貯存溫度與時間對岡崎釉小蜂 (Closterocerus okazakii) (膜翅目：釉小蜂科) 生育力與致死寄主能力之影響
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(2) 290. 台灣農業研究. 類及番茄上，該蜂不僅為蔬菜斑潛蠅 (Liriomyza sativae Blanchard) 田間本地種之優 勢寄生蜂 (Chien & Chang unpublished data)，且 由其生物特性亦顯示其為有效寄生蜂 (Chien & Chang 2009a, b)。進行害蟲生物防治時，為配 合害蟲之發生，常需貯存天敵以備適時釋放， 如此天敵之貯存蟲期與條件，即為害蟲生物防 治成敗的關鍵之一。然岡崎釉小蜂貯存之相關 資料闕如，僅知成蜂供應原蜜汁 (洋槐蜜) 或 20%蜜水時均可顯著延長壽命 (Huang et al. 2000; Chen & Ye 2002)，另在 15 與 25℃下，10 對岡崎釉小蜂成蜂於直徑 3 cm、高 10 cm 之玻 璃管內，以純蜂蜜餵食時，成蜂壽命可各長達 39.5–48.0 與 24.1–31.9 日 (Chien & Chang 2009b)。 為深入瞭解岡崎釉小蜂之最適貯存蟲期與條 件，及貯存對雌蜂生育力與致死寄主能力之影 響，乃進行本試驗，冀能提供該蜂貯存技術與 保育措施之參考，進而增進岡崎釉小蜂對蔬菜 斑潛蠅生物防治之利用。. 材料與方法 供試蟲源 在雲林縣林內鄉菜豆 (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) 上採集被蔬菜斑潛蠅幼蟲為害之葉片，攜 回 25℃室內。攤開葉片，稍陰乾後，再分裝於 有透氣孔之封口塑膠袋。待斑潛蠅成蠅與岡崎 釉小蜂羽化，供做後續試驗飼育之蟲源。. 供試寄主植物、寄主害蟲及寄生蜂之繁殖 本試驗所用之寄主植物菜豆苗 (P. vulgaris var. communis Aeschers) 之栽培，與供試寄主蔬 菜斑潛蠅之繁殖，係參照 Chien & Ku (1996) 之方法。岡崎釉小蜂之繁殖則參照 Chien & Ku (2001) 之方法，以帶有第三齡蔬菜斑潛蠅幼蟲潛 食之罐插菜豆苗，繁殖岡崎釉小蜂。. 寄生蜂寄生致死寄主與取食致死寄主之區分 本試驗中，區分寄主幼蟲被岡崎釉小蜂寄 生、或取食後之致死徵狀，係依 Chien & Chang. 第 59 卷. 第4期. (2009a) 所述。被寄生者體黃色、外形鬆馳拉 長但仍保持原來之飽滿、消化管內無暗綠色之 內容物、呈深度麻痺狀態；被取食者體黃褐色、 外形伸長體扁且萎縮、消化管內仍殘留有暗綠 色之內容物、傷口處留有乾涸之體液。. 低溫貯存蜂蛹對蛹期發育之影響 先將在 25℃繁殖之 0 日齡蜂蛹，每 30 個 裝入直徑 1.5 cm、高 7 cm 之指形管內，然後將 其分別移入 7 與 10℃、相對濕度 65–85%之定 溫箱內，各貯存 1、2、3、4、5、6 及 7 週，待 各處理貯存期滿後，將內有蜂蛹之指形管取 出，轉移至 25℃定溫、相對濕度 65–85%下， 每日記錄各處理組蜂蛹之發育日數與存活率。 另設一未經低溫貯存之對照組，其蟲源與處理 方法如上述。各進行 4 重複。. 低溫貯存蜂蛹對成蜂生育力 (fertility) 與 致死寄主能力之影響 利用前述蜂蛹，經 7 與 10℃低溫各貯存 1、2、3 週與 1、3、4、5 及 7 週後，於 25℃正 常羽化之成蜂為試材。在 25℃定溫、相對濕度 65–85%下，將 0 日齡成蜂，各取 1 對釋入直徑 12 cm、高 22 cm 之玻璃筒，每日早上 7 點，各 處理除以細毛筆將未稀釋純蜂蜜塗於玻璃筒內 壁餵食，另供應內有 40–50 隻第三齡寄主幼蟲 潛食之 1 株罐插菜豆苗，直至雌蜂死亡為止。 試驗期間，每日將各處理組所更換下內有被寄 生寄主之菜豆苗，移至 25℃飼育，直至子蜂羽 化。記錄各處理 1 對成蜂之壽命，亦依 Chien & Ku (2001) 之方法，於接蜂後次晨，利用透光 法計數雌蜂對寄主幼蟲之致死總數 (寄生致死 數與取食致死數)，7 日後再分別記錄雌蜂對寄 主幼蟲之寄生數 (寄生蜂蛹數) 與取食寄主數 (致死寄主總數 − 寄生蜂蛹數) 及寄生致死寄主 與取食致死寄主之比值等；待寄生蜂羽化後，再 記錄雌蜂與雄蜂數及雌性比。另設一對照組，其 蟲源來自前項試驗未經低溫貯存之對照，處理方 法如上述。每處理各進行 6–11 重複。.
