˪ѕࠄᒂᏵᚠ˫ 䫔 11 ⌟䫔 1 㛇炷09/2015炸炻枩 1-106
ਖ਼ѴҕٱݲࡡᎌҢݲϞཱིცࣨ
˕о࠶घ࣏ϛЖ
֔ӎҁ
㛧 尐
㕘ᾖ㬋ˬ㴱⢾㮹ḳ㱽⼳怑䓐㱽˭㕤 2010 ⸜ 5 㚰 26 㖍℔ ⶫ炻᷎㕤 2011 ⸜ 5 㚰 26 㖍䓇㓰⍲㕥埴ˤ斄㕤㴱⢾⣹䲬㱽⼳怑 䓐炻ᾖ㬋⇵ᷳ冲ˬ㴱⢾㮹ḳ㱽⼳怑䓐㱽˭ẍ䫔 6 㡅ᶨᾳ㡅㔯夷 䭬炻㕘ᾖ㬋ˬ㴱⢾㮹ḳ㱽⼳怑䓐㱽˭晾Ṏẍ䫔 20 㡅ᶨᾳ㡅㔯 夷䭬炻Ữ⮯䔞ḳṢᷳ㸾㒂㱽⎰シ旸㕤㖶䣢⎰シˣ䔞ḳṢ㛒㖶䣢 ⎰シ㗪ẍ⻰⿏䡢⭂⺷ᷳˬ㚨慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ䎮婾˭䡢⭂㸾㒂㱽ˣ 攳⋿⣏⬠㱽⼳⬠䲣㙐䞼䨞⮰ả≑䎮㔁㌰炻庼ṩ⣏⬠㱽⬠⌂⢓ˤἄ侭デ嫅 ⋧⎵⮑䧧Ṣ㍸ὃᷳ⮞屜シ夳炻ἧἄ侭䌚䙲列⣂ˤ ㈽䧧㖍㛇烉11/10/2014烊㍍⍿↲䘣㖍㛇烉07/07/2015 屔ả㟉⮵烉⻝扸⭄炻⻝㵹剔ẍˬ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴䎮婾˭ἄ䁢⇌㕟冯⣹䲬斄Ὢ㚨↯ᷳ㧁㸾炻⎗媪 ↢Ḯ㟡㛔⿏ᷳ嬲朑ˤ㛔㔯⯙㕘ᾖ㬋ˬ㴱⢾㮹ḳ㱽⼳怑䓐㱽˭ 㴱⢾⣹䲬㱽⼳怑䓐ᷳ嬲朑≈ẍ㬠䲵ˣ↮㜸ˣ姽徘炻妰㚱夷⭂㖶 䣢シ⿅ẍ䳪䳸䔞ḳṢ⎰シ㕡㱽ᷳ䇕嬘ˣ㍉埴㚨慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ䎮 婾ẍὫㆸ㱽⼳怑䓐℟橼⥍䔞⿏ˣ庼ẍ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴䎮婾ẍ㍸⋯㱽 ⼳怑䓐ᷳ⎗枸㷔⿏ˣ夷⭂䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴㕡ỷ⛘㱽䁢䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴 ⛘㱽ˣ㛒夷⭂㴰屣⣹䲬冯⊆≽⣹䲬ᷳ䈡⇯䫱Ḽ溆炻᷎↮⽆㸾㒂 㱽ᷳ㖶䣢⎰シˣ斄Ὢ㚨↯ᷳ㱽⼳䘬娵⭂ˣ⊆≽ɬₙ⁕⣹䲬ᷳ㱽 ⼳怑䓐ᶱ㕡朊㬠䲵ˣ↮㜸ˣ姽徘ㆹ⚳㱽昊⮎⊁怑䓐㕘ᾖ㬋ˬ㴱 ⢾㮹ḳ㱽⼳怑䓐㱽˭䫔 20 㡅ᷳ䚠斄⇌㰢炻㛇傥⮵㕘ᾖ㬋ˬ㴱⢾ 㮹ḳ㱽⼳怑䓐㱽˭䫔 20 㡅㱽䎦⮎怑䓐㗪⎗傥⺽䘤ᷳ⓷柴冯䔹 佑炻㍸ὃᶨṃ⎗⍫惴ᷳ婒㖶ˤ
A New Vision of “Law Governing the
Application of Laws to Civil Matters
Involving Foreign Elements”-
With Emphasis on Contracts
Kuang-Ping Wu
Abstract
The Taiwanese private international law, "Act Governing the Choice of Law in Civil Matters Involving Foreign Elements ", was promulgated on June 6, 1953. After sixty-one years, the new "Act Governing the Choice of Law in Civil Matters Involving Foreign Elements " was amended and announced on 26 May 2010 and has been in effect since 26 May 2011. The reforms of choice of law in contracts are the most attractive part of this new Taiwanese private international law. There are three fundamental reforms in the new Taiwanese private international law: firstly, the intention of the parties for applicable law is only allowed express; secondly, where there is no express intention of the parties, the applicable law of
Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Kainan University. Ph.D. in Law, Fu-Jen Catholic University.
the contract is the law which is most closely connected with the contract; finally, it shall be presumed that the contract is most closely connected with the country where the party who is to effect the performance which is characteristic of the contract has, at the time of conclusion of the contract, his domicile. But there is no reform of special conflicts rules of employment contract and consumer contract in the new Taiwanese private international law. This article analyzes these reforms and offers suggestions on possible amendment. Besides, there are some court decisions related the issues of choice of law in contracts in the new Taiwanese private international law. This article comments on these court decisions also offers suggestions on related controversial issues.
