每天读点英美文化：那些影响世界的魅力名人 - 万水书苑-出版资源网

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(1)第. 1. 章. 影响世界观念的英美思想名人. 在这个世界上有这样一群人，他们为数不多，并没有促进社会生产力的发展或创造出物质财富，但他们每个人的名字，在人类的思想史上都灿若星辰。他们的人生往往充满了矛盾和痛苦，然而他们那熠熠生辉的智慧结晶，却让人类活得更有意义，让人与自然更和谐，让这个世界更加美丽。在他们的生命结束之后，他们思想的种子会留下来，发芽、开花、结果，亘古长青，对人类的文明进程产生着持续而深刻的影响。想知道在英美文化史上有哪些这样的智者吗？他们又是怎样影响了世界呢？让我们一一细数。. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com.

(2) 2. 托马斯·莫尔——空想社会主义理论的鼻祖 Sir Thomas More, also known as Saint Thomas More, was born on 7 February 1478 in London, the son of a successful lawyer. As a boy, More spent some time in the household of John Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury. He later studied at Oxford, and qualified as a lawyer, although he did contemplate becoming a monk. From 1510 to 1518 he was one of the two under-sheriffs of London and in 1517 entered the king's service, becoming one of Henry VIII's most effective and trusted civil servants and acting as his secretary, interpreter, speech-writer, chief diplomat, advisor and confidant. In 1521 he was knighted, in 1523, he became the speaker of the House of Commons and in 1525 chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. At the same time More was building a reputation as a scholar. He was close to the radical catholic theologian Erasmus, but wrote polemics against Martin Luther and the protestant reformation. Around 1515, he wrote 'The History of Richard III' which established that king's reputation as a tyrant and has been described as the first masterpiece of English historiography. In 1516, he published his most important work 'Utopia' — a description of an imaginary republic ruled by reason and intended to contrast with the strife-ridden reality of contemporary European politics. More remained a passionate defender of Catholic orthodoxy—writing pamphlets against heresy, banning unorthodox books, and even taking responsibility when chancellor for the interrogation of heretics. More took the post of lord chancellor in 1529, just as Henry had become determined to obtain a divorce from Catherine of Aragon. The previous chancellor, Lord Wolsey, had failed to achieve this objective. Henry was close to breaking with the Church of Rome, and the so-called 'Reformation parliament' was about to convene. When Henry declared himself 'supreme head of the Church in England' — thus establishing the Anglican Church and allowing him to end his marriage—More resigned the chancellorship. He continued to argue against the king's divorce and the split with Rome, and in 1534 was arrested after refusing to swear an oath of succession repudiating the pope and accepting the annulment of Henry's marriage. He was tried for treason at Westminster and on 6 July 1535 was executed on Tower Hill. The steadfastness and courage with which More held on to his religious convictions in the face of ruin and death and the. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com.

(3) dignity with which he conducted himself during his imprisonment, trial, and execution, contributed much to More's posthumous reputation, particularly among Catholics. More was greatly admired by Anglican writers Jonathan Swift and Samuel Johnson. Johnson said that "He was the person of the greatest virtue these islands ever produced". Winston Churchill wrote about More in the History of the English-Speaking Peoples: "The resistance of More and Fisher to the royal supremacy in Church government was a noble and heroic stand. They realized the defects of the existing Catholic system, but they hated and feared the aggressive nationalism which was destroying the unity of Christendom. [...] More stood as the defender of all that was finest in the medieval outlook. He represents to history its universality, its belief in spiritual values and its instinctive sense of other-worldliness. Henry VIII with cruel axe decapitated not only a wise and gifted counselor, but a system, which, though it had failed to live up to its ideals in practice, had for long furnished mankind with its brightest dreams." Roman Catholic writer G. K. Chesterton said that More was the "greatest historical character in English history". 在英国历史上最伟大 100 个名人评选中，托马斯·莫尔名列第 37 位。1535 年，他因反对亨利八世兼任教会首脑而被处死。1935 年，在逝世四百年后，被罗马天主教会的教皇庇护十一世册封为圣人，在1980年与主教费舍尔一起被约翰·保罗二世尊为守护上帝的殉道者。而 7 月 6 日，他殉难的日子将被所有天主教徒所铭记。托马斯·莫尔，这位英国空想社会主义者，给我们留下了《乌托邦》这一不朽巨著。该书是 1515-1516 年他出使欧洲时期，用拉丁文写成的。书中叙述了一个虚构的航海家航行到一个奇乡异国的旅行见闻，作品展现了“最有价值和最有尊严”的城市 Amaurote。在那里，财产是公有的，人民是平等的，实行着按需分配的原则，大家穿统一的工作服，在公共餐厅就餐，官吏由秘密投票产生。他认为，私有制是万恶之渊薮，必须消灭它。因此，莫尔也就第一次向人们提出公有制的问题。但是在当时的那个时代，莫尔的想法只能是一种空想。. ★. Words Tips ◆. saint：圣人，神圣的. ◆. imaginary：虚构的，想象的. ◆. contemplate：沉思，冥思苦想. ◆. divorce：离婚. ◆. secretary：秘书，大臣. ◆. oath：誓言，诅咒. ◆. reputation：声望，名誉. ◆. execution：执行，死刑. ◆. tyrant：暴君. ◆. aggressive：有进取心的，侵略性的. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com. 3. 第 1 章影响世界观念的英美思想名人.

(4) 4. 弗兰西斯·培根——文采斐然的中世纪哲学家 Francis Bacon was born January, 22, 1561, the second child of Sir Nicholas Bacon (Lord Keeper of the Seal) and his second wife Lady Anne Coke Bacon, daughter of Sir Anthony Coke, tutor to Edward VI and one of the leading humanists of the age. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge (1573–1575) and at Gray's Inn in London (1576). From 1577 to 1578 the young Bacon accompanied Sir Amias Paulet, the English ambassador, on his mission in Paris; but he returned when his father died. Bacon's small inheritance brought him into financial difficulties and since his maternal uncle, Lord Burghley, did not help him to get a lucrative post as a government official, he embarked on a political career in the House of Commons. In 1581 he entered the Commons as a member for Cornwall, and he remained a Member of Parliament for thirty-seven years. In 1582 he became a barrister and was installed as a reader at Gray's Inn. From 1584 to 1617 (the year he entered the House of Lords) he was an active member in the Commons. When he lost Elizabeth's favor over the subsidy affair of 1593, Bacon turned to the Earl of Essex as a patron. He served Essex as political advisor, but distanced himself from him when Essex's failure in the Irish campaign became evident and when his rebellion against the Queen finally brought him to the executioner's block. When in 1603 the Scottish king James VI succeeded the great Queen as James I of England, Bacon's time had come at last. He was knighted in 1603, married a young and rich heiress in 1606, was appointed Solicitor General in 1607 and Attorney General in 1613. He reached the peak of his splendid career from 1616 onwards: he became a member of the Privy Council in 1616, was appointed Lord Keeper of the Great Seal the following year—thus achieving the same position as his father — and was granted the title of Lord Chancellor and created Baron of Verulam in 1618. In the same year, 1621, when Bacon was created Viscount of St. Albans, he was impeached by Parliament for corruption in his office as a judge. His fall was contrived by his adversaries in Parliament and by the court faction, for which he was the suitable scapegoat to save the Duke of Buckingham not only from public anger but also from open aggression (Mathews, 1999). He lost all his offices and his seat in Parliament, but retained his titles and his personal property. Bacon devoted the last five years of his life entirely to his philosophical work. He tried to go ahead with his huge project, the Instauratio Magna Scientiarum;. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com.

