• 沒有找到結果。

孫中山自由觀之分析

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "孫中山自由觀之分析"

Copied!
25
0
0

加載中.... (立即查看全文)

全文

(1)

!

r

c::::J

~oor~~~~J '~~'§ffi~+~~~~m~~~~~~~o~~'§ffi ~a~~m~~~=~~~ffl~M~~~'~~~~'~~~~~~~~$~~~

~:Pfu~~ ~ LlJJ5JTMffifB~

§ ffiflH

0 ~~ , ~ftR~ ~ u..r~ ,W;t]PF~gOO~~~=~~~ +7\~ UJf~~0

§ ffili! '

J!i'!~~~

r

~~J ~~{i!z$~ , ~~::f['l:l]~~rfrjJ[~~Z '

: '

~

,

ft!2~~~¥tl®~o{EiJ? fl1~fl{t~~~~1~

?

*~fr5UJf~~~ UJ~

§ ffia ·

*Wfr~~~~~J5JT~

r

=~~~~~

J

~l¥J

r §

.

EE~J 0 OJ~{

$ '

1982 : 76-7 ;

~~~

, 1980 : 112-23)

(H:~) ffHJil~~~

~UJf~'~~LlJ®r§ffiJ~~fl=~::f['l:l]~g~: rm~~~~~~*~§ffio ~~#m'_&~~~~~~*~$r§ffi'~~'M~~~D.ffi~'~fflR§

.

EE~~:t~A&~EnB 'iITf~:t~~*~§ffi 0 r1*~~§ffi' ;fOft1F5~~~~~f§['l:I]

,

~.~~~~~~m.*§ffi~o~m=~.~mA~~~~ffi°ft!2~~m~~~

=~mm: If'

§

ffi~M~

'mJ¥I=lZ '

~~m~e~~g~$1tJ

'

*tt§~o

'

1l!~§ f:E···~~:t&~::f.···ret~~:t&~~.

'

~~;fO~&~~

,

~Mflr.&*~§

ffi

0 Jl

~~~im'mJ5JTTM~§

ffi

0 fi!1::E~A~fl~~

,

fm§2. ,

EUttl '

fl~[9m~im'mJ5JT7

.'

.~~~§ffio~~~EE~.~.~ffl.: 1f'&~A~fl~fr'~~'l=lffifB'lli

'.!t& •

,@{i ' mfllJz~~§

ffim

Jl '~im'm J5JT7M~-@lA

§

ffi

0

J

(~~~,

1979 :

(2)

---~--0

n8)*~~~~~*~~B.~~ffim~~~~.~.~o~W'~Am., IT~1r~1lJPJf.&.::fIC1J ~WJ~iPtW~~~1tP)&~iP!j~~::f 1C1J*~~1* ~ LlI~

E3

m

0 [2Sf~m~W~~Ul~~*.~~iP~ r

mI*tiLtmt* '

t£~~*c7GiW=--t--+-'= (RPg§7G~J\J\liif:) ,ftI!~JE

r

f~~m~

,

tlUJL~~Z~

J '

(~.-: 409

~~~=if:*~i~~WJ~~k'ftI!~iP~±.!j~~~~m~~,*~~ftI!ffl ~Et:J

'

~~rtu~m

r !I&¥{:r.itrJ J

~1&1llAEt:J~ ~:fIflJ 0 wt£~~-if:

r

=~:iji1fiJ ~~, r~.:ijiiP.J~JL~ftI!~ili~k'~iP~~~~B~B.W~iW::f-~· :ijiiP~!j~~~~T.~,~*~*~~~~~~rW~±~J o~~~mt,

W~±R~~~~~TftI!~~M~~

• •

~$Et:J±_~~,[2Sf~~~~~~

~M.~To (~=)::f~,~~~~~t£1*~wM-Nm~~r~:fIJ*~E3~

~~~~o

1*~~:t£

r

~:fI±~

J

m=~~rm~~t~te:

r

~:fI~1lli5~

,

:9i-~=-=:=-~.'

teftl!fO§

~13IH~~~:illlm

'

FJTP):t£:9i-~1It~·a~rlf*~~~tlxm

'

~~~:fIfO~

EE ..

1"U

~~iW=sif:*

'

A~FJT.Fj~FJTJi~Et:J

'

Y5if:fJjU~*1l9

'

~j!~§~

, FJT

~:fI{J!EE~J1i1 0 ~~~$~~ft*

'

ftl!1r~:ijif;7l¥JD~~§

EE '

2fS~

,

m~=1lli5~

,

6~~~:ijiiP'm~.'~:fI'~~=1ll±~-.o~~1lJmt~EE'2fS~' m.~~:fI'~:fIX~EE~~=1lli5~~~~J1i1oJ (~.-:m)W!j~

Et:Jm. '

ftI!:t£m-~~mt:

r

*}Lf:flllmf:fm~~lfl.A~OL/flt(~ 0 *P.t~:fInJB

? •

~~1.J.

'

~~~~

;

13~l£lj1.JJl:*¥tllC1J~~-.

'

~OJ~flt(:fI 0 ···FJTP):fI~

~;f§IEJ~ 0 f:frr~iP45-~1.J:It

'

f:ftU~~~~Et:JJJ:It·, ~OJ~flt(~ 0 te~If{j:fl.g-Jllto""""/'

mt '

~.~~A~Et:J~rt:1JJJl: 0

J

(~.-:

55)

(&1:=)

X~W~i11!;:

r ....-..

"'J~yu."'-.

lfl.AEt:J$'m~~~~'~~lfl.AEt:J${J!~!I&m°f:f~~lfl.Az$~JJ:It,~~~

:fI

°f7P)A~1f3!I!~$

,

@!ultf&Xl%Jfm

0 J

(i£.-:

55)

1:Ejl.f!:!;j~ty]

fit17'Tr1L~:~

ffi* '

~~LllFJTIDi

r

~J slfL~~~~ , ~m.Et:J1llA fZ£I~ 0

,

f:f~~m~

,

ftl!FJT~~i¥J

(3)

A~

,

7Jf~A~itfl

(people as

a

whole)

'~~fI't~

(collective identity)

'ffiJ

~F{~flJt~

(individual identity)

0 (*~&i'

1978·: 23)

~~1*CP!-U!1~gHEI¥JJEft

'

JlU~:

r E3

EEl¥Jm~

,

M_t=l

~

,

l£-{~~flcp

g~~ml1J

'

*ttE3tm '

~~E3

EE

0 ~f?,cp~~1iiiMi6~

,

FfTt)*%:m~fY3;tt~!J> 0

{8~~1l'~1i-.~1ii6~ '~~E3EE~§Wml¥J

'

gt~ [i't&~::f&JJ -{jj~ ret~~0

t&~::f&

'

g~~~tp-.

'

~M1=flH*1¥J

E3 EE J

0 (it~-: 68) ret~~f?,

, cp

mA~-h~tp'~~~~*§~~'M**%:~l£~tp~~A±~±~~~~­ .,~ft~-~~~I¥J~.'iiM~.~~~%:,~~offiJ~l£~~~~m=~cp m~~I¥JE3EE'~I¥J~~ml£.~m.~*l¥Jm%:'~~E3EEoii~m%:'~~1¥J E3EE'ftA~~~~mm=~~*~~o ~W,~CP!-U~~~ftl¥JE3EE~~'~~R~~~%:E3EE~?~~*~~~l£

•.

~*,:±~m=~cp~M~: rJ{Zj!~E3EE~~MttBh1rJEOjB? ~~.JU~M*g§njB?

~tE~.'±'1rJEI¥J

'

~~~~~~ ~~~~7 0

'

Zj!~E3 EE;t1lJt)~ff

;

tlD*~1i ~.'~MZj!~E3EEm~~::fttom~cpmm~.~m$$'§I¥J~~~~Zj!~E3

m,m~mJEI¥J~ft~o~,~~~m~~o~m~~7~~'A~h1iZj!~E3m

1¥J$1l '

{f1lJt)~Zj!~E3 EEI¥J~ijii 0

J

(it~-: 84) x.~:

r

cp~I¥J$$J;SI,m

'

~~rJJ~iX~

, Zj!~E3 EEI¥J~~

,

i:!2.~m~~1$~*1¥J 0 {8~cp~$$.::f:±~~

Zj!~E3EE,:±~~_~:±.o=~:±~~~.ff'~~~EEZj!.oJ (it~-: ~)~mlli: rcpmml£1i~~W~~±'.~:±~~Zj!~E3EEo~~l£-m~~ ~*'*~~Zj!~E3m'{8~~~~*'.1£~~mo~m1=f7~~'Zj!~~m;t ~~ffl£'~*~1i~~'Zj!.~EE::fa~-.~i6~oJ (it~-:~)W~'±' l¥J51~cp

,

~~fH.mJE~@m~~l£~~%:1¥J ~

EE

0 lRffiJ~~a~J&~~

,

.:fjt

rMA E3 EE J '

~~~,

r

~~~§

ml¥Jt!f:.J

0 (HI!])

~9f.

'

1=f

-M~~I¥J r,{fm~~5jUfH:lli*~fYj

,

l1~gt~~

cp

!-Ul£~flFfT!m!m~}fj

I¥J r

~~J

=* '

H!~~~A~I¥J~ll&~

,

?Jj\flP~mmiil¥J[gJJiII:fi~~I¥J~~­

... - -3@•. ' ~i£.

,

~utJ ~ ~t;k: <; (~t:$ ~

1982 : 94 ;

~.~

, 1980 : 102)

~{t~

(4)

1 ~*.'.~~.~B~~~.M~®~*'~

••

~~~~.~~~~~ *~~A.$*~~~.'~.~.$.~~~~~~

• •

og-m~ ~W:~¥$

, ::t;t{:~~~ , $m~¥$

, B~1fufFj~f~7

~ ~~~~

,

is

;, gg~Wf?§-~~~ 0

.r

m{tPJHf&i&~~~mt:~UJB

?