ਖ਼ѴҕٱݲࡡᎌҢݲϞཱིცࣨ
˕о࠶घ࣏ϛЖ
֔ӎҁ
斄挝⫿烉䠔⿏䡢⭂⺷ˣ㖶䣢⎰シˣ⻰⿏䡢⭂⺷ˣ斄Ὢ㚨↯ᷳ㱽⼳ˣ䈡⽝⿏⁝⊁ˣ⊆ ≽⣹䲬Ҭ!ᓃġ
⢡ˣ⇵妨 屛ˣ1953 ⸜冲㱽ᷳ冲⿅嶗 ᶨˣ䫔 6 㡅䫔 1 枭 Ḵˣ䫔 6 㡅䫔 2ˣ3 枭 ⍫ˣ2010 ⸜㕘㱽ᷳ㕘⠫䓴 ᶨˣ夷⭂㖶䣢シ⿅ẍ䳪䳸䔞ḳṢ⎰シ㕡㱽ᷳ䇕嬘 Ḵˣ㍉埴㚨慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ䎮婾ẍὫㆸ㱽⼳怑䓐℟橼⥍䔞⿏ ᶱˣ庼ẍ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴䎮婾ẍ㍸⋯㱽⼳怑䓐ᷳ⎗枸㷔⿏ ⚃ˣ夷⭂䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴㕡ỷ⛘㱽䁢䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴⛘㱽 Ḽˣ㛒夷⭂㴰屣⣹䲬冯⊆≽⣹䲬ᷳ䈡⇯ 倮ˣ㱽昊怑䓐 2010 ⸜㕘㱽⣹䲬堅䨩㱽⇯ᷳ䎦㱩冯姽㜸 ᶨˣ㸾㒂㱽ᷳ㖶䣢⎰シ Ḵˣ斄Ὢ㚨↯ᷳ㱽⼳䘬娵⭂ ᶱˣ⊆≽ɬₙ⁕⣹䲬ᷳ㱽⼳怑䓐 ẵˣ䳸婾Keywords: rigid general rules, express intention, flexible approaches, the law which is most closely connected, characteristic obligation, labor contract
ġ
ġ
ġ
ġ
ġ
ġ
ġ
ġ
ġ
ġ
ġ
ġ
ġ
ġ
ġ
ġ
ġ
ġ
ġ
ġ
ġ
ġ
⪈ҷ⏜宏
婈 ⤪ 劙 ⚳ 叿 ⎵ 堅 䨩 㱽 ⬠ 侭 G.C. Cheshire 炷 ㇂ ⶴ 䇦 炻 1886~1978 A.D.炸妨烉ˬ⣹䲬㸾㒂㱽ᷳ䡢⭂炻㭼℞Ṿảỽ⓷ 柴㸾㒂㱽ᷳ䡢⭂悥怬天墯暄ˤ˭1炻⣹䲬㸾㒂㱽ᷳ⓷柴ỵ⯭⚳晃 䥩㱽䘬慵天⛘ỵ炻㬟ᷭᶵ堘炻⚳晃䥩㱽⬠侭Ṏ⥳䳪䅙堟㕤⣹䲬 㸾㒂㱽⓷柴ᷳ䞼䨞炻䚠斄婾徘Ṏ㯿䈃⃭㢇炻⎬⚳㱽昊⮎⊁⣹䲬 㸾㒂㱽ᷳ䚠斄⇌㰢Ṏᶵ⊅㝂冱炻Ữ⚳晃⿏⣹䲬℟㚱⣂㧋ˣ墯暄ˣ ∝㕘ᷳ䈡⿏炻农ἧ⣹䲬㸾㒂㱽ᷳ冲⓷柴㊩临妶婾炻侴㕘⓷柴ᶵ 㕟⡆≈炻劙⚳叿⎵堅䨩㱽⬠侭 J.H.C. Morris炷卓䎮⢓炻1910~1984 A.D.炸妨烉ˬ⣹䲬ᷳ䧖栆䷩⣂炻䴻䓙㨇㡘⺷怠㱽㱽⇯怠↢ 傥怑䓐㕤⛇⛘屟岋⣹䲬ᷳ㱽⼳⌣㛒⽭傥怑䓐㕤媠⤪ₙ⁕⣹䲬冯 㴟ᶲ屐䈑忳復⣹䲬䫱℞Ṿ⣹䲬ˤ⍰⣹䲬䓊䓇ᷳ⓷柴⮎暋ẍ㔠 妰炻㬌䓙ảỽᶨ㛔ℏ⚳⣹䲬㱽㚠䯵ᷳ䚖抬⌛⎗䞍〱ˤ㨇㡘⺷怠 㱽 㱽 ⇯ 晾 怑 䓐 㕤 ⣹ 䲬 ᷳ ⮎ 岒 㓰 ≃ 炻 Ữ ⌣ 㛒 ⽭ 怑 䓐 㕤 天 䲬 冯 ㈧ 媦ˣ䔞ḳṢ埴䁢傥≃ˣ⣹䲬⼊⺷ㆾ⣹䲬⎰㱽⿏䫱媠⓷柴ˤ˭2婈 1ȾThe problem of ascertaining the applicable law is more perplexing in the case of contracts than in almost any other topic.ȿPeter M. North 炵 James J. Fawcett, CHESHIRE AND NORTH PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW, 448 (11th ed. 1987).
2
“Contracts are almost infinitely various. It is unlikely that a mechanical choice of law rule that is appropriate for a contract to sell land will be equally
䁢䘬婾ˤ 斄㕤㴱⢾㮹⓮㱽⼳斄Ὢᷳ㱽⼳怑䓐炻ㆹ⚳ᷫ㗗ẍˬ㴱⢾㮹 ḳ㱽⼳怑䓐㱽˭≈ẍ夷䭬ˤˬ㴱⢾㮹ḳ㱽⼳怑䓐㱽˭Ὢ⇞⭂㕤 1953⸜炻㕥埴㬟㗪崭忶⋲ᶾ䲨炻侴℞攻ᶵỮㆹ⚳⚳ね冯䣦㚫䑘 ⠫ẍ⍲⚳晃㓧䴻ね⊊䴻㬟Ḯⶐ⣏嬲怟炻ἧ⼿ 1953 ⸜ˬ㴱⢾㮹 ḳ㱽⼳怑䓐㱽˭炷ẍᶳ䯉䧙䁢 1953 ⸜冲㱽炸ᶵ䫎㗪ẋ暨㯪炻 ᶼ 1953 ⸜冲㱽䞕䞕ᶱ⋩ᶨ㡅㡅㔯炻朊⮵墯暄ᷳ㴱⢾㮹⓮㱽⼳ 斄Ὢ炻㚜㗗㋱备夳偀炻㓭⎠㱽昊㕤 1998 ⸜⎔普ㆹ⚳⮰䱦㕤⚳晃 䥩㱽ᷳ⃰忚炻忚埴斄㕤ˬ㴱⢾㮹ḳ㱽⼳怑䓐㱽˭ᷳᾖ㬋勱㟰䞼 㒔ⶍἄ炻℞攻㬟䴻⣂㫉妶婾炻↮⇍㚦㍸↢斄㕤ˬ㴱⢾㮹ḳ㱽⼳ 怑䓐㱽˭ᷳᶵ⎴䇰㛔ᾖ㬋勱㟰炻䫔ᶨ䇰ᾖ㬋勱㟰妰ᶨ䘦⚃⋩⚃ 㡅炷1999 ⸜炸炻䫔Ḵ䇰ᾖ㬋勱㟰妰ℕ⋩ᶫ㡅炷2001 ⸜炸炻䫔ᶱ 䇰ᾖ㬋勱㟰妰ℕ⋩㡅炷2003 ⸜炸炻㚨䳪㕤 2007 ⸜ 6 㚰 1 㖍忼 ㆸℙ嬀炻⬴ㆸˬ㴱⢾㮹ḳ㱽⼳怑䓐㱽ᾖ㬋勱㟰˭ℙ妰ℕ⋩ᶱ㡅炻
appropriate for, for example a contract of employment or a contract for the carriage of goods by sea. The problems that may arise are very numerous, as may be seen by looking at the Table of Contents of any book on the domestic law of contract. It is unlikely that a mechanical choice of law rule which is appropriate for essential validity will be equally appropriate for questions of offer and acceptance, capacity of parties, formalities, or illegality.” J.H.C. Morris ȿ David McClean, THE CONFLICT OF LAWS, 319(5th ed. 2000).