(5) but the task was too big for him to accomplish in just a couple of years. Though he was able to. 5. finish important parts of the Instauratio, the proverb, often quoted in his works, proved true for. 第 1 章. himself: Vita brevis, ars longa. He died in April 1626 of pneumonia after experiments with ice. Although his political career ended in disgrace, he remained extremely influential through his works, especially as philosophical advocate and practitioner of the scientific revolution. Bacon did not propose an actual philosophy, but rather a method of developing philosophy. He argued that although philosophy at the time used the deductive syllogism to interpret nature, the philosopher should instead proceed through inductive reasoning from fact to axiom to law. His works established and popularized deductive methodologies for scientific inquiry, often called the Baconian method or simply, the scientific method. His demand for a planned procedure of investigating all things natural marked a new turn in the rhetorical and theoretical framework for science, much of which still surrounds conceptions of proper methodology today. “读史使人明智；读诗使人灵秀；数学使人精密；哲理使人深刻；伦理学使人有修养；逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。”这段脍炙人口的名言想必大家都不陌生，它的作者正是著名的英国哲学家、思想家、作家和科学家弗兰西斯·培根。他推崇科学、发展科学的进步思想和崇尚知识的进步口号，一直推动着社会的进步，被马克思称为“英国唯物主义和整个现代实验科学的真正始祖” 。这位一生追求真理的思想家，在逻辑学、美学、教育学方面有许多突出成就，还著有 58 篇随笔，从各个角度论述人生问题，精妙且富有哲理，拥有很多读者。培根一生在学术上收获颇丰，然而仕途艰辛。做女王掌玺大臣的父亲去世后，他一直未得到女王重用。直到詹姆斯一世当政，他才逐渐得到升迁，先后担任过法院院长、检察长、掌玺大臣等，还被授予男爵、子爵等贵族尊号。然而后来他又被免除了一切官职。成为平民之后，培根将全部的精力投入到学术研究中，最终成为中世纪英国著名的唯物主义哲学创始者。 ★. Words Tips ◆. ambassador：大使. ◆. financial：财政的，金融的. ◆. barrister：（有资格出席高等法庭并辩护的）专门律师. ◆. subsidy：津贴，补助. ◆ rebellion：反叛. ◆. knight：授以爵位. ◆. corruption：堕落，腐败. ◆. scapegoat：替罪羊. ◆. philosophical：哲学的. ◆. disgrace：耻辱，失宠. ◆. deductive：推论的，演绎的. ◆. inheritance：遗产，继承. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com. 影响世界观念的英美思想名人.

(6) 6. 大卫·休谟——“有史以来最好的哲学家” David Hume (1711–1776), originally David Home, son of Joseph Home of Chirnside, advocate, and Katherine Falconer, was born on 26 April 1711 (Old Style) in a tenement on the north side of the Lawnmarket in Edinburgh. He changed his name in 1734 because the English had difficulty pronouncing 'Home' in the Scottish manner. Throughout his life Hume, who never married, spent time occasionally at his family home at Ninewells by Chirnside, Berwickshire. Hume was politically a Whig. David Hume was a Scottish philosopher and historian, regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of Western philosophy and the Scottish Enlightenment. Hume is often grouped with John Locke, George Berkeley, and a handful of others as a British Empiricist. During his lifetime, Hume was more famous as a historian. His six-volume History of England was a bestseller well into the nineteenth century and the standard work on English history for many years, while his works in philosophy to which he owes his current reputation were less widely read in his day. Beginning with his A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), Hume strove to create a total naturalistic "science of man" that examined the psychological basis of human nature. In stark opposition to the rationalists that preceded him, most notably Descartes, he concluded that belief rather than reason governed human behavior, saying famously: "Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions." A prominent figure in the skeptical philosophical tradition and a strong empiricist, he argued against the existence of innate ideas, concluding instead that humans only have knowledge of those things of which they have direct experience. Thus he divides perceptions between strong and lively "impressions" or direct sensations and fainter "ideas," which are copied from impressions. He developed the position that mental behavior is governed by "custom"; our use of induction, for example, is justified only by our idea of the "constant conjunction" of causes and effects. Without direct impressions of a metaphysical "self," he concluded that humans have no actual conception of the self, only of a bundle of sensations associated with the self. Hume advocated a compatibilist theory of free will which proved extremely influential on subsequent moral philosophy. He was also a sentimentalist who held that ethics is based on feelings rather than abstract moral principles. Hume also examined the normative is-ought problem. He held notoriously ambiguous views of Christianity, but famously challenged the argument from design in his Dialogues concerning Natural Religion (1779). Kant credited Hume with waking him up from his "dogmatic slumbers" and Hume has proved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com.

(7) extremely influential on subsequent philosophy, especially on utilitarianism, logical positivism,. 7. William James, philosophy of science, early analytic philosophy, cognitive philosophy, and other. 第 1 章. movements and thinkers. The cognitive scientist and philosopher Jerry Fodor proclaimed Hume's Treatise "the founding document of cognitive science." Also famous as a prose stylist, Hume pioneered the essay as a literary genre and engaged with contemporary intellectual luminaries such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Adam Smith (who acknowledged Hume's influence on his economics and political philosophy), James Boswell, Joseph Butler, and Thomas Reid. Hume remains one of the giants of Western philosophy. 伟大的哲学家休谟，其实最初是以一个评论家和历史学家的身份闻名的，他在《大不列颠史》一书中叙述了从撒克逊王国到光荣革命的历史，这本书一出版便成为畅销书。在这本书里，休谟将政治体制下的人民形塑为一种文化习俗的产物，这些人传统上倾向于服从既有的政府，只有在面对无法确定的情况时才会寻求改变。这本书在当时成为英格兰历史学界的基础著作，畅销长达六七十年，其影响力可见一斑。休谟的哲学是近代欧洲哲学史上第一个不可知论的哲学体系。休谟和康德一样，在哲学的发展史上起过很重要的作用。休谟的怀疑论为19世纪英国非宗教的哲学思想提供了理论依据。休谟的不可知论观点为实证主义者、马赫主义者和新实证主义者所继承，对现代西方资产阶级哲学产生了广泛的影响。休谟把自己的哲学命名为“温和的怀疑主义”，也就是哲学史上著名的“不可知论”，他宣布：除了感觉以外，一切都是不可知的，上帝的存在也和客观世界的存在一样是没有根据的。他也是西方哲学史上，自亚里士多德以来对因果关系理论第一个做详细论证的哲学家。 ★. Words Tips ◆. tenement：租户，租房子. ◆. enlightenment：启蒙运动. ◆. stark：完全地，明显地. ◆. precede：领先. ◆. perception：知觉，洞察力. ◆. subsequent：随后的. ◆. ambiguous：模棱两可的. ◆. cognitive：认知的. 马尔萨斯——“最冷酷无情”理论的缔造者 The sixth of seven children of Daniel and Henrietta Malthus, Thomas Robert Malthus (13 February 1766–23 December 1834) grew up in The Rookery, a country house near Westcott in Surrey. Petersen describes Daniel Malthus as "a gentleman of good family and independent means... [and] a friend of David Hume and Jean-Jacques Rousseau". The young Malthus received his education at home in Bramcote, Nottinghamshire, and then at the Dissenting Warrington Academy. He entered Jesus College, Cambridge in 1784. There he took prizes in English declamation, Latin and. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com. 影响世界观念的英美思想名人.