.~~~~.1i1fJt~~.

'

,,

~ ~~~~::ftig~~.H~fJl.~~fE .t?§~~ ~~~1i1fMJU1EfJl. 0

'

mJ;JW:~A~~

~~~~.~.F'j 0

J

(~~-: 85) ilitmpfTID1W:~~*l1~tffJt~~.~mlY3

7m~.,ftg~~.~m&'.~.~A~~~.~7m=~~'Rm~.

B'm~::f~Jt~oW~~~~~~~~~.~m*--~±'*A~~7

PJ91- '

~1ftUifjlJ*lf1JflfR:. 0

r

A~f;jT'B~1f*lilJJ;J~$

,

f;j~$$ift~

ilJ

PJtu~{~a~ tUtU*lf1Jfl~*I{f~f;jT$$W~~ *?§-JtA~:m+...j...·-'i'i!~~~~0 0

J;Jm11t1J{f~ , {f-a:TPJtUtU ' ~{f~tUtU.

' J;J~1H::f:1J{f~ , {filJ.l-:1-{~a~ ,

{f~fltk*l 0

J

(~~-:

97)

~~~~~1f.®:tfu:1J' ~~~A~~1fft~.,

PJ

1fum: r

~~~?§-A~

, ffl.:tEmJU7

~f.i~*I

:

-tm~~!f!.

'

=tm~ft,§:fI =tm~tUifjlJ*I

'

[gfl~fl#i:. ili~fI.:tE~~gg~t~1\N 0

'

B~ffmfH1fpx~

,

*~~ilJPJftE.JU~~m

'

~~~t!t:W 0 ~*t!t:W~~~1fJt~~~:fI

'

~~~jj~[gfl~*I 0

J

(~~-:

97)

rm~[g~ r1if£=~.J

'

~~*f'EmZ~

r

~ ~ ~ J ' (*.~t 1979 : 145) ~~~~m r 3t~~1} ~~~ttfi'¥~mEr ~J 0

(*f5C$'

1982 : 94) (

M:li )

~cptlI~~*I~.~-.CPt~&

'

IAi~ (Jean Jacques Rousseau) ~±~lHiiiffij

~.~A

'

*PfT~~~

r;RMA*lJ

~rmt1i1f;flHfl

' ftgm: r

l&t~~W:~}H±~Jltiftffii ~.~A,~~ftg~~.~~,{f~~$m¥$°l&t~-~~.~~ft~~~~~ ~~~mfB

'

~f-JmfBCP:lrmfB®;f1{.

'

~~A~~.flj~~rm~ ~~~®

'

~A~1f;R

M®«Iflj'"

:-r~~A~{&*rei:it~.fU1&.Jm

7

0

pfT

PJ~~

1=1

mfB"OJ

PJ~~.~;R

(5)

l:B*Ef:J t&fl¥u

0 Jf;

it;

Ef:J

~.se.L

'

:Ma~~

Ia

~PJT~Ef:JtJ~1i~ffII$

Jf '

~:fitt:~Ia~Ef:J 1=1

.

~~1f:tLH*

OJ

(~~-: 62) ret?&{-ijJ.~~~tI::f~7(±'Ef:J

'

tJ~~~~

r

~

J *Ef:J '

f&~:

r

fl*~tlEf:J*~

,

~1r~OJt)J§~{~*:fr:tJT 0 ¥Hwtf5Ef:J~-~

:

~-{;~M

'

~A~~.'::f~ffltl'~ffl.~;~=M~M'~A~7(.'~ffl~ffII;~-M ~M

'

~A~A.

'

~~~.

'

~{;~~~tJ~{;~~.

'

~ffl;g-ffII

;

¥UTfJl1:EEf:J~

.

1m1i~M

'

~pqt§.

'

A~~;g-:j:t§~

,

1:E~@~1~zr:p

,

OJt)~~~A~~A~

,

0~~~tI.o~~@~~,~tI

• • • •

'MU~.~ffII~~oJ (~~-: ~)WA~m~~~~:j:ffi~~?:j:~~~~~~&~;g-:j:.~Ef:JEm,~~~~ ~1i1~ 0 ~~ , {ih1:E~=~r:p1£j~tfj~71t1.*UEf:J'I~1f}

,

{ttt~: r~1#I~Nlt~L1&¥U

~=§~UM,;g-:j:Ef:J.~~m~&~'MUA~M~Ef:J.~~~m~WEf:J'A~ ~1i.;>g,~Ef:J 0 ~~A~~tJ~1i.~' ::f§~~tfuJ1:fEji~, ft*ttJ~fiSl~::f§~

,

0 1=1 ~::f~ ~

, 1TjI)::f §

~

J

(~~-: 70) ~~~*,~r:p~~~,ti@A~~ft*Ef:J~W~~~:j:1:E~~LEf:J.~oW f&ffl~~~fln~m~~ttJ~$'~~~~~@AEf:J§~~tlfUo~~'-J100' B~f&1:E~~mtfjM~r~$~tlJttJ~~, (ffA){8~'$.L'f&1:E*~~ $OO~~:j:~r7(.AfflIJ ,~~~oo=~mtfj: r~$~~~~Z

• • '7(.Z

Ati '

Wft~z1Jj$~ 0

J

(~~_: 18) W~~fJJGJ:L

'

fiU1:Eg,t{:fgm;~**'t!ffl1E~

,

~r~*~n.Jr:pm: r§A.~7(.Atlz

• •

~.'~~.Rz::f~::f.' ~fflfiz~~'.~§A&@@~~~

• • • •

ofi§Az~~~~~~

• • • •

ZT~'~W~5o~BZB'~~§E~~.se.r:p~*~~~Z-Bo§~¥~, ~IE.¥

' ::fOJ~~~=f~.14z~*~

0

J

(~~=: 26)

OJ

~

,

{ih~~$~7(.

AtI'*§Ef:Jg,t~mTA~ttJ§~~¥~o

(fft)

¥J:1.JOO ' {ttt1:E r

~tlW&

J

ff:Xr:pj~tfj

,

~m~,IfJ.*ti*1Cm

'

~~A~~*

'

l:B~,~~z~~D.::f~'f&m: r$~~

• •

Z~'~~-m~~'~E7(±'

fffi?&Im ?

.1t~Z.*ti~T)~Z~ 0

1:EmYmZ@ ,

~*fI~

,

x~fJJG~

,

{M~.m

'

~A~z.*§~,tfj~~~'~~§~'WB~WW.'~=§A+~~Z~'

(6)

)

rrn~m=1f:t)1W

'

M:ijgtt~i*cpL1JmfEJ~f~ZJ1fi$

, ftEWmimWlfiU '

~!&~

EEW

Atlt¥J ' gtj&-fLOQ]1f:tk '

t:E~m~~t¥J r cpmFt::!~mt¥JAm~J

(The True Sol­

ution of the Chinese Question)

ZX

a

fttf$1U$T

+:IJimim*105zT

A~FJT~¥rj~

~1~

:

-·m.~At¥J~~'-W$~'R.~~~at¥Jw~'rrn~

• •

~t¥JAt¥J~~o =·~~m.§~t:Efi.W~.~t¥J~.o =·~~.~§~'j&-MT~t¥J~.'~~§~*~~t¥JtlWWMAo Q]·~~~.§~~~~~t¥JA~tlW·~~WM~o li·~~mm~rrg~t¥J~~rrm'W~~~~t¥JAo

1\ '

fttl

fr~~

11:

1=1

IDfa

~ ~ 0 ~,~~~.*§~t¥J~~'rrn.~mmmw~~t¥Jm&o A'~~~.m-m~~$mt¥JDm~.,**~~~.m~.t¥J.~'.m~~ ~f~tB*!}nt~J8Dt¥J~il a fL,~~~tt~~~~$t¥J¥.,gt*~.§~t¥JtlWo +,~~t:E~.-WA~t¥J~$M.~.t¥J~.'~~~~~$t¥J.~o (3::~=

:

248-9 ;

3::~+

:

91-2)

:iHj&~4~UJ~~~mt¥J1I1lLW1=1 '

FJT1Ut¥JcpmAZ

r Atlm~J 0 (~~Thomas

Willian Gnschow

~

,

~i!t-ffi~

,

1990 : 219-21 ;

~~~

, 1980 : 100-1)

Iftn '

~1W+li1f:

(iNJG-j\.fL-f:;1f:)

,:mcpwJ:EF~X~¥JU~t¥J r ~~~Q~Gj

(Kidnapped in London)

cp ,

fttlt~Jtmim~~

r

~~A~t¥JEI=

§ ,

M~A~zJt! ~

,

:;t~~~

,

}L~~jf~~1~VT1.

'

~~J£:;t~mJJt~ 0 • • • • • •~~EU~~~

,

~~

~.

'

A~t)tll:9ETfU

'

~f&~$ 0

J

(3::~=:

195 :

3::~+

:

6)

iiOOj&t:Em.i1WW

~~~ZT'A~~~~~~'~~~~~'~~~~~'.m~~~t¥JM~'.