᷎㕤㮹⚳ 2008 ⸜ 6 㚰 30 㖍⎠㱽昊䫔 125 㫉昊㚫忂忶炻復Ṍ䩳 㱽昊⮑嬘ˤ侴䩳㱽昊㕤㮹⚳ 2010 ⸜ 4 㚰 30 㖍⬴ㆸᶱ嬨炻䷥ 䴙᷎㕤 2010 ⸜ 5 㚰 26 㖍℔ⶫ炻ὅ㕘ᾖ㬋ˬ㴱⢾㮹ḳ㱽⼳怑䓐 㱽˭䫔 63 㡅炷ẍᶳ䯉䧙䁢 2010 ⸜㕘㱽炸烉ˬ㛔㱽冒℔ⶫ㖍⼴ ᶨ⸜㕥埴ˤ˭ᷳ夷⭂炻㕤 2011 ⸜ 5 㚰 26 㖍䓇㓰⍲㕥埴ˤ 1953⸜冲㱽斄㕤㴱⢾⣹䲬㱽⼳怑䓐ᷳ夷⭂炻䫔 6 㡅ᶨᾳ 㡅㔯侴炻侴 2010 ⸜㕘㱽Ṏẍ䫔 20 㡅ᶨᾳ㡅㔯夷䭬㴱⢾⣹ 䲬ᷳ㱽⼳怑䓐炻Ữ 2010 ⸜㕘㱽⮵㴱⢾⣹䲬㱽⼳怑䓐ᷳ㕡㱽⌣ ↢Ḯ㟡㛔⿏ᷳ嬲朑炻㕤 2011 ⸜ 5 㚰 26 㖍䓇㓰⍲㕥埴⼴炻ㆹ⚳ 斄㕤㴱⢾⣹䲬ᷳ㱽⼳怑䓐怩ℍ㕘⠫䓴ˤ2010 ⸜㕘㱽㕥埴军Ṳ 晾崭忶ᶱ⸜炻Ữὅ䫔 62 㡅烉ˬ㴱⢾㮹ḳ炻⛐㛔㱽ᾖ㬋㕥埴⇵ 䘤䓇侭炻ᶵ怑䓐㛔㱽ᾖ㬋㕥埴⼴ᷳ夷⭂ˤỮ℞㱽⼳㓰㝄㕤㛔㱽 ᾖ㬋㕥埴⼴⥳䘤䓇侭炻⯙娚悐↮ᷳ㱽⼳㓰㝄炻怑䓐㛔㱽ᾖ㬋㕥 埴⼴ᷳ夷⭂ˤ˭ᷳ夷⭂炻㴱⢾⣹䲬㕤 2010 ⸜㕘㱽㕥埴⇵䶈䳸 侭炻ṵㅱ怑䓐 1953 ⸜冲㱽䫔 6 㡅ᷳ夷⭂炻㓭怑䓐 2010 ⸜㕘㱽 䫔 20 㡅ᷳ㴱⢾⣹䲬ḳẞ⍲℞⇌㰢炻䁢㔠ᶵ⣍炻ㆹ⚳㱽昊⮎⊁怑 䓐 2010 ⸜㕘㱽䫔 20 㡅䳗䧵ᷳ䴻槿炻⯂ᶵ㶙ℍˤ⚈㬌炻㛔㔯 ᷫ⯙ㆹ⚳㴱⢾⣹䲬㱽⼳怑䓐ᷳ嬲朑ẍ⍲㇒军㛔㔯⬴ㆸᷳ㖍㬊ㆹ ⚳㱽昊⮎⊁怑䓐 2010 ⸜㕘㱽䫔 20 㡅ᷳ䚠斄⇌㰢炻≈ẍ㬠䲵ˣ ↮㜸ˣ姽徘ᷳ炻㛇傥⮵ 2010 ⸜㕘㱽䎦⮎怑䓐㗪⎗傥⺽䘤ᷳ⓷
柴冯䔹佑炻㍸ὃᶨṃ⎗⍫惴ᷳ婒㖶ˤ
幂ҷ1953 〃厙㹤Ὶ厙ㆬ彾
1953⸜冲㱽斄㕤㴱⢾⣹䲬ᷳ㱽⼳怑䓐夷⭂㕤䫔 6 㡅炻ℙ㚱 ᶱ枭夷⭂炻⎗↮䁢Ḵ悐↮烉䫔ᶨ悐↮䁢䔞ḳṢ㚱䲬⭂⣹䲬㸾㒂 㱽㗪㴱⢾⣹䲬ᷳ㱽⼳怑䓐炻Ṏ⌛⣹䲬ᷳᷣ奨㸾㒂㱽炻夷⭂㕤䫔 1 枭烊䫔Ḵ悐↮䁢䔞ḳṢ㛒䲬⭂⣹䲬㸾㒂㱽㗪㴱⢾⣹䲬㱽⼳ᷳ 怑䓐炻Ṏ⌛⣹䲬ᷳ⭊奨㸾㒂㱽炻夷⭂㕤䫔 2ˣ3 枭ˤ勚↮㜸ˣ姽 徘 1953 ⸜冲㱽⃒ᷳ≋⼿⣙⤪ᶳˤᾏҷ䲻 6 㨬䲻 1 榔
炷ᶨ炸㍉埴䔞ḳṢシ⿅冒ᷣ⍇⇯冯⢾⚳⍲⚳晃䚠ᶨ农 1953⸜冲㱽䫔 6 㡅䫔 1 枭夷⭂䔞ḳṢ㚱䲬⭂⣹䲬㸾㒂㱽㗪 㴱⢾⣹䲬ᷳ㱽⼳怑䓐炻℞ℏ⭡䁢烉ˬ㱽⼳埴䁢䘤䓇⁝ᷳ斄Ὢ侭炻 ℞ㆸ䩳天ẞ⍲㓰≃炻ὅ䔞ḳṢシ⿅⭂℞ㅱ怑䓐ᷳ㱽⼳ˤ˭䓙㛔 枭夷⭂奨ᷳ炻ˬ㴱⢾㮹ḳ㱽⼳怑䓐㱽˭㍉埴ˬ䔞ḳṢシ⿅冒ᷣ ⍇⇯˭炷劙㔯烉autonomy of the parties烊㱽㔯烉l’autonomie de la volonté烊⽟㔯烉 Parteiautonomie炸炻⃩姙⣹䲬 暁㕡䔞ḳṢ⎗ὅ℞⎰シ㰢⭂㸾㒂㱽炻㬌冯⣂㔠⣏映㱽䲣⚳⭞ㆸ㔯㱽 3 ㆾ劙伶㱽䲣 ⚳⭞⇌ἳ㱽 4 