阿拉伯人的民族認定──對「標準阿拉伯語」（al-Fushah）與「生活阿拉伯語」（al-‘Amiyyah）的解析

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(1)(li*-t\~~:fIl). ' :A 111-144. ~.;:.-t A%. ~~IL-tAJj:.-t.::..~. ~ 1LiTiif; *-~ t\~~ ~. ~m1E1A®~~~~ -Jj rm~~mf8~J (al-Fushah)!ij r~m~mfa~J (al-'Amiyyah) ~mm· mf.k~··. M~ ~~2SAO~rR~~AJ~.~~-.rR~~t\~J.? «t\~~rt\~.~J~~&.«'~k~~4~~o • • R~~A # IaJ 1t m~I (al-Fushah' ~ -'- R ~ 18 Ii) ~ # it Ii .& • tiJ mtf ' 1]1. k 1i- 8 f 1. i~ J:. ' -fe ~ 1i-,m JJJJ "*1- A ~ £ IaJ ~ ~ M m~ t1 ~ IaJ ~ ~WI (al-'Amiyyah' 1.i~R~18tf) St~ R~18~ft.1.)f;Ii~rB'l:~ti *-'*x~~~~~~l:~'~.~~~l:~~.&r-~~~~40. • t\ ~ J ~ &. j(lj , ~,9If .It r R ~ 18 A J 'ff JI) r R ~ 18 A J ~ Je.1II r'q @. ~ T r R ~ 18 t\ ~ • III J $!. r 4~ R ~ 18 t\ ~ • III J ; ifQ r R ~ 18 t\~.IIlJr'qX~~~_13.rt\~J~M.,~~~.rR~~t\ ~J~1fto. H.~:R~~A·R~~t\~.IIl·#-'-R~~.·1.~R~~Ii· Ii~~ •. •. ~, -al-Fusha Xf10 ~,~, -al-Lughatu-I-Fusha 'Jl:~~;'UUit.tJIJ:Sc.~PT.:h!1ati;-t-~ trlJPT.:h!1aa Jt-~~~ut;j.tlit~",*~ , ~l!!H\fJJ;iJ~1 -Afsah, Jl:t).Af.if1.tJIJ:Sc.~PT.:h!1atiit ~trlJa.,it.trIJ* •• ~~~o*:Sc..~_.r#.R.:h!~.J og~~.~**~., (PT 0. .p .. ~). (j::l1:. : 4ti8i tl:Ni~' 1978) , J{ 591 Cowan J. Milton, ed., A Dictionary o/Modern written 0. Arabic (3,d Printing) (London: Macdonald & Evans Ltd, Reprinted by Librairie du Liban, 1980), p. 715.. Xf1o~W' ~'-al-Lughatu-I-'Amiyyah' Jl:~~PT.:h!1a.trlJa •• -m-•• 0 g IIlIlJl • ~;ik*~. ' J{ 534-535 0 Cowan J, Milton, ed., p. 641. al-'Amiyyah 'f:fzt1ff1o rPT.;?& J ';?&Jl:-~~A!!.~~~"JI't" trIJ~~~~~tJIJ*~~M~trIJ~ft'&~4Mt·ti~M.~ •• ~.~*Jt-.~,**;?&~ 1i-r ~r., trIJ ~~'l1l.H11l1f' ~ ~ trIJ al- 'Amiyyah .fItJII:.~r., ,£~~ E. ' M:*:Sc.l!!!~AtJll R. r ;?1." J ' I. ~W, -. 0.0. fJJtiJ. al-'Amiyyah. rc-- 'Amma Jl:it f-ll • ;k';'1t. • f-.&. •• Al~~. ~Jl: w~~ trIJ~ ~1>t1'" Jti!i(.'*"~Je.PT.:h!1a .A..~~HtJll ~ ~ al- 'A!7Iiyyah tJIJ't~tt~, JIf~1f.r ~. .PT.:h!~.J~rPT.:h!~~.JIl.J ,~~r~.tiJ. 0. ~~a~;k~~.'*±.~ •• ~~·PT.:h!~.:Sc.~'~_. '1.

(2) 112 (ifi;ld~.#.*.>· ~.::..-t-1i.~. ~. '*~ "' rrilftB. r~~ffiAJ~-~A~~~$'* •• -M~.'. .~~mMm. {tllli*~} ~m~-.-~~1Blm ~. 0. 1~~1BA. ; 1i3f!P#I'wrlli~-m~~fBlmV#fI~* a-fu~~OJft~?J)E Q2 m.~ 2 ~A ~~~ r~~1BAJ ~. ~~m.~~-~.? r~~ffiAJ.r~~ffi~.Jm~S.-.?. ~M~.~~~.~ffi~?~~~ffi~~~?m®m~m~~N.~-& ~fl~Q. FJT~'F ~1J!kJ ,Kellas OO~)EiUf~r -ffAjt1~~fr~§a.-M*1mJe.'. X~'~~~~~ffl~~m*~~~fto~1J!k~r~~~~~~,~®~. .m~~M~~· ,*~·~~~m~'-fu~Mr~~~~M.'~ JjU~A~Jf~~1J!k'f!~~:g~D~~'fW J 3 Je.3t~*~Ui:E~Je.lItMo/J~~;Ef;J~ , 0. r~1J!kJ.Wr~1J!k.A~~1mJe.~~~~-@~~. .~~~~.. ~rt~H~~~mt)&~m~~~x1t~~~~{l\J!Il.~.~~)El¥J~~ft J ~ 'l(. 'ill... 'l~;. i. l ","":. '!:: . )E.Q4~)E.r~.J~' rm~J~~~~7.~~~m,~.~ft~. •• , ••~~.rlm J. ,5m~.~.~~~AAffig'tt~~@*~. ~~r~.~ffiJ.rm~~ffiJ.-@~'ffl~~~.~~~§a~lm ~ •• ,~~~§ ~. . ff• .. ~M~ •••ff•• o6~Jftr. ~D.~~J(A5IH51. 0. J~.~~.~~. 7. m~~~ •• ~*~M.,m-Mm~*~~-@~.'~~.~M ~.~OO~g~'R~lm~~ •• g~,ttm~.~~~~~,m*~.. jIlifa{~A't'" ~~. 1. 7%.!.1t.:ft.fk.'. ~1:-~k~.$j'*·. 2~~jIlifa~~~~.M'~.A.~ • • ~Ar*~AJ· r*~AJArjllifa~AJ~~'A ~M-Jt.iG~.~r-ra{~A:ltA r ?r~A.J • 3. James G. Kellas, The Politics ofNationalism and Ethnicity (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), p. 3. Kellas ~ Jl: A ffl nation f.\;.;ll r ~~ J ; III nationality {-I:.-*. r ~~,ti. J • M- i! 1; .I 'ti. ~ ~~ ( ethnos). *. :t iii flIi r.utiil' .I 'ti. ~ !fI ~ 4. •. (state). 1/i: ill:. •. 1912 If. • *1%~.~ .M.~.t.lt# ' 41 Mi:k.~'::'ljUF.,,~.:~#pq.g~f.t~~ 1!l iii' • ~~ 1!l iJ<:1rIJ-t tl . :;,t1'Ff~.f'J~~jR*~ ~~r"V!1rIJ ,Hllt-1- • Jt.~-*t.tk:;,t,!!; >t,w".t.A ~~.1iiI~1 ~ r ~~ J. Jl:A~.~(~>t&.t.A~~~M~)·~~"'#"'~~&~.$j'.~._.·(.A*~.)(~. ;r. :. A.~t!::~;fi.'. 1953) ,,,..::... J{ 289-358·. s #1f~' (J.f.{!.~,.~W,Jl:IrlJ11f1E) (:1::11:.: ffifiJ1$tJ.f.{!'f\~.t-l"". 1999) 'J{ 27·. 6. ":t:~, (;i!"f' ;fi. ... A~Jf;tiC\ : :l:l'Iti!1;;fi.... "IrIJ11f1E) (:I::lI:.:.'5t~, 1994) • J{ 170'. 7. ~J:.tt..J{214..