~1t~.Ei.~tf7~~. (~~~~tk, 0

1991 : 103 ; 1988 : 288-9)

rrn~~JliilUpx:ll:

~

,

i*cpw#H~H.A~~EEt¥J~7J\

'

J!~~JJf&$

,

f9lltlD :

(l)t:E~~JG1f:-fJ1P

-E~~:F/).CP~: r~~~~ ,'~~B~' ffiff1~~Z~i1ii

'

~1W~z~fi' 'lti~lli1l

(7)

_~~zij!~

,

~~.gff,g~~~~z~

EE;fIflj J

0 (~~=:

29)

(3)1iFJ 3ZJMJr*

~TW~~-~~*~~: rR~$$~~ZA~'~~~~

EEz;floJ (

=:

49) (4rrm~+RrJml~*G~ ~~Jt*~¥i5lJt:st~~U~7J'\: r1:E-fflI~1l*z$'

.

~~A~~etJ~mZ~~' ~f!J"tJ7'G~z

EE J

0 (~~-:

279)

~¥~1:EAA~~,~~~~mw~'~~AA~~gf~*~EEA;fI~~mo~~

~DT

:

(1)~~+=~$ml~~.W ~ i:p±~: r~~A~~~~'

fiFojfd: '

~IDfB'

tfj

. Jt&'

Ji5f±'

ffl1Wz~~~EE;fI 0

J

(~~=:

112)

(2)~~+=~lGFJ$~~~.

~-~~~ft~*~

,

~U~

r

~~A~~~~

,

*5Jfr± '

s

IDfB ' tfjJt& '

m{:t '

fflf.cpz

7'G~ ~

EE J

')1UA~W ~ pfTm~lI&~ (~~=: 0

139)

:illz:f~tfj:

r

R~IE&:~1lI ~±~zlilA&lIIe

'

~~*~-W~

EE&;fIfU J

0 (~~=: 136 ) (3)raJ~+­

fj~tLW~$~Ij~: r~~~m~m.Ul' tJ~tt~;fIz£~ B.'M'tJ~1.J~~A0

~Z~EEoJ (~~=:m)~.~mtfj:.r~tiJ ,.r7'G~J ,.r~1.J

.~.J '~~.$~.~$~A~EE~~,m.A~~~~~~EEo (~.~, W~:~)WEE~L~~~~~'.$~m~~EEftA;fI'.~~R~m.r0

$fL~'tI~J

WB

0 (cf. ~.~ ,

1980 : 119 ;

itijtlG '

1992 : 111)

ttH'LiID;~~~

,

.?&~1r~~~.$~:illz~F~mff~liIA~~

EEft;flfU '

::t;A~

.

{t!!PfT~Ji~

,

mli1rr¥im~tU~1it$ ,it~~mA~~:E&

EEft;flflJ

0

?&W '

IE~DAA1:E

• •

$mmT*~M: r*~1.J~~1it$'R~+~'~§~1:E*$~Z~EE~

.~ 0

J

(~~fL:

637)

{t!!~~~ ,~n1:EH~J1tt~~fflI~~ft~~1¥J EEft~~ 0

;~1It

'

~~+=~~~=~±~~pfT~IDfB~~

EE '

Am{J\J1tt~~~~~

EE WMm

0

~*

'

AA1:E~.±~~=~pfT~IDfB~ ~ EEh~JW~~~±~~~1IJ IE~Dmj!~pfT0

M~~

:

=~±~~~im~M: (mr~~: 0

1965 : 331-81)

(ffJ\)

~1r~~ogm

~~~, ~11*8'j§EE 'j!~~~~fttd~1i*±~~pq~ fl§~' ~*.x.' 0

1*

(8)

~$W~~~=~±~~~~~~~~T~~~m: r=~±~~~~W ~Oj (~~~:3)~M±~~~~~~$~~*~~~~~4~~~'MH $~7k~3i~Ff.f::lfji!tW. c

(Wilbur,

1976 : 198)iffi r

~~±~~~~~±~J ' (

-:3)

(~~)~r~~±~mM.~'~~~~

• •

~.~~~#~.~o

(~~~

: 22)

~ffiJ

'

CP~AW

r

-R~~~~*~~lIIm

'

19.~~~~mffl$

,

fifi .,

B~Q]~~A~ftJiX.~1i$~

,

.:t£~-J:1~t!>

'

*¥tl~E1~i!tW.J::6:jt~~~~~, ~~~$:6:~T~~~oA~n~,~~~~o~~~~~:t£~~:6:~~~'

¥f/f~{A:~1l§~~±~

,

*8ftQ]~~AJiX.-{i.!§~~~~

,

$~OO~LfIJ~g

.0J

(~~-:6).~M.~LfIJ~.Z.~?~.$fIJ~~WfIJ±.~§~

~$wmili: r~~~~~~TWfIJ±.~*o&M~WfIJ±.~?~~m~m

~§.~fIJ~±.'~$flJffi.~

• •

om.§.~.'m~~~WfIJ±.o.

~~~~~Tm.±.

'

pfiP)ftft.~~~ 0 j (~~-:

30)

~~~JjU.

#t(:m1§U-T: r t3

~fJ OO~::Em:

'

m

::Em:WiJiX.~ lIIttOO~~~

,

~fJ~~.m:

' ffl

m:~JiX.~lIItt'OO~fIJ~o~WiJiX.wm~~~'~/f~~+~W~A~~~fIJ JiX.~'~~~Am~fJM.~*~o~:m~OO$fIJ~~flJrr~'$flJrr~T' ~A~~±~'M.~~fIJ'~iffi~Z'~WiJiX.m~~w~oX~~fIJ~JiX.~8~

$~'B~~mm'ili~~w~-.o~flJm:t£~.±

• •

~~i!tW.'ffi~~flJA

~~1l]~~: Ii' ~fIJ~[3 ~.!I

0

j (~~-:

4)

~Z

'

WiJiX.~fIJ

r E1

/f~W~j

Z.*.±~~~'~~.ff.m:~.'~.~.ffiJ*oiffi$fIJ.~~~~~~~

fJ '

~~fJ~t3~fJ

(AD)

~=.mi§

,

~~$fIJ~~~#~j;th~~~ft~~ 0 (~..

~-:

13' 38)

(~-O) ~~, ~$W~*.O:¥.: r~1r~~E1~3=BCP,aVJ"""'-I":'"'

T~~~±.t1X~~*

0 J

(~~-:

33)

rm

rfi~m~ftWf' OO:~JfJ<~~~±.®

15#:>.0 J

(~~-:

45)

~¥U~~±~ (~~~.ffi$) t1X~TP){i, 001iJP)~-~ ~fiff~~M.~1iJ~~~~1r~~~~~{ft (~~}Wj~W' 0

1990 : 135-47)

0

(tt...··.·

- - )

~~i~~~±~~mjjj$

,

¥tlTMi14~,fI±~~=~t-Jffifdt3 B3~~f~' ~Jtl1

0

(9)

~DM~m&.·&.·&~~~.a~=&~.~D.'~~~.~~.~~~ MDM~&~~~~?~a.m*,a~~&.'~~m~~~~~~-.,~

ff&.~.,~~.~*.~~om.~.~~.MA.~~'~7~~'~~

.

~m~~~~o~~~~~mM~~~~.~~• •m~?~*m~MA,a~­ ~ft~'.~~Nm~MA~~,.m~~*~~oMA~~~~@~'~*.~ 5G~@~

0¥tl7~*ng~rrlJJE3~

, cp~~~5m~tB~*

0 J

(~.-:

75)

(tt

- = ) .§.ftf!.7.~!Y3CP~.~Fff!E~:tfuUl

'

~53U~U7-M~~*7f3~

,

jj~~~ r~

m&:tfuJ

0ftf!~: ra~.&~.~*~~~?~.cp~~~~~Em'~~7~

*~f~flz.

'

~Jiij£~~M&:tfu

'

.~B~7~M&:tfu

'

lt~~.1iU

.

3(ffl . ?aill 0 •

1iU'3(m'?aiIl~~~-~~M&:tfu'~~-M~A~~~'CP~~~~~M&:tfu, .~~~~~~ocp~m~~~+~M~A~~~,m~m~~~*~m~@~

I¥J

0

J

(~~-:

75)

mm.7.I&~*

' &.z@

~Fff~t:fjl¥JttoolPJ2. '

:§ftfiX.

ftf!!N!1f.~~

• •

$o1Jl¥J~.~*

0

ftf!~:

r

.~a~~*1¥J

@

mJ~~m*

'

:§ft• •

-§-§ ~

, fiX-Mm~flt1~lIIR

; .m$o1J~1J~~~*fiX-M~flt1l11R

' ~F~$o1J

::t:.~fiXJ3J 0 a~~$o1J±.

' ~~~-§-m*~±~±

' ng~~[g

• •Aifflm$o1J

::t:.~-§-m*,

fiX-M*lIIR

0 ~-M*IIIRng~@~, CP~~*.?&~E3~'

cp

~&.;tltng@~

0 J

(~.-:

75)

(tt-=)

W~OO~'§A.-N:tfu~!Y3,~.cp~m• • ·mu• • •~I¥J$o1J~~.

7A&.@~.~.~o.*w~.@~·~~~.m

• •m'~WR~$o1J~~

fiXJ3J ;

N1Jo~$o1J11~~g.

'

FffPJ.CP~"iffi~53U5mwm~*~ ~1¥Jm:. 1It1!i~0

~~&~+=1f.E,ftf!M~~&::t:

• •m• •

~.~.M~CP~~

• •

°ftf!~r~ .:~rgl=f

J

cpt~t:fj: r

+=1f.OO '

~~m1lu.tNll&Wf

'

R~&~*~~~~Z.tt

0

tt• •

BllIJ,

WIIJ&Z~~~.!f!~*~.~tfl ,t&§A~B{1J~W~::t:.~~M

·~:C~Zf~Ul

0 J

(~.=:

178)

W

r

~t~.I=f

J cpJtIj1ifM: r

~&$o1J~

§

I¥J '

c~~fiX.ft@mztfl*'~H~tfl*&&*z~~°lltm§I¥J'.Wtfl::t:.~Rcp

iiJ7k~;tt:m.t%:IlY=i~Jj~ffgf§~

0

i!&:$~z~

,

§ABngm1lU.?;iH~

,

tJ~~~

,

(10)

0

r

~t{:~~

§ I¥J ' /f{J!:f:Ejt{jlllLral '

::t:f:Ejt{jUlLralJ5JT~J;)~ff~*~~~

J

(3::~

= :

173)

3*

cp

w~l1~~tJ:iW:f:EJ{*f;j;t±mlLg *:&*~*lfUM~fRf~~

,

~!IJ

+=$*1jttfp/ffmi1Xw '

8X:,@EE~ZP:~§ EEI¥JJ~~

,

ftl1ID?;:

r

CP~I¥J1jttfp)~~

,

*

*:,@EE~~l¥JtfiJfG!,~~~1¥J

'

~&~~~l¥Jtfim~

,

~~T CP~I¥J1jttfp

,

JZ~g~n ~CP~I¥J1jttfp? ~1il~EE~Fm~~~j!J>

'

/f:,@~*ffiWf~ '1RJfH~~8 0 ~~I¥J~oTl

m~:,@&~O~? ~gt:,@**J5JT~~1¥J

§

EEZP:~ 0 ···cp~3lI*ift~~T

§

EEZP:~!¥J

m~'ffl~iftmT1jttfp;1jttfpi1XT$.~~'X~~~m~n~,~1jttfpmm~~o

~~1jttfp~~~'~/f:,@.g~~An~I¥J,~~:,@~zp:~·§EEmmMm~n.

l¥JoJ

(~.=: 500)m~~~?cpw§a.¥~ffim~'m8X:,@:~~$.

A~ZP:~§

EE' r

~wU:&~A:f:EJj~~~lIlft~cp

,

/fglllft%~1~~ZP:~§

EE '

*!

~~§ a1ilA~zp:~

§ EE

0

J

(~.=:

509)

f1n&:¥~ID?;: r1jttfpI¥JMl~'

**

:,@~A~:f:El&mJ:~ZP:~

§ EE '

~/f~J5JT~I¥J:,@lIlftfD:9i-:WI¥JZP:~

§ EE '

/f:'@{~A

§al¥JZP:~§EEoCP~~:f:E1jttfp,m:,@~OOAI¥JZP:~§EE'/f:,@~lIlftl¥JZP:~§EE' J5JTJ.,jA~J~lJtfp

,

*~:,@~~ 0

J

(~.=:

510)

~llt ' ftg~~il**:

r