炻ᷫ军㕤䴙ᶨ堅䨩㱽⇯⚳晃℔䲬 5 炻ᷫ䚠ᶨ农炻ˬ䔞 3 ⣂㔠 ⣏映 㱽䲣 ⚳⭞ ᷳ⚳ 晃 䥩㱽 䩳㱽 炻䘮 ㍉埴 ˬ䔞 ḳṢ シ⿅ 冒ᷣ ⍇⇯ ˭炻 ἳ ⤪烉1978 ⸜ˬ⤏⛘⇑⚳晃䥩㱽˭䫔 35 㡅䫔 1 枭⇵㭝烉ˬ⁝ᷳ斄Ὢ炻ὅ暁㕡 䔞ḳṢ㖶䣢ㆾ満䣢怠㑯ᷳ㱽⼳ˤ˭1986 ⸜ˬ⽟⚳㮹㱽㕥埴㱽˭䫔 27 㡅 䫔 1 枭⇵㭝烉ˬ⣹䲬炻ὅ䔞ḳṢ怠㑯ᷳ㱽⼳ˤ˭1989 ⸜ˬ䐆⢓⚳晃䥩㱽˭ 䫔 116 㡅䫔 1 枭烉ˬ⣹䲬䓙䔞ḳṢ⎰シ怠㑯ᷳ㱽⼳夷䭬ˤ˭1992 ⸜ˬ伭 楔⯤Ṇ⚳晃䥩㱽˭䫔 74 㡅烉ˬ㱽⼳怠㑯⽭枰㖶䣢ㆾ⛐⣹䲬㡅㫦ᷕㆾ⮎晃ね 㱩ᷕ㚱㶭㤂⍵㗈ˤ˭1995 ⸜ˬ佑⣏⇑⚳晃䥩㱽˭䫔 57 㡅烉ˬ䃉婾ỽ䧖ね⼊炻 ⣹䲬ᷳ⁝⍿ 1980 ⸜ 6 㚰 19 㖍伭楔ˮ㫸㳚ℙ⎴橼⣹䲬ᷳ⁝㸾㒂㱽℔䲬˯䘬 㓗惵ˤ娚℔䲬ὅ㒂 1984 ⸜ 12 㚰 18 㖍䫔 957 嘇㱽Ẍ㕤佑⣏⇑⮎㕥ˤỮ㬌 ᷎䃉䣁℞Ṿ⚳晃℔䲬ᷳ怑䓐ˤ˭2001 ⸜ˬ杻⚳⚳晃䥩㱽˭䫔 25 㡅 䫔 1 枭烉 ˬ⣹䲬ὅ暁㕡䔞ḳṢ㖶䣢ㆾ満䣢怠㑯ᷳ㱽⼳ˤ満䣢怠㑯旸㕤ὅ⣹䲬ℏ⭡ ㆾ℞Ṿね㱩⎗⼿⎰䎮䡢⭂侭ˤ˭2002 ⸜ˬὬ伭㕗倗恎㮹㱽䫔ℕ䶐˭䫔 1210 㡅䫔 2 枭⇵㭝烉ˬ䔞ḳṢ怠㑯㸾㒂㱽䘬⎰シ⽭枰㗗㖶䣢䘬炻ㆾ㗗䓙⣹䲬㡅 㫦ᷕ㖶䡢堐㖶ㆾ㗗⎗ẍ⽆⮎晃ね㱩ᷕ㍐㕟↢ˤ˭2004 ⸜ˬ㭼⇑㗪⚳晃䥩㱽˭ 䫔 98 㡅䫔 1 枭烉ˬ⣹䲬ᷳ⁝ᷳ㸾㒂㱽炻ὅ 1980 ⸜ 6 㚰 19 㖍伭楔ˮ⣹䲬ᷳ ⁝㱽 ⼳ 怑䓐 ℔ 䲬 ˯䡢 ⭂ ˤ˭ 2006 ⸜ˬ㖍 㛔 斄㕤 㱽 ⼳怑 䓐ᷳ 忂 ⇯㱽 ˭ 䫔 7 㡅䫔 1 枭烉ˬ㱽⼳埴䁢ᷳㆸ䩳⍲㓰≃炻ὅ㱽⼳埴䁢䔞㗪炻䔞ḳṢシ⿅怠 㑯ᷳ⛘ᷳ㱽ˤ˭2007 ⸜ˬ⛇俛℞斄㕤⚳晃䥩㱽冯⚳晃㮹ḳ姜姇䦳⸷㱽ᷳ㱽 Ẍ˭䫔 24 㡅䫔 1 枭烉ˬ⣹䲬ᷳ⁝炻ὅ䔞ḳṢ㖶䣢怠㑯ᷳ㱽⼳ˤὅ⣹䲬㡅㫦 ㆾ⽆⎬䧖ね䉨晾㍐⭂ᷳ㱽⼳怠㑯炻℟㚱䚠⎴㓰≃ˤ˭2010 ⸜ˬᷕ厗Ṣ㮹ℙ ⚳㴱⢾㮹ḳ斄Ὢ㱽⼳怑䓐㱽˭䫔 41 㡅烉ˬ䔞ḳṢ⎗ẍ⋼嬘怠㑯⎰⎴怑䓐 䘬㱽⼳ˤ………ˤ˭䫱ˤ⍰㱽⚳㮹㱽晾䃉⣹䲬堅䨩㱽⇯ᷳ㖶㔯夷⭂炻Ữ㱽 ⚳㱽昊㖑⇌ἳ偗娵ˬ䔞ḳṢシ⿅冒ᷣ⍇⇯˭䘬怑䓐炻ᶼ㚦㕤 1967 ⸜ˬ斄 㕤墄⃭㮹㱽ᷕ⚳晃䥩㱽ℏ⭡䘬勱㟰˭䫔 2313 㡅䫔 1 枭妰䔓⮯ˬ䔞ḳṢシ ⿅冒ᷣ⍇⇯˭㖶㔯⊾ˤ 4
Mansfield炸㱽⭀㕤 1760 ⸜ Robinson v. Bland 㟰炷[1760] 1 Wm Bl 234炸ᷕ炻 ⮯ˬ䔞ḳṢシ⿅冒ᷣ⍇⇯˭⺽忚劙⚳⇌ἳ㱽ᷕ烊侴伶⚳倗恎㚨檀㱽昊椾 ⷕ⣏㱽⭀ John Marshall炷楔㫯䇦炻1755~1835 A.D.炸Ṏ㕤 1825 ⸜ Wayman v.