(8) 8. Greek, and graduated with honours, Ninth Wrangler in mathematics. He took the MA degree in 1791, and was elected a Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge two years later. In 1797, he took orders and in 1798 became an Anglican country curate at Okewood near Albury in Surrey. His portrait, and descriptions by contemporaries, presents him as tall and good-looking, but with a hare-lip and cleft palate. The cleft palate affected his speech: such birth defects had occurred before amongst his relatives. Malthus apparently refused to have his portrait painted until 1833 because of embarrassment over the hare-lip. Malthus married his cousin, Harriet, on April 12, 1804, and had three children: Henry, Emily and Lucy. In 1805 he became Professor of History and Political Economy at the East India Company College in Hertfordshire. His students affectionately referred to him as "Pop" or "Population" Malthus. In 1818 Malthus became a Fellow of the Royal Society. Malthus has become widely known for his theories concerning population and its increase or decrease in response to various factors. The six editions of his An Essay on the Principle of Population , published from 1798 to 1826, observed that sooner or later population gets checked by famine, disease, and widespread mortality. He wrote in opposition to the popular view in 18th-century Europe that saw society as improving, and in principle as perfectible. William Godwin and the Marquis de Condorcet, for example, believed in the possibility of almost limitless improvement of society. So, in a more complex way, did Jean-Jacques Rousseau, whose notions centered on the goodness of man and the liberty of citizens bound only by the social contract, a form of popular sovereignty. Malthus thought that the dangers of population growth would preclude endless progress towards a utopian society: "The power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man". As an Anglican clergyman, Malthus saw this situation as divinely imposed to teach virtuous behaviour. Believing that one could not change human nature, Malthus wrote: "Must it not then be acknowledged by an attentive examiner of the histories of mankind, that in every age and in every State in which man has existed, or does now exist. that the increase of population is necessarily limited by the means of subsistence, that population does invariably increase when the means of subsistence increase, and, that the superior power of population it repressed, and the actual population kept equal to the means of subsistence, by misery and vice." Malthus placed the longer-term stability of the economy above short-term expediency. He criticised the Poor Laws, and (alone among important contemporary economists) supported the Corn Laws, which introduced a system of taxes on British imports of wheat. He thought these measures would encourage domestic production, and so promote long-term benefits. Malthus became hugely influential, and controversial, in economic, political, social and. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com.

(9) scientific thought. Many of those whom subsequent centuries term evolutionary biologists read him,. 9. notably Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, for each of whom Malthusianism became an. 第 1 章. intellectual stepping-stone to the idea of natural selection. Malthus remains a writer of great significance and controversy. 一直以来，高出生率都是被认为有利于经济发展，因为高出生产会为经济提供更多的劳力。然而，马尔萨斯却从一个新的视角看待出生率，并且说服了大多数经济学家：即使高出生率可以增加毛生产量，但更趋于降低人均生产量。对马尔萨斯最高调的反对声音来自19世纪中叶的共产主义者卡尔·马克思和恩格斯，没错，正是我们熟知的那两位革命领袖。在他们看来，马尔萨斯所谓人口对生产力造成压力的问题，实际上是生产力对人口的压力。危机、失业、贫困等都是资本主义私有制统治的产物。恩格斯称马尔萨斯的理论“……是现存最冷酷无情、最野蛮的理论，一个摧毁了爱人知己和世界公民等所有美好词汇的、绝望的系统。” 1954 年，在罗马召开的联合国人口会议上，苏联代表声称，“在社会主义国家，人口过剩问题从来没有出现……马尔萨斯理论完全是错误的。”而在中国，建国初期，马尔萨斯的人口理论是受到批判的，三年自然灾害之后，中国开始实行计划生育政策，从而改变了对人口控制的观点。 ★. Words Tips ◆. independent：独立的. ◆ declamation：雄辩. ◆. portrait：肖像，画像. ◆. ◆. cousin：表亲，堂兄妹. ◆ mortality：死亡率. ◆. sovereignty：主权，独立国. ◆. ◆. subsistence：生存，存在. cleft palate：先天性颚裂 utopian：乌托邦的，理想化的. 赫伯特·斯宾塞——社会达尔文主义之父 Herbert Spencer was born in Derby, England, on 27 April 1820, the son of William George Spencer (generally called George). Spencer's father was a religious dissenter who drifted from Methodism to Quakerism, and who seems to have transmitted to his son an opposition to all forms of authority. Spencer was educated in empirical science by his father, while the members of the Derby Philosophical Society introduced him to pre-Darwinian concepts of biological evolution, particularly those of Erasmus Darwin and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. His uncle, the Reverend Thomas Spencer, vicar of Hinton Charterhouse near Bath, completed Spencer's limited formal education by teaching him some mathematics and physics, and enough Latin to enable him to translate some easy texts. Thomas Spencer also imprinted on his nephew his own firmly free-trade and anti-statist political. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com. 影响世界观念的英美思想名人.

(10) 10. views. Otherwise, Spencer was an autodidact who acquired most of his knowledge from narrowly focused readings and conversations with his friends and acquaintances. As both an adolescent and a young man Spencer found it difficult to settle to any intellectual or professional discipline. He worked as a civil engineer during the railway boom of the late 1830s, while also devoting much of his time to writing for provincial journals that were nonconformist in their religion and radical in their politics. From 1848 to 1853 he served as sub-editor on the freetrade journal The Economist, during which time he published his first book, Social Statics (1851), which predicted that humanity would eventually become completely adapted to the requirements of living in society with the consequential withering away of the state. Its publisher, John Chapman, introduced him to his salon which was attended by many of the leading radical and progressive thinkers of the capital, including John Stuart Mill, Harriet Martineau, George Henry Lewes and Mary Ann Evans (George Eliot), with whom he was briefly romantically linked. Spencer himself introduced the biologist Thomas Henry Huxley, who would later win fame as 'Darwin's Bulldog' and who remained his lifelong friend. However it was the friendship of Evans and Lewes that acquainted him with John Stuart Mill's A System of Logic and with Auguste Comte's positivism and which set him on the road to his life's work; he strongly disagreed with Comte. Despite Spencer's early struggles to establish himself as a writer, by the 1870s he had become the most famous philosopher of the age. His works were widely read during his lifetime, and by 1869 he was able to support himself solely on the profit of book sales and on income from his regular contributions to Victorian periodicals which were collected as three volumes of Essays. His works were translated into German, Italian, Spanish, French, Russian, Japanese and Chinese, and into many other languages and he was offered honors and awards all over Europe and North America. Despite his growing wealth and fame he never owned a house of his own. The last decades of Spencer's life were characterized by growing disillusionment and loneliness. He never married, and after 1855 was a perpetual hypochondriac who complained endlessly of pains and maladies that no physician could diagnose. By the 1890s his readership had begun to desert him while many of his closest friends died and he had come to doubt the confident faith in progress that he had made the center-piece of his philosophical system. His later years were also ones in which his political views became increasingly conservative. In 1902, shortly before his death, Spencer was nominated for the Nobel Prize for literature. He continued writing all his life, in later years often by dictation, until he succumbed to poor health at the age of 83. His ashes are interred in the eastern side of London's Highgate Cemetery facing Karl Marx's grave. At Spencer's funeral the Indian nationalist leader Shyamji Krishnavarma announced. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com.

(11) a donation of ￡1,000 to establish a lectureship at Oxford University in tribute to Spencer and his work.. 11. 与斯宾塞同时代的还有许多著名哲学家和科学家，譬如约翰、斯图亚特、穆勒（John. 第 1 章. Stewart Mill）、汤马士、亨利、赫胥黎和查尔斯·达尔文，都是当代知名的人物。和他们相比，斯宾塞毫不逊色。这位英国社会学家，因“社会达尔文主义之父”的名声为世人所熟知。他提出了一套学说，把进化理论“适者生存”应用在社会学上，尤其是教育及阶级斗争。但是，他的著作对很多领域都有贡献，包括规范、形而上学、宗教、政治、修辞、生物和心理学等等。斯宾塞支持“平等自由定律”，这是自由意志论的基本的原则。在不侵犯别人权利的情况下，每个个体可以根据自己的选择而做事。很多美国高等法庭的裁判官面对政府劳资惯例出现限制的时候，都根据这个原则来下定论。但是不只保守派利用斯宾塞的理论来宣扬自己的观点，很多社会学家都套用他的理论来解释阶级斗争，无政府主义者则把它应用在个体自主的信念上。 ★. Words Tips ◆. dissenter：反对者. ◆ empirical：经验主义的. ◆. autodidact：自学者. ◆. adolescent：青少年，青春期的. ◆. nonconformist：非国教徒. ◆. withering：极有讽刺性的，凋谢. ◆. positivism：实证主义. ◆ periodical：期刊. ◆. disillusionment：幻灭，醒悟. ◆. hypochondriac：忧郁症患者. ◆. conservative：保守的，保守派. ◆. succumb：屈服. 托马斯·赫胥黎——冲在前线捍卫真理的“斗犬” Huxley was born on May 4, 1825, in Ealing, near London, the seventh of eight children in a family that was none too affluent. Huxley's only childhood education was two years at Ealing school, where his father taught mathematics; this ended in 1835 when the family moved to Coventry. Despite his lack of formal education, young Huxley read voraciously in science, history, and philosophy, and taught himself German. At the age of 15, Huxley began a medical apprenticeship; soon he won a scholarship to study at Charing Cross Hospital. At 21, Huxley signed on as assistant surgeon on the H.M. S. Rattlesnake, a Royal Navy frigate assigned to chart the seas around Australia and New Guinea. Despite the excited cockroaches and the poor science. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com. 影响世界观念的英美思想名人.