~~~:JJD

1jttfp:l; ,

~ffii~l¥J*gg

, 8X:,@ §

al¥JZP:~

§ EE

0

fa

§

aJ5ff~I¥JZP:~

§ EB ' mffiill:¥ll

.~,~.cp~~m~~'~~~.1jttfp'~~i1Xwl¥J~~o~.1jttfp~w~~'

§

a~

oJ

J;)1j[ §

EEzp:~l¥Jmflj 0

J

(~.=: 512) (fr~rz:g)::g: AWJ~

, .cf:1

Ll.J

:f:E~1~BFf~I¥J~~~{j]~if§&'m:~ 0 W\.5!P{tI1£~1jttfpl¥J$~

,

~7~OO~*

'

~~

I¥J § EE '

W~**1'Mi

·

*~OOAI¥J

§ EE '

{8;tt~~§ 1¥J{7J~:,@~-OO{@]A1j[~r3

EE .

zp:~l¥JmfU 0

(fr-li)

.CPwWJ~§EE~.~,~+ftm~*=+m~m'§~~.Acp~':f:Ecf:1~

~~f.fEi1X1jttfpJE.~l¥Jf'Fm

'

:f:EjtW$1tU3:.~J:

'

~;ttm:~~~ ~W

0

'

;tt~§ 83~

~

,

ftCP~ffitU~~~OOI¥J~.

'

;tt:~{I:lJ{:E? {-@.J;):f.%cp~A~§ EEtttt::f~g1ElilflJjfm o· .

(11)

:oo:a=

0 (ff-:f\) 1itt~)jUS [mt71G~tB EHt~f'f!~~:

r

8

t±Hffi1'f! '

8

A:rm,~,

'

~#ffij§X

,

~83ffij~

,

W11~~{BJ~~?

J

(~~-'

. :

74)

MLlit~tB:

r

EB~{I ~

3~~~*'~~~~~~~*'.~~EBZ~'W~~~EBZ.'li~~~~'

~~N~~*7oJ (~.-:~)WEB~~~A~.§~~~

• •

*tBm~'*

1~~.·M~·~m~tB~~EB'~.~~AtB

• •

*~m~'~EB®a~~~

1*•••

'~~A.~.~EBtB

• • o.m•••

~'R~~A.~~E8'.~

~~~EBtB~$'{8~'~m~m~tB~~~.r'~~Affi~~m~EB;~~A ~firr~T

r

~~ffij~

J

tB~lIW1IA~

EB '

~1i:j!!II.®*a$

,

~!Lt

'

~IJR~1m7!11

It '

ift~iH'f!tE{BJ.tt

' !II• •

~~g.}1fl§

EB "

~$IIl.~~g.}1flf'f!ffl '.R~$

~~gf.&;J1J 0

(8211'

1991 : 153)

1*~t1rf;J~~~A;fg.j!IIl.*a$

,

~~tB~tt

'

~mte&*tB~.

'

~)jUslmt ~~Af;J~~~AtBmWr-~~~J*~~.~o~~: r~~A~~~A~­ ~~~,~~~-~~~tB~~~&M~?~~1I1I~§EB'~AA~~EB'AA

te

~

i3tB

~

EBM:7E¥UfH* '

pJT

P)f.&;7-~~~ &M~-~~Y9>nm0

?

tzO*~1r~*­ ~~~~)~~,.~~~,~~~~mm~tB,&~*~tB,~~~-~~~oJ (~

: 68)

3i~

,

~X~:

r

~-~~~W.

'

~&Mm*nJe

?

ffl*~~~~~~

tB §

EEl '

tzO*~ ~

E8 '

~~~g~f.&;-~~~ 0

J

(~.-:

72)

(ff--t;)

1ittMlli

r1.&;M;~.J *~~~m~EB' ~~: r~1r~~-m~~~~, ~~~E8~fH1jm

tB '

~~ !i't&.~.JJ -1:i]~ 0 ret~~1.&.~.

'

tt~~f1{Y9>-~

,

~1I~ti*EB

~EB 0 J (~.- :

68)

~mrt&;M;~&J~r_~~~JWEB~lIW1IA~E8'~1*~t1rm~11&f;J®o "-'-=--...

mm '

~~~$EBf1~WttJr.iX~~raJ

'

~~:

r

~~A~&M~-~f1{ ?EB~&M.~~f.&;-~~~~?~~~~~~AEB§E8~~oEB~~mA~ *~,m~~~.~$o~~~$tB§tB.~~~~,m~~~ift~raJo~~~ $~?3i7.~'~~.~~$EB§®m&o.~~oo~~~~~·

. EB '

PJTP)1f$~*~§EB ~1FJ~~~~EB*~ '&~1II1t

0

'

~~gm:tJ,' ~­

(12)

~1Mf~:tE1l!/ffJgt~31L

0 j

(~~~: 74) ~rtt

'

~O~$~*

EB' ,

1l!px~Jt~1J>

'

~7]d~§l:W~±~!¥J~~

0

t&

r

~~*fJg~tJ:tmYi-~!¥J

~~n.~A~~EB,~pxm~~!¥J~.'.~±.±.~~~1J>.m,~~

~~~m~~

0

$~Am:tE~1.¥~ EB:t:~

,

~~~

EB!¥J=§m···J5fftJ1f£Wm

~.,~~.~.R&~'~~.ffl7~EB~~~Oj (~~-:M)

~~~$w~~,$~A!¥J~EB:t:~,&WPX~-Jt~1J>o~rtt,~~5

l1~{9tlT

'

tJ::&3i'iJJ5ff~~~*~~

,

~ EB~\~~J5ff~NftU

0

{~~:

r

1f£-mjiX

;fIWWi3¥~~ft

'

1l!±51~~

EB : JU7

§

!¥JB~

,

~Am.1E~

a!¥J

~

EB '

/1",... 0:

~~ EB:t:~

,

1l!Jt~Wf~mt:~ J5fftJ·~~~-1i1*~Jll./{ijf(5i~~~ 0

,

1l!~-{f§]X

~

EB '

tJ::f~3Bftl!A~~

EB1.¥falll '

::t~J!~

EB :

~D*~3Bftl!A~falll

'

1l!/f~ EBQiX~A.~EB'1f£W&~falll'.~~5i~~::tft7~EB!¥Jfalll:~7fa 1l!.~m~~EB7oEBrtt~~.$*~B.~~EB/f~-M~~/f~~m~~

~~~~-Mfalll*~~~70j (~~-:n)

~~ffimr~EB~~~j ,~~~ti-&A~~oW~$W&~+= &±.~

,

1E~$~

r liIZ!HIIh j

~~.1i~~~'

r

$IIUJ~m.JU7 ~ EBJi!~,

, ~

&~JjU!¥JJ~l1ffl

' 1l!*Jll*&i7'3*ffl '

~~~t:e*m

'

~Jt.i5~~~~

S3 j (

0

~- : 73) ~rtt

'

ft1!~~JjutfiJt:e:

r

iX~A:tE-Efli

+1f:tJW '

~1.¥.m.~

S3 '

tJ#t®-*~; ~~Jll7~.