Southard㟰炷23 U.S. 10 Wheat. 1 1 (1825)炸炻㍉䓐Ḯˬ䔞ḳṢシ⿅冒ᷣ⍇ ⇯˭ˤ℞Ṿ⤪劙⚳ 1937 ⸜ R v. International Trustee for the Protection of
Bondholders A G㟰炷[1937] AC 500 HL炸ˣ劙⚳ 1939 ⸜ Vita Food Products
Inc v. Unus Shipping Co. Ltd.㟰炷[1939] A.C. 277炸ˣ伶⚳ 1882 ⸜ Pritchard v.
Norton㟰炷106 U.S. 124 (1882)炸䫱炻Ṏ䘮㍉䓐ˤ 5
ἳ⤪烉1978 ⸜㴟䈁ˬẋ䎮㱽⼳怑䓐℔䲬˭炷Convention on the Law Applicable to Agency, The Hague 1978炸䫔 5 㡅烉ˬ炷䫔 1 枭炸㛔Ṣ冯ẋ䎮Ṣ攻ᷳ斄Ὢㅱ 怑䓐℞怠㑯ᷳℏ⚳㱽ˤ炷䫔 ij 枭炸娚怠㑯⽭枰㗗㖶䣢ㆾ冒⣹䲬㡅㫦冯␐ 怕䑘⠫ᷕ⼿⇘⎰䎮ᷳ䡢⭂ˤ˭ˣ1980 ⸜ˬ㫸㳚ℙ⎴橼⣹䲬ᷳ⁝㱽⼳怑䓐℔ 䲬˭炷EC Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations炻䯉䧙 䁢ˬ伭楔℔䲬˭炻㬌℔䲬᷎㕤 2008 ⸜ 6 㚰 17 㖍䴻廱⊾䁢㫸㳚ℙ⎴橼䩳㱽 ㆸ䁢ˬ2008 ⸜ 6 㚰 17 㖍斄㕤⣹䲬ᷳ⁝㱽⼳怑䓐䘬㫸㳚嬘㚫冯㫸㳚ℙ⎴䎮 ḳ㚫夷⇯˭Regulation (EC) No 593炾2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations炻䯉䧙䁢ˬ伭楔夷⇯ɚ˭Rome Regulationɚ炸䫔 3 㡅䫔 1 枭烉ˬ⣹ 䲬ㅱ怑䓐䓙䔞ḳṢ怠㑯ᷳ㱽⼳ˤ娚怠㑯⽭枰㗗㖶䣢炻Ữ怠㑯䴻䓙⣹䲬㡅 㫦ㆾ㟰ẞね㱩ᷕ⎗⼿㖶䡢⛘䡢⭂㗪炻Ṏ䁢㚱㓰ˤ䔞ḳṢ⎗㰢⭂℞怠㑯ᷳ 㱽⼳怑䓐㕤⣹䲬ᷳᶨ悐↮ㆾℐ悐ˤ˭ˣ1985 ⸜㴟䈁ˬᾉ妿㱽⼳怑䓐冯℞㈧ 娵℔䲬˭炷Convention on the Law Applicable to Agency, The Hague 1985炸䫔 6㡅䫔 1 枭烉ˬᾉ妿炻ὅ⥼妿Ṣᷳシ⿅⭂℞ㅱ怑䓐 ᷳ㱽 ⼳烊⥼ 妿 Ṣᷳ シ ⿅炻 ⊭ ㊔ ᾉ 妿 ⣹ 㒂 ㆾ 嫱 㖶 ᾉ 妿 斄 Ὢ ⬀ ⛐ ᷳ 㔯 ẞ 㡅 㫦 ᷕ ⥼ 妿 Ṣ 㖶 䣢 ㆾ 満 䣢 ᷳ シ⿅烊満䣢シ⿅ᷳ䡢⭂炻⼿ὅᾳ㟰ね⼊Ḱẍ妋慳ˤ˭ˣ1986 ⸜ˬ⚳晃⓮⑩ 屟岋⣹䲬㱽⼳怑䓐℔䲬˭炷Convention on the Law Applicable to Contracts for International Sale of Goods, The Hague 1986炸䫔 7 㡅䫔 1 枭⇵㭝烉ˬ屟岋⣹ 䲬 ὅ 䔞 ḳ Ṣ 怠 㑯 ᷳ 㱽 ⼳ 夷 䭬 ˤ ˭ˣ 1994 ⸜ ˬ ⚳ 晃 ⣹ 䲬 㱽 ⼳ 怑 䓐 ℔ 䲬 ˭ 炷Convention on the Law Applicable to International Contract, The Mexico