(3) 岡崎釉小蜂之貯存. 成蜂貯存對生育力與致死寄主能力之影響 將在 25℃初羽化之成蜂，每 10 對釋入直 徑 3 cm、高 10 cm 之玻璃管，再將玻璃管分別 放置在 15 與 25℃之定溫，15℃時各貯存 10、 20、30、40 及 50 日，25℃時各貯存 10 與 15 日，期間每日以細毛筆將純蜂蜜塗於玻璃管內 壁餵食。待各處理組成蜂貯存時間期滿後，轉 移置 25℃定溫，隨機取其中一對雌、雄蜂釋入 直徑 12 cm、高 21 cm 之玻璃筒，各處理組每 日如前項所述，供應純蜂蜜與內有 40–50 隻第 三齡寄主幼蟲潛食之 1 株罐插菜豆苗，直至供 試蜂死亡為止。試驗期間，每日將各處理組所 更換下內有被寄生寄主之菜豆苗，移至 25℃飼 育，直至子蜂羽化，且依 Chien & Ku (2001) 之 方法，記錄各處理成蜂之壽命、子蜂數、子代雌 性比、致死寄主總數、及寄生致死寄主與取食致 死寄主之比值等。亦設一未經貯存之對照組，其 蟲源與處理方法如上述。各進行 5–19 重複。. 統計分析 各 項 試 驗 資 料 除 利 用 SPSS (Statistical Products and Services Solutions) 10.0 版本軟體 先進行變方分析，再以最小顯著差 (LSD) 法或 t 值測試法檢測，並採 p < 0.05 顯著水準比較處 理間之差異。另利用迴歸分析法，顯示寄生蜂 之羽化率或蛹期 (y)，與貯存期 (x) 之關係， 並採 p < 0.01 之顯著水準進行迴歸之變異數分 析。若二者之關係非線性迴歸時，則以二次曲 線迴歸呈現。. 結. 291. 內含貯存時間之蛹期，不論在 7 或 10℃， 均隨蜂蛹貯存期之延長而增加，二者均呈極顯 著之線性迴歸關係 (圖 2A)；但若扣除貯存時 間，在 7℃時蛹期隨蜂蛹貯存期之延長而增 加，呈極顯著之直線迴歸關係，10℃時蛹期則 維持不變，與貯存期無關 (表 1、圖 2B)。. 低溫貯存蜂蛹對成蜂生育力與致死寄主能 力之影響 蜂蛹在 7℃貯存 1–2 週後，其壽命、取食 致死寄主數及子代雌性比等雖與對照組無顯著 差異，但子蜂數、致死寄主總數及寄生致死寄 主與取食致死寄主之比值，各較對照組顯著降 低 39.0–50.6、26.5–37.5 及 35.0%，且處理間無 顯著差異 (表 2)；而蜂蛹在 7℃貯存 3 週，不 論壽命、子蜂數、致死寄主總數及寄生致死寄 主與取食致死寄主之比值等，均顯著較對照組 各減少 31.0–43.1、70.1、60.6 及 30.0% (表 2)。 蜂蛹在 10℃各貯存 1、3 及 4 週後，雌蜂壽命、 子蜂數、致死寄主總數及寄生致死寄主與取食 致死寄主之比值，均顯著較對照組各減少 29.4–42.2、65.8–72.7、42.1–46.9 及 50.0–55.0%，. 果. 低溫貯存蜂蛹對蛹期發育之影響 0 日齡蜂蛹在 7 與 10℃貯存，二者之羽化 率與其貯存期，各呈顯著之二次與線性迴歸關 係 (圖 1)。蜂蛹不論在 7℃貯存 1–7 週或 10℃ 貯存 3–7 週後之羽化率，均顯著較對照組低； 而相同貯存期中，二溫度處理間之羽化率，除 貯存期在 3 週者二種處理間無顯著差異外，其 餘 10℃各處理組均顯著較 7℃處理組高 (表 1)。. 圖 1. 岡崎釉小蜂蜂蛹經 7 或 10℃貯存 0 至 7 週後 在 25℃下之羽化率。 Fig. 1. Percent emergence of Closterocerus okazakii at 25℃ after the pupae were stored at 7 or 10℃ for 0 to 7 weeks. Regression lines are drawn for those relationships where p < 0.01. 7℃ (●) y = - 1.347x2 – 4.579x + 98.10, R2 = 0.9608; 10oC (○) y = - 3.868x + 99.54, R2 = 0.7030..