'

.~~ "~~~~1MJ5Jlm~.1T&;fI~i1tI¥J~~ o.

~~@~~~i7'3'AA~/f~m~~EB~?m~~Wf~~A'.*~"_A"~

.

~/f1t=+~*px1f:~A' m~1i~~EBI¥J 0

j

(~~-: 73) ~~*~EB'~.

W:tE~f!LRmJll*~~_A

'

ft1!~8~J:K:

r

~*~!¥JfJg.tt~

S3 '

it~tJ7(7(m

~':tE*~~.I~;*~px7'W.Jt~'~~~.'1l!~~.~*

• •

o.

Afig~.tt~

EB '

itfigm~1f£$~

,

J~'{/¥~~

,

~~~~~

EB

0 ~D~*~

" _A.:;a-nIfl.;

~EB'1l!.$~~EBl¥Jti~~~,px~~~~m':tE*~i7'31l!&~&m,:tE_~ .1l!1i~.*E. 0

j

(~~-: 75) ~W

' ft1!:tE&!jbc1f:ll!lJ3 Wl. r

~ EB~1!mfi

j

.~

,

If!.~irti.A~'B1!WtfiJt:e:

r

#~~~

EB '

$~A&~~

,

.~F1.¥~~~_A~~··

'B1!~~

0

{(6).A~'B1!

'

fiD~#~~~

EB ' • •*E.$ ,

~U~*~rHJ

'

M/ffig~

(13)

0

- 0

IMDPf*lE- , ~Ut4.~~W.·' ~tlO-fil~fd9> ' x

Wflgm~~1fJf$ 0 J (ik~

::. : 33)

~

llt '

ffg~~a-&'W€fItm!ftgl¥J1M~t.i&~fl(;~:

r

ffi;gtlOt:fX7'G~

§ ill '

~F ~mA~/fOJ ~*~mA~

,

rm{Elffim.A~,§~W€f

'

~U~F.f£§

ill '

~f1~~1tt

e$/fOJoJ

(~.=:~)H.~~.I¥J~~'~W€f.mu.ml¥J~~¥$~~

JtJ '

~~:;t~JL/f~

, rmi*cpilJj~U~JjU1~tbftg~~.I!i~{i!!&'W€fpffFa{rpZ~~~§

m±ft~~~OO~'~~: rm~rm~,~~~~m~~BfflFaz#~~§ill±ft

.

**EIfJj~ 0 ~./f~ ~iW0 1=1 z~

,

~~~§

m '

~mA~~arm~ ¥'1e'§~ 0

,

~U/f~m~~1}~

, ~A~m~

,

x3i:fm§

m

!

J

(~.=:

34)

¥.1e.Jt

s ml¥J

~NtU

'

1tl!{E~IJ+=1f.

'

~~ r~~.$!i5fcJ=&ZJ](~

J

W€f1~tB:

r

m.Jt~~-.

wnJll, ,

/fOJ*liiIfittg ; ~&'.f£-az

§ m ' P)i¥1}~Z

§ m

0

J

(~.=:

36)

rm{E~~+=1f.~~ r¥$~JtJMA/fflg~§ EE[Ila~~§

m J

W€f~~~F~m~

,

1tl!~:

r

*~~:ff{~¥$~JtJ

'

~9G~.f£{~AI¥J

s m '

1~AI¥J~~ ~~0

AI¥J §

m~~

,

1mt~*JU¥$.pg*

'

fL~.pgl¥J~c$

,

:**m~~~

;

.pgl¥J$~

,

:*

*m~~~1tt ~.3m1t1 0

'

-3&~ff

'

.R~.~§

ill ' MA/fijgs EE '

~f&~1r~I¥J¥

.tJP ,

:;tOJPX~~~ 0

J

(~.=: 511 )

ftf& '

~A~~JjUmtb

'

1*cpLlfpff~CP~A r-J:1~19>

J

I¥JJ](~

,

{EiWijl~~

*1f.ffl~r~.W~J~~CP'~/f~1e~mrcp~A§m*~JI¥J~~'.~~

-~gril1t

'

ftg~:

r

cp~[g~~Z~

,

~fB-fi~19>

'

llt~x~rm~ms? .~~W ifiUZ~.L-~3&zif1. 0

{E.mztlt '

.1r~~

,

~*~It

'

1Mm~m

'

~A~Z.1rS

m 'tB#&§m '

~~§ill '~Bf!1U~~.' ¥'=S*+~1f.Z~, m~::f¥.~~' ~:A~~ ; Sim:ij~M~AJL.\~*5

'

I-f:h~mms?

J

(~.-: 553) {E~f.I~~OJ

P)~JU

'

1*cplll~m

' m1e$'iYmWifiU '

~A~~~7.1r

' tBfiN '

J~'~"""~I¥J§

EE°{Er.1r~~'~*~.JI¥J.~Z~'A~I¥JM~~hDsm~.~~,m

OJijg~~f~A}EJ::

r

§twr~iW~J '1il1ifflI¥JMA±~Z~~' ~iTiJ~Z

'

CP~A~ ~.-.ft~7omlltOJ~,.cpLlf.~~.¥$.~I¥J.~'~~J::§.&'W€fCP m1A~m ',t~fE gHEPffim~Zmt~ ? iTIi±5I~NifitlOOAI¥J

§

m '

{831fL3F~lltrmtJ~rFpff

(14)

ITiJilJtJ r AJL\fmMf ..

ff}]~~

J

'IEilJtJ~f3J3

r

lIA~[lfIlJ

.. r §

EE~~J:f

J

~

Fa' ,

Ml3F%if::fIf~

0

~lft

'

ftlH':E~~+1f.

r liffilH! J

~~cp ~*

'

§

EE~~J:f

Fa'&\:1JH:fE~ZP:~

,

fIt!~: rl5<:mmWi1r~1I}]:.I:: -1I~§ EE~}]:It

'

-{i~*ffi~

•.

~J:f~}]:.I: 0 l5<:mcp1f~~lI}]:It

'

fffjt!fo/J~~mm1f.JL\}]~[QJJL\}]-. 0

}]~~te;!fo/JllmWi~:frT.OOItu5i-~

,

[QJJL\}]~~te;¥1JllmWi~:frTg&l&[QJ

pqli3

~D*.JL\}]~*

'

~1I~¥ti.~1&

' &1fMm ;

ItuJL\tJ~*

'

!fo/J1I~~~~/j\

,

m/fm ()

*~~~}]zp:~

,

!fo/J1I;tijg~i*~ZP:~~~~ l5<:mmWi~0

§ EEi:i@i ,

7_l5<:J& ;

*.i:~

,

~px7.if1rJ 0

J

(if::~=: 250)

EElftilJJ! '

~~=1f.tJ

~1*CP

LU '

Ml3F%if::t:E

r

~Rif1U

J

~ftjIt*~~

§

EE~ 0

~E DC

-~~*

'

~AEEtn-~¥tlraiCP=~~~M!*~~.

'

tJ~f1tn-1*CPLU§

EE.

~.'*.~

•.

CPLUR~~.r~*"~.~§EEJ ,~&r~~~§EE'

~Rif1UllA~§EE 'tJi*~AAZ.§EE

;

.ttllA~§EE ,tJ*m.~*Z.§EE 0

J (

-/\)

*X~~?t;ftf1&~lJ!

'

.CPLU{JJ~f§~:m:jiWMiA~§

EE '

fIt!::ff1iW~~~ ~~~\['ffI=t ' JUtHCP~A~

r AffiM¥J

,tk~tn-~~~fIt!ZP:BpJTm{rp~~

r

W~§EE~.J o~~'§A.t:E=~OO~*~~".:

H.if1rJ~~JjU: g§~§EE~~~~~Jjf9::CP' -9!WJ~~~!)jj1ll5<:m.if1U'

lIA§EEo

(~-ft)~W'~7+ft~e~~l5<:m.~~1&'5.

(Alexis De Tocqueville) ~¥J~.iji}J (John Stuart Mill) '~~JJ~1:E%l.

~~l5<:m~

r

~1f{.if1U

J

(tyranny of majority) ~jf!±• •

if1U

(social tyranny)

0

~l&lIA

§ EE

(TocqueviUe, 1954 : chap_

7 .. 8 ;

cf.

*_* '

1991 : 185 - 203

Mill, 1977 : 217-'-:'220) &:"1*CPLUPJT.~~~

,

B~B~+ft~*t.*

..

=

W '

{8EE~~~CP~~Jjt~, -~m~~ml5<:mWif1UZ~' r~~1f~' X~RX;~

.

