (oBrix) 0.25 0.19 0.20 0.12 0.27 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.19 0.10 0.24 0.18 0.13 0.12 0.20 0.37 0.12 0.15 0.12 0.20 0.13 0.07 0.21 0.18 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.10 0.07 0.12 0.23 0.34 0.11 0.10 0.52 0.14 0.12 0.29 0.18 0.17. Acidity (%) 20.4 9.5 25.9 17.3 22.9 10.7 17.4 9.6 11.1 15.8 8.8 8.4 6.7 9.4 10.2 7.6 11.1 9.0 11.0 15.9 6.4 10.4 10.2 4.5 11.2 8.1 10.9 11.7 7.9 9.6 16.4 7.6 13.5 14.8 9.0 12.4 11.4 5.7 12.8 4.8. Seed weight/ Fruit weight(%). 247. Polyembryonic Polyembryonic Polyembryonic Polyembryonic Polyembryonic Polyembryonic Monoembryonic Polyembryonic Polyembryonic Polyembryonic Monoembryonic Monoembryonic Monoembryonic Monoembryonic Monoembryonic Monoembryonic Monoembryonic Monoembryonic Polyembryonic Monoembryonic Monoembryonic Monoembryonic Monoembryonic Monoembryonic Polyembryonic Polyembryonic Monoembryonic Polyembryonic Polyembryonic Polyembryonic Monoembryonic Monoembryonic Monoembryonic Polyembryonic Monoembryonic Polyembryonic Monoembryonic Monoembryonic Monoembryonic Monoembryonic. Embryo type. 芒果種原親緣關係之研究. 芒果種原親緣關係之研究 247.
(6) 248. 第 58 卷. 台灣農業研究. 應條件並確定芒果的反應條件如下:95℃,30 秒、42℃,60 秒、72℃,90 秒,總共進行 40 次循環,最後以 72℃,600 秒使反應完全。當 溫度低於 42℃且在 37℃以上時,所產生的條帶 數目較多但是其專一性較差,重複性低,此結 果與 Lee (1997) 在百合親緣之研究結果相似。 本研究中篩檢包含 Operon 及 UBC 等兩個 不同商業引子套組共 200 組。其中具有良好再 顯性及重複性的引子共有 22 個 (表 3),針對所 列引子中具有較良好的區分效果之引子包含有 UBC54,UBC70 及 UBC89 等引子,所複製的 DNA 條帶經染色後在紫外光照射下具穩定且 清晰的呈現,經重複試驗 3 次其再現性良好,. 第4期. 在本研究的實驗條件下這些引子所產生之引子 條帶大小介於 200 至 2000 bp 之間,平均產生 的條帶數為 13 個條帶,品種間擁有共同條帶之 情形普遍,若要依靠單一條帶作為個別品種之 鑑別標誌較難達成,需要利用數個引子分別進 行 PCR 擴增其條帶後進行組合分析後才得以 對各別品種進行鑑別。. 親緣關係分析 透過 RAPD 技術對個別芒果品種產生條帶 差異進行比較分析,各芒果品種間的遺傳相似 度介於 53.3 至 88.1%之間 (表 4),平均值為 70.3%。其中 DNA 條帶型態最相似的為 E10-1. 表 3. 本試驗中具多型性、重複性佳之參試引子序列及其產生條帶 Table 3. Diversity analysis of the primer used in this study No. of polymorphic bands. Percentage of polymorphic bands. 6. 6. 100. TGCGGCTGAG. 3. 3. 100. GGACTGCAGA. 4. 4. 100. ACGGATCCTG. 8. 8. 100. OPF-2. GAGGATCCCT. 7. 7. 100. OPH-13. GACGCCACAC. 4. 4. 100. OPH-18. GAATCGGCCA. 7. 7. 100. OPG-18. GGCTCATGTG. 5. 5. 100. OPG-19. GTCAGGGCAA. 2. 2. 100. UBC-12. CCTGGGTCCA. 5. 3. 60. UBC-13. CCTGGGTGGA. 4. 4. 100. UBC-54. GTCCCAGAGC. 11. 9. UBC-70. GGGCACGCGA. 8. 8. Primer. Sequence. OPE-11. GAGTCTCAGG. OPE-14 OPE-18 OPF-1. No. of amplified bands. 81.8 100. UBC-76. GAGCACCAGT. 4. 4. 100. UBC-81. GAGCACGGGG. 2. 2. 100. UBC-89. GGGGGCTTGG. 7. 7. 100. UBC-101. GCGGCTGGAG. 4. 4. 100. UBC-104. GGGCAATGAT. 9. 4. 44.4. UBC-105. CTCGGGTGGG. 10. 8. 80. UBC-106. CGTCTGCCCG. 4. 4. 100. UBC-111. AGTAGACGGG. 9. 6. UBC-120. GAATTTCCCC. 9. 9. 100. UBC-122. GTAGACGAGC. 13. 13. 100. UBC-125. GCGGTTGAGG. 6. 5. 83.3. 151. 136. 92.3. Total. 66.7.