(12) 12. facilities on board, Huxley collected and studied marine invertebrates, in particular cnidarians, tunicates, and cephalopod molluscs. (He also collected a fiancé e, Henrietta Heathorn, whom he met and immediately fell in love with while in port in Sydney, Australia.) When he returned to England in October 1850, he found that his research results, which he had mailed back to England from each port of call, had won him acceptance into the ranks of the English scientific establishment. Huxley soon became acquainted with scientists like the geologist Charles Lyell, the botanist Joseph Hooker, the philosopher Herbert Spencer, and the naturalist Charles Darwin. Professional positions in science were rare at the time - most naturalists were affluent amateurs - but Huxley managed to support himself on a stipend from the Navy and by writing popular science articles. After leaving the Navy in 1854, Huxley managed to secure a lectureship at the School of Mines in London, and sent for his fianc é e. They were married in 1855. Huxley's most famous writing, published in 1863, is Evidence on Man's Place in Nature . This book, published only five years after Darwin's Origin of Species, was a comprehensive review of what was known at the time about primate and human paleontology and ethology. More than that, it was the first attempt to apply evolution explicitly to the human race. Darwin had avoided direct mention of human evolution, stating only that "light will be thrown on the origin of Man;" Huxley explicitly presented evidence for human evolution. In this, once again, he locked horns with Richard Owen, who had claimed that the human brain contained parts that were not found in apes, and that therefore humans could not be classified with the apes nor descended from them. Huxley and his colleagues showed that the brains of apes and humans were fundamentally similar in every anatomical detail. 当年，达尔文的《物种起源》出版之后，赫胥黎以极大的兴趣一口气读完了这本书。他认为，尽管书中的某些不甚重要的结论还有待继续研究与探讨，但通篇而论，这部论著有着极宝贵的价值，是一本划时代的杰作，它必将引起一场科学思想的深刻革命。赫胥黎告诉达尔文，他将全力以赴地投入这场捍卫科学思想的大论战中去。他在信中说：“为了自然选择的原理，我准备接受火刑，如果必要的话。”“我正在磨牙利爪，以备来保卫这一高贵的著作。”赫胥黎还郑重地宣布：“我是达尔文的斗犬。” 这位伟大的博物学家并没有食言，在为宣传进化论而进行的几十年的斗争中，赫胥黎一直站在斗争的最前线，人们评价说：“如果说进化论是达尔文的蛋，那么，孵化它的就是赫胥黎。”. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com.

(13) 他还进一步发展了达尔文的思想。1893 年，他以 68 岁的高龄应友人邀请，到牛津大. 13. 学作了一次著名的讲演，题为《演化论与伦理学》，对于生物发生、生物进化做出了科. 第 1 章. 学的解释，比达尔文的《物种起源》迈进了一大步。 ★. Words Tips ◆. affluent：富裕的. ◆. voraciously：贪婪地. ◆. cockroach：蟑螂. ◆. facilities：工具，设施. ◆. botanist：植物学家. ◆. amateur：业余爱好者. ◆. paleontology：古生物学. ◆ explicitly：明确地. 约翰·洛克——第一次全面阐述宪政民主思想 John Locke (1632-1704)'s father, who was also named John Locke, was a country lawyer and clerk to the Justices of the Peace in Chew Magna, who had served as a captain of cavalry for the Parliamentarian forces during the early part of the English Civil War. His mother, Agnes Keene, was a tanner's daughter and reputed to be very beautiful. Both parents were Puritans. Locke was born on 29 August 1632, in a small thatched cottage by the church in Wrington, Somerset, about twelve miles from Bristol. He was baptized the same day. Soon after Locke's birth, the family moved to the market town of Pensford, about seven miles south of Bristol, where Locke grew up in a rural Tudor house in Belluton. In 1647, Locke was sent to the prestigious Westminster School in London under the sponsorshipof Alexander Popham, a member of Parliament and former commander of the younger Locke's father. After completing his studies there, he was admitted to Christ Church, Oxford. The dean of the college at the time was John Owen, vice-chancellor of the university. Although a capable student, Locke was irritated by the undergraduate curriculum of the time. He found the works of modern philosophers, such as René Descartes, more interesting than the classical material taught at the university. Through his friend Richard Lower, whom he knew from the Westminster School, Locke was introduced to medicine and the experimental philosophy being pursued at other universities and in the English Royal Society, of which he eventually became a member. Much of Locke's work is characterized by opposition to authoritarianism. This opposition is both on the level of the individual person and on the level of institutions such as government and church. For the individual, Locke wants each of us to use reason to search after truth rather than simply accept the opinion of authorities or be subject to superstition. He wants us to proportion assent to propositions to the evidence for them. On the level of institutions it becomes important to. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com. 影响世界观念的英美思想名人.

(14) 14. distinguish the legitimate from the illegitimate functions of institutions and to make the corresponding distinction for the uses of force by these institutions. The positive side of Locke's antiauthoritarianism is that he believes that using reason to try to grasp the truth, and determining the legitimate functions of institutions will optimize human flourishing for the individual and society both in respect to its material and spiritual welfare. This in turn, amounts to following natural law and the fulfillment of the divine purpose for humanity. Locke's monumental An Essay Concerning Human Understanding concerns itself with determining the limits of human understanding in respect to God, the self, natural kinds and artifacts, as well as a variety of different kinds of ideas. It thus tells us in some detail what one can legitimately claim to know and what one cannot. Locke also wrote a variety of important political, religious and educational works including the Two Treatises of Government, the Letters Concerning Toleration, The Reasonableness of Christianity and Some Thoughts Concerning Education. 身为英国哲学家、经验主义的开创人，洛克是第一个全面阐述宪政民主思想的人，在哲学以及政治学领域都有重要影响。洛克是不列颠经验主义的开创者，虽然他本人并没有完全贯彻这种哲学思想。洛克认为人类所有的思想和观念都来自或反映了人类的感官经验。他抛弃了笛卡尔等人的天赋观念说，而认为人的心灵开始时就像一张白纸，而向它提供精神内容的是经验（即他所谓的观念）。观念分为两种：感觉(sensation)的观念和反省(reflection)的观念。感觉来源于感官感受外部世界，而反省则来自于心灵观察本身。与理性主义者不同的是，洛克强调这两种观念是知识的唯一来源。虽然洛克的哲学思想并没有一贯性（因此伯特兰·罗素曾经批评洛克以“零碎的方式处理哲学问题”），且有很多漏洞，不过却对后来的哲学家起到很大的影响。洛克开创的经验主义被后来的乔治·贝克莱以及大卫·休谟等人继续发展，成为欧洲的两大主流哲学思想。 ★. Words Tips cottage：村舍 rural：乡下的，田园的 sponsorship：赞助者的地位，任务等 curriculum：课程 authoritarianism ：权力主义，独裁主义 superstition：迷信 legitimate：合法的，正统的 optimize：使最优化. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com.