(4) 292. 第 59 卷. 台灣農業研究. 第4期. 處理間無顯著差異 (表 2)；蜂蛹在 10℃貯存 5 與 7 週後，雌蜂壽命、雄蜂壽命、子蜂數、致 死寄主總數及寄生致死寄主與取食致死寄主之 比值，更顯著較對照組減少 73.8–94.1、66.7– 92.5、97.4–100、94.4–100 及 75.0%，處理間除 最後一項外均無顯著差異 (表 2)。 蜂蛹不論在 7℃貯存 1–3 週或在 10℃貯存 1、3、4、5 及 7 週時，彼等日產卵型式或日取 食寄主型式與對照組不一，各處理組之產卵或 取食前期雖均為 0 日，但各處理之產卵或取食 期不僅均縮短，產卵或取食高峰期亦延後；除 在 7℃貯存 1–3 週時，每日產卵量明顯高於取 食量外，其餘各處理組每日取食量與產卵量近 似或略高，不若對照組每日產卵量明顯高於取 食量 (圖 3)。. 成蜂貯存對生育力與致死寄主能力之影響 雌蜂在 15℃貯存 10–30 日者，子代雌性比 雖與對照組無顯著差異，但壽命、子蜂數、產 卵致死寄主數、致死寄主總數及寄生致死寄主 與取食致死寄主之比值等，各較對照組顯著降 低 25.1–40.1、67.5–78.4、57.4–71.1、26.0–44.8 及 65.0–75.0%，且處理間無顯著差異 (表 3)；. 圖 2. 岡崎釉小蜂蜂蛹經 7 或 10℃貯存 0 至 7 週後 在 25℃下之蛹期。 Fig. 2. Length of the pupal stage of Closterocerus okazakii at 25℃ after the pupae were stored at 7 or 10℃ for 0 to 7 weeks. Regression lines are drawn for those relationships where p < 0.01. A: 7℃ (●) y = 7.269x + 5.845, R2 = 0.9993; 10℃ (○) y = 7.041x + 5.899, R2 = 0.9994. B: 7℃ (●) y = 0.2806x + 5.838, R2 = 0.7291; 10℃ (○) no regression relationship.. 表 1. 岡崎釉小蜂蛹經 7 與 10℃下貯存 0 至 7 週後在 25℃下之羽化率與蛹期 Table 1. Percent emergence and length of the pupal stage ( x ± SEM) of Closterocerus okazakii at 25℃after the pupae had been stored at 7 and 10℃ for 0 to 7 weeks z, y Duration of storage (wk). Percent emergence. Length of pupal stage (storage duration included, d). 7℃. 10℃. 0 (ck). 97.8 ± 1.1 Aa. 97.8 ± 1.1 Aa. 5.9 ± 0.1. 5.9 ± 0.1. 5.9 ± 0.1Ac. 5.9 ± 0.1 Aa. 1. 90.4 ± 0.4 Bb. 95.1 ± 0.9 Aa. 13.1 ± 0.1. 13.1 ± 0.1. 6.1 ± 0.1 Ac. 6.1 ± 0.1 Aa. 2. 83.1 ± 1.2 Bbc. 94.0 ± 0.8 Aa. 20.4 ± 0.2. 20.0 ± 0.1. 6.4 ± 0.2 Ac. 6.0 ± 0.1 Aa. 3. 79.3 ± 3.5 Ac. 86.0 ± 2.7 Ab. 27.4 ± 0.1. 26.9 ± 0.3. 6.4 ± 0.1 Ac. 4. 56.0 ± 4.3 Bd. 84.1 ± 4.2 Abc. 35.1 ± 0.1. 34.2 ± 0.1. 7.1 ± 0.1 Ab. 6.1 ± 0.3 Aa 6.2 ± 0.1 Ba. 5. 43.1 ± 3.8 Be. 41.1 ± 0.2. 7.2 ± 0.2 Aab. 6.1 ± 0.2 Ba. 15.5 ± 2.1 Bf. 83.3 ± 2.6 Abc 79.4 ± 3.3 Acd. 42.2 ± 0.2. 6. 49.4 ± 0.3. 48.1 ± 0.2. 7.4 ± 0.3 Aab. 6.1 ± 0.2 Ba. 7. 1.7 ± 0.6 Bg. 69.5 ± 3.1 Ad. 56.8 ± 0.5. 55.3 ± 0.3. 7.8 ± 0.5 Aa. 6.3 ± 0.3 Ba. z y. 7℃. 