{M~~m

'

~A~Z.#:.§

B3 ' tH1li§ EE

~ !~l.§

Ef3 '

rgB~U.~. 0

J

(~~-c·.~,

5~)~m.M~z.~'~ffi

••

~~~.$,[QJl5<:~.~~l&MA§Ef3JJ.

(15)

fU~

,

~f;Jffl!.AfU~I¥J~II~ftftA.?JT~~

,

Jj~PJ:

'

~fit!.

{:ffOJ

AflP~Ii~I¥J~:tili 0

1:E

~.~%T'A~~~~W.W~.I¥J~~~~'~~.ff~W~.~~*oJ

(Mill, 1977 : 276) .EIJ~tlJ: r ~~~f;J-{fiIDA~*~

,

~~~~1il.l¥Jtit~

, EX

~m.~1il~~.~'m

• •

~.~~~~I¥J

• •

~8~m.~w.I¥J.~D~~

~~-MAl¥Jff~~*.&fffOJf;J*~I¥JM~.5,~~a~X*f;JfffOJA~

••

1¥J• •

'Wf;J~

• •

~.~I¥J~~m~m~l¥Jm.~'~.~7A.~~I¥J~*~

~ (for the sake of the greater good of human freedom) 'fu.~1J~mfl::f

1J!

0 J (Mill, 1977: 282) ~ffif' 1*cf:l!JJ~P~51~;tt~~I¥J~NtU$7t, ffiff;J1i1:.1WJ

(16)

tt

~: ~il1*9G~!ME~~mcFl[l.JpJT1:~~~ El37t~~tI

'

~PJ1m~~

El3 '

)t~~ ~El3W~*~~El3'{B~~~W~.~fflffi~~~~~*~~o (~il1*'

1980 : 112 - 23 )

tt

=:~~~~~~r~~1:~~El3*~~~Jz)t$,~~m$ili~~~1:~

7t~=1iHl~W3

'

~$lf.W3!tt~:m*)t$pJT~E~~fF-!jra~~EJ~3&

'

~P{tE*tbT:iW =+-t;1f.m$tlI#C~~$-~

,

~~~=1f.J1:. ~jJ~;WjIia~ 0

,

m$ili~1:.1&

~m~'~~~~~~~~~1&m'.~m.1&m'fim~§El3WA~o (~~~

, 1984 : 100-6)

ffiHl~$~

P)

r ~ ~7t;fJf~J ~*tB.tt~ftffJ!Cm $tlI~~~=1f.-~ziWW~'~~1&.1&mz1:~~M~~?~*~m, ~~~Rm~~a.t~

,

m$ili:tE~=ff~Ff~fF-!jW3~~~~::f~~1:~

,

HP

~~WJIllLfF-!j5t~

r.1&1&1\ J

~/ttJf

;

oo=:?X~$-~f&~

,

1j~M:f;fu"

001:51

r~$-1&I\J ~/ttJf 0

c*mr.,

1988 : 1-12)

tt

=:

*Sji~~~~1t':ltfj:

r

fEJm~*i? ~)t~

right, power, prinilege, auth­

ority

~~

,

~fr~$)tm1:fJm

Ii'*i.!l

Mfg ,

:f!i~,;m~R~J:~1~m 0

J

(*

S.'m8:~)

• •

J:,m$tlIffl.&*i~r*iJ~.~~E~~~.

I~? ti*~~~~lIWi:m*~.=lli:f!(~:tE~:!J!ftff~*$jt~~§~

,

~m~~

16 '

~P~~JII~:tE

r

&*i1:~W&'~&1:fflnI$

J Z)t$iiff.S r (lJ

~1t':l1ln

(power)

'OO*~.f!(~:tE~~fF-!jm:m~A~~*iflJ

(right)

':Ml;Jt:

power

0 (~~JlIft,

1991: 141-63)

oo::g:Aii:m ' :@GWfm $

tlIt:E*~&

~~.~~M~.,:@G~

• •

~ffM~7t°~~'~~*i1:~m-~~~

r

*iJ ~(Wff~

,

~1ii:ll!:t~

rffln

J

(power)

'1B¥UTmll9'

Ii '

/\~

,

PJT.

r

~*iJ '~1JW1t':l

r

*ifJ~~7tJ

$

A~J5JT:!j[~~~

,

if! .

iU '

~lmJJi

*iflJ

(right)

0 • •

1: '

John Locke

$timm~m

r

*in

J ~

r*ifU

J 0

(17)

H

~:illhOO~~~'~~~*~ffi~~-.X~r~~~§ffi~~~~j t

m~~ 0 (~~~,

1992 : 110-6)

~OJ~~N~**~~~~ 0 (

* ' 1980 : 75)

H

li:~t$~~~r&.~.&~~~.~~W~JZX.~'.~~e

tt.~mffi: r~~ffi.~r~~§ffi~ 'OJ~.m.~~&~.

f*~/tiJffl~~§

ffi ;

ffi]1{g?JT.~

r &. J

'fI~:f~0&:765t~~.,·

%

'~U*U~fl~~.iIDs 0 &.~.&~~~l¥Jm~ffl:765t~0&~~ fi~~~§ffi'*f*.MAf*~~.fl~~§ffil¥J.~'~~h§ffi ~~*.I¥J¥fih~$ffi~.ffi]~.~'~~~7~,~ml¥J.~~~

~$U~ffi~~N*Uffi]3&~m~fj~7 0

J

(~t$ t

1982 : 94)

H

A:&~-~'ffi~=~¥~~~'~~~~~~&.~~.¥~.'n

~~?JT~~~ r¥~&.J 'ill~ r~~¥~.*I~J m+={,*~j":fffY3

~G~:

r

fL~F.Jt~¥~~mZP9

' ::f1ffi0&~~ &H~W~ftW{pZ{&

0

, ..•

~~~.~ffi].mz;.~~{p~~,~&-.~~oJ (~.~:~" 1)~7&~+_~'~~W~~ffi~~~r~~~&.m-~~~~ **~

s J

~)i-?J1~1il:tt!!:f~ffi:

r

~&.Z&.~fHJ~?JT.xJ!i1tA.~ ~,ffi]~*ffi~~~~m~~~¥~z.~o~&~Z&.'~&~Zm

&nfj~:¥z.

; &\::f~~lft.~RJj&~ZA

' ~1~mp)Ji&:l!1{&~

0

J

(~

. = : 136)

f.8-~AZ?JT. r¥~&.J 'iiMi5~~ r~~~~J

rp

~*ffim~

, 1tlEmffi

r¥~&.J m:Mi5~~~~~~lE*~

'1{g1£ rlJ

~~~It~

J

~IDt:

r

*I~?JT~~~&.' ::ffj~~{fM.:y::f7m¥$:1: .~N:r9.~.1T¥~~.m{J\I¥J-tjJA

'

m:sIfL::f~~*Jj~&.~?JT¥JTffi]

::f.:y'n~~.m~lE~~.w~~lft~~I¥J~~'~~Z~.'ffi~*

0

.?JT:±~I¥J~ 6'¥~&

.!l 'ffi]::f~

6'xMA •

.!l

J

(~~lE'

1984:

n)~ffi]'.~.~-.X.~mffi'm.~~*

• •

~-.(m=+li

I.

f,*)

t1~rmJE: r 1lt~71.N;tpZ

B ' Im~.~1!rp.xz~

, rm~~~&~!J~.1.*

(18)

.~~±~.*~~§~n~~.~~m~.~~~~±.~o~~.~ ~~'.$~mm~: r.~.~~~'~~-.~~J ,~&.~.z ~~±ft~~MA.~~~~~~~r*~ft~m~$.~$z$~oJ ~~,a~~.~r~$~.J

' • •

~.~~~.$~~

• •

~~$M ~~fri~PJffJ£tfj~u.~~ 0 (*-m~'

1992 : 97 - 8)

~Llt

'

JWJm~~~pJf fJ£tfj~~~

,

J!

mJ~*~m:~

:

E--)~$~~~~JmtA.:ML~F%~~W1z:l¥.J

'

~~fEl~Zra'fl*~~iTIiB 0

~$~.:ML.*:a~

:

A.~fl~$

, §

EE~m*¥:i!iil¥.J.fU

;

:a~rJ

'

X

W~~$?~$l¥.J§l¥.J'**.~~~~~~~'~~

• • o

W~$~.~~$~Ml¥.J~~,~m~-~~$~M&.~~~~*~~

l¥.J~Fm~M 0

S~$IRAI~§EEA.ft~1~~-lJt, ~~ r.*-~~J Zi@i~cp

'fl*

~\~tE

'

{S tt!~i@i~~m*~iTIiB

'

~*jt

1:: '

~ro~-m~imfD.1r

Z~ (mlm~' 0

1984 : 418-9)

~ ~:~~~'.$~~7&~+-~,~~*~.r~MA~J ,~~r~~

~~.~

• •

ff=~±ftJ ~~~cp~: r~~±ftNPAA~~' ~~­

lfi'

~~~gpJj/~Am~~A' AAfl~MZA.' ~~gPJ~±ITff~X~

&tt!

0

J

(~m=:

308)

~ A:m.=~±ftl¥.J~.tt,*~ft.~:H.ff~~±.fD~~±ftl¥.J&lfi ±ft;w.ff~lfi±ftfD~~±.l¥.J&.±.;S.ff~lfi±ftfD~.± ~~&~±ft (t13r~~' 0

1965 : 345)

~ n:.cp~~~~m~: r~lfi±~.~~lfi±.J '~$*fD~lfi±ftfD* lfi±ftffiWOO'~~CP~-~A~fl~lfi±~fD*lfi±.'iTIi~fl~lfi± ft'~~~~~~A~~~-fi~~o e~m-:3)~i@i,~~mW~ ~lfi±~l¥.J

• •

~ft'wm~

• • •

l¥.J~~r

• •

±~JffiliW~o

e.