(3) !loT .ftr. 'u" A. {f.J ~~ tQ., Jt 113. •. 8a~mmm.~*M.-RAffi.~~~ffiA,.~~~mA~~. ~~m~r •• ~~ffimJft-R~m~~m~~.r~m~wmmJ ~~E,®~@r~m~mJ~~~~~fu+~~~o. ~4-pff. r ~tL1ai!tJf. J ~~t:fi. 23 m!foJ~1a~~ ,9 ~rf9~~T& j;J r *~ .!foJWm J.~m'fi.mi~~~~~.~ •••• '~~Wffii!tJf. ~eft~eT&m r~tLffiAJ~~ ••• r~~ffi~~J~~~:fi • • ·ffi~m23m~~m~~~fi~.@~~g~~~~~~r~m~~m mJ 'fu~~~ff::tE~ r~~~.J (diglossia) ,10 1fufr~B~~mcp~m l¥Jm i §nJtI±1;ttg1Hi~tE (local version) ,~r ~mm J ~rEi'~ltt~ffgr~Hi · .~cpnm~r~~ffimJ%r •• ~~ffimJ 'ffi~~B~~m~r m~m J ,~~ra'~~~gt~::tE~m~m~:tttr:1Jf!{m r jf.m J -R 11 ~ 0. mmA::tE~~.~~&m.oo~.~r~mJ~~~~~~~~m~~m. l¥JrmmJ ,~m~~~mB~~.-~.~~'mm~~~~I±1~~~ ~ •• ~R~ffi::tE·~ltt'm*~.M~~ ,~.~r~mrroJ~mmJ ~• •. o. mrroJ. ~ffi~r. J~~~. ~tt~~M.':firf9~~. :fi rf9 ~ Afro-Asiatic-Berber ~ Cushtic ; ~t;}.p ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1a ~ ~ ~ f.f ~ ~ i ~ jf. ~ Nilo-Saharan ft Niger-Congo m* ~@~m (varieties) ~m~~~~, ~~ffg~JIt7M ( mutual intelligibility) ,i§:~@ ~m1J!PJfHijjiji. ' &~~U:s: ' 12 ·fJE rmiJf.~J (isogloss) 13 ~OOjEJe~ , J!~~rf9~~m* ' ~~~~ Asiatic-Semitic ~ ~ ~ 5i: ;. 0. M~~~m~Jf.~.~_@r~~m~.J. ,~~~.g~~~~.~~ , ~@~mjjiji.-@miR~~M.,~.~ft.,::tEmi.~~.~S.. Bf.f,::tE~~.~. •• ~.~~ •• ~~ft·. • #+}iit' (~1U~.l!iJ ~~tGJt) (.J::lt.: friEtiljt~11.~~~ Jl i" ' 2001) 'J{ 19. 0. 9~mk~~M • • • 'A~~.~l!iJ&'~·.n·M.·M • • • • *~~·~*·E#·ft. *.· ••. ~·a~~·~~·.E*·E ••• (~*.~) ·~a~~~#l!iJ~a·.*·. t~~~·*.~·~4·M.a~~·.~a~·~~~·4~~·f~4~~·~~.~·. 10 . A-~;f:ll fH!Jtl!iJ~~~{ltl!iJ ~fi~ut (varieties) -t£.M -ti~~!.~ P'l M*-fVll ' r ;Ij;jl"~ j III m- .iEs.\~.A. iiI~; r 1~;jl" ti j III ~ C1 .ilutit • R A. Hudson, Sociolinguistics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), p, 54. Ibid.. 11. Ibid, p. 35.. II. X~4 r ~li-Mtj 'kJ!fti~.{lt~ Ml!iJ~1m~~iJat).~ ~l!iJ~~~IIlJ:.l!iJitMt • Ibid., p, 39..

(4) 114 (Jlt*-~~,*.)' ~.::..+1i.t-. ilt1F~¥HJM~IDt:ffdB*~ (Hebrew) rOJ~. l¥J11!l:t:A ' ffiJ.1F~l¥J~ § ~raJlli{Bm. Afro-Asiatic-Semitic-Central-South' {B~1~tJA~m11!l:t:A llimA~.-.~~Q~.~m.~~a'm~m*ft~~~~mm. J' ~1fffffiJ.1F~ r ?tit J tfj/f'~l¥J=.~~ . /f'~ , :E1l!m~-.m~£~ , tt1~~*ft~lf!~~mm{J\ , 5Si~raJlli{B Al¥J r~J ,gtit1~tfjm~~l'rOJm~'4l¥J1l!m=tf' 1i!~~ r {tJ nx-M r Ili'ITlli{B~~ J ~*5~ Q~.ecmfl~;fJW~a ' ~~l¥J~3li~~5E{JJ?& ~l¥J~;[J\ '59i~~. ~r iL<~~. ,. l¥J r. Jl¥J.m'~&/f'ffi ffl~§W (language tree). l¥J~~~§.m3~~~BmrOJl¥Jm. l¥J?t3t · {'Fm~?t~~l¥J~B~~ Q. ffi~~ABlfffrlli'ITllimAJ. I·.... tt1~~~r.~raJllim. fl~. Jm£~~tfj~Sl¥Jm~Q~.~m.l¥J ••. ~A~.MB~l¥J~~~r. ,. '~M~~rOJ~-.rlli'ITllim~~J'. ·. ~~JL~~'~~~ffAD~~,?t~.. .~. ,~. . "". " '''', <If ,. .... '1. £:. Ml¥JraJlliffiABm~mL.~1l!ml¥Jr~m~J. lliffi~J~~m1l!ml¥Jr~m~~J. ·~m&~mlli'IT~~~r~§W.J. IfffrraJlliffiAJ~?tm:E~~~,#@re-&Am.l¥Jrlli'ITlliffiAJ~. • ~ . '~lfffr~m~Jmr&. ~ J~*5' re r ~m~ J r ~~lffi§ J Q*3t~{;R~rf:t_r~. J (segment) l¥JJJi!JW ' m r J l¥J:EJ~J!~:m£~ , :9li~?tfJTI5 JlJTtJlli'ITlli{BAIl* r .3$ raJ. Bl¥Jmm~,.~r~~.~J*.~'~~.M.~m.l¥J3. •. ~~. r 1:.mlli'IT~ J *?t~~5E{1z: QfUm ~~ (language families) .m~~ l¥J?t.~~~.wm •• 1l!ml¥J,~~••• ~?tm.~.m'Ifff.~~ .ff~~r&~J~~~~l¥J&~~~.,ulli'ITllimA~.~Al¥JM~. _ffi~,.?&~~~nx~3t~.~~M.tJ~~~*'lli'ITllim~~l¥JW~'. ./f'. ~.l'~a~ ~Ml¥Jrl'~J. ':E~~~m. l¥J~~~.~.lli'ITllim3~.. '~mmmtfj~tt •• l¥J~~'/f'~~~~r-@lli'ITllim. ~~J ~Ji!Ui~r:p. ~ffl~ • • ~-~~~ • • ~.~'~~-~~ • • *A~.~~.~,~~a-.A ••M_. • • ' • • • A~ • • • • *A~M~1~·*.a'. IS4.T.'. (.~.~. ••••••) '13N'. '~ ••• ~~£A.~~·*~~ •• h4.~.l~ ••R•• ~~~M. ~~@'.A~· 16. #{.~. (~~Mf.fit1;A~~.~;t) .1/t~:HUf..>t*' • • '2000) ,1214·. ~-l'. I. 17. ralltt.' 1225 .. ' (~.ru'lt"~.) (:I:~I:.:.

(5) M":ht1aA..SI] ~~~:;t. 115. =.. jrn]W1ELA.I¥JJEft (-). ~.jmjflL1BAffJt1{JL'• •. ~~. .r~~AJ.r.AJT-OO~.-.'. IEiiTOi:':. '. ~-OO/f'll\I¥.JIfj·. .r~~mAJ. (~~*sf4~:fi)~.. r ~~fBA J •. r~m.~~mmI¥.J3~.·J~m~r~~mm.~~m~R.~mm' ~oo~m~oom. (Hamito-Semitic). ,7t.~~~i5. 0. J. .J:J&. r~*~1!l. -iafJ:Pffl"WTM¥X • J 18 ~~~fBAm~.~~~fBmffff J.Ht:!~~fBmNif'F. ~mmI¥.J3~.z.w,~.~mmZT~7t.~~~i5(~*~Mml¥.J. 3.~m~m). ,.*~~r3~.J.r~~. J=~~~=~fi.. ~&~Wfi.'~mm.I¥.J~.B~ • • ~llimrmBJ~.~.7t.1¥.J ~~'~~ffl"WTM¥XI¥.J • • tta~mBZ.'~/f'@~.r • • ~~mMJ. , ill~~~~fBAI¥.J~ett • ~~fB~ffl1 r ~.J • r.j1 . qaum' (ffl"WTMEH4~:fi) (Encyclopedia ofIslam) r Ij;aum J tff~m~~~f~fi.~ll5€~1¥.J r A~ J (people) ,. I¥.J-=f~. 5tWftJ~tt' (r!lM*~) m~r.j1m*ffl1IJif~5t~a.~gp~~I¥.J~~~' ~l¥.Jm$~mffl1r~.J. .rM.J. 19. ~. .r~.J~~r.~J3A.~e,. ffff1JtL.tlHlf*~qj~ ~I¥.J ~tt~ ~40.j1 -Ij;aumiyyh ~~.Jt Ni f{;~.1¥.J r. J§!... tf~~~*~A~I¥.J7t.Wlii53ti1Ja.J:J~~. • IRJ. ::l:.. J. (nationalism) •. .fir~mmAJ. gE~f] It. . ffl"AA .. 20. (~~~)l¥.Jm~'~ • • r!l~~~mA~&7t~~. ~Im • ~&. m.J:J~mfB&ffl"WT1IJ1¥.J. . ~t~FI¥.JJIf~JIJ~*fl~~mfBA ' r 1ff~ J .~{l\*~~~~fBAI¥.J~. •. 21. M.J:J. (=) Gibb ffJ~.&jt• •Z. 1RJ • .J:J1ff~Wffl"WTII.~'L\~. 18. 19. r ~~fBA J (Arabhood). ~m5€~. til *.1i #1:-'1" • • ~ , (t II *.1i #1:-'1") ( tit#.4) (;it:.:f- : t I!!I *.1i #1:-'I":Il Ji.;f!. • 1980) , r ff.tz.-fa J atll ' J{ 7-8 • (;!;Mj!;) 22:f: 42 iP: r *,,*-fetHi-tl!1t.· »Jl)f ',ff-fef1;t,.1f' :S-t!l:1~*SlJe..:t;:t-..g.. (~sz) tI!J ;fa~ • r-rttA. ....ttA. • J (..)~J.)"'=- J C~ I"~ ~ ~~ iii Jl~ dJ) 43 iP: r ~ ".tz.-ttI!J*~ •.• ~tI!J*#.. J (...b.,lI"~J~Iy.!I"~J) • (t:t.1f.;!;M.f§.) (l::IlI....lt!!.!Jl Ji.) ( ...It!!.>>Jl:*.ttI!!l1;!;M.f§.• • • ·~)fl~7.) !K3fl·. 20. The Encyclopedia o/Islam V5 (Leiden: Brill, 1980), pp. 780·781, "Kaum".. 21. The Encyclopedia 0/Islam VI, pp. 524-533, "al- 'Arab"..