10℃. Length of pupal stage (storage duration excluded, d) 7℃. 10℃. With 30 pupae per treatment, four replicates. Means within percent emergence and length of pupal stage (storage duration excluded, d) followed by the same uppercase letter are not significantly different between 7 and 10℃ (p < 0.05, t-test). Means within each column followed by the same lowercase letter are not significantly different at p < 0.05 (LSD). Percentages of emergence were transformed to arcsine x prior to the ANOVA test..
(5) 岡崎釉小蜂之貯存. 293. 表 2. 岡崎釉小蜂蛹經 7 或 10℃貯存 0 至 7 週後在 25℃下成蜂之壽命、生育力及致死寄主能力 Table 2. Longevity, fertility, and host-killing capability ( x ± SEM) of Closterocerus okazakii adults at 25℃ after the pupae had been stored at 10℃ for 0 to 7 weeks z, y Duration of storage (wk). Longevity (d) n. Female. No. progeny/female. Male. Female proportion. No. hosts killed/female Feeding. Total. Parasitized/ feeding. 122 ± 15 a. 274 ± 24 b. 1.3 ± 0.2 bc. 114 ± 13 bc 0.56 ± 0.04 a 125 ± 13 bc 108 ± 12 a. 233 ± 23 b. 1.3 ± 0.1 b. 61 ± 10 b 147 ± 24 c. 1.4 ± 0.2 b. No. adults. Parasitized. 7oC 1. 6. 16.8 ± 1.7 Aab 14.0 ± 1.4 Aabc 141 ± 15 b 0.53 ± 0.07 a 152 ± 14 b. 2. 8. 16.8 ± 1.5 Aab 18.6 ± 1.7 Aa. 3. 9. 12.9 ± 1.2 Abc. 9.9 ± 1.6 Acd. 69 ± 13 d 0.53 ± 0.06 a. 86 ± 15 c. o. 10 C 1. 11. 13.2 ± 1.5 Abc 14.7 ± 1.7 Aab. 79 ± 10 cd 0.52 ± 0.03 a. 92 ± 11 c. 124 ± 17 a. 3. 10. 11.8 ± 1.5 Ac. 11.1 ± 1.8 Abc. 77 ± 11 d 0.52 ± 0.03 a. 95 ± 14 c. 103 ± 19 ab 198 ± 32 bc 1.0 ± 0.1 cd. 4. 9. 10.8 ± 1.3 Ac. 9.1 ± 1.7 Acd. 63 ± 11 d 0.60 ± 0.05 a. 91 ± 15 c. 108 ± 18 a. 5. 10. 4.9 ± 1.2 Ad. 5.8 ± 1.4 Ade. 6±2e. 0.02 ± 0.02 b. 8±3d. 13 ± 3 c. 21 ± 6 d. 0.5 ± 0.1 e. 7. 9. 1.1 ± 0.1 Ad. 1.3 ± 0.3 Ae. 0e. －. 0d. 0c. 0d. －. Control. 9. 