(15) 15. 查尔斯·达尔文——震惊世界的“生物进化论” "I have called this principle, by which each slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term Natural Selection." Charles Robert Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist who showed that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors, and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection. He published his theory with compelling evidence for evolution in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. The scientific community and much of the general public came to accept evolution as a fact in his lifetime, but it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed that natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution. In modified form, Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life. Darwin's early interest in nature led him to neglect his medical education at the University of Edinburgh; instead, he helped to investigate marine invertebrates. Studies at the University of Cambridge encouraged his passion for natural science. His five-year voyage on HMS Beagle established him as an eminent geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles Lyell's uniformitarian ideas, and publication of his journal of the voyage made him famous as a popular author. Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage, Darwin investigated the transmutation of species and conceived his theory of natural selection in 1838. Although he discussed his ideas with several naturalists, he needed time for extensive research and his geological work had priority. He was writing up his theory in 1858 when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him an essay which described the same idea, prompting immediate joint publication of both of their theories. Darwin's work established evolutionary descent with modification as the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature. In 1871, he examined human evolution and sexual selection in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex , followed by The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals . His research on plants was published in a series of books, and in his final book, he examined earthworms and their effect on soil.. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com. 第 1 章影响世界观念的英美思想名人.

(16) 16. In recognition of Darwin's pre-eminence as a scientist, he was one of only five 19th-century UK non-royal personages to be honored by a state funeral, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, close to John Herschel and Isaac Newton. 我们都知道著名的《物种起源》和达尔文。但我们未必知道，出生于富裕的医生家庭的查尔斯·达尔文，在青少年时代是个游手好闲的纨绔子弟，而不像是肩负历史使命的天才。他的父亲有一次指责他说：“你除了打猎、玩狗、抓老鼠，别的什么都不管，你将会是你自己和整个家庭的耻辱。”不过我们现在都知道，他的父亲错了。你同样未必知道《物种起源》是怎样发表的。当年，虽然达尔文在读了马尔萨斯的《人口论》之后就有了灵感，马上就有了自然选择的想法，但是要过了四年，在收集了大量的资料之后，他才开始把这个理论记录下来，并把手稿送给一些朋友征求意见。他太清楚一旦自己的理论发表将会对社会产生怎样的震撼了，而做为一个天性平和的人，这是他想要尽力避免的，因此他留下了一份遗嘱，他有关进化论的手稿只能在他死后发表。但是在 1858 年夏天，达尔文收到了华莱士的信，迫使他不得不在生前发表自然选择理论。由于《物种起源》的成功，也可能是被达尔文的人格和智慧所折服，虽然华莱士与达尔文同享发现自然选择理论的殊荣，他却总是把荣耀归功于达尔文一人，并把自然选择理论称为“达尔文主义”，这个称呼沿用至今。 ★. Words Tips ◆. variation：变异，变化. ◆. preserve：保存，保留. ◆. descend：遗传. ◆. emergence：出现，发生. ◆. geologist：地质学家. ◆. priority：优先，优先权. ◆ modification：修正. ◆ earthworm：蚯蚓. 约翰·杜威——深刻影响着世界教育理念 John Dewey (1859-1952) was an American psychologist, philosopher, educator, social critic and political activist. He was born in Burlington, Vermont, on 20 October 1859. Dewey graduated from the University of Vermont in 1879, and received his PhD from Johns Hopkins University in 1884. He started his career at the University of Michigan, teaching there from 1884 to 1888 and 1889-1894, with a one year term at the University of Minnesota in 1888. In 1894 he became the chairman of the Department of Philosophy, Psychology, and Pedagogy at the University of Chicago. In 1899, John Dewey was elected president of the American Psychological Association, and in 1905 he became president of the. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com.

(17) American Philosophical Association. Dewey taught at Columbia University from 1905 until he retired. 17. in 1929, and occasionally taught as professor emeritus until 1939.. 第 1 章. During his years at Columbia he traveled the world as a philosopher, social and political theorist, and educational consultant. Among his major journeys are his lectures in Japan and China from 1919 to 1921, his visit to Turkey in 1924 to recommend educational policy, and a tour of schools in the USSR in 1928. Of course, Dewey never ignored American social issues. He was outspoken on education, domestic and international politics, and numerous social movements. Among the many concerns that attracted Dewey's support were women's suffrage, progressive education, educator's rights, the Humanistic movement, and world peace. Dewey died in New York City on 1 June 1952. Although Dewey did not identify himself as a pragmatist per se, but instead referred to his philosophy as "instrumentalism", he is considered one of the three major figures in American pragmatism, along with Charles Sanders Pierce, who invented the term, and William James, who popularized it. Dewey's philosophy has had other names than "pragmatism". He has been called an instrumentalist, an experimentalist, an empiricist, a functionalist, and a naturalist. The term "transactional" may better describe his views, a term emphasized by Dewey in his later years to describe his theories of knowledge and experience. Dewey also was an educational reformer, who emphasized that the traditional teaching's concern with delivering knowledge needed to be balanced with a much greater concern with the students' actual experiences and active learning. At the same time, Dewey was alarmed by many of the "child-centered" excesses of educational-school pedagogues who claimed to be his followers. In How We Think, Dewey wrote the older type of instruction tended to treat the teacher as a dictatorial ruler. The newer type sometimes treats the teacher as a negligible factor, almost as an evil, though a necessary one. In reality, the teacher is the intellectual leader of a social group. He is a leader, not in virtue of official position, but because of wider and deeper knowledge and matured experience. The supposition that the teacher must abdicate its leadership is merely silly. Dewey made seminal contributions to nearly every field and topic in philosophy and psychology. Besides his role as a primary originator of both functionalist and behaviorist psychology, Dewey was a major inspiration for several allied movements that have shaped 20th century thought, including empiricism, humanism, naturalism, contextualism, and process philosophy. For over 50 years Dewey was the voice for a liberal and progressive democracy that has shaped the destiny of America and the world. Dewey ranks with the greatest thinkers of this or any age on the subjects of pedagogy, philosophy of mind, epistemology, logic, philosophy of science, and social and political theory. His pragmatic approaches to ethics, aesthetics, and religion have also remained influential. His stature is assured as one of the 20th century's premier philosophers, along with James,. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com. 影响世界观念的英美思想名人.

(18) 18. Bradley, Husserl, Russell, Wittgenstein, Heidegger, Sartre, Carnap, and Quine. 有这样一个人，他逻辑严密、善于独立思考，总是很严肃但又温和；他是一位致力于写作的学人，但文笔并不出彩，他的作品是不容易立即被理解的；他同时也不是一位善用言语表达意见的人，他讲课呆板、缺乏吸引力，但耐下心来听讲，却能给人以极大的思想启迪；他从不自认为是心理学家，却曾当选美国心理学会主席……，可以说， “没有一个现代美国人能不受他的影响”。这个充满矛盾的人物是谁？当然，他就是约翰·杜威—— 20 世纪美国最具影响力的哲学家、教育思想家和心理学家。杜威提出的许多简洁而明白的标语，诸如“教育即生长”，“教育即生活”，“教育即经验之生长与重组”，“学校即社会”，“从做中学”等等，不仅成为美国国内提倡进步教育的口号，其影响力也逐渐波及到采取他的教育思想的各个国家。比如，杜威的教育思想就曾对二十世纪上半叶的中国教育界、思想界发生过重大影响。民国时期一些重要人物如胡适、陶行知、郭秉文、张伯苓、蒋梦麟等均曾在美国哥伦比亚大学留学，曾是杜威的学生。他反对传统的灌输和机械训练、强调从实践中学习的教育主张，对蔡元培、晏阳初甚至毛泽东等都有一定的影响。 ★. Words Tips ◆. activist：积极分子，激进主义分子. ◆. pedagogy：教育学. ◆. emeritus：名誉退休的. ◆. suffrage：选举权. ◆. instrumentalist ：工具主义者. ◆. transactional：相互作用的. ◆. abdicate：退位，放弃. ◆ contextualism：语境论. 伯特兰·罗素——人生和思想一样异彩纷呈的智者 Bertrand Arthur William Russell (1872 –1970) was a British philosopher, logician, essayist and social critic best known for his work in mathematical logic and analytic philosophy. His most influential contributions include his defense of logicism (the view that mathematics is in some important sense reducible to logic), his refining of the predicate calculus introduced by Gottlob Frege (which still forms the basis of most contemporary logic), his defense of neutral monism (the view that the world consists of just one type of substance that is neither exclusively mental nor exclusively physical), and his theories of definite descriptions and logical atomism. Along with G.E. Moore, Russell is generally recognized as one of the founders of modern analytic philosophy. Along with Kurt G del, he is regularly credited with being one of the most important logicians of the twentieth century. Over the course of his long career, Russell made significant contributions, not just to logic and. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com.