(6) 116 (itA~~*:?Il)' $.:::..+ li.!f§.. 1¥-J*1i~:1f H.A.R. Gibb. 0. 22. ffPJ;g~[ftiJru:fBA~:. r PJT:fJj;)Ji~~~t'!I¥-J~ifrl". ~[ftiJru:m*~I¥-J~ ••• ~~~~,~~m[ftiJru:mm~&~~~~~~~ M~I¥-J A. ' flj)~[ftiJru:{B A J 23 0. moo~.m~I¥-J.~:fJrWM~fiJ ' r[ftiJru:m*~~~J . r[ftiJ~ m~§J~&r[ftiJru:m~~J o~% •• ~ •• w~.I¥-J~,m~.~~ tim~WMMfil¥-J.~o~-:~~~m:fJ[ftiJru:mAflj)m~WM~fi' .1¥-J~$m~7~m~WMMI¥-J[ftiJru:mA;~=:+~ •• M#.~'~ ru:mARS7=.AD'~~W#[ftiJru:mA,~~flj)m~ti.~~t'!I¥-JE t!~~~ ~ {.I\' W~~E~~1r'flj).f'F[ftiJru:{BA ; ~.::. : [ftiJru:{BAti~Wwr Jj~1f!! (610AD) fWl¥-J~~tgJi'II~B ' ~~~Zt;l~~tE~~~'L<Z.5'i- 24 0. ~5'i- •• ~.I¥-J~'m[ftiJru:mAI¥-J~~~~ ••• [ftiJru:mAI¥-J~.M'~. I. .~.~~~~~~~r[ftiJru:mAJI¥-J •• ~~.m~l¥-Jo. [ftiJru:mA.tE~ftfWAli~~~m~tE~~I¥-J •• ~'~W-.~W. 1;1.... .... '. M~fi~If!!~WW~~-If!!.@A~.~o~~[ftiJru:ffi ~ •• M~'~ A~ml¥-J~~~.,flj)~Ar[ftiJru:mAJl¥-Jff~'~~~~~~~~~'. r[ftiJru:{BA J I¥-J._~;W , ~f~~*m (Philip K. Hitti) m~ ([ftiJru:{Bii~J. '\. it'. """~ . (History of the Arabs). ~. l. ~.~D-r:-. :. 1. WM~~iEafW:. 26. z~~IT{~1i:A;. •. *'. Gibb~;k (11'"IiTMa#~t) fIIJ • • tt~it.l.(f.~~;f1f'f;k-JtfllJ· Gibb .i:.m-~a' Jt ~ • .i:."i1.-'Jf':tfllJP:r~1{j"i!ij-g-, ~~-t;k-1IiI r }.jP"lA..l (insider) 'i.*tUt'$fGibbrttGibb i!ij-g-,~~~;k-1IiI.~~~fIIJ~~,i!ij;k-1IiIA..(f."~~'A"'''~~~fIIJ~.~·M. t~ fllJP"l$.~.iij-:tfllJtt", .l ;ki.*.ttAT~fIIJ~~ fIIJ ~~ :£.1*' Edward W. Said;f '.I.;t~' 1f' (~~:£.l) (Ortentalism). 23 . .. fl§tE[ftiJru:{B~~~W1~I¥-J¥i.~~A (Badawin) ~. ~li5I¥-J~~~A (Hadarin) 22 . , ~~~~I¥-J[ftiJill{BApj"i3'7H,m. (:I:;I:.:J'L~'1999) 'J{399. H. A R. Gibb, The Arabs (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940), p. 3. 'f ~ 1f~:Il. ~l 8 Rodinson Masime .. ' ~a~1f' (P:r~1{jA.) (:1:;1:.: 'fP:r~jit4~ , 1985) , J{ 4 - ~ 'f ~;\:'.i:.M-lt.~ r Arabic tongue.l 1f 4 r 1i ~.l. 24. 2S. '44 r ~ -g- .l. ~:~ •. Maxime Rodinson, translated by Arthur Gold Hammer, The Arabs (London: Croom Helm Limited, 1982), pp. 7·8. ftitiU.. SalmanasarIIl fIIJ"~t(.:t(., 1t.tm-ll§it}j.f 853 iF-.jp~,f.t-tI., trRt Till; 10001..§.teSIJ P:r~1{j A. Gindibu fIIJ -,"FJ • It:.ftt!'?:4 ;kP:r~1{j A.~ - ~J:. :IPJl.(f.§. ~J:..1E.41l1J - *~ (Philip K. Hitti) ;f , .~ ~'!f' (P:r~1{jli.~) (History ofthe Arabs) (;I:.;r, : i1i:ift}.j , 1990) , Jt 40· Francesco Gagrieli. translated by Salvator Attanasio, The Arabs: A Compact History. ...... (Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1981), p. v. 26 . :t~ (PhilipK.Hitti) ;f' .~~'!f' (P:r~1{jli.~) - t ·.

(7) F«r:Ur.fa A..SIJ ~~~~ 117. 2.. ~gp~~~Q:g*og..m.~. (orthodox Caliphate). ~w:I. (610-661AD) :. mm~WMMft~.~og..m.~.~~~~~A.~~~og..~Ao~og..m. ~~~~.'~~~7ffi~.±~~~~M~o. 3.. ffi~~ffi1M. ~tIEH&~~~A'. ( Umayyad period 661-750AD) : Mt~1lfm!ftiJtHsA ' ~MA' {B{BA (Berbers) ~, ~mm r!ftiJm{S~T~J. (yyJl ~'1JI) (Awuladu-l- 'Arab). 0. 27. ..,.... !ftiJWWTffi1w:1 (Abbasid period 750-1258AD) : og. .m.~~lIj({I.Lf::~ E5:m. ' ~t~F ' ~& ' ~WT&CP2~~~t!Htl!1r:E~ , il~~{7J#~cp~ 4.. og..m.~'. •• ~~.ff~.~, ~ft.~o r!ftiJmffi~.J .&.~, r~~J~.~ • • ,og..m..*•• #!ftiJmffi~Tffi~'~W ~~~A.~¥iffl!~!ftiJm{SA. 5.. 0. 28. ~.~~,~*~Slffi1w:1 (MamlUk period. 1258-1517AD) : !ftiJm{S. A~m~Mt~1lf'ffi{7J~~WMMft~k.o. 6. !lWT!!!±:Er~ffi1M (Ottoman period 1517-1923AD) : ~Mt~~!ftiJm {sA ' *~ •• 3t1tW~*,J1!IIJ~~f!lJ ' tE±!l=~ r ~M±:'fi J (Turanianism) fl1t""F ' I!l~ r !ftiJtL{s~ •• ~ J 0. 7.=+~~:.~r.&±:'~J§.2~'.&~~~lli.,!ftiJmm. AtE~B!ftiJmm~~.ft7m~!ftiJtLffi~*om~!ftiJmffiAm.r!ftiJmm &~±:'¥1 J. (Arab Nationalism) , r ~~!ftiJtL {S&.±:.fi J (Regional Arab Nationalism) ~ r 1Z!ftiJtL{S~.±:'~ J (Pan-Arab Nationalism) ~ff !It 0. .ffia~&~±.~'~.mm7.k~&.±'R,~.~r1Z!ftiJmm~. ±'fiJ.~r~~!ftiJtLffi&~±'¥1J~~~~Rm¥m'ffi~~'~.m ~~~~~*m~~~~o. ,. '. ~.~~~~~~ (diachronic) *~ ij1G~83Ir:lJ~{-tfJi~ (synchronic) ~~, r!ftiJtLffiAJ~ •• 'lliA&§o r*!ftiJtLffi~.J-~r*cp~. ~.J ••• !ftiJtLffiA~.~~ •• ~'~®m~~Ir:lJ~ • • ~~~.~ ~~o.k.~~~r!ftiJmmAJ~.~.~~~~~m~~~.~,. ~r!ftiJtLffiAJ.!ftiJtLffi~~~ffWMM~rMmffiAJ~~.ffilr:lJ'& ~~~~ •• tt~W~.~~.'m~cp~-~~.~.,~~r!ftiJmffi AJ-~.B~~.'~~~e"~~r~ • • ~J (®R~.Lf::-.r. 21. Maxime Rodinson, The Arabs, p. 20.. 28. Ibid., p. 19..

(8) ~~,.. 1 '~"I. ... , hA 1\ 4,1 '.