18.7 ± 2.8 Aa. 17.4 ± 1.7 Aa. z y. 231 ± 24 a 0.60 ± 0.03 a 242 ± 25 a. 216 ± 24 bc 0.9 ± 0.1 cd. 199 ± 32 bc 0.9 ± 0.1 de. 130 ± 21 a. 373 ± 42 a. 2.0 ± 0.2 a. o. One pair of adults was provided with 40–50 third instars of Liriomyza sativae and honey daily under 25 C, 14L:10D, and 65–85% RH. Means of longevity followed by the same uppercase letter denote that there are no significant differences between sexes (p < 0.05, t-test). Means in each column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p < 0.05 (LSD).. 表 3. 岡崎釉小蜂雌蜂經不同隔離寄主時間與二種溫度貯存後在 25℃下之壽命、生育力及致死寄主能力 Table 3. Longevity, fertility, and host-killing capability ( x ± SEM) of female Closterocerus okazakii at 25℃ after the females had been stored and isolated from the hosts for various durations at 2 temperature regimes z, y Duration of storage (d). No. progeny/female n. Longevity (d). 10. 12. 20. No. hosts killed/female. No. adults. Female proportion. Parasitized. Feeding. Total. Parasitized/ feeding. 12.8 ± 1.0 bc. 75 ± 8 bc. 0.68 ± 0.05 ab. 97 ± 9 bc. 142 ± 14 ab. 239 ± 21 bc. 0.7 ± 0.1 c. 9. 14.0 ± 1.6 bc. 74 ± 12 bc. 0.68 ± 0.04 ab. 103 ± 18 bc. 173 ± 26 a. 276 ± 44 b. 0.6 ± 0.1 cd. 30. 12. 11.2 ± 1.4 cd. 50 ± 9 cd. 0.70 ± 0.10 a. 70 ± 13 c. 135 ± 21 ab. 206 ± 32 bc. 0.5 ± 0.1 cd. 40. 10. 8.5 ± 1.5 d. 23 ± 7 d. 0.31 ± 0.14 c. 28 ± 8 d. 58 ± 15 c. 86 ± 23 d. 0.4 ± 0.1 de. 50. 5. 8.0 ± 2.5 d. 14 ± 11 d. 0.44 ± 0.17 bc. 18 ± 13 d. 55 ± 25 c. 73 ± 36 d. 0.2 ± 0.1 e. 10. 19. 16.3 ± 0.9 ab. 91 ± 7 b. 0.53 ± 0.04 ab. 113 ± 9 b. 124 ± 9 b. 238 ± 14 bc. 1.0 ± 0.1 b. 15. 12. 13.3 ± 1.0 bc. 60 ± 7 c. 0.21 ± 0.08 c. 75 ± 10 c. 117 ± 9 b. 192 ± 18 c. 0.6 ± 0.1 cd. Control. 9. 18.7 ± 2.8 a. 231 ± 24 a. 0.60 ± 0.03 ab. 242 ± 25 a. 130 ± 21 ab. 373 ± 42 a. 2.0 ± 0.2 a. 15℃. 25℃. z y. o. Female wasp was provided with 40–50 third instars of Liriomyza sativae and honey daily under 25 C, 14L : 10D, and 65–85% RH. Means in each column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p < 0.05 (LSD)..