(19) philosophy, but to a broad range of subjects including education, history, political theory and. 19. religious studies. In addition, many of his writings on a variety of topics in both the sciences and. 第 1 章. the humanities have influenced generations of general readers. After a life marked by controversy — including dismissals from both Trinity College, Cambridge, and City College, New York—Russell was awarded the Order of Merit in 1949 and the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1950. Noted for his many spirited anti-war and anti-nuclear protests, Russell remained a prominent public figure until his death at the age of 97. A short chronology of the major events in Russell's life is as follows: (1872) Born May 18 at Ravenscroft, Wales. (1874) Death of mother and sister. (1876) Death of father; Russell's grandfather, Lord John Russell (the former Prime Minister), and grandmother succeed in overturning Russell's father's will to win custody of Russell and his brother. (1878) Death of grandfather; Russell's grandmother, Lady Russell, supervises Russell's upbringing. (1890) Enters Trinity College, Cambridge. (1893) Awarded first-class B.A. in Mathematics. (1894) Completes the Moral Sciences Tripos (Part II). (1894) Marries Alys Pearsall Smith. (1896) Appointed lecturer at the London School of Economics. (1899) Appointed lecturer at Trinity College, Cambridge. (1900) Meets Peano at International Congress in Paris. (1901) Discovers Russell's paradox. (1902) Corresponds with Frege. (1905) Develops his theory of descriptions. (1906) Elected to the London Mathematical Society. (1907) Runs for parliament and is defeated. (1908) Elected Fellow of the Royal Society. (1911) Meets Wittgenstein and is elected President of the Aristotelian Society. (1916) Fined 110 pounds and dismissed from Trinity College as a result of anti-war protests. (1918) Imprisoned for five months as a result of anti-war protests. (1921) Divorce from Alys and marriage to Dora Black. (1922) Runs for parliament and is defeated. (1923) Runs for parliament and is defeated. (1927) Opens experimental school with Dora. (1931) Becomes the third Earl Russell upon the death of his brother.. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com. 影响世界观念的英美思想名人.

(20) 20. (1935) Divorce from Dora. (1936) Marriage to Patricia (Peter) Helen Spence. (1939) Appointed professor of philosophy at the University of California at Los Angeles. (1940) Appointment at City College New York revoked prior to Russell's arrival as a result of public protests and a legal judgment in which Russell was found morally unfit to teach at the college. (1943) Dismissed from Barnes Foundation in Pennsylvania, but wins a suit against the Foundation for wrongful dismissal. (1949) Awarded the Order of Merit. (1950) Awarded Nobel Prize for Literature. (1952) Divorce from Patrica (Peter) and marriage to Edith Finch. (1955) Releases Russell-Einstein Manifesto. (1957) Elected President of the first Pugwash Conference. (1958) Becomes founding President of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. (1961) Imprisoned for one week in connection with anti-nuclear protests. (1963) Establishes the Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation. (1970) Dies February 02 at Penrhyndeudraeth, Wales. 被人们称为“世纪的智者”的伯特兰·罗素，是声望甚高的英国哲学家、数学家、逻辑学家，一个饱学之士，一个一生中都让同辈望尘莫及的人。在哲学上，他早期为新实在论者，20世纪初提出逻辑原子主义和中元一元论学说。在数学上，从事过数理逻辑和数学基础的研究。以他命名的“罗素悖论”曾对 20 世纪的数学基础发生过重大影响，其与怀特海的巨著《数学原理》中提出的逻辑类型论成功解决了包括罗素悖论在内的不少悖论，并且成为人类数学和数理逻辑历史上里程碑式的著作，正是这本巨著使罗素获得了崇高的声誉。在教育上，主张自由教育，认为教育的基本目的应该是培养“活力、勇气、敏感、智慧”四种品质。在政治上，反对侵略战争，倡导和平主义。重要著作有《哲学原理》、《哲学问题》、《心的分析》、《物的分析》、《西方哲学史》、《论教育》等。 1920 年 8 月，罗素曾来中国讲学，赵元任曾作过他的中文翻译。在中国讲学期间，他与中国的知识分子和各界人士进行了广泛接触，以其特有的视角，对中国问题进行了细致考察与分析。回国后，他完成了《中国问题》一书。1998 年，罗素在华讲演被中国文化书院评选为“影响中国 20 世纪历史进程的重要文献”。 ★. Words Tips logician 逻辑学家. ◆. calculus：微积分学. ◆ atomism：原子论. ◆. controversy：辩论，论战. dismissal：解雇. ◆. chronology：年表. ◆. ◆. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com.

(21) ◆. custody：关押，拘留. ◆. lecturer：讲师. 21. ◆. paradox：悖论. ◆ parliament：国会. ◆. defeat：被击败. ◆. 第 1 章. imprisoned：监禁，下狱. 戴尔·卡耐基—— 20 世纪最伟大的心灵导师 Born in 1888 in Maryville, Missouri, Carnegie was a poor farmer's boy, the second son of James William Carnegie (1852 – 1910) and wife Amanda Elizabeth Harbison ( 1858–1910). In his teens, though still having to get up at 4 a.m. every day to milk his parents' cows, he managed to obtain an education at the State Teacher's College in Warrensburg. His first job after college was selling correspondence courses to ranchers; then he moved on to selling bacon, soap and lard for Armour & Company. He was successful to the point of making his sales territory of South Omaha, Nebraska, the national leader for the firm. After saving $500, Dale Carnegie quit sales in 1911 in order to pursue a lifelong dream of becoming a Chautauqua lecturer. He ended up instead attending the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York, but found little success as an actor, though it is written that he played the role of Dr. Hartley in a road show of Polly of the Circus. When the production ended, he returned to New York, unemployed, nearly broke, and living at the YMCA on 125th Street. It was there that he got the idea to teach public speaking, and he persuaded the "Y" manager to allow him to instruct a class in return for 80% of the net proceeds. In his first session, he had run out of material; improvising, he suggested that students speak about "something that made them angry", and discovered that the technique made speakers unafraid to address a public audience. From this 1912 debut, the Dale Carnegie Course evolved. Carnegie had tapped into the average American's desire to have more self-confidence, and by 1914, he was earning $500—the equivalent of nearly $10,000 now—every week. Perhaps one of Carnegie's most successful marketing moves was to change the spelling of his last name from "Carnagey" to Carnegie, at a time when Andrew Carnegie (unrelated) was a widely revered and recognized name. By 1916, Dale was able to rent Carnegie Hall itself for a lecture to a packed house. Carnegie's first collection of his writings was Public Speaking: a Practical Course for Business Men (1926), later entitled Public Speaking and Influencing Men in Business (1932). His crowning achievement, however, was when Simon & Schuster published How to Win Friends and Influence People. The book. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com. 影响世界观念的英美思想名人.