~iWJil

'

1979--: 165-73)

f&OO '

:l%$

~¥tl~~~lfi±.~? 3sHf:.~±~

~? PJ&~:>t1l:l¥.J~1fi±ft~~~~~l¥.J~~±.

?

~fb~*~~~M:ft

(19)

'

1iJ~~~ (*~~, 0

1991 : 4-10 ;

~.Ib

1993 : 92-115)

?i?1iS

±~I¥JJE~PJ~fiJ~*m3~15fTAj~,

r

~1r*±~£~~I¥J1Ji~t-)

J ZJt '

(~*YliIJ~

,

1991)

~~~~

,

~*m3~15fTAj~1¥J r ~~±~~;/.f>.:fJ~~(*t. m~(::)J

ZX'

(~rt~, ~*YliIJ~

,

1993)

PJ.&~*m315fT~1¥J

r

~~~[;I~Ji.J 0 (m*~~,

1993 : 55

-81) ITfffjns-1*cf:'!J-I::f~~WJ~ ~±~I¥J±~

,

m~~J~~¥~*mr¥il¥Jxii (J~~¥' 0

1984 :

17

47 ;

*mr¥i '

1985 : 199-232)

0

tt-O :

15fTm~m1J~1~1fI$~~X

'

1*$llrW5mt!t~J:~~1J~-ff~Hm~~PJtJ. ~m1fI.1J

• •

~$~'ITff~'~'~'B~~.~~-~m~x~.~ 1J~

,

$[;I-{:g~.~ rm15fT~~~1J~m~JU~U5i::f~~fI*~I¥J**, 0

'

~ ~$~~m~l¥Jm~~~3:?~~~~A~~+=~~~I¥J~~o

.1JI¥J~~

, ~1~'M'~I¥J$[;IADB?&~[9~~AZ~

,

{S~1:EtJ.tt-EffF

$&~~:t1D

'

ITff~[;I~~+ffi

'

~[;I~~[9ffi

'

~~

,

B*~~=ffi

'

~~~Wfm*, 3:?~I¥J1*~ ,~~[9?tz-I¥J:ijf~ 0 . (~~-:

40-1)

~ns-;R?&1JI¥J~~~Jt~m{~~~I¥JEiI~

,

~llt

'

~*~1:Em!3fJ$~'M 15fT5't:J'1~U5il¥J~~~

,

::f~~i!&ii~:a

'

&~~U.~U5iADtff:t1DI¥J~m

ITffftzpJ.

r

*~1JJ I¥J~~ (~Iffi**' 0

1984 : 205-6)

::f~

, 1*$

,

~U.J~~~1r*±~~~~:f;fu{ftI¥J1J~~' 1Ju~~~~$~),_ r

tfftJD_m*

tt--:~~~~:f;fu{ftI¥J1J1*'1*$llr~.7~~~~~~l¥Jm.'w.'~~~ R.*~\Wz~I¥J~J.a 0 (~~-:

46 - 54)

ITffJ!

m1~tl:iil¥J~

,

~~:f;fu{ll~

~t~1&

'

1*$

llr~cp~Jtff r ~~~:rxftJ{J I¥J~~ 0

ft!!m:

r $~~D~5iii

~*

'

~1M::f{S~~~~~~I¥J:f;fu{ft

,

~~fjTi!t~~-lI*"{f ~D*0

$~::ffi~~:Jt~mll"{f

,

1J~*$~5i~7 'f>JTi!t~~1f*~

,

&~*

flJ

0 $[;Ifj~i!t~~j[~~tliM"{fnJB

?

m1:Ei!t~~U5i15fT}EI¥J~~.A~

~~I¥J;~~~~§.m*'~_~.A~~'&~*~.I¥JW~±.'~

(20)

0

;f

~B~frt~1i*f¥J:Rlfi ~fr~Jt~~~/J\~1i*~~19=f& 0

'

Jt~t!t:Wf¥J1U5i~

t~mftl! 0

J

(3k~~:

53)

~~=:.$ili~: rm~~=~~.f¥JD~~W~.$f¥JD.*tt.'W~f¥J~ Ei3~~fr~f¥J~1i*~.~§1EJ

'

~~~1i*~.~m{~~*~

Ei3f¥J

ZjS~~~~ f¥J~.~.mlEJ'~.~.~.~m~A~~~~Z~~W~ZjS~f¥J'~ rr~~.'~AAW~ZjS~f¥J°J (3k~-: 75)*.'.$WW~~

~m

'

+

J\

t!t*c.*~f¥JW~**$'

r

~

E8 J

ttl

0

.~m*Jt{tM~"1i*

P)N:~~~tUf¥J~~

,

.A~*~mz..fljf¥J (~Je.~.~, 0 1980 : 120

-1)g~~.S~$~¥$f¥J.~'.$wili~.~7m~~'WRW ~ttl ~ E8**~~1i*~.lt. 0

&1:-= : .$W.7~~utEff~~5i~

,

-MAf¥J~ E8;fijg3it~nif*

'Wf53U$7--M

M~~~ftl!ffg~-M$~f¥J~~~-~8*~ftf¥J~$: rm~ff-~~ M.7-~.f¥J$~~~'~-:R~~'~ftl!f¥JM~~~~.:R°m~M ~~*~P9f¥J~.%~

,

?RP)$~~~13~-:;X~*;f.£P9.:R

'

.t¥}tN~ft Jt.7G.~.'~7~.'m~~~.&ff~m@*f¥J$'~~.~~

OO~~'~~@*'~7~.f¥J~.'X~m*Nffm~~m'~*~m

~~m,.oo@*'X~~~M~.'~~~MmP9~'~~w.'OO~ ~2f:

' 13~~~~X~!&~~fii~~~ {8~1J~~~~*~~~@*

0

'

~JIJ1fflW

"EiJ~

,

OOJrJF~Ji.-~

,

¥JIJR][llWff~M

'

J!~1ffl~"EiJjf: 0 ~~¥Je..F~

iW~~ff-{~ 8*m~

,

ftl!itJt13~~~.%~~

,

~ff~W@]*7

'

OO~

~.%~~.'-K~~8*f¥J~moM-

• •

~--M8*~ft'~8*

~ft~ftl!&m'8*f¥JR~ftm7-

• •

'~~~M.'~lEJm~a.&

m '

m-MAIEJ~-Jltjf:

,

-jf:~jf:Jll13~~a~*pgI¥JF~D 0 ~~$~a.

OO~8*~ft@*

'

f&ili@JIJ~a*pg 0 $~a~~13~~'

@;fiNff--M

8*~ft'f&OO~~@*o~.ff--M8*~ftlEJ~-~jf:,m.I¥J~M ~.8*~ftl¥J~A'~~!&~'ffi~ftl!~~*~@*oJEi3~,m"EiJJe.

-~~f¥J$~a.

'

.~~D8*-{~t&ft 8*~ftB~~1NR

0

'

fEi~f&

(21)

r

$~-N6--k-B-I' 1.../I!LI.l~.

'

1l!fjg~px~ 0

*lJltm::t

J::t$3(jh5-~ 0 ~;

:95-Alli:ftlfd:frtHmtJiW,

:

250 ;

g

(~~-:

68)

,

m~~:tJ:t~xfjg~~ j 0 (~.

' 1*$ili?f.J\:ijkwg :

$~A~i1&¥EfJ~,t~ ~~*~

••

'mm~~.~~~,~~~.~~~m.o$~ m~'~7-T~M,{8~~~~*~

• •

,m~~~fu~~~, tL1l!~t<DE3*~-M~t&: (~~_: 0

448-9)

H-[g :

1*$ili:tEjif.l~~J.j1J$7f§jA~Ji~*M~~JT*~~:

W* '

:tf~f€t~0Ifj

,

:tf~~0Ifj

, :tf:ffiitfiJEU

0 ~1r~jj~~0PJ

'

W,~~*~~:tfm*~.~'~7m*Ji*~'~~~$.~~-~ A~:zrs:~~ ~-~ 0 {J;i~jj~~Ji**~%:$tHtf,*$J

,

m:tE{BJtJfjg~

n~~?~~~A~~7~m:tEtf,~n~,m~~OO1l!tf,~Ji*'

W

0 ~$~~:E!i!

'

~~**%I~~%I~

,

ff~~fjg~*f§jA

(~~= :

513)

H-li:.~~,ji

• •

~~

• •

MA~~~'~:tf~~~~~ti.~~~, ~~J~~ , ~Wf~1r~$U~~:reE1f(tE r M!~-f~Jj::: J H-7\:~~'ti~$~A~foJ~~$:~~'1*$UJ:tf=.~1:*:;tt-~~~~11t 7\~

,

*1C-;R""f '

Wff_fliU1& '

~P~$: A~~~~~~'~AA~x~.&%.'~W~~~~' r;R~~W .~J 'i:iJtJtJBj1~~B~~n5 0 (~~-:

69-70;

~~=

san '

1991 : 153)

·H-t:1*$ili~m:~~A-OOm~$~A&:tf~~~~~'-OOXm~$~A ~-h~t1> ~~Aji~~m~$~A~~~~§f§~~0 0 iffl~{fi~Jtljf~tB

:

;ttW~~~Ati~ ~~~~*~

r~{5J

j

iffl~fjg~~~

,

~m-h~Y9> (§~*tf,) ~-@J.' ~U1~Ef3

'

&:tf~ ~~~D~~:95-@J.-~~F~~~j1~,~ r

&:tf

~ ~

, 1980 : 115)

.W1: '

::g:

A~m {fH~~~

,

Al%~ifmE*fi!t;:~W

'

x~*P3.