ḳṢシ⿅冒ᷣ⍇⇯˭㕤⚳晃䥩㱽ᶲ慹䥹䌱⼳ᷳ⛘ỵ炻䓙㬌⎗夳ˤ
炷Ḵ炸㛒夷⭂ὅᷣ奨㸾㒂㱽䲣䇕⣹䲬ᶵ傥ㆸ䩳ㆾㅱ㬠㕤䃉 㓰㗪ㅱ⤪ỽ嗽䎮
ὅ 㛔 枭 夷 ⭂ 炻 ⣹ 䲬 暁 㕡 䔞 ḳ Ṣ ⎗ 䁢 ˬ 㸾 㒂 㱽 㡅 㫦 ˭ 炷applicable law clause炸ㆾˬ㱽⼳怠㑯㡅㫦˭炷choice-of-law clause炸ᷳ䲬⭂炻Ữ劍ὅ⣹䲬暁㕡䔞ḳṢ⎰シ䲬⭂ᷳ㸾㒂㱽⍵ ἧ䲣䇕⣹䲬ᶵ傥ㆸ䩳ㆾㅱ㬠㕤䃉㓰㗪炻㗗⏎⌛ὅ⎰シ䲬⭂ᷳ 㸾㒂㱽ἧ䲣䇕⣹䲬ᶵ傥ㆸ䩳ㆾ䃉㓰炻㛔枭᷎㛒㖶㔯夷⭂炻农ἧ 忯㬌ね⼊㗪ㅱ⤪ỽ嗽䎮炻ᷫ䓇⚘㒦ˤ㚱斄㕤㬌炻㚱娵䁢⌛ㅱὅ 1994炸䫔 7 㡅䫔 1 枭⇵㭝烉ˬὅ䔞ḳṢ怠㑯ᷳ㱽⼳夷䭬ˤ˭2006 ⸜㴟䈁 ˬ斄㕤德忶ᷕṳ㨇㥳㊩㚱㚱₡嫱≝劍⸚㪲⇑㱽⼳怑䓐℔䲬˭炷Convention on the Law Applicable to Certain Rights in respect of Securities Held with an Intermediary , The Hague 2006炸䫔 4 㡅䫔 1 枭烉ˬ㛔℔䲬䫔Ḵ㡅䫔ᶨ枭⭂ ḳ枭ㅱ怑䓐ᷳ㱽⼳炻䁢㕤斄倗ᷕṳ㨇㥳攳䩳㚱₡嫱≝ⷛ㇞㗪炻㕤娚斄倗ᷕ ṳ㨇㥳䶈䳸ᷳ攳㇞⣹䲬ℏ㖶䣢ㅱ怑䓐ᷳ㱽⼳炻Ữ娚攳㇞⣹䲬ℏ㊯⭂℞Ṿ 㱽⼳怑䓐㕤䫔Ḵ㡅䫔ᶨ枭⭂ḳ枭侭炻怑䓐娚℞Ṿ㱽⼳ˤὅ㛔枭夷⭂怑 䓐ᷳ㱽⼳炻㕤䶈䳸攳㇞⣹䲬㗪炻娚斄倗ᷕṳ㨇㥳㚱ᶳ↿䆇㤕㕤娚⚳烉 (a) 䁢娚斄倗ᷕṳ㨇㥳ᷳ ⮰ Ⱄ㚱₡嫱≝䆇㤕嗽 ㆾ冯℞ Ṿ㤕⊁╖ỵ⎰会彎 ℔ᷳ 嗽 炻ㆾ 冯 ẋ䎮 Ṣ⎰ 会 彎℔ ᷳ嗽 炻 屈 屔㕤 烉(i) 忳ἄ ㆾ䚋 䭉娚 㚱 ₡ 嫱≝ⷛ㇞烊(ii) 䭉䎮㚱₡嫱≝ⷛ㇞ℏ㚱₡嫱≝ᷳẀ㫦⍲℔⎠埴䁢ḳ⭄烊(iii) 劍ᶵ䫎⎰(i)冯(ii)侭炻枰⽆ḳἳ埴䭉䎮℞姕伖㚱₡嫱≝ⷛ㇞ᷳ㤕⊁ㆾ⓮⊁ 㳣≽烊 (b) 㕤娚⚳⼿ẍ㚱₡嫱≝ⷛ㇞嘇䡤ˣ戨埴ẋ䡤ㆾ℞Ṿ㕡㱽䈡⭂℞ 䭉䎮ᷳⷛ㇞侭ˤ˭䫱䘮䁢怑ἳˤ
⌛ὅ⎰シ䲬⭂ᷳ㸾㒂㱽ἧ䲣䇕⣹䲬ᶵ傥ㆸ䩳ㆾ䃉㓰炻Ṏ㚱ᷣ ⻝ㅱ娵䁢㬌晃⌛䃉⣹䲬ᷣ奨㸾㒂㱽ᷳ䲬⭂炻侴㓡怑䓐⣹䲬⭊奨 㸾㒂㱽 6 ˤ㭼庫ᶲ炻ẍ⼴婒䁢⭄炻味ὅ⣹䲬ᷣ奨㸾㒂㱽⣹䲬䪇䃞 ᶵ傥ㆸ䩳ㆾ㬠㕤䃉㓰炻㬌㚱忽⣹䲬暁㕡䔞ḳṢᷳ㛔シˤ䃞㛔枭 ⮵㬌䳪㛒夷⭂炻农ἧ⼺䔁䇕嬘䨢攻ḇˤ 炷ᶱ炸㛒夷⭂ᷣ奨㸾㒂㱽ᷳ⎰シ㕡㱽 ⍰㛔枭夷⭂ˬὅ䔞ḳṢシ⿅⭂℞ㅱ怑䓐ᷳ㱽⼳˭炻⇯ˬ䔞 ḳṢシ⿅˭䨞ỽ㊯烎㊱㛔枭㸸冒 