(7) HT. CA. 249. 61.5 63.0 69.6 64.4 65.2 64.4 60.0 63.7 65.2 71.1 83.0 69.6 76.3 73.3 77.8 68.1 77.0 71.1 73.3 71.9 75.6 68.1 75.6 71.1 67.4 65.2 74.1 69.6 63.7 73.3 70.4 82.2 76.3 68.9 83.0 71.1 80.7 100.0. 63.0 61.5 69.6 60.0 63.7 63.0 61.5 62.2 65.2 72.6 84.4 75.6 74.8 71.9 80.7 68.1 78.5 71.1 74.8 73.3 68.1 65.2 77.0 66.7 71.9 62.2 75.6 66.7 62.2 74.8 70.4 82.2 85.2 68.9 83.0 72.6 82.2 88.1 100.0. 68.1 66.7 70.4 62.2 68.9 66.7 63.7 68.9 68.9 77.8 80.7 74.8 74.1 74.1 77.0 68.9 79.3 73.3 78.5 75.6 70.4 71.9 77.8 68.9 71.1 67.4 79.3 70.4 68.9 74.1 74.1 80.0 75.6 66.7 80.7 74.8 77.0 84.4 81.5 100.0. YW6. E10-1. Os. HT: Hing Tong; CA: Chok-Anan; TS: Tsar-Swain; PS: Pung-Swain; VS: Va-Swain; SG: Shih-Go; Da: Dasheri; Ar: Aroemanis; Ca: Carabao; Sl: Slal; Ir: Irwin; Bu: Buchanan; Ah: Ahping; Po: Pope; Ha: Haden; Va: Vanary; Li: Lippens; TA: Tommy Atkins; Zi: Zill; Se: Sensation; JH: Jin-Hwung; Ma: Manalagi; Ed: Edward; DH: Da-Hung-Man; TD: Tong Dam; Cat: Cat; La: Langra; Wh: White; Tu: Tuong; Go: Golek; TN1: Tainong No.1; Ke: Keitt; Ni: Nimrod; Rad: Rad; Kent: Kent; Ken: Kensington; Maya: Maya; YW6: Yu-Win No.6; E10-1: E10-1; Os: Osteen.. 60.0 64.4 69.6 60.0 69.6 65.9 58.5 62.2 62.2 69.6 78.5 69.6 74.8 70.4 76.3 69.6 75.6 72.6 73.3 71.9 69.6 65.2 78.5 66.7 68.9 68.1 72.6 66.7 66.7 70.4 71.9 76.3 79.3 67.4 78.5 77.0 100.0. Maya. z. 63.7 62.2 76.3 60.7 73.3 71.1 62.2 67.4 61.5 67.4 79.3 73.3 75.6 74.1 85.9 70.4 77.8 71.9 74.1 72.6 71.9 68.9 77.8 64.4 69.6 65.9 71.9 61.5 61.5 78.5 69.6 87.4 77.0 63.7 100.0. 65.9 73.3 65.2 58.5 63.7 60.0 61.5 65.2 74.1 66.7 62.2 62.2 60.0 55.6 64.4 59.3 66.7 59.3 61.5 61.5 71.1 62.2 68.1 72.6 76.3 69.6 68.1 78.5 72.6 65.9 68.9 64.4 70.4 100.0. Rad. 60.7 63.7 67.4 59.3 67.4 66.7 57.8 67.4 61.5 65.9 73.3 71.9 65.2 71.1 74.1 67.4 79.3 68.9 77.0 75.6 64.4 61.5 74.8 65.9 65.2 64.4 71.9 65.9 65.9 68.1 69.6 74.1 69.6 62.2 74.8 100.0. 