'

1l!~.7 Al%~.f:f 0 (~~ :m)~~~mtH:~~jiOO~~.~$~~~om:tEU1~~'~~~ I.

-~~1f~~Wf*~' ~~~1iJC/lx~i1&¥Ef~$HBA

'

~~m¥!lfDtE.*

1:~Ji~mM*

;

{8~~jEtt:~~ ~ ~

,

~1r~~~~~;tt~!:1>

0

(~~-:

I

(22)

67)

x.:tE r

lim.~

J'

~~~t:p~:

r

5ltfJtEiW::t:~$ip

,

WU);~§ EE~

M '

~:filt:~~1JUfJld§

,

'i't:pL~J5J

'

~~[Z;j~~¥UJt:p~AmffsJ£~~~a)(

$ll&?El '

:;7f~~lt:~OLj{tjt§

EE J

0 (~._: 251)

tt-j\ :

~t:p~*sl~i¥J~~~~.:ML:;7f~1*t:pLlrpffmB9

'

fffj~~t:pIEpff~ 0 (~

~*~M

'

1992 : 102 -4)

tt-fL :

John

Mill

nne:

r

Hf~J::

' §

EE5fOm~~M~t&fi~~~m~ 0

{8:tEt!:l

~~,~~~~m~~~:tE*~?El~A~(~*~?ElAm~~®~~)W

0

ll&J&z.r~ 0

pff6W § EE '

'i'Wif~~~~I3Jj~~?El~~WftU

J

(Mill, 1977

:217)

tt=o :

1ii~5I';b~~B~~f~

John

Stuart Mill ' 31U~f~S

I

§

**s~pffm~

John

~l~'W.~%~:tEr=m::t:~~.Jz.t:p:ML~m~mw~~*offfj ~

• •

%~:tE

r

~m::t:.~,~mM~-~-J::~t:p

Llri&Ji5$?t• •

W1t~a

J

Z~'~&~~~'*mmffl~~B9rt:pLlr%~OO~~~~~.z.~.W

liJf~

J

Z~

,

~1i¥u

John

Stuart Mill

"On

Liberty"

Z. '

~pm~1i¥U

John

Miller ~1iAW*pff~B9. ii~Jt& 0

r

~X:~.J m+=ffft§~~

sIWt:p7f-~~Ww{(~

,

~m5E5It¥h~~~John Stuart Mill 0 (~~W.

~ , 1979 : 150 ; ~• • , 1991 : 111 ; .JW~

,

*mm '

1993 : 8)

(Iii

~1*

t:p

UJPfff~5It¥h~$tl~~mg

,

$~~~1JU~~-Ei*~JW~~~~~MW

MWJ

0 )

(23)

1.*~!it

(1969)

t

(r.it

5l~

§

EElt~z?t;fJT)

,

(i&*~~)

'20M

0 2.*~!it

(1984) , (cp

LU)t~~fI±~cp~ZP:~~~)

,

CP~~~fff~~X· ~~

, m=ffit '

~~t

:

CP:k:Jt!lo/.J{~J!!jfct 0 3.*"@"~

(1988) , (cp

Ll!)t~i&.arEl±~-t)Psqg:?t:fJT::tJl.*1i'f~)

, (

~)

, 13M ' cp

~~ ~ AJtf-t~1i'f~* 0 4.*"@"~

(1992) ,

(ilicp'::'~±~~*~fI±~$?tPsqg:f$:f1iO

'

(~ ~cptllJfct*f-t~MfU)

'3M

0

5.*ir:im

(1985) ,

(CPLU)t~~~±~~~zft1f~)

,

(cpLlI~~~ii)

,

t1~

..

~JL~.*~=~±~ft1f~PJT 0

6.*~~

(1978) ,

($ffp~M~flfJ~~~M)

,

(cp.~~) '5~2M

7.§"§'1J

(1991a) ,

(i&rEl~) ,~~t: =~.fqj 0

8.§"§.1J

(1991b) , (

~±aa~.JLW*'l5)

,

(amf-t~~ii)

~*arEl~o

9.mJ~UJ

(1990) ,

(§ EE~fI~) ,~~t: =~.JEU 0

lO.}WJ~LU

(1992) ,

<

CPLU~~~~ttJGtm

:

-JJ{Wtf7I¥J~~)

~mtt{t~~m~* 0 1l.mJm~

(1984a) ,

<

~fI±~I¥JEE*~~~)

,

cp.~~fff~~Jt{tM~.·' ~~t

:

Cp:k:Jt!lo/.J~J!!Jfct 0 12.mJm~

(1984b) ,

(~fI±~1i'f~)

,

(=~±~1i'f~)

,

~~t

:

CP:k:Jt¥JJ

J!!Jfct

13.~~~

(1993) ,

(cp.~~.l.*~JL~mjji$)

,

~~t

:

YJJifflJt{t

0 14.~ft~

(1991) ,

<

~fI::l:~Ji~J~mN~-'-~#ii*CPLUi&J5$ffi

• •

iijft~c)

(t:ktLUJfct*f-t~~fU)

,

6~2M ~ ~1i4!

:

mJLCPLU*~CPLU~~f!lf~pJT

15."W:J~~

(

1965) ,

(=~±~~im~t!)

,

($tfp)t~U)t~M~~)(:J~'

0

0

(24)

. )

,.-oo'~~t:~.&~~W~~~~~~.~

• •

~.*o

.mIf#. (

1979) ,

(m~gg~LI&rElJ~lm) ,~~t: 1£~~,FqJ 0 17'J~~.

(

1984) ,

(~IlJ9G~&~~~I¥J~~) ,rp.&~~~:WJt1t;~~.,

- .=00 '

~~t

:

~9cX!lo/J~ff!jf!± 0

(1989) ,

(~~3!.) ,~~.~~,

*+=00'

~~t

:

ur~~~tBJiNjf!± 0

(J;J3!.-""'+=llI!m)

{*(~~), (&.~~&~LI&rEl.~I¥JOO~)' (&.~~I¥J.~

• •

a)

,~~t: 1£~.~ 0 ~

(1980) ,

(~LlI%~I¥J&~.~) ,~~t: ~.iYif9JE[J~m 0

,....

""'",.,...~

(1984) ,

(&~~t!J:WEl EE~~1:Em~*.J:1¥J1If~:W~fD) ,~.&

~~LlI*~*~~Jt~~.,.=oo:&~~'~~t:~9cJt!lo/J~ff!tto

{j' ..

iW6• •:;:,

~*~~

(1993) ,

(1*~LlI: *~~I¥J$ffP) ,~~t: ~

¥&Jt1t;

<)

(~~.m~&~~*ZElEE~.)

, • • • •

~~~,

(1£

,

~~t

:

~9c~~~ 0

,

(1mJ~mEl EE~:W~~~¥hEl EE~ZJt~iJf~) ,~~t:

1£$

,

<-::::&~t!Jm~) 'i~~T.+

-

Jl& '

~~t

:

~.itfif9JEfJ~m 0

if~7G

(1992) ,

(1*$ LlIEl

EEJ~~:i11t~)

,

(AJt&jf!±**f-J.~*~m)

'3

~3M 0

.~~J[~ (

1991) ,

(&.~~:W~ft&~mjji$)

'$

LlI¥~.~~fl~~~iJf~ it~Jt.

'

~~t

:

&~~~*tlE[J 0

Hit;~'~ .. *~*

..

~~mJ

..

:OO:ffi§.E8 '

Ji:fifiiS; ...

j{g~ (

1993) ,

(&~~ii~*

m~l¥Jm~(=» ,~~t: ~.&~&~~~** 0

1.:7.'ImI~'1iil1f"J\

(1988) ,

(~5l:$ffP J~ ~

$ I¥J El m

ZP:~.~

) ,

NJiN '

~~t

:

fLJ~ <)

WJ ..

~~ml¥j

(1993) ,

(tp

LlI)t~Iil~~B9~;;z:~z1i#4~~~

(*I) ) ,

(25)

31.~

cP

IE (

1984) ,

<

~ X2:!!fzm~

>

'~~1i±~'

{fF,f!tiWt:

~0 J~~ ~ IDli*~

m>

'F1~t: CP~~~.CP::R:~~fr.9::~~fr 0

32.Mill, John Stuart ( 1977) , Essays on Politics and Society, ed. J. M. RObson

with and Introduction by Alexander Brady, Collected Works of John Stuart

Mill, Vol. XVIII. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

參考文獻

相關文件

Fauvel, John and Jeremy Gray eds, (1987) The History of Mathematics: A Reader, London: The Open University. Y.: Dover

mathematical statistics, statistical methods, regression, survival data analysis, categorical data analysis, multivariate statistical methods, experimental design.

The personal data of the students collected will be transferred to and used by the Education Bureau for the enforcement of universal basic education, school

[r]

Visa Application Denied Stamp - Image courtesy of Stuart Miles / FreeDigitalPhotos.net Visa Application Approved Stamp - Image courtesy of Stuart Miles / FreeDigitalPhotos.net

• Each student might start from a somewhat different point of view and experience the encounters with works of art and ideas in a different way... Postmodern

➢The input code determines the generator output. ➢Understand the meaning of each dimension to control

• Children from this parenting style are more responsive, able to recover quickly from stress; they also have better emotional responsiveness and self- control; they can notice