(22) 22. was a bestseller from its debut in 1937, in its 17th printing within a few months. By the time of Carnegie's death, the book had sold five million copies in 31 languages, and there had been 450,000 graduates of his Dale Carnegie Institute. It has been stated in the book that he had critiqued over 150,000 speeches in his participation of the adult education movement of the time. During World War I he served in the U.S. Army. His first marriage ended in divorce in 1931. On November 5, 1944, in Tulsa, Oklahoma, he married Dorothy Price Vanderpool, who also had been divorced. Vanderpool had two daughters; Rosemary, from her first marriage, and Donna Dale from their marriage together. Carnegie died at his home in Forest Hills, New York. He was buried in the Belton, Cass County, Missouri, cemetery. The official biography from Dale Carnegie & Associates, Inc. states that he died of Hodgkin's disease on November 1, 1955. One of the core ideas in his books is that it is possible to change other people's behavior by changing one's reaction to them. And, The Dale Carnegie Course is a program for businesses based on Carnegie's teachings used worldwide. It was founded in 1912 and is represented in over 75 countries. Over 8 million people have completed Dale Carnegie Training. 卡耐基，这个名字相信大家一定不陌生，这位美国著名的人际关系学大师，是西方现代人际关系教育的奠基人。其在 1936 年出版的著作《人性的弱点》，70 年来始终被西方世界视为社交技巧的圣经之一。在1912年他创立了卡耐基训练，以教导人们人际沟通及处理压力的技巧，因此被誉为“成人教育之父”。他一生致力于人性问题的研究，运用心理学和社会学知识，对人类共同的心理特点进行探索和分折，开创并发展出一套独特的融演讲、推销、为人处世、智能开发于一体的成人教育方式。接受卡耐基教育的有社会各界人士，其中不乏军政要员，甚至包括几位美国总统，千千万万的人从卡耐基的教育中获益匪浅。发明之王爱迪生、相对论鼻祖爱因斯坦、印度圣雄甘地、“米老鼠”之父迪士尼、建筑业奇迹的创造者里维父子、旅馆业巨子希尔顿、白手起家的台湾塑料大王王永庆、麦当劳的创始人克洛克等等，都深受卡耐基思想和观点的影响。卡耐基留给我们的不仅仅是几本书和一所学校，其真正的价值是：他把个人成功的技巧传授给了每一个想出人头地的人。 ★. Words Tips ◆. correspondence：通信，函授. ◆. rancher：农（牧）场主. ◆. territory：领域. ◆. persuade：说服. ◆. revered：令人尊敬的. ◆. critique：批判. ◆. core：核心. ◆. reaction：反应. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com.

(23) 卡尔·波普尔 ——“我是我见过的最幸福的哲学家” Karl Popper was born in Vienna (then in Austria-Hungary) in 1902, to upper middle-class parents of assimilated Jewish origins, both of whom had converted to Christianity. Karl's father Dr. Simon Siegmund Carl Popper was a lawyer from Bohemia, and mother Jenny Schiff was of Silesian and Hungarian descent. Popper received a Lutheran upbringing and was educated at the University of Vienna. His father was a doctor of law at the Vienna University and a bibliophile who had 12,000–14,000 volumes in his personal library. Popper inherited from him both the library and the disposition. In 1919, Popper became attracted by Marxism and subsequently joined the Association of Socialist School Students. He also became a member of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria, which was at that time a party that fully adopted the Marxist ideology. He soon became disillusioned by what he saw to be the philosophical restraints imposed by the historical materialism of Marx, abandoned the ideology and remained a supporter of social liberalism throughout his life. In 1928, he earned a doctorate in Philosophy, and then from 1930 to 1936 taught secondary school. Popper published his first book, Logik der Forschung (The Logic of Scientific Discovery ), in 1934. Here, he criticised psychologism, naturalism, inductionism, and logical positivism, and put forth his theory of potential falsifiability as the criterion demarcating science from non-science. In 1937, the rise of Nazism and the threat of the Anschluss led Popper to emigrate to New Zealand, where he became lecturer in philosophy at Canterbury University College New Zealand (at Christchurch). In 1946, he moved to England to become reader in logic and scientific method at the London School of Economics. Three years later, he was appointed as professor of logic and scientific method at the University of London in 1949. Popper won many awards and honours in his field, including the Lippincott Award of the American Political Science Association, the Sonning Prize, and fellowships in the Royal Society, British Academy, London School of Economics, King's College London, Darwin College Cambridge, and Charles University, Prague. Austria awarded him the Grand Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria in Gold. Popper died in Croydon, UK at the age of 92 on 17 September 1994. After cremation, his ashes were taken to Vienna and buried at Lainzer cemetery adjacent to the ORF Centre, where his wife Josefine Anna Henninger, who had died in Austria several years before, had already been buried.. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com. 23. 第 1 章影响世界观念的英美思想名人.

(24) 24. Popper played a vital role in establishing the philosophy of science as a vigorous, autonomous discipline within analytic philosophy, through his own prolific and influential works, and also through his influence on his own contemporaries and students. His influence, both through his work in philosophy of science and through his political philosophy, has also extended beyond the academy. Among Popper's students and advocates at the London School of Economics is the billionaire investor George Soros, who says his investment strategies are modelled on Popper's understanding of the advancement of knowledge through the distinctly Hegelian idea of falsification. Among Soros's philanthropic foundations is the Open Society Institute, a think-tank named in honour of Popper's The Open Society and Its Enemies , which Soros founded to advance the Popperian defense of the open society against authoritarianism and totalitarianism. 出生于奥地利，逝于英国伦敦的卡尔·雷蒙德·波普尔爵士，是 20 世纪最著名的学术理论家、哲学家之一，在社会学上亦有建树。在其自传《无尽的探索》中，波普尔骄傲地说：“我是我见过的最幸福的哲学家。”他“常常深深陷入不可解决的困难中，但在发现新问题时、同这些问题搏斗时、取得进展时最为高兴。”在他看来，这就是最好的生活，这就是高度的自我满足。波普尔最著名的理论，在于对经典的观测—归纳法的批判，提出从实验中证伪的评判标准：区别“科学的”与“非科学的”。他认为科学理论不具有普世性，只能作间接评测。他也认为，科学理论和人类所掌握到的一切知识，都不过是推测和假想，人在解决问题的过程中不可避免地掺入了想象力和创造性，好让问题能在一定的历史、文化框架中得到解答。人们只能依靠仅有的数据来树立这一科学理论，然而，此外又不可能有足够多的实验数据，能证明一条科学理论绝对无误。（例如，人们在检测 100 万头绵羊后得出“绵羊是白色的”这一理论，然而检测之外，只要有一只黑色的绵羊存在，即可证明前面的理论错误。谁又能无穷无止地检测绵羊，以证明“绵羊是白色的”理论的绝对无误呢？）这一“可错性”原则所推演出的“真伪不对称性”（真不能被证明，只有伪可以被证明），是波普尔哲学思想的核心。时至今日，他的非决定论已在学术理论界深入人心。 ★. Words Tips ◆. bibliophile：藏书家. ◆. volume：卷，体积. ◆. ideology：思想体系. ◆. secondary：中级的. ◆. fellowship：奖学金. ◆ cremation：火葬. ◆. vigorous：精力充沛的. ◆. prolific：多产的，丰富的. ◆. model：做……模型. ◆ billionaire：亿万富翁 ◆. philanthropic：博爱的，仁慈的. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com.