63.0 63.0 71.1 64.4 68.1 67.4 67.4 63.7 63.7 71.1 75.6 74.1 74.8 61.5 73.3 68.1 71.1 69.6 68.9 77.8 66.7 60.7 78.5 63.7 68.9 66.7 72.6 66.7 63.7 74.8 71.9 82.2 100.0. Ni. Ken. 65.9 60.0 74.1 64.4 71.1 70.4 67.4 65.2 63.7 69.6 78.5 75.6 80.7 71.9 77.8 69.6 75.6 72.6 74.8 77.8 72.6 69.6 80.0 62.2 70.4 65.2 74.1 63.7 59.3 77.8 70.4 100.0. Ke. Kent. 71.9 65.9 81.5 64.4 72.6 71.9 64.4 74.1 62.2 72.6 69.6 65.2 71.9 63.0 70.4 65.2 68.1 63.7 70.4 67.4 69.6 71.1 71.1 71.1 73.3 69.6 77.0 68.1 63.7 100.0. Rad Kent Ken Maya YW6 E10-1 Os. 65.9 64.4 63.7 64.4 66.7 64.4 61.5 63.7 75.6 71.1 68.1 62.2 64.4 73.3 64.4 62.2 68.1 69.6 76.3 68.9 66.7 65.2 72.6 69.6 68.9 63.7 69.6 69.6 71.1 63.0 100.0. Ni. TN1. 72.6 81.5 65.9 62.2 67.4 65.2 62.2 67.4 71.9 65.9 58.5 60.0 60.7 59.3 60.7 61.5 68.9 60.0 71.1 63.7 67.4 68.9 71.9 73.3 77.0 80.7 68.9 83.7 100.0. Tu. Go TN1 Ke. Go. 69.6 74.1 64.4 63.7 65.9 60.7 65.2 64.4 73.3 71.9 63.0 58.5 62.2 57.8 60.7 60.0 68.9 63.0 66.7 65.2 76.3 67.4 67.4 79.3 78.5 79.3 77.8 100.0. Wh. Tu. 68.1 74.1 76.3 63.7 70.4 71.1 63.7 68.9 68.9 67.4 60.0 58.5 59.3 59.3 59.3 60.0 67.4 60.0 65.2 63.7 68.9 67.4 73.3 67.4 75.6 100.0. Wh. 71.1 68.1 73.3 69.6 70.4 71.1 69.6 71.9 70.4 79.3 70.4 68.9 68.1 68.1 71.1 67.4 77.8 68.9 72.6 69.6 70.4 68.9 73.3 70.4 77.0 73.3 100.0. La. La. 71.9 68.9 74.1 63.0 66.7 67.4 65.9 68.1 66.7 72.6 65.2 65.2 61.5 60.0 67.4 59.3 72.6 62.2 70.4 67.4 72.6 69.6 72.6 68.1 100.0. TD. Cat. Cat. 69.6 68.1 74.8 66.7 71.9 74.1 60.7 68.9 65.9 68.9 73.3 73.3 72.6 69.6 78.5 67.4 77.8 71.9 80.0 80.0 70.4 71.9 100.0. TD. 65.2 66.7 63.0 65.2 61.5 60.7 59.3 64.4 68.9 70.4 61.5 58.5 62.2 60.7 59.3 61.5 70.4 60.0 65.2 59.3 74.8 68.9 61.5 100.0. DH. DH. 71.1 63.7 73.3 66.7 67.4 68.1 60.7 67.4 63.0 68.9 63.0 60.0 63.7 62.2 63.7 58.5 64.4 63.0 69.6 66.7 67.4 100.0. Ma. Ed. Ed. 67.4 61.5 68.1 64.4 66.7 64.4 61.5 65.2 65.2 69.6 75.6 78.5 73.3 65.9 76.3 71.1 75.6 78.5 79.3 100.0. Ma. 69.6 59.3 64.4 65.2 67.4 63.7 62.2 61.5 65.9 70.4 65.9 63.0 69.6 57.8 69.6 57.0 68.9 65.9 66.7 65.2 100.0. JH. Se. Se. JH. 62.2 57.8 65.9 60.7 61.5 60.7 62.2 65.9 64.4 68.9 77.8 77.8 74.1 68.1 80.0 70.4 74.8 100.0. 