1953 ⸜冲㱽ᷳ⇵幓ˣ1918 ⸜ˬ㱽⼳怑䓐㡅ἳ˭䫔 23 㡅䫔 1 枭炻Ὢ两⍿冒 1898 ⸜ˬ㖍㛔 㱽ἳ˭炻ᷫ夷⭂ˬ㱽⼳埴䁢䘤䓇⁝ᷳ斄Ὢ侭˭侴朆ˬ⣹䲬䘤䓇 ⁝ᷳ斄Ὢ侭˭炻㓭朆⣹䲬埴䁢炷暁㕡㱽⼳埴䁢 das zweiseitige Rechtsgeschäft炸㚱㛔㡅枭ᷳ怑䓐炻╖䌐埴䁢炷╖㕡㱽⼳埴䁢 das einseitige Rechtsgeschäft炸Ṏ㚱㛔㡅枭ᷳ怑䓐炻䓂军⎰⎴埴䁢炷⣂ 㕡㱽⼳埴䁢 das mehrseitige Rechtsgeschäft炸Ṏㅱ㚱㛔㡅枭ᷳ怑 䓐炻Ữ㚨ᷣ天侭ᶼ⮎晃ᶲ㚨ⷠ怑䓐侭炻ṵ䁢⣹䲬埴䁢炻㓭㛔㡅 枭ᷫ冯㴱⢾⣹䲬ᷳ㱽⼳怑䓐∫ᶲ䫱嘇ˤ⣹䲬埴䁢䁢暁㕡㱽⼳埴 䁢炻㓭⣹䲬䘤䓇⁝ᷳ斄Ὢ侭炻⽭枰⣹䲬暁㕡䔞ḳṢシ⿅堐䣢⎰ 6 Ḵ 婒 ᷳ ⬠ 婒 ⏰ 䎦 炻 婳 ⍫ 教 炷 ὅ ↢ 䇰 㗪 攻 䓙 ⃰ 军 ⼴ ㌺ ↿ 炻 ᶳ ⎴ 炸烉 楔 㻊 ⮞ 炷2004炸炻˪⚳晃䥩㱽˫炻⇅䇰炻枩 177炻⎘⊿烉ἄ侭冒䇰烊∱揝拂ˣ昛㥖⁛ 炷2008炸炻˪⚳晃䥩㱽婾˫炻ᾖ妪⚃䇰炻枩 127炻⎘⊿烉ᶱ㮹㚠⯨ˤ
农炷Ṏ⌛⎰シ炸⥳⎗炻⽆侴㛔枭ˬὅ䔞ḳṢシ⿅⭂℞ㅱ怑䓐ᷳ 㱽⼳˭怑䓐㕤⣹䲬炻ㅱ㊯ˬὅ⣹䲬暁㕡䔞ḳṢᷳ⎰シ⭂℞ㅱ怑 䓐ᷳ㱽⼳˭ˤ⚈㬌炻㛔枭Ὢ怑䓐㕤⣹䲬暁㕡䔞ḳṢ㚱⎰シ䲬⭂ 㸾㒂㱽ᷳね⼊炻侴䫔 2ˣ3 枭怑䓐㕤⣹䲬暁㕡䔞ḳṢ㛒⎰シ䲬⭂ 㸾㒂㱽ᷳね⼊炻Ữ䓙㕤㛔枭᷎㛒夷⭂⣹䲬暁㕡䔞ḳṢ⎰シ䲬⭂ 㸾㒂㱽ᷳ⎰シ㕡㱽炻农ἧ㛔枭ᷳ怑䓐冯䫔Ḵˣᶱ枭䓊䓇㧉䱲䨢 攻炻味劍㒜⣏妋慳⣹䲬暁㕡䔞ḳṢ⎰シ䲬⭂㸾㒂㱽ᷳ⎰シ㕡㱽 㗪炻⇯⊊⽭⡻䷖䫔 2ˣ3 枭ᷳ怑䓐䨢攻ˤ㚱斄㕤㬌炻ᷫ㗗㛔枭ᷳ ὅ⣹䲬暁㕡䔞ḳṢᷳ⎰シ⭂℞ㅱ怑䓐ᷳ㱽⼳炻⊭ᶵ⊭㊔満䣢⎰ シᷳ⓷柴ˤ ㊱㸾㒂㱽䲬⭂ᷫ㗗ẍˬ㛔⣹䲬ᷳ䇕嬘ㅱ怑䓐㝸⚳㱽˭䁢ℏ ⭡ˣᶼ䌐䩳䲣䇕㴱⢾⣹䲬ᷳ⢾侴㚱⇍㕤⮎橼㱽ᶲ⣹䲬炷ẍᶳ䧙 䁢ˬ⮎橼⣹䲬˭炸ᷳ⎎ᶨˬ怠㱽⣹䲬˭7 炻侴䶈䳸ˬ怠㱽⣹䲬˭ ᷳ⎰シ㕡㱽 1953 ⸜冲㱽᷎㛒夷⭂炻⇯ㅱ⎗栆㍐怑䓐ˬ㮹㱽˭ 夷⭂ˬ⮎橼⣹䲬˭ᷳ⎰シ㕡㱽ˤˬ㮹㱽˭夷⭂ˬ⮎橼⣹䲬˭ ᷳ⎰シ㕡㱽炻昌㖶䣢⎰シ⢾⯂⊭㊔満䣢⎰シ炻ˬ怠㱽⣹䲬˭ᷳ 7 㸾㒂㱽䲬⭂䨞Ὢ⽆Ⱄ㕤娚㴱⢾⣹䲬ᷳ旬Ⱄ⣹䲬炻㈹ㆾ㗗䌐䩳㕤娚㴱⢾⣹䲬 ᷳ⢾䘬⎎ᶨ⣹䲬炻⬠婒ᶲ㚱⽆Ⱄ婒冯䌐䩳婒ᷳ⇍炻㭼庫ᶲẍ䌐䩳婒庫䁢⎗ ㍉ˤ㚱斄㕤㬌炻婳⍫教⏛⸛炷2005炸炻˨䔞ḳṢシ⿅冒ᷣ⍇⇯冯⣹䲬冒䓙 ⍇⇯ 䘬 Ḻ≽ ȹ⚳ 晃 䥩㱽 堅 䨩 㱽⇯ 冯 ⮎橼 㱽攻 斄 Ὢ⇅ ㍊ 炷 ᶲ炸 ˩ 炻˪ 屉 䓊㱽 㙐䴻㾇㱽˫炻4 㛇炻枩 140-141ˤ
⎰シẍ㖶䣢⎰シ䁢ᷳ炻᷎䃉䇕嬘炻⚳晃䥩㱽⬠婒冯⢾⚳ㆾ⚳晃 ⮎⊁䘮ᶵ㆟䔹ˤ军㕤ẍ満䣢⎰シ䁢䶈䳸ˬ怠㱽⣹䲬˭ᷳ⎰シ㕡 㱽炻ㆹ⚳⣂㔠シ夳ᷫ㍉偗⭂夳妋炻楔㻊⮞㔁㌰娵䁢烉ˬ媪䔞 ḳṢ䘬ˮシ⿅˯炻ᶨ凔㱽⇞⛯妋䁢ℤ㊯㖶䣢䘬シ⿅冯満䣢䘬シ ⿅侴妨炻ɃɃˤ⚈㬌叿侭ẍ䁢炻⮵㕤ᶲ徘ㆹ⚳㱽㡅炻Ṏ⭄ἄℤ ㊯㖶䣢䘬シ⿅冯満䣢䘬シ⿅妋慳ˤ㎃妨ᷳ炻⣹䲬⤪䃉㖶㔯夷⭂炻 㱽⭀Ṏㅱ⯙⣹䲬ᷳ㔯⫿ˣℏ⭡⍲⿏岒䫱炻ẍ䡢⭂䔞ḳṢ満䣢䘬 シ⿅ỽ⛐ˤᶼ怑䓐㱽䫔ℕ㡅ᷳˮ䩳㱽婒㖶˯炻Ṏ㚦⻟婧䔞ḳṢ シ ⿅ 冒 ᷣ ⍇ ⇯ 䁢 役 ẋ ⎬ ⚳ ⚳ 晃 䥩 㱽 ℔ 娵 ˤ 㓭 Ṏ ⓗ ἄ ⺋ 佑 妋 慳炻Ụ㚜傥屓⽡䩳㱽ᷳ⍇シˤ˭8 ˣ㞗㽌㜙㔁㌰媪烉ˬ䔞ḳṢ満 䣢シ⿅炻⤪⛐⣹䲬ᷕ晾㛒䲬⭂㖶䣢㸾㒂㱽炻Ữ䲬⭂ᶨ䭉廬㡅㫦炻 䔞ḳṢᷳ満䣢シ⿅⌛⏓⛐䭉廬㡅㫦ᶲˤ……ょ㚱㗪満䣢㡅㫦ᷳ シ ⿅ ᷎ 朆 ⼰ 䚜 ㍍ 炻 㚱 㗪 ⣹ 䲬 㡅 㫦 ᷎ ᶵ ᶨ ⭂ 㚱 䔞 ḳ Ṣ ᷳ 満 䣢 シ ⿅炻⇯⍰⤪ỽ㰢⭂℞⣹䲬ㅱ怑䓐䘬㱽⼳炷⣹䲬㸾㒂㱽炸ˤ㓭 ὅ䔞ḳṢᷳ満䣢シ⿅炻䔞ḳṢ⚢㛒㖶䣢䲬⭂℞⣹䲬ㅱ怑䓐ᷳ㱽 ⼳炻Ữㆾ⎗⽆⣹䲬妪䩳ᷳ㟤⺷ˣ㡅㫦ˣ㔯⫿ˣ䓐婆䞍〱䔞ḳṢ ᷳシ⿅満䣢ㅱ怑䓐ỽ⚳ᷳ㱽⼳ˤ˭9 ˣ㚦昛㖶㰅㔁㌰娵䁢烉ˬㆹ ⚳⬠侭炻⣂⋲ᷣ⻝ℤ㊯㖶䣢冯満䣢ᷳシ⿅ˤ㎃⎍娙婒炻⣹䲬ᷕ炻 8 楔㻊⮞炻⎴⇵姣 6炻枩 329ˤ 9 㞗㽌㜙炷2010炸炻˪⚳晃䥩㱽˫炻⚃䇰炻枩 207-208炻⎘⊿烉⃫䄏 ↢䇰 ℔ ⎠ˤ
⤪㛒㖶䘥夷⭂䔞⺷Ṣ㊯⭂ᷳ怑䓐㱽㗪炻㱽⭀Ṏㅱ⯙⣹䲬ᷳℏ⭡ 冯 ⿏ 岒 炻 ẍ ㍊ 㯪 䔞 ḳ Ṣ シ ⿅ ᷳ ⛐ 炻 ᾦ 䡢 ⭂ ⣹ 䲬 ᷳ 怑 䓐 㱽 ⼳ˤ˭10 ˣ㜿䙲Ⱉ㔁㌰媪烉ˬ⽆㛔㡅ᷳ夷⭂奨ᷳ炻ㆹ⚳Ṏ㍉䓐䔞 ḳṢシ⿅冒䓙ᷳ⍇⇯炻侴ᶼ妋慳ᶲㅱ⊭㊔㖶䣢ẍ⍲満䣢ᷳシ⿅ 堐䣢⛐ℏˤ劍䔞ḳṢ㕤⣹䲬ᷕ㛒㖶䘥妪⭂㸾㒂㱽㗪炻⇯ㅱ⽆⣹ 䲬ᷳ㔯⎍ˣ䓐婆ˣℏ⭡⍲妪䩳⣹䲬㗪ᷳ⎬䧖忋专⚈䳈ẍ㍐⭂℞ 㸾㒂㱽ˤ˭11 ˣ喯怈ㆸ㔁㌰娵䁢烉ˬ劍䔞ḳṢ᷎㛒㖶䣢䘬シ⿅堐 䣢㊯⭂℞ㅱ怑䓐ᷳ㱽⼳侭炻忂ⷠṎᶵ⼿徽埴怑䓐⎴㡅䫔Ḵ枭烉 ˮ䔞ḳṢシ⿅ᶵ㖶㗪炻⎴⚳䯵侭ὅ℞㛔⚳㱽ˤ⚳䯵ᶵ⎴侭ὅ埴 䁢⛘㱽ˤ埴䁢⛘ᶵ⎴侭ẍ䘤天䲬忂䞍⛘䁢埴䁢⛘ˤ⤪䚠⮵Ṣ㕤 ㈧媦㗪ᶵ䞍℞䘤天䲬忂⛘侭炻ẍ天䲬Ṣᷳỷ⛘夾䁢埴䁢⛘ˤ˯ 味斄㕤⁝㪲⣹䲬炻ㆹ⚳䎦埴⚳晃䥩㱽㖊㍉シ⿅ᷣ佑炻䔞ḳṢ攻 ᷳシ⿅晾朆㖶䣢炻Ṏㅱὅ㒂⣹䲬⁝㪲ᷳℏ⭡ˣ⿏岒ˣ㧁䘬ㆾ䔞 ḳṢ䫱℟橼ね⼊㍊㯪䔞ḳṢ攻ᷳシ⿅炻侴娵⭂䨞Ὢ㊯⭂ỽ⚳㱽 ⼳䁢℞㸾㒂㱽炻媪㍐⭂䔞ḳṢᷳ満䣢シ⿅㗗ˤ˭12 ˤょ炻⏎⭂ 夳妋䓂䁢㚱≃炻∱揝拂㔁㌰冯昛㥖⁛㔁㌰㕤⎰叿ˬ⚳晃䥩㱽 10 㚦昛㖶㰅炷2004炸炻˪⚳晃䥩㱽⍇䎮炷临普炸炼⎬婾䭯˫炻㓡妪Ḽℵ䇰炻枩 130炻⎘⊿炻㕘⬠㜿↢䇰℔⎠ˤ 11 㜿䙲Ⱉ炷2004炸炻˪⚳晃䥩㱽冯⮎ἳ妋婒˫炻ᾖ妪⚃䇰炻枩 322-323炻⎘ ⊿烉 ἄ侭冒䇰ˤ 12 喯怈ㆸ炷2002炸炻˪⚳晃䥩㱽˫炻Ḽ䇰炻枩 234