(25) 25. 亚伯拉罕·马斯洛——誉满全球的需要层次理论 Abraham Harold Maslow (1908–1970) was an American psychologist. He is noted for his conceptualization of a "hierarchy of human needs", and is considered the founder of humanistic psychology. Born and raised in Brooklyn, New York, Maslow was the oldest of seven children. His parents were uneducated Jews from Russia. He was slow and tidy, and remembered his childhood as lonely and rather unhappy, because, as he said, "I was the little Jewish boy in the non-Jewish neighborhood. It was a little like being the first Negro enrolled in the all-white school. I was isolated and unhappy. I grew up in libraries and among books, without friends. " He would pursue law, but he went to graduate school at the University of Wisconsin to study psychology. While there, he married his first cousin Bertha in December 1928, and found as his chief mentor, professor Harry Harlow. At Wisconsin he pursued an original line of research, investigating primate dominance behaviour and sexuality. He went on to further research at Columbia University, continuing similar studies; there he found another mentor in Alfred Adler, one of Sigmund Freud's early colleagues. From 1937 to 1951, Maslow was on the faculty of Brooklyn College, and he was a professor at Brandeis University from 1951 to 1969, and then became a resident fellow of the Laughlin Institute in California. He died of a heart attack on June 8, 1970. In 1967, the American Humanist Association named him Humanist of the Year. Many psychologists have made impacts on society's understanding of the world. Abraham Maslow was one of these; he brought a new face to the study of human behavior. After World War II, Maslow began to question the way psychologists had come to their conclusions, and though he didn't completely disagree, he had his own ideas on how to understand the Human mind. Humanistic Psychologists believe that every person has a strong desire to realize his or her full potential, to reach a level of Self-actualization. To prove that humans are not simply blindly reacting to situations, but trying to accomplish something greater, Maslow studied mentally healthy individuals instead of people with serious psychological issues. This enabled him to discover that people experience "peak experiences", high points in life when the individual is in harmony with himself and his surroundings. Self-actualized people can have many peak experiences throughout a day while others have those experiences less frequently. A visual aid Maslow created to explain his theory, which he called the Hierarchy of Needs, is a pyramid depicting the levels of human needs, psychological and physical. When a human being. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com. 第 1 章影响世界观念的英美思想名人.

(26) 26. ascends the steps of the pyramid he reaches self actualization. At the bottom of the pyramid are the "Basic needs or Physiological needs" of a human being, food and water and sex. The next level is "Safety Needs: Security, Order, and Stability." These two steps are important to the physical survival of the person. Once individuals have basic nutrition, shelter and safety, they attempt to accomplish more. The third level of need is "Love and Belonging", which are psychological needs; when individuals have taken care of themselves physically, they are ready to share themselves with others. The fourth level is achieved when individuals feel comfortable with what they have accomplished. This is the "Esteem" level, the level of success and status (from self and others). The top of the pyramid, "Need for Self-actualization", occurs when individuals reach a state of harmony and understanding. When Maslow introduced these ideas some weren't ready to understand them; others dismissed them as unscientific, a critique often leveled at Freud. Sometimes viewed as disagreeing with Freud and psychoanalytic theory, Maslow actually positioned his work as a vital complement to that of Freud. Maslow stated in his book, "It is as if Freud supplied us the sick half of psychology and we must now fill it out with the healthy half." Maslow's thinking was surprisingly original — most psychologists before him had been concerned with the abnormal and the ill. He wanted to know what constituted positive mental health. He was so succeed that his influence extended beyond psychology now, his work on peak experiences is relevant to religious studies, while his work on management is applicable to transpersonal business studies. 这是一位智商高达 194 的天才、伟大的先知。他没有美学专著，其美学思想却融合在其心理学理论中。马斯洛的人本主义心理学为其美学理论提供了心理学基础，其心理学理论核心是人通过“自我实现”，满足多层次的需要系统，达到“高峰体验”，重新找回被技术排斥的人的价值，实现完美人格。他认为，人作为一个有机整体，具有多种动机和需要，包括生理需要、安全需要、社交需要（包含爱与被爱，归属与领导）、自尊需要和自我实现需要。其中自我实现的需要是超越性的，追求真、善、美，将最终导向完美人格的塑造，高峰体验代表了人的这种最佳状态。所有人都潜藏着这五种不同层次的需要，但在不同时期表现出来的各种需要的迫切程度是不同的。人的最迫切的需要才是激励人行动的主要原因和动力，人的需要是从外部得来的满足逐渐向内在得到的满足转化。在高层次的需要充分出现之前，低层次的需要必须得到适当的满足。这也就是我们其名闻遐迩的 “需要层次理论”的主要内容。. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com.

(27) ★. Words Tips. 27. ◆. hierarchy：层次. ◆. uneducated：未受教育的. ◆. enrolled：登记，加入. ◆. dominance：统治，支配. ◆. faculty：能力，科，系. ◆. potential：潜能. ◆. peak：最高的，峰值的. ◆ Self-actualization：自我实现 ◆. pyramid：金字塔. ◆. esteem：尊重. ◆. abnormal：反常的. ◆. transpersonal：超越个人的. 埃里克·弗洛姆——现代思想界的“情爱大师” Erich Fromm was born in 1900 in Frankfurt, Germany. His father was a business man and, according to Erich, rather moody. His mother was frequently depressed. In other words, like quite a few of the people we've looked at, his childhood wasn't very happy. Like Jung, Erich came from a very religious family, in his case orthodox Jews. Fromm himself later became what he called an atheistic mystic. In his autobiography, Beyond the Chains of Illusion, Fromm talks about two events in his early adolescence that started him along his path. The first involved a friend of the family's: Maybe she was 25 years of age; she was beautiful, attractive, and in addition a painter, the first painter I ever knew. I remember having heard that she had been engaged but after some time had broken the engagement; I remember that she was almost invariably in the company of her widowed father. As I remember him, he was an old, uninteresting, and rather unattractive man, or so I thought (maybe my judgment was somewhat biased by jealousy). Then one day I heard the shocking news: her father had died, and immediately afterwards, she had killed herself and left a will which stipulated that she wanted to be buried with her father . As you can imagine, this news hit the 12 year old Erich hard, and he found himself asking what many of us might ask: why? Later, he began finding some answers— partial ones, admittedly—in Freud. The second event was even larger: World War I. At the tender age of 14, he saw the extremes that nationalism could go to. All around him, he heard the message: We (Germans, or more precisely, Christian Germans) are great; They (the English and their allies) are cheap mercenaries. The hatred, the "war hysteria", frightened him, as well it should. So again he wanted to understand something irrational —the irrationality of mass behavior—and he found some answers, this time in the writings of Karl Marx. To finish Fromm's story, he received his PhD from Heidelberg in 1922 and began a career as a psychotherapist. He moved to the U.S. in 1934—a popular time for leaving Germany! —and settled. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com. 第 1 章影响世界观念的英美思想名人.

(28) 28. in New York City, where he met many of the other great refugee thinkers that gathered there, including Karen Horney, with whom he had an affair. Toward the end of his career, he moved to Mexico City to teach. He had done considerable research into the relationship between economic class and personality types there. He died in 1980 in Switzerland. 弗洛姆是一位国际知名的人本主义哲学家和精神分析心理学家，毕生都奉献给修改佛洛伊德的精神分析学说以切合发生两次世界大战后的西方人精神处境，因此被尊为“精神分析社会学”的奠基人之一。在德国时，弗洛姆是法兰克福学派的成员，移居美国后始终保持和该学派的关联。弗洛姆思想的特色便是企图调和弗洛伊德的精神分析学跟马斯洛的人本主义学说，其思想可以说是新弗洛伊德主义与新马斯洛主义的交汇。弗洛姆最流行的一本国际畅销书是《爱的艺术》，初版于 1956 年，重申《逃避自由》和《为自己的人》等弗洛姆其他许多重要著作坚持的人本主义思想，并予以发展和做出新的诠释。背离于传统宗教正统，弗洛姆认为人类的美德是能够采取独立行动和从理性出发建立道德价值，而不是坚持权威的道德价值。根据弗洛姆的观点，人与人之间的隔离是所有有罪和羞愧的根源。而对于这一隔离的解决方法则是发展自己独特的人性的爱和理性的力量。 ★. Words Tips ◆. moody：喜怒无常的. ◆. religious：宗教的，虔诚的. ◆. orthodox：正统的. ◆. invariably：不变地. ◆. partial：不公平的. ◆. admittedly：无可否认地. ◆. mercenary：雇佣兵. ◆. refugee：难民，流亡者. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com.

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每天读点英美文化 ：那些影响世界的魅力名人 - 万水书苑-出版资源网

每天读点英美文化：那些影响世界的魅力名人 - 万水书苑-出版资源网