67.4 65.9 66.7 67.4 69.6 64.4 63.0 68.1 69.6 71.1 77.0 66.7 70.4 67.4 74.8 62.2 74.1 75.6 100.0. TA. Zi. Zi. 65.2 68.1 65.9 53.3 65.9 63.7 63.7 67.4 67.4 64.4 68.9 79.3 75.6 74.1 69.6 100.0. TA. 63.7 66.7 71.9 62.2 67.4 69.6 66.7 70.4 68.9 68.9 79.3 79.3 71.1 72.6 80.0 76.3 100.0. Li. Va. Va. Li. 61.5 63.0 66.7 55.6 62.2 65.9 57.0 66.7 63.7 71.1 71.1 74.1 67.4 100.0. 63.0 58.5 68.1 57.0 66.7 65.9 61.5 66.7 60.7 68.1 81.5 78.5 74.8 73.3 100.0. Ha. Po. 66.7 63.7 68.9 56.3 63.0 68.1 65.2 70.4 64.4 71.9 73.3 100.0. 63.0 60.0 66.7 60.0 68.1 65.9 64.4 65.2 63.7 65.2 77.0 72.6 100.0. Ah. Po. Ha. 59.3 59.3 65.9 59.3 64.4 63.7 60.7 63.0 64.4 67.4 100.0. Bu. Ah. Ir. Bu. 74.1 75.6 64.4 62.2 63.0 66.7 63.7 64.4 100.0. Ir. 75.6 69.6 71.9 66.7 65.9 72.6 68.1 76.3 71.9 100.0. Sl. Sl. 68.1 68.1 76.3 62.2 71.9 72.6 69.6 100.0. Ar. Ca. Ca. 70.4 63.0 84.4 79.3 74.1 100.0. Ar. 70.4 63.0 69.6 63.0 66.7 67.4 100.0. Da. Da. 68.1 66.7 76.3 68.1 100.0. VS. SG. SG. 71.1 69.6 100.0. VS. 60.0 57.0 68.1 100.0. PS. TS. TS. PS. 100.0 68.9 100.0. HT CA. Cultivar name z. 表 4. 40 個芒果品種彼此間之相似值 (%) Table 4. Similarity matrix (%) of 40 mango genotypes. 芒果種原親緣關係之研究. 芒果種原親緣關係之研究 249.
(8) 250. 台灣農業研究. 和玉文 6 號品種的 88.1%。基因型態差異最大 的為香檨和 Vanary 的 53.3%。將 40 種芒果進 行親緣關係分析,繪製樹狀圖 (圖 2) 可將這些 品種分為 3 大群:第 1 群包括 Hing Tong、 Manalagi 、 柴 檨 、 柿 果 、 Golek 、 肉 檨 、 Aroemanis、Slal、Langra 等 9 個品種。第 2 群 為 Pope、台農 1 號、Irwin、玉文 6 號、E10-1、 Osteen、Haden、Keitt、Kent、Nimord、Maya、 Ahping、Lippens、Kensington、Zill、Edward、 Sensation、Buchanan、Vanary、Tommy Atkins 等 19 個 品 種 。 第 3 群 包 括 Chok-Anan 、 Carabao、Tong Dam、Cat、White、Tuong、Rad、 金煌、大黃芒等 9 個品種。而 Dasheri 和香檨 2. 第 58 卷. 第4期. 品種與前述 3 群的親緣關係較遠,單獨成群。. 討. 論. 叢群分析 (cluster analysis) 的結果與種原 特性調查結果比較分析顯示;型態與分子標誌 此 2 種不同的分類標誌的分群結果彼此相吻 合。叢群分析中屬於第 1 群的 Hing Tong 等 9 個品種,大都自東南亞國家引進台灣,果實特 徵上果形較長形、果皮呈黃綠色、種子為多胚 性。第 2 群的 Pope 等 19 個品種,大都自美國 或 Florida 引進,果實特徵為果形圓形、果皮顏 色較鮮豔、單胚,親緣關係傾向印度品種 (Rajwana et al. 2008),其中 Tommy Atkins 和. 圖 2. 利用各參試品種之逢機引子條帶進行不同品種 (系) 芒果之親緣關係分析。 Fig. 2. Dendrogram illustration of genetic relationships of 40 mango cultivars and lines based on RAPD cluster analyses..