(6) 294. 台灣農業研究. 第 59 卷. 第4期. 圖 3. 岡崎釉小蜂蛹經不同貯存時間與溫度處理後成蜂在 25℃下之日產卵與取食寄主型式。 Fig. 3. Daily oviposition and host-feeding patterns of female Closterocerus okazakii at 25℃ after the pupae had been stored for various durations at 2 temperature regimes..
(7) 岡崎釉小蜂之貯存. 雌蜂在 15℃貯存 40 與 50 日者，壽命、子蜂數、 產卵致死寄主數、致死寄主總數及寄生致死寄 主與取食致死寄主之比值，較對照組各顯著大 幅降低，各達 54.5–57.2、90.0–93.9、88.4–92.6、 76.9–80.4 及 80.0–90.0% (表 3)。雌蜂在 25℃貯 存 10 與 15 日時，前者其壽命與子代雌性比雖 與對照組無顯著差異，但二處理之子蜂數、產 卵致死寄主數、致死寄主總數及寄生致死寄主 與取食致死寄主比值等，均較對照組顯著降 低，各達 60.6 與 74.0、53.3 與 69.0、36.2 與 48.5 及 50.0 與 70% (表 3)，二處理間除致死寄 主總數無顯著差異外，其餘測試值處理間均呈 顯著差異 (表 3)。 雌蜂不論在 15℃貯存 10–50 日或在 25℃貯 存 10–15 日時，彼等日產卵型式或日取食寄主 型式與對照組不一 (圖 4)。各處理之產卵或取 食期均較對照組縮短。另除在 25℃貯存 10 日 處理組每日產卵量與取食量近似外，其餘各處 理組每日取食量明顯高於產卵量，不若對照組 每日產卵量明顯高於取食量 (圖 4)。. 討. 論. 貯存之適當蟲期與條件 經本試驗測試岡崎釉小蜂蜂蛹與成蜂各經 貯存後，對其羽化率、壽命、生育力、雌性比 及致死寄主能力之影響，發現該蜂並不適宜長 時間貯存。但若必須貯存時，其在室內繁殖時 之較適貯存蟲期與條件，依序為 0 日齡蛹在 7℃ 貯存 1–2 週、其次為雌蜂在 15 與 25℃餵食純 蜂蜜各貯存 10–20 與 10 日，此時前者與後者之 子蜂數將各減少 39.0–50.6 與 60.6–68.0%；若 釋放田間做為生物農藥使用時，其較適貯存蟲 期與條件可放寬 0 日齡蛹在 7 與 10℃各貯存 1–2 與 1–4 週、或雌蜂在 15 與 25℃餵食純蜂蜜 各貯存 10–30 與 10 日，此時其致死寄主總數將 減少 26.0–46.9%。至於蜂蛹冷藏對成蜂之影 響，其生理原因尚待探討。. 295. 產卵調節與保育 Bell & Bohm (1975) 認為採取應變式產卵 (synovigenic) (即非營養性胚胎膜型，anhydropic) 繁殖策略之寄生蜂，在不適繁衍環境下 常以卵吸收 (oosorption) 之方式調節產卵時 機，從而保存生殖資源並獲得與適齡寄主發 生同律性 (synchronization) 之機會。岡崎釉 小蜂依生物特性其卵形成之方式屬應變式產 卵 (Chien & Ku 2001; Chien & Chang 2009a, b)。 本試驗雖未探究該蜂在隔離寄主後是否有卵 吸收現象，但研究結果顯示雌蜂僅餵食純蜂 蜜在 15 或 25℃定溫貯存 10–30 或 10–15 日 後，遭遇寄主時，其寄生能力僅各達對照組 之 28.9– 46.7%，產子蜂數亦僅各達對照組之 21.6–39.4% (表 3)。由此推知岡崎釉小蜂當棲 所環境不穩定，致使其與寄主同律性遭受破 壞時，其產卵調節時間在 15℃時雖較 25℃延 長，但為發揮岡崎釉小蜂對蔬菜斑潛蠅之抑 制效果，建議田間防治蔬菜斑潛蠅時，除慎 選對寄生蜂無毒或低毒之選擇性藥劑外，尚 應注意藥劑之殘效期避免超過寄生蜂之產卵 調節時限，及在田間供應寄生蜂蜜源以延長 其壽命。. 岡崎釉小蜂與底比斯釉小蜂產卵調節能力 之比較 岡崎釉小蜂與底比斯釉小蜂 [Chrysocharis pentheus (Walker)] 同為台灣地區蔬菜斑潛蠅 之有效寄生蜂 (Chien & Chang 2008a, b, 2009a, b)。但 二 種 寄 生 蜂 之 雌 蜂 不 論 在 25℃ 定 溫 各貯存 10 日、或岡崎釉小蜂在 15℃定溫貯 存 10–20 日、或底比斯釉小蜂在 15℃定溫 貯存 10–40 日，遭遇寄主時，岡崎釉小蜂與 底比斯釉小蜂之寄生能力均各大幅下降 53.3–59.9 與 71.6–88.9%，顯見二蜂之產卵調節 能力均不佳，但二蜂相較下以岡崎釉小蜂略 強。.