(9) M";ht{6A.{fJ ~~~~. 119. •• ~r~~ffi~••• JZffi~'~.~~ffi~*.~r •• ~~ffimJ .r~ J ;~rW~M.J.r~.J 'A~. m.~~ffiAo~ft ~,~mft~W~*H.'ffi.~~ffiA'.WaZRmr~~ffi~*~ A~J. 0. m.~~.~.~~~ffir~~J. '. r~.J~~.o. r*.J$~,~g.rW~MJ~~.'~~.W~~r.ffiJRr*. ~J 't)J5Ht~M'CP3Z.~~..tBfI~1*53U' ~~m~~M'cpYJMI:~~f}tE. r. J~oo'#m~~,~. ••. ~~mr~m~~ffi~.~.J. rB~m~J '~~$.r~.m§J. · 0. 'ili~~ • ..ta~~~,~r~WJ. ••m~~ffiA~m$ffi~~ffiA~'H..t7r~.J ~H.'W~~~*~& •• ~~ffim~~~W.~'~~ffi~~.~.. .~.~.W°M'H. mJZ;;lW-u[f1Rttiii~o. r~~ffi~~J~nmr~.Jm~ili~~~~~ffi~~,~~am. ~nm~mr~~ffi~*~~~J~W~*B.r~~ffi~.J~r~~. ffiAJ. 0. r~~ffi~.J~r~~ffiAJ~~~. •• J~m~@.~~.. ~w~~~m~rm~*~J*~fflo~~.~H.cp,ftA~~r ~tiLfSm. r~~J. J f'F~~m~~fSA~ r•• J. ,.tf-;flA~ al-'Amiyyah ~~. '~~~Rm~~W.~ftn~n~liffi.~,~nliffi.~~. ~.~f1RM~~.rm~J '.~Mftilln.~~~f1R •• r~~J ,m~. ' JEPJ • • ~~r J '.~.§.-~~.&~~A~-~~Hillm •• ~ ~ ••• '~.~.&~~A~ ••• ~~ffim'W~~~mm3Z.~~. , ~M.,m~ •• a.~~~ffiAMr •• ~~ffimJ~~~m§ ••• B~m~Z~~~.~~'m ••• m®m~ZOO~li*MR,.~n~ ~fSm~.. r ~mm J Zr~'Uf!*~JMI:~R~M. ' 31. ;ttra~~MftZ*. r~§J*W~~.r~mmJa~mr~m~mJ~m~~..t~~~~, E~~~~wm~~~.~~..t.~ili~w~~~,rem~.~~.~ft. M~~wmm~~~,ll*~#M~~~m~~ffimZ~M'~~.mr. tiLfSA J Z~ , ~~.~~M 30 31. **ilt.. 0. (,t{:1~k~1/'l,Jttl9-'1t;t) 'J{ 27·. Anatole V. Lyovin, An Introduction to the Languages ofthe World (Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 187,201.. 32. **ilt.. (lI~r.'f.t.*A.tI9~.1/'l,Jt> 'J{ 214'.

(10) 120 (it.k~~*:fa.)· ~..::.+. =... li.". 52~F~* (Afro-Asiatic) g:rff'gm~rnltLfe~&. j:mrnltLfem. ~t'f § ~~7tfff:g.~ ~ a9~tf~~ (sound system) ,~14t (lexicon) m~. &. 9tJtm: i=i ~~ , 33 :g.film: § {t(IIt :g.~~m'M~m.lli~~ffim:§~Ma9~ffio • • ~~m~~r~§.J .L • .~§J·F~t'f~ (Afro-Asiatic !f!.W:lfuffi}~!),.~-a-m:~ Hamito-Semitic) ~ ~~ (Semitic) (morphology). ,ttftltra~a9~jQJ,. 0. ffi.r.~~~mm:J~.~9t.a9~No. J. -" ii\;'. .~",. J ,. ..'". • • m:~¥-~§~~~ ff!±*IZ§~~m:7tffij • •ft (standardisation) 1¥Ji£:~ , • • fta9~N~*~~ r ~~ J (selection) , r ~:iz:x1$; J (codification) '5SiftIE~fiii-&a9 r ~ m J;}J~g J (elaboration of function) Wtl.t:k~ r i,1?,jQJ J (acceptance) 34 r *I .~~f8~ J ~$t~~~~1!I¥Ji&~~ Hijaz ~!t!!Afr~ 81¥;~r5FJT~ml¥J~ , f!!P Semitic--Central-South--Arabic--Hijazi spoken 0. 0. " 'Ii". ,"",. t;.. (~M.).~~~~.~D.~'8.(~M.).~l¥JtfR'. 1$;WPJ Hijazi ~ • • ' !tftP.~r5~~a9~m~fuWPJ Hijazi ~i!fii~.!If! ' sltL. ~.W~Ma9 • • ~.~ffi~.~#mWo~~m 1$;~~.~~n~. '~1$;~m~ffij~r~.m:J '~~~~a9~~W.~'fu.@. *~a9 • • ·.~ • • ~a9Hij~,m7t.r • • ~m~J 'fu~~*~.. IE~fiii-&a9m~W.~Rf§U. 0. r • • ~~m~J~#~m~~a9~~#!t!!~mr*~~BJ. 'WM. M~ffi~I¥J.~W~~~ff' ~~~~ffij.~a9.m~*~.w&a f§~mlb.L ' M/f'mffifJE81¥;~r5a9t~>G\ , gt~~~~a9fft~PJ~T~~ ff,ffij~T~WWffifJE~m • • ~.'~.m.r~~J-.·~~~m !t!!~. r • • ~~f8~ J. mIE~1¥J. r .~m: i=i J (Literary Arabic) ,m~~ ~.L~&IE~fiii-&'A~tttt~~~r J • •a9 • • '~ • • • ' ~m~B~ffffi~H.oll r • • ~~m J=m~m/f'~~m~a9~m mA~Ma9 • • ~~,~ • • ~~.~r"~Wm.Ja9N~·A~8.. l3. #.ffl4t. (ll!l~M1Ht-t;A..t(.J~~t$:.t) 'J{S'. 34. R. A. Hudson, Sociolinguistics, pp. 31-33.. 35. it:tJi.' (tiT' ;j:!:. ... ~~tf;t.) • J{ 321.. 36. ~ 1:. tt. . J{ 24 •.

(11) R;tn.-fa Aft-] ~~~;t 121. ~m~r~mM~J. '~Mmffitt~~@~n'u~. ~ • • ~~,. ~~~~ • • ~MmffiA.~~m~o. (-). B2~Ffrj~;TJ~1?dM3i. :2~F~**.~?£fJII*. ' #H 375 ~~~ , ;zf;:xi*m Ethnologue.com ~i1ti~;f8!.iJDt)7t;fJT~mfB ' 37:illi~1'F r Mm{B~*cp llilJ!~:2~F~*~~~ J tlD ( 1) ~~~tm{?j% , %'J3U~t)fgJrj~~~'Pl.~~pg , ;tt:{tt!~~Mm{B 0. ~*lli~~'~~~~MmffiA~m~m~w~~~~~.~·.~~~ .,m®ffiti~ • • Mmffi~~r~m~mJ ~. , ~.utt). r~~ J m~. ,~~rm~.J~.*ffi. ·. 1. ~Mm{B~*V1tfi~m~±.~~ Semitic ' #~t 51 @~~ ; ;tt:~~. Berber ' #~t 23 M~~ ; ¥f;tt:~. Cushitic ' ~H 9 M~m 2. Cushitic ~~m. 0. CP1:E~t~F*~'. =:: ~ ; Berber ~~m1:E~t~Ffi!;lii. 'Pl.1'5*,1:tfU:2 ' mfUm::2 ' ~f.t~ · *~~R. ' flJtC:2 ' MMR.flJ:2 ' ?JElli. 5:2'5~.m.'~W~lli:2,m®~~~~A7t~~~liioMmffi* ~~t$~~1ijJV1t~. , ~:f'ft)fgJUlli~ Berber. 0. Berber R. Cushitic ~~m. .~~MRr5$Mmffi~*J~~~·. *. 3. Semitic ~tfflmM~m{B*~t)R.~1ijJmt~ , flPpJTR r *mMm{B~ ~lii~. J. S. ..{. emltl. 0. ~m.M~tlD~. Central. i. :. Aramaic - - [ Eastern. Western. South. South __. I. South Arabian L. Arabic. Canaanite. Semitic--Central--AramaicI3 x~'li~ , ~m~~1ijJV1t~R.fi!;cpml* o. Semitic-Central-South-Arabic 30 x~~7t:1fl1±~m{B*. cp (191,~fi!;Mm{B) 'f¥j$ (M~' F5' Mm{B~il*i}~) ':illitJlR. ~1ijJV1t~ , ~R. ' ~t~FR.B~JJjtfff8 (t) fgJU) , ~~m.JJt~~m. *. 0. 37. 1ft# ~ Ethnoiogue.com ~M • ~k!:; : http://www.ethnoiogue.com/· 2006 ~ 6 JI 23 6 •.

(12) 122 (Jt.k~~*'*l)' ~ =-+ li..f.. Semitic--CentraI--South--Canaanite 3 3Z:~~ . trr.fj~B1@Jwr :tEl:t,tg~ • Semitic--South 5 3Z:~~ · t1Efj~J!iiJtLfs*~i¥i$J!iiJ~W~r~ 0. (=)mm~ilw.w.J&n~~w... Afro-Asiatic pffjfi Berber' Cushitic' Semitic =-fl~~1¥J r~~w.~J Wj!iiJtLfSA~F3¥±:tthl¥J~~7t~J~*~Il?o1S • Semitic 7t;;fjj:tEJ!iiJtLfs*1lbEt ~t~F*$7t~~; Cushitic 7t;fp:tE~t~F*$: Berber 7t;;fjj:tE~t~FW~t~Fl§$· tm r I J ,A. ~~m Semitic; B. ~~m Cushitic ; C. ~~m Berber· -&m~l¥JrJ!iiJtLmAJm~m~.I¥J7t.=fI$7t,-fj&~.7tI¥J. ~1Thl~,W ' l£mft<M Berber' Cushitic ' Semitic :='1Thl~~I¥JW.*~ , ~-~?JT ~I¥J rj!iiJtLfSAJ 7tlffl' ~~ff!~~' ~ rJ!iiJtLfSAJ (Semitic) ~ r~F. J!iiJtLfSAJ (Berber' Cushitic) 7tF7fj {B~9.Jl~:~*J3.!lIltl¥JfitI:~ '~f~:teEP' ~~'* (Indo-European) 1¥J&~7t. r EPt( J W r ~~JH J -~ , MJJffiJtiE 0. A~~'Kwr&~~~JZM.fiffi.*l¥Jm.o. -'. ;;'. S~~~~.moom~,~~~j!iiJtLmA~.~ml¥Jm~'~~~~ fSA t!!1¥.;fB{mmOO~ Semitic 1Jjm~ro.rtLfs*~ . rq]~t!!7t;fp:tE~t~F ' ~ :t,tgfi~:t,tgI¥J~~7t3Z:·~.ro.rtLmW~I¥J.~.~'~~ • •Wro.rtLffi. P)ro.rtLfs*~~$m~,l,\ , rq]~fOJ* ' rm~~ fOJ*.Jm:I¥JHW~ , iI~¥U .~~~,~~ .1¥J.~~~,ro.rtLffiAM*7.~~.'~~.ftG 0. 0. ~~fi*.m~'m~j!iiJtLmm.m~*.'~*~OO~~.~~o~5 1¥Jf5t~ , ~U~.$W~1t~. ' ro.rtLfSA~~7 Rt~Aft~t~FI¥J~.~G ffjj~Z ' ~t~F:tthlii ' lli~@)&ro.rill.fs-~~.~13A ' J!iiJtLfS~tFF.ffl~. *ftfi:a: ' t!!~AA fMl¥J B 1¥.;~n5~ ~t!!~:tE~t~F Berber' Cushitic ~ Semitic ~fj:I¥J~1tI • ;S.~:Ji Semitic I¥Jm ~ 3Z:'*:tE~t~FI¥J7t;fp , ~~t~F 0. ro.rtLmA7t.I¥J~~.m~-fjl¥Jg-~®· Semitic-Central-South-Arabic 30 fI~iSm ,t!!.~~®fB{m~. rro.rtLmAJm~ml¥J~~ffirq]l¥Jr~n5ro.rmJ ,~~m.m~~7 ~m~~n5I¥J~~~~'~A-§7~:.

(13) M"tr.19.A.f/.J ~~tt'l.~ 123 ARABIC, HIJAZI SPOKEN 3& ARABIC, NAJDI SPOKEN ARABIC, OMANI SPOKEN ARABIC, HADRAMI SPOKEN ARABIC, BAHARNA SPOKEN ARABIC, MESOPOTAMIAN SPOKEN ARABIC, GULF SPOKEN ARABIC, NORTH MESOPOTAMIAN SPOKEN ARABIC, NORTH LEVANTINE SPOKEN ARABIC, SOUTH LEVANTINE SPOKEN ARABIC, EGYPTIAN SPOKEN ARABIC, EASTERN EGYPTIAN BEDAWI SPOKEN ARABIC, SUDANESE SPOKEN ARABIC, LmVAN SPOKEN ARABIC, ALGERIAN SPOKEN ARABIC, ALGERIAN SAHARAN SPOKEN ARABIC, TUNISIAN SPOKEN ARABIC, MQROCCAN HASSANIYYA ARABIC, JUDE()"TUNISIAN ARABIC, JUDE()..MOROCCAN ARABIC, JUDE()"YEMENI ARABIC, JUDE()"IRAOI ARABIC, JUDEO-TRIPOLITANIAN. *'. ->. &,\iij:f@!iiJtLfs. ->. &,\iij~lliiJtLfs. ->1liiJ~ ->. ~r'. -- E*f -- ~tLR:. ->~R: ->~R:. ->. t&:'fU52:. -> f-3.§. ->. ~:&. ->~. -- JfPt. ..... fUtts.a ..... 1liiJJI:&'f1152: -- lliiJJI&flJ52: -+. ~!E.l§52:. -- *~i!f ..... ~fU:lf!E.52: ..... t);@,3iU -+ t):@.3iU -> -> ->. tJ.fS9U tJ.fS9U tJ.fS9U. ~~~L®*~'~~~~~~~~*~~~~~. Semitic-Central-South-Arabic ~~~®~m. .~~7M~mr~mm~. ~rn~~~®~. ' ?t1JfJi~aJ3 ' 1m. •• ~jw~~~.®r~j~mmm.~.. ®l1rtJo. r. jwr~~jZ~~~~-W-~~~'ffi~oo~zr~m~j. ~~fi~~fi. •• w~r~~j~~~,.r~m. j~r~~ja~. w-~W.~~~?~~mm~.,~-mm.~~.-~*m~~m~ ~. ~~ft. ~,~~. ~~m. .~m~. Semitic-Central-South-Arabic ,;ttftl!. ~~~~m'~~~ ~'~.~fffi3Z:z. ~~. ••mm~~L~~~.'~~ 5!m~[lJLz.~J1J:5t~*l ' •• r~m~ j ~mm.~w~. ' Ml.Jm~. m~ili~.m~mm~E.fi'~~fi~. .~wr~.~~jwr~~*~j~.'~&~WW~w~~'W.~ M~-t17~~~o. ' Indo-European' Nilo-Saharan ' Niger-Congo !Ii.! Afro-Asiatic Ml.f¥ ' ~tJ~*ll®~fi~ , ~7aJ3.JI~OO ~c~F~E®~m{S~~'Illf1f3.~.flH. ~.~m{S~3Z: (Semitic-Central-South-Arabic) ~~~~Z:9}. 38. Hijazi spoken ~ r #-".fl::.J .l&ff-A4+a #-"JI1-i1z.1IHI.. ,.

(14) -. V~,¥ tl~. I'I""J. O'll!l TI • \\';"~. ~'..,'" 1.

(15) R#.-fa AfIJ I:\$;~;t 125. ( I) ~rjtt52 ' ~ffiilS52 ' roJ~:&~rj52 ' .~~HJi~i*ft~~ rd~W~fJ' r ~~ J tt~ r ~mroJill{B~ J (NP r. , t7.J~*l:k J ) ,~. ~~~1m i3 S'9~ml§. (2) ~:&S'9±~. m~~. Arabic Egyptian Spoken ,::x~. m1m~. i' Eastern Egyptian Bedawi ' Western Egyptian Bedawi =tW • 4i-tWS'9 ~m)J&~jr ,;tttp Western Egptian Bedawi X.m~ Arabic Libyan Spoken' Ar~tt52m~J '~~tt52~Z~'~:&S'9±~:&::x.~mm,~ ~~:&A.7t~-1iI=1'. I¥Jr~*J. 0. (3) ~~IJ~m52±~~m~~ Hassaniyya ' ~~.~~l¥i$iffi~ ,. Hassaniyya ~. 0. 4.roJillffi* S'9~~~~w.,~m.~r~m1mJS'97t~·~.~ ffi* S'ge~~~.~~'~~fJr~~m~J:&r~~JW.t7.J~ ·~M~~mmM • • ~ffi~~T7t~: ( I) :!JfUt$1¥J r ~*=1'~*52 J m~ (Mesopotamian Spoken) (2) ilS~t$S'9 rtilitpfi}f!fo¥J ~~ (LevantineSpoken) (3) }f!fiBS'9 r fi. J ~~ (Gulf Spoken) (4) tpilS$S'9 r ~~;G-pg;G J 1m1l (Hijazi-Najidi) (5) l¥i$S'9 r roJill{Bfirci~ J im~ (Arabian Sea) r ~~=1'~*52 J. • roJill~im (Aramaic) 'J!J1!im (Kurdish) ~;ttM:tpilS$S'9r.;G-pg;GJmll~~W~A.S'9~.: rroJillffifi ji¥ J imllilS$~r5{~~~~A.S'9Ji5tili ' l¥iroJill{Bim (South Arabian) .~ ~o~~~r~~J~ • • ~mimS'97t.'-~~:&imS'9~. 7t• .. ~. r~~JZT'x.~7t~.liIr~*J ·U~~~.lIS'9roJill~A..tp,. e. • A. S'9 1m Judeo-Moroccan' Judeo-Yemeni' Judeo-Tunisian ' Tripolitanian:& Judeo-Berber ' *)(M;ttff~~ r m91-roJm{B~~~1Il J. -{:aT· 5. ~1nEP~im*8'9 Domari ~~~roJm{Bi!tW ' ~rm~~roJmfBi!tW A. (Gypsy) pJT. m. =) ~mlij"tflf8mHt1fj1ll .. Iij"tflf8~~~Ul~1?dMifi ~~~ i3 ~m. J :&E1IDii ' :Mt.~ Ethnologue.com ~Wi. S'9~im~7t$~.'~UroJmffill.~~ • • ~,m.llir~mroJill ~ ~ J tzD r ~ 2 J. •.

(16) 126 (a*-~$;.:4Il)· ~.::.+ 1i.~. {8~jf:ffi"[jJ. J ~O rill 2J. 0. ~~r~m~mm~jf:ffi"II1J '~Rr~mm~ •• ~J~~r~m ~mm~J~jf ••~,.~~@[email protected]~r.3J r~.J~~M~mr~m~J (~r~.m~J)~~M;jf.~ •• 0. m:~mmmw-~mm~ •• ~-.~~$&~.-~mm&~.~ •• ~o. m:sz Afar' Maay' Somali 00 ' ~{*-:a:ffi":ttMO~W,:fIJ52~:j: , t&illjUA.~ : Berber ~:sz~ Central Atlas' Kabyle ' Nafusi ~. 1. Cushitic. ~~m~. .. ~mAD.~~~~A·=.~r~m~mmOOjf:ffi"II1J~W~m~~ffi OO~.W~;~r~mmmwJ~~.~~~~.~~,@tt~.~r~ mm~ •• ~J~-ffi~'W~.~r~mmmw~~~~.J 0. 2.~~mmmW~y~~.jfm~*.:. (OOOO.~~m{8m:sz) &. ( Semitic--Central--South--Arabic). 1. ~lli:{8~. ..... i'llit, ,. ''ii''. 2. fl~~m~m{8A~~F~lli:{8~.( OO~.~~~~. ,."..'~. .".. t~. m:sz ' i¥1~m{8~~) &.. '¥,.. ". •• ~. ~m{8-tltW. ( Semitic--Central--Aramaic & South Arabian) 3. 18l8~.WJ5~m::R:~.&~. ( Berber & Cushitic ) 4. ~~~~&~.. fi.r~mm~ •• ~J~,*~~~r~i.J~jf:SZM.'.fl W~~~~~~.~mmg~'~~W~.M~,~jf~~.~MM~.'. ~~ ••• ,~&~mm*a~~.'.~'MD~~~~~M~,n# ~.~~~.~i •• ffi*om.m.~~~~~'~Rr~lli:m~ •• ~Jfi.m13M~.'~~7M~.~~~~~jf.'N&~jfm2~~ ~~~.~o. rfl~~m~lli:mA~#~lli:m~.J ' r1818m.WJ5.m::R:M &~.Jwr~~M~&~.J,~~.jf.~@~'.~~fl~~.r~ lli:ffi~.J ,~.mr~mffi-tltW&~~~~.~.J !~r.4J. 0.

(17) R~1eA.~~~~Jt. 127. 3.~~~mm~z~~~~~~m~.~m=.:. ~~{8m~. 1.:tEPJ~1umpq~Ff.jt~~~~~:fr.. {. (Judeo-Tunisian' Judea-Moroccan' Judea-Yemeni' Judea-Iraqi' Judea-Tripolitanian). Z~. 2.~~~{8m~PJ~~~~f8~.~lIlffi.:fr.~~ ml!:b~.~. •• mr~~m~.~IIlJffi.:fr.'~~BJt<:m:fr~B. ~~~~~~.o. li '. ~~. :. IftiJmfa~1i*f(g~JE. ~~~~~'~~'~~~m'~~'~~~~~.~~~~~*k m~~mA,.~~~-oo~.r~~mAJ~~.'OO*~.~~~pq. ilIHiP*A1M ~mg. • ~~..t ' ~~f8A~t~~m~~~f8*~W~t~F~~. 0~~..t ' ~ ~mA~.7.*~m.w~.~.~~rere •• o~~~m..t'2300~ ~m~. ffi~~m-OO~~mm~'@1MM~-OO~~m~.(A~. League). ,40. ~F~~m~~mif~H~l!:b~~ff~m-.. ' ~~~JifIDi..t@1M§. afu~~.~'=.AD~~Hfi-oor~~mAJ~~mo~~..t,~ ~mA~~MM~~.~,~~m~m~~.~M~~*.m~~~.M. #0 'ffifi~~m~~~B~~~ •• r•• ~~m~J 'R.~ ••• ~~mmA.ftm,.,~, ••• ~~'~~·~m.~ •• z ~, r*~mm~.~~J~mS~~*.~ffi*'OOr*~~m~.~ ftJ~&r~~m~.J~mfig.~~MM.~.'. •• ~~'~~.. ~m'~OO~M~re*~~~%~OOM.~o. •• ~mm~.~~~i~a •• r • • ~J~m~~ffoo~~,e •• +~.~~~~· r *.~ ~ J . f;j{tFf.j Hijazi. ~tmre~MMili~ZnB.~~~m*~..t. ~. *m7•• ~tiI!$ , {f!Jt<:mpfffi.wr#~. ~. 4(). M'.jjIAU~Jl..iE..st~fA,4 League of Arab States' :t1.l'L~ 1945 -¥. ' M!.~n:.(£.JlUl· kt.J.M'.f!ti61i,4. • • ~ • .l'L • • ~.MJl~ • • '.Jl~~~,(£,~~~.~.~·~~~~~A· •••• ~ ill *- 1t • ~ Eo ~ Nt ~ ~ it 23 • • $,. t ;e. :tIJ ~ ~ ~ 2003 ... ~ A J;. ,4 lit ... • http://www.arabji.comlArabGovtlArabLeague.htm • 2006", 6 F.I 24 8 •.

(18) N. IX). -.

(19) M":bt111A..{(.J~~~~. 129. 2. Afro-Asiatic ~* ~ r:p ,~ Semitic ;;(3i·~;tt.ftI!. Cuhsitic' Berber- Chadic . :g.~~o. r:p'. 3. {If¥~ Semic 4.. W Arabic. IEJ~. South Arabian. j;J& Aramaic ~3tPJT.:g.~. 0. Semitic--Central--South ~3t~ Canaanite ~(--E1. mHebrew) (=)_.rm~n.Jfir~.J~R. I.~:g.~~m~~~~.ft~:g..~m~~m~' f£J:1H§~A~:f§IEJ~~~~~. • • ~iliffi.m~. 0. 2. ~~{B*~7t~ Mesopotamian' Levantine ' Gulf, Hijazi-Najidi'. 5 1I~m~W! 3. ~t ~F 7t ~ Egyptian ' Libyan ' Tunisian Hassaniyya' Sudanese W Tigrigna 8 OO~m~lii Arabian Sea. W. 0. ' Algerian ' Moroccan ' 0. (=)~r~~JM~~~mm~$ff~~ff~ma~~. *. 1.:g.~m~W!7t~f¥~r~~.j~ffilEJ • • ~~W7t3to~~r~ j. ~tJJ~.:yj;JJElli.. 0. 2. ~~{B*~ 511~m~lii~7t3tili 3. ~t~f 8 {~~m~W!. '. ~~. 1500 r ~* j 500 r~* j. 0. 0. 4.~fflr~m~j~m,~r~~jwr~*jJE~o. 5.:g.r~*j~~.~~~r~~j~~fttto. (~)~rm~~~~J&r~~m~~m~J~~~~mm~~ {t(f1§~jtlj;I~JmW?J7.. r ~~ j. ,7t}jU~:. '. *;t~i* r ~~{B~~~III j mif~~JE~. 1300 r :lr.FL*~ j. r ~;f;;f'~*Sl~ j. (Levantine) , r #j.~~ j. (Mesopotamian) , (Gulf) , r 7l;:t-pqiiS:~~ j (Hijazi-Najidi) ,. r ~~{Brd#j~~ j ( Arabian Sea) , r ~&~ j (Egyptian) , r flJttSl ~j (Libyan) ,rg;gJEg§Sl~j (Tunisian) ,r~m&fIJSl~j (Algerian) ,. r *m~~ j ( Sudanese). r ,*'::'JESl~j (Hassaniyya)" r ~:Pt~ j 'j;J& r m:&f!JSl~ j (Tigrigna) $7t ~~¥J7t 3tililfl:OO (Moroccan) ,. 0. ~~~r~~3t*j '.fffi2000~~,7t~.:~.~~*Sl~7t3tili. r ~.~~*Sl~* j. (Mesopotamian) W r ~t~.~~*Sl~* j (North . Mesopotamian) ; :lr.FL*~7t3tili r ~t:lr.FL*~* j (North-Levantine).

(20) 130 (it:k~~<f:~)· ~.::.+~:t.. r 1¥l:lI.fL~~~ J (South-Levantine) ~ r :lI.fL~-R~~~~ J (Levantine. Bedawi) ; ~.~~7t5[tHr~.~~ J (Gulf)~r E.ll€lm~~ J (Baharna) :. 1l~-P9~7t5[tHr 1l~~* J (Hijazi) W r P9~~~ J (Najidi) : \ThJ ttfBrdW~~7t5[tH r~!I5ru~~J (Sanaani) , r~~~-jmJftm~*J (Ta'izzi-Adeni) , r ll€l~tL:£~~ J (Hadarmi) , r ~~:lI.~~ J (Dhofari) ,. r~~ru~~J. (Omani) W. rEfl~~J. (Shihhi) :. ~&~7t5[tH r~. &~~ J (Egyptian) , r*~&-J"!~~~~ J (East Egyptian Bedawi) W r ~t)jm~~ J (Sa<idi) ; jmJm&~Ij52:~7t5[ili r jmJ.&~Ij52~~ J (Algerian) ~ r jmJm&~Ij52-~ll€ltL~~ J (Algerian Shaharan) ~~lI rjmJtLffi~~~Wffi.~*.J~r.5J ,w.*~~~·· 0.

(21) Ra1E1 A..€FJ. ~1. Iil~~:;t. ~ELf8m1~CPtBlJii¥J52~FMi*~Mi. Chof'" Oaollt. £.'lI!UU. u""I••fin.tI EoYl'l'". a,fbl'. - CopU. ~ Elaltnl. 1. Hatth.,... Egypl. ,..sO·"'e. A.... AWJILAH SAWKHAlI 5'•• ---S'WI AU.. JUOEO-8ERIER TACHElHIT TAIIAZIGNT, CENTRAL ATlAS Klbyto - - KAITlE GHAOluds Z...II ---.- hoi NAFUSI SENED a _ . " - - QHOIIARA. UIJ.,. UIr/I. t. Eg.".. M._. 11.. 111.". t. Algorlo. Libya libya TtlnIIJ.. "'o'oc". II..II-W.",. ~ TAZNA TIT TUIIZA8T TAGARGRENT TEIIACIHE TAIIAZIGHT RI" TARIFIT SENKAJA DE SRAIR SlI.wly. - - CHAOUIA Tltllkln - - TlDIKELT TAIIAZIGIIT CHENOUA T..... h.q North.,. -. 21"",_ CVlhlUc. Alt,,'e. AI;trit Alg.rl. N....I. Alg"l. "0'01;.'0 1t0fOI;.CO. Algeri. Nglll. Alglft. AlQIfI.. TAMAHAO, TAKAGGART. ".uril.,,!.. ZEHAGA. CI..rll -North... -BllEN Elll. Entre.. taoo" S,b.... So.,II. Eriu... Atar - - SAHO. S....N lDMARRE aARRE JUDOU [ SOllAli TUNNI Norlh - - BEDAWI S.MitiC ArIUl'lIIc. Caftl'" E••. tt,. -. WI...... South _. L. s...1lt SaMfi.. iI.~. $• •'" so••tI,. Som.lI, 1olU11.. s••", Sluh, C.ftl'.. NOf'th..'tafit r ASSYRIAN HE. O..lflAMA,e NEQ.ARAII"'C CHALDEAN KOY SANJAQ SIIRAT LlSHANID MGIIIAN 81JIl NED-ARAIIAIC IABYlONIAN TAlWUOIC ARAIIAIC HUlAUlA ll$HANA OEH! LIS HAN oloAN NItUI.. nt.,,, - ULAHSO. :::~~~:=:AIC. Arabic ----.,... ""AatC, STAHOAItD. "itI1. Ctn••. utili!. """"1. "ARSOSI HonOT JIBIALI IIEHRI SOOOTRI. ARABIC, HUAZI SPOKEN ARABIC, NAJOI SPOKEN ARABIC. OIiANI SPOKEN ARABIC. DHOFARI SPOKEN ARABIC. TA·IZZI·ADENI SPOKEN ARABIC, HADRAIII $POKEN ARABIC. SANMNI SPOKEN ARABIC. SHIHHI $POKEN ARABIC. BAHARNA SPOKEN ARABIC, MESOPOTAMIAN SPOKEN ARABIC, GULF SPOKEN ARABIC. NDRTH WESOPOTAliIAH SPOKEN AMAIIC. NORTH lEVAN TINE SPOKEN ARABIC, SOUTH lEVAHTINE SPOKEN ARABIC. UdOI SPOKEN ARABIC. EGYPTIAN SPOKEN ARAIIC. EASTERN EGYPTIAN BEDAWI sPOKEN ARABIC. SUDANESE SPOKEN ARABIC. LIBYAN SPOKEN ARABIC. AlGERIAN sPOKEN ARABIC. AlGERIAN SAHARAN SPOKEN ARABIC. TUNISIAN SPOKEN ARAIIC. IIOROCCAN HASSANIYVA ARAIIC. JUOEO-TUNISIAN ARABIC. JUOEO-IIOROCCAN ARAIIC. JUOEO-YEIIENI ARAIIC. JUOEO-IRAOI ARABIC, JUOEo.TRIPOlITANIAH SAMARITAN HEBREW, ANCIENT HEIREW. t,... Itt.. t"\1. 1,•• 1.,..1 1.,01 I".a~. ,.,..1 lu,11. I"a". Syri. Syri.. 'tJtatlnio Sildl AfUi. SndIAt., s.IId' Arabi, 0..... 0"",. V,,... y,. . . Y.,.••. Em"••n. aa.... ~,... h••. I,.q. Srn'. "m... Eg".. E.".. EgYl'l S,nh. lib,.. Al,.,., Al,,,t. Tuft,.l. Ucwo", ....'ill"l.. t.,..,. I"..,. 1.,.,1 I...... I.,.nl P,..IIin4tn 'It'll. 11Il,.1 0.... 0 ....... 0"" .. YI• ... YI..... Afro-Asiatic t R#Atl III *'1tJ!! ft.1i"t • 2. r ;;I;.l'Pt::. -!g: J JdUt.q 1.!Ut. ft." fit: r 'I<C ~ -!g: J ":fli:iF ti l r it- ..t)$.. J L. 131.

(22) 132 (it.kp\~ • •)· '';:''+1i.~. ~2 iIl*.i5~. ......... 1:Jl!5Erslffi. ~,!1!;~. Arabic, Standard Arabic, Sanaani Spoken Arabic, Hadrami Arabic, Ta'izzi-Adeni Spoken S Arabic, Gulf Spoken Arabic, Dhofari Spoken. paJttfs~ IArabic, Standard. Arabic, Gulf Spoken. IHarsUSi Hobyol. rarsi Western Balochi Southern (Indo-European). I. I. Arabic, Standard, Arabic, Bahama Spoken. Arabic, Gulf Spoken. Arabic, Standard Arabic, Gulf Spoken. IFarsi Western. Arabic, Standard Arabic, Gulf Spoken. tt3\!. ~fitt5Ers~. Arabic, Najdi Spoken Arabic, Hijazi Spoken. paJ~. t5*iHfJ. ~mf8~lImttfl!m~. IArabic, Standard. Arabic, Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic, North Mesopotamian Spoken. IMehri Arabic, Gulf Spoken Arabic Najdi Spoken Chaldean Nco-Aramaic. Assyrian NCO-Aramaic Key Sanjaq Sural. Adyghe(North Caucasian) Annenian(Indo-European) Azerbaijaai,South(Altaic,Twc) Bajelan(Indo-EuropeanXGoranoi) Behdiai(Indo-European)(Kurdish) Domari(lndo-European)(MER.omania). Farsi,Western(lndo-Europea.n) Hawrami(Indo-European) Herki(Indo-European) Kurdi(Indo-EuropeanX*1!!!A:t1!. E!-a). ~~IJ52:. !Arabic, Standard !Arabic, North Levantine Spoken Arabic, Mesopotamian Spoken. ~.§.. !Arabic, Standard V'nIbiC, South Levantine Spoken. $1[3_. I. IArabic, Standard French. Arabic, Najdi Spoken Arabic, North Mesopotamian Spoken. I l~iC, Levantine Bedqwi Spoken. Kurmanji(Indo-European) Luri(lndo-European) Shikaki(lndo-European) Surchi(lndo-European)· Arabic, Levantine Annenian(Indo-European) Bedawi Spoken Kurmanji(lndo-European) Assyrian Azerbaijani,South(Altaic,Turkic) Neo-Aramaic Adyghe(North Caucasian) Western Neo-Aramaic Domari(Indo-European) Turoyo Lomavren(Indo-European) Arabic, Najdi Spoken Adyghe(North Caucasian) Armenian(Indo-European) Domari(Indo-European) Cbechcn(North Caucasian). Arabic, North Levantine Spoken. Annenian(Indo-European) English French. I. B¥JJWf:!.§.1 Arabic, Standard (1§~~. Arabic, South Levantine Spoken. Arabic, Levantine Bedawi Spoken. 1Jl:Jr:I) ~.&. lArabie, Standard lArabie, Egyptian Spoken. flJI:t52:. IArabic, Standard lArabie, Libyan Spoken. lArabie, Sa<idi Spoken. Domari(Indo-European). ICoptic( Siwi(Berber) extinct). Awjilab(Berber). I. Domari(lndo-European) Greek Nobin(Ni\o-Sabaran) Kenuzi-Dongola(Niio-Sabaran). Domari(Indo-European).

(23) JliIJ.lt18 AlfJ ~~~;;t 133. ~fE:i'.§"52' Arabic, StaDdard. ilaJfIf&fiJ 52. Ghadames(Berber) Sawknab(Berber) Tamahaq, Tahaggar (J:jefl)Cr) Arabic,Judeo-Tunisian French Djerbi{BerberXxm ~ Nafusi) lngna Franca. Arabic, Tunisian Spolccn. Arabic, Standard Arabic, Algerian Spoken. Kabylc{Berber) Cbaouia(Berber) Arabic,Algerian Saharan Spoken. French Tumzabt Chenoua(Berber) Taznatit(Berber) Korandje(Nilo-Sahara na}. .~iIf. Morocco. m:flJ!I!52' Eritrea. Arabic, Standard Arabic, Moroccan Spoken. Arabic, Standard Tigrigna English. Tachelhit(Berber) Tagargrent(Berber) Tamahaq, Tahaggar(Berber) Tamazight, Central AtIas(Berber) Temacine Tamazight(Berber) Tidikelt Tamuighl(Berber) Arabic, Hassaniyya Arabic, Judeo-Moroccan. Central Atlas(Berber) Tachelhit(Berber) Tamazight(Berber) Tarifit(Berber) Tigre Buken(Cushitic) Afar(Cushitic) Saho(Cushitic) Bedawi(Cushitic} Arabic, Hijui. Spanish. Italian Nara(Nilo-Saharan) Kunama(Nilo-Saharan). ~ken. ~fIJ~fE: Arabic, StaDdard. Hassaniyya. Mouritania. a1!J:It!i. Pulaar(Niger-Congo) Soninke(Niger-Congo) WoloqNiger-Congo) ImeraltUe~(Unclassified). Arabic, Ta'izzi-Adeni French Zenaga(Berber). 52 Arabic, Standard Afar(Cushitic). Somali(Cushitic). Djibouti ~,~fIJ52 Arabic Standard. Somalia. 1m tJ:iS9U. Maay(Cushitic). Boni(Cushitic) Boon(Cushitic) Garre(Cushitic) Jiiddu(Cushitic) Oromo,Borana-Arsi-G uji(Cushitic) Tunni(Cushitic) SwahiU(Niger-Congo) Arabic Standard Arabic, Sudanese Bedawi(Cushitic) Tigre Spolcen Hausa(Chadic) Arabic, Sudanese Acheron(Niger-Congo) 12 Nilo-Saharan Crenle Hebrew Arabic, South Arabic, Arabic, Judeo-Yemeni Arabic, Standard Levantine Spoken Judea-Moroccan Arabic, English Arabic, Judea-Iraqi Judeo-Tunisian Arabic, Judea-Tripolitanian Amharic Tigrigna Hulaula Lisbana Deni Lishan Didan Lishanid Noshan ludeo-Berber. Somali(Cushitic) English. . ••. a~:l.~.~~ ~.J. •• ~r. Nilo-Saharan SO(;!tcp 12 llJ~~~. ~!f). Niger-Congo 45 Yidddish, Estern(Indo-European) Ladino(lndo-European) Dzhidi(tndo-European) Bukharic(tndo-European) Judea-Tat(Indo-European) Hungarian(Uralic) Judeo-Georgian(S. Caucasian) I<ara.im(Altaic,Turldc) Polish(Indo-European) Romanian(Indo-European) Russian(Indo-European) Yevanic(lndo-European) Adyghe(North Caucasian) Atmenian(Indo-European) DOmari(Indo-Europelm). ~.~~J.~.,~.~r~.J~~.~.~.r~~~..

(24) 134 (.iOC'*'~~~~).. ¥..::.+ At.. 2. r j;."*1..~~g. J 4#< jflJ..tP<l ~iliHUH~.JIJ AtU't} 69tg.-t •. 3. r~.k."*1..~tg.J 41tJlJAtu!i&+_A69tg.-t· 4. r ~j/' JIJ 1.. ;~tg. J 41tJlJ Att.Jb tt.;It AtA r 69 tg.-t • 5. r ~~1.. ;~tg. J 4 ~f r sa ~f tg. ~ J (Afro-Asiatic or Hamito-Semitic) • 6. raJ 11 r sa ~f tg. ~ J • ~f r r.,. tg. J ( Semitic) Ji ~.:fU6.. t£ II}! • :to : (Berber) or ( Cushitic) •. *'. +.

(25) r-T.:bI.-fEl Aft-] ~~~;t 135. ~3 -ii. .~. IJr ~. ••. Ii!"_. NM-Arab.,. ~lIIlit((Ill';!! _. 1ij't\L{8~ruE'fiL~ Ii!tA. li!an~. i-i='. tkf!f<li. Wcsk:m W....Aram.i.. t'!f!1~. llas..i. Jol4t. Jibbcli. LI'.....ti·CI ~. --E. 'l'&.. ((I. Jol~. Ncnh- M"""",lamian. fl't>iil!:tm.'l]!. Worth-LOYllIlinc. tkflr<~. Sovth-Levantinc. tj!'l. Btblm1l. lAMIntinc Iledawi. Bahama Hijui. LNajidi. A. ~::.~. .;JIISl. till Ell/Wiill.. eM: ~.felt IBIfHI~~ tJ>.~it!. "I"!. -1''~-r'-. u. flttt!ll liI(fillll!. 1'f;ftilt. J!lt"l. Dhow.. H~. Omani. H*. Shibhi. fie.. IIBi 1111:9. E*lt -I!'iI! f1!i£" fitli!3'i:. M. •. .I"!. tJllILiI!: f/t;ffJ?,]i. T.·i;ai..Mcni. /j'J. J!!!ilt't. JI'I*. 1••""li. Sanuai. lit. p.j~. McsopoUmilll. --[Golf. I'illlLiAF. M1,:k:. Assyrian Weo-Aram.aic:. ~'--i-. Semitic-'. :SH/Iilll* fJltIn';. '"'it.. 1'.asI E&YPIian Iledawi. !!l.!t. Sa<idi. ~:l. ~li. ijilJItr.!. !.t!1I!!f!ll!. ~t~. ~. ..J. Allcrion LAlCcrion SIIahmII. ~ ~ ~ ~. E~R. BcoI!<r. (;~Jii'N!B. U). :':Adu. E:. 'i. ClISbilic. (#J'lI!%f;)Q). IIIJ1r2itIf~. Jii.2itfif!ll! NIf .~. ;f'fIJII~. lin Jfl;flH{it~. flJtl:.5l!. !)l!1I!i!n~. r-l.2it;fl1l::! ,,~. 1II.:l'IJ~. 1r./!;1t!!. /i.i:flJlIBli ~"fiJ~.

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(28) H:\. ~. +II ~. ~. ~. II!{. ~. -K. 00 M. ~. -. 1IR< ~ ~. • ~ DR{ ~ [Ii{ ~. $!. oc. :l;t U'). l{.

(29) r-r;fJ7.1aA.agI:'t~~;t. l39. ~. 5}A. aB. ...,: QTI .".. ... ~. '. C. IJ 1 3FlJfi Afro-Asiatic m~ Semitic(A) '" Cushitic(B) '" Berber(C) =m~7t1fj1J 'f#*-ilf. : ~~ Anatole V. Lyovin, An Introduction to the Languages of the World (Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 450..

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(31) RitLfa A..9IJ ~~~Jt 141. 5 (mif§ (.ysc.ffM-ti~). (~JA"it!:'.~~). 0. "it!:'.~: i'jdllMtll..E-ti~.§ltPtJ..,. \?JJf 1407. if-" .y1l:J;..afl~:t."tjI. 1980. ( .y lI:J;..a fl~:t) (~~t-) o;lt:. ~ : .y II:J;.. a fl1:-:t d:~;u:'. .ltlt~. 1953. ( .I.J JL.$ 3:. J.;fa ~~ r,,1,t!) ,Ijt~ .y ~.). * .y. 0. ~.I.J ~,?'l ~ i-fl'. ~!oj' (~ :J;..~. t-.::. ' J{ 289-358· ;It:.~ : A..~d:~;u:'.. gM"!IJJ'~lik*(3:..). 1978. :4- t{. ( R .y ~ ~) .:I:;lt:.:. (Philip K. Hitti) 1990. it Jllj d:~;u:' •. i- ' .I.J ~ (tf). ( R itLfa it~'> (History 0/ the Arabs) .;It:. ~ : Jllj:i!:t Pal •. ~1fif£. 1999. (-&11.t.~tJt-~Jt9IJ"1f1E). (-&11.t.~.t- Jl. f".t-tG"1f1E) • :I:;lt:. : :itlIiP1i.-&1 ~. f"o 2000 ( II ~M ft it -t A..9IJ ~~ ~Jt ) , 1jtj;J:l:j1.f "-.It J{ 213-249· :I:;lt:. : m~ .. *. f". ' (~~ r..1,t!~sc.;I) ,. (-&11.t.~9IJ~~.Jt) ·:I:~::itlIiP1i.-&1~f"" 1~4 t:~. •.. ii1?"~. 1999. J5. T 1... (.~·;u:'f"A • • • • ::l:j1.f.~;u:'f".9IJ"1f1E). i- .. ..E;~:€~. (ff). ( .... :j,; 3:. J.) (Orientalism) • :I:;lt:. :. iL~. (8aid,Edward W.). ":I:~:sc.~.. •. (Masime Rodinson) '~a ~ (ff). 1985. (RitLfaA..) (The Arabs) • :I:;lt:. :. .yRsc.~W,f"·. TheEncyclopedia o/Islam VI and V5, Leiden: Brill, 1980. . Ethnologue.com ~t,!; " ~.hl:. : http://www.ethnologue.coml. 2006.6.23. Arab League jjiJg,!; • http://www.arabji.comlArabGovtlArabLeague.htm ' 2006.6.24. Gagrieli, Francesco, translated by Attanasio, 8alvator. 1981 The Arabs: A Compact History. Connecticut: Greenwood Press. Gibb, H.A.R. 1940 The Arabs. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Hudson, R. A. 1980 Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . .KeUas, James G. 1998 The Politics o/Nationalism and Ethnicity. New York: 81. Martin's Press. Lyovin, Anatole V. 1997 An Introduction to the Languages o/the World, Oxford University Press..

(32) 142 (aA~~~:fl)· ~.::.+1i.Jih.. Milton, Cowan J., ed.. 1980. A Dictionary of Modern written Arabic (3 rd Printing). London: Macdonald & Evans Ltd, Reprinted by Librairie du Liban.. Rodinson, Maxime. 1982 Translated by Arthur Gold Hammer, The Arabs. London: Croom Helm Limited..

(33) !r' ;,-"';. M".t'r1a A..tfJ ~~~Jt 143. The Identification of the Ethnos of the Arabs: The Analysis of al-Fushah and al-'Amiyyah Chiu-ti Chao. Abstract Do all of the 200 million Arabs belong to one single Arabic ethnos? From the viewpoint of ethnos identification of the ethnology, the answer is apparently not. Although t........dll - al-Fushah ( the standard Arabic) is the formal verbal and written language by aU Arabs, ~WI - al- 'Amiyyah (the local living languages) are used to communicate with relatives, friends and neighbors. The local Arabic languages vary substantially. This research identifies the differentiation of aU the 'Amiyyah and matches each of them with one ethnos. It concludes that the Arabs are comprised of two fundamental groups, the conglomerate of Arabic ethnos and the conglomerate of non-Arabic ethnos, and the former one can be further divided into thirteen ethnos. This research classifies the Arabs accordingly. Keywords: the Arabs, the combination of Arabic ethnos, al-Fushah, al- 'Amiyyah, isogloss.

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