(9) 芒果種原親緣關係之研究. Edward 被分為同一群,與 Eiadthong et al. (1999) 利用 SSR 對泰國芒果品種之親緣分析之結果不 同。Irwin 為 Lippens 的實生後代,而 Lippens 為 Haden 的實生後代,Zill 也為 Haden 的實生 後代,以上 4 個品種親本相近,與本試驗將此 4 個品種分為同一群的結果相符,而且 Irwin 與 Zill 歸為同一群與 Lei et al. (2006) 利用 AFLP 標記結果相符,但 He et al. (2005) 利用 ISSR 分析及 Lei et al. (2006) 利用 AFLP 標記皆認為 Haden 與 Irwin 親緣較遠屬於不同群。第 3 群 Chok-Anan 等 9 個品種,大都自東南亞國家引 進台灣,果實特徵上果形較長形、果皮呈黃綠 色、多胚,其中金煌與 Carabao 被分為同一群, 此結果與 He et al. (2007) 利用 SSR 對芒果進行 親緣分析的結果相符,與 White 分為同一群與 Lei et al. (2006) 利用 AFLP 標記結果相符。而 Dasheri 與前述 3 群的親緣關係明顯不同,而單 獨成群的結果亦與 Lei et al. (2006) 利用 AFLP 標記及 Sagar et al. (2007) 利用 ISSR 分析結果 相符。 金煌芒果是農民自行選育之品種,由 White 和 Keitt 雜交後代選獲,本研究結果中, 金煌與其親本 White 相似度為 76.3%,與 Keitt 相似度為 72.6%;台農 1 號是自混植天然授粉 之實生後代選拔出,親本不詳,本試驗結果將 之歸屬於第 2 群,由此推測其親本可能為自美 國引進的品種,與其親緣最近的品種為 Zill (76.3%),但與 Lei et al. (2006) 利用 AFLP 標記 認為台農 1 號與 Carabao 最相似之結果不符。 玉文 6 號是農民由金煌及愛文的雜交後代,由 試 驗 結 果 其 與 金 煌 相 似 度 75.6% 、 與 愛 文 83%,與 E10-1 相似度高達 88.1%。E10-1 品系 和台農 1 號同樣是由混植天然授粉之實生後代 選拔獲得,其親本尚待進一步分析確認,由試 驗結果顯示其與玉文 6 號相似度為 88.1%、 Nimrod 為 85.2%、Kent 為 83%。本試驗雖然無 法明確證明上述雜交品種之父母本為何,但卻. 251. 能提供可能親本之思考方向。而本研究所獲得 之具重複性且有品種差異之條帶,將可利用於 品種及親本鑑別之用。. 誌. 謝. 本研究進行期間及文成後,承蒙本分所林 榮貴博士多方協助及不吝撥冗斧正,謹此誌謝。. 引用文獻 (Literature cited) Chen, M. S. 1991. Current status and future perspective of mango culture in Taiwan. p.317–332. in the Proceeding of Symposium on Fruit Production, Research and Development in Taiwan. TARI Special Pub. No. 35. Taichung. (in Chinese with English abstract) Council of Agriculture (COA). 2008. Agricultural Statistics Yearbook. COA, Excutive Yuan. Taipei, Taiwan. 366 pp. Crane, J. H., I. E. Bally, R. V. Mosqueda-Vazquez, E. Tomer. 1997. Crop production. p.203–256. in: The Mango: Botany, Production and Uses. (Litz, R., ed.) CAB International. Wallingford, UK. Eiadthong, W., K. Yonemori, A. Sugiura, N. Utsunomiya, and S. Subhadrabandhu. 1999. Indentication of mango cultivars of Thailand and evaluation of their genetic variation using the amplified fragments by simple sequence repeat-(SSR-) anchored primers. Sci. Hort. 82:57–66. He, X. H., Y. R. Li., Y. Z. Guo., Z. P. Tang, and R. B. Li. 2005. Genetic analysis of 23 mango cultivar collection in Guangxi province revealed by ISSR. Mol. Plant Breed. 3:829–834. He, X. H., Y. Z. Guo., Y. R. Li., and S. J. Ou. 2007. Assessment of the genetic relationship and diversity of mango and its relatives by cpiSSR marker. Agric. Sci. China 6:137–142. Iyer, C. P. A., C. Degani. 1997. Classical breeding and genetics. p.49–68 in: The Mango: Botany, Production and Uses. (Litz, R. E., ed.) CAB International. Wallingford, UK. Jaccard, P. 1901. Study of comparative distribution of flower in the porition of Aipes and Jura. (Etude comparative de la distribution florale dans une portion des Alpes et des Jura.) Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat. 37:547–549..
(10) 252. 台灣農業研究. Lee, W. L. 1997. Investigation on Morphological Variation and Analysis of Random Amplifical Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) for Lilium formosanum and Lilium longiflorum in Taiwan. Master Dissertation. National Taiwan University. 109 pp. (in Chinese with English abstract) Lee, W. L., Y. S. Teng, and R. Q. Lin. 2007. Using RAPD markers to study genetic variation among Lychee cultivars. J. Taiwan Agric. Res. 56:281–288. (in Chinese with English abstract) Lei, X., J. Wang., X. Xu., and S. Lin. 2006. Studies on genetic polymorphism of main mango cultivars via AFLP markers. Acta Hort. Sin. 33:725–730. Muhkerjee, S. K., R. N. Singh, P. K. Majumder, and D. K. Sharma. 1968. Present Position Regarding Breed-. 第 58 卷. 第4期. ing of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) in India. Euphytica 17:462–467. Rajwana, I. A., N. Tabbasam, A. U. Malik, S. A. Malik, M. U. Rahman, and Y. Zafar. 2008. Assessment of genetic diversity among mango (Mangifera indica L.) genotypes using RAPD markers. Sci. Hort. 117:297–301. Sagar, S. P., S. Mitra, A. P. Giri, K. H. Pujari, B. P. Patil, N. D. Jambhale, and V. S. Gupta. 2007. Genetic diversity analysis of mango cultivars using inter simple sequence repeat markers. Curr. Sci. 93: 1135–1141..
(11) 芒果種原親緣關係之研究. 253. Study on Genetic Variations of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Germplasm 1 Wen-Li Lee2, Kuo-Dung Chiou2,4, and I-Szu Weng3 Abstract Lee, W. L., K. D. Chiou, and I. S. Weng. 2009. Study on genetic variations of mango (Mangifera indica L.) Germplasm. J. Taiwan Agric. Res. 58:243–253.. Genetic relationships among cultivars (or lines) of mango (Mangifera indica L.) were analyzed using RAPD markers. Forty mango cultivars (or lines) that planted at the Fengshan Tropical Horticultural Experimental Branch, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Fengshan, Kaohsiung, were examined using 200 random primers. Results showed that 22 of the 200 primers were inter-species polymorphism with high consistency. A combination of several primers was required for identification of cultivars (or lines). Results of RAPD cluster analyses showed that the 40 mango cultivars(or lines) were divided into 3 groups and the genetic similarity among these groups ranged from 53.3 to 88.1%, averaging 70.3%. The E10-1 and Yu-win No.6 had the highest degree of similarity (88.1%), whereas the Pung-Swain and Vanary had low degree of similarity (53.3%). However, Dasheri and Pung-Swain were highly different from all others, suggesting that they are highly diversed genotypes. Key words: Genetic variation, Mango, Mangifera indica L., RAPD markers.. 1. Contribution No.2373 from Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (TARI), Council of Agriculture. Accepted: October 8, 2009. 2. Associate Researcher and Head and Assistant Researcher, Department of Tropical Fruit Trees, Fengshan Tropical Horticultural Experiment Branch, TARI, Fengshan, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC. 3. Assistant Technical Specialist, Kaohsiung Branch, Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection, M.O.E.A., Taiwan, ROC. 4. Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]; Fax: (07)7315590..
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