(8) 296. 台灣農業研究. 第 59 卷. 30. 30 Parasitized Feeding. 25. 25oC 0 d. 15oC 10 d. 25. 20. 20. 15. 15. 10. 10. 5. 5. 0. 0 0. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. 40. 30. 0. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. 40. 30 15oC 20 d. 25. No. hosts killed per female. 第4期. 15oC 30 d. 25. 20. 20. 15. 15. 10. 10. 5. 5. 0. 0 0. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. 40. 30. 0. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. 40. 30 15oC 40 d. 25. 150C 50 d. 25. 20. 20. 15. 15. 10. 10. 5. 5. 0. 0 0. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. 40. 30. 0. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. 40. 30 25oC 10 d. 25. 25oC 15 d. 25. 20. 20. 15. 15. 10. 10. 5. 5. 0. 0 0. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. 40. 0. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. 40. Age of female after storage (d) 圖 4. 岡崎釉小蜂雌蜂經不同隔離寄主時間與溫度處理後在 25℃下之日產卵與取食寄主型式。 Fig. 4. Daily oviposition and host-feeding patterns of female Closterocerus okazakii at 25℃ after the females had been stored and isolated from the hosts for various durations at 2 temperature regimes..
(9) 岡崎釉小蜂之貯存. 引用文獻 (Literature cited) Arakaki, N. and K. Kinjo. 1998. Notes on the parasitoid fauna of the serpentine leafminer Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Okinawa, southern Japan. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 33:577–581. Bell, W. J. and M. K. Bohm. 1975. Oosorption in insects. Biol. Rev. 50:373–396. Chen, Y. and Q. Ye. 2002. Studies on the biological characteristics of Neochrysocharisis okazakii Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Acta Entomol. Sin. 45 (Suppl.):128–131. (in Chinese with English abstract) Chien, C. C. and S. C. Chang. 2008a. Morphology and life history of Chrysocharis pentheus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Formosan Entomol. 28:159– 181. (in Chinese with English abstract) Chien, C. C. and S. C. Chang. 2008b. Influence of temperature on the population increase and host-killing capability of Chrysocharis pentheus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Formosan Entomol. 28:277–291. (in Chinese with English abstract) Chien, C. C. and S. C. Chang. 2008c. The influence of storage temperature and duration on Chrysocharis pentheus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Formosan Entomol. 28:293–304. (in Chinese with English abstract) Chien, C. C. and S. C. Chang. 2009a. Morphology and life history of Closterocerus okazakii (Kamijo) (Eulophidae). Formosan Entomol. 29:25–36. (in Chinese with English abstract). 297. Chien, C. C. and S. C. Chang. 2009b. Influence of temperature on the life table and host-killing capability of Closterocerus okazakii (Kamijo) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Formosan Entomol. 29:37–50. (in Chinese with English abstract) Chien, C. C. and S. C. Ku. 1996. Morphology, life history and reproductive ability of Liriomyza trifolii. Jour. Agric. Res. China 45:69–88. (in Chinese with English abstract) Chien, C. C. and S. C. Ku. 1998. The occurrence of Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and its parasitoids on fields of Gerbera jamesonii. Chinese J. Entomol. 18:187–197 (in Chinese with English abstract) Chien, C. C. and S. C. Ku. 2001. Instar preference of five species of parasitoids of Liriomyza trifolii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae, Braconidae). Formosan Entomol. 21:89–97. (in Chinese with English abstract) Huang, J. C., Z. H. Lin, and J. H. Chen. 2000. Studies on biology of Neochrysocharis okazakii Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Entomol. J. East China 9(2): 34–38. (in Chinese with English abstract) Lin, F. C. and C. L. Wang. 1992. The occurrence of parasitoids of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) in Taiwan. Chinese J. Entomol. 12:247–257. (in Chinese with English abstract) Zeng, L., J. J. Wu, and W. Q. Zhang. 1999. Preliminary studies on the parasitoids of Liriomyza sativae (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Guangdong. Nat. Enemies Insects 21:113–116. (in Chinese with English abstract).
(10) 298. 台灣農業研究. 第 59 卷. 第4期. The Influence of Storage Temperature and Duration on the Fertility and Host-Killing Capability of Closterocerus okazakii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)1 Ching-Chin Chien2,3 and Shu-Chen Chang2 Abstract Chien, C. C. and S. C. Chang. 2010. The influence of storage temperature and duration on the fertility and host-killing capability of Closterocerus okazakii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). J. Taiwan Agric. Res. 59:289–298.. Closterocerus okazakii (Kamijo) is one of the dominant species in the parasitoids of Liriomyza sativae Blanchard in Taiwan. In an attempt to increase the availability of the biological control agent of C. okazakii, the influence of storage temperature and duration on this wasp was investigated. The results of the investigation showed that there was a significant difference in the percent emergence between 0-day-old pupae stored at 7℃ for 1–2 weeks (% emergences of 83.1–90.4%) and the control (% emergence of 97.8%). However, the percent emergence did not decrease if the 0-day-old pupae were stored at 10℃ for 1–2 weeks. When the pupae were stored at 7℃ for 1–2 weeks and the emergent wasps were reared at 25℃ with honey and host (L. sativae), the longevity and female proportion were not significantly different from the control; but the offspring production, host-killing capability and proportion host parasitized per fed were significantly decreased by 39.0–50.6、26.5–37.5 and 35.0%. When the pupae were stored at 7℃ for 3 weeks or 10℃ for 1–4 weeks, the female longevity, offspring production, and host-killing capability were significantly decreased by 29.4–42.2、 65.8–72.7 and 42.1–60.6%, respectively, compared to those of the control. Adults (0-day-old) were fed only with honey at 15 and 25℃ for various periods for the study of storage conditions. After the end of the storage periods, wasps were kept at 25℃ with both honey and hosts to evaluate their offspring production and host-killing capability. The results revealed that offspring production and host-killing capability of the wasps significantly decreased by 60.6–68.0 and 26.0–36.2% compared to those of the controls after the adults had been stored at 15℃ for 10-20 days and 25℃ for 10 days, respectively. Daily oviposition and host-feeding patterns of females after strage were different from the control. Long-tern storage of pupae and adults of C. okazakii is not recommended. But if long-term storage is required, the best storage condition is maintaining the 0-day-old pupae at 7℃ for 1–2 weeks, followed by female wasps fed with pure honey at 15 and 25℃ for 10–20 and 10 days, respectively. The best storage conditions for wasp release as biopesticide are maintaining 0-day-old pupae at 7℃ for 1–2 weeks or 10℃ for 1–4 weeks; and female wasps fed with honey at 15℃ for 10–30 days or 25℃ for 10 days. Key words: Closterocerus okazakii, Liriomyza sativae, Storage, Fertility, Host-killing capability.. 1. Contribution No. 2442 from Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (TARI), Council of Agriculture. Accepted: December 15, 2010. 2. Respectively, Senior Entomologist and Assistant Entomologist, Applied Zoology Division, TARI, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC. 3. Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]; Fax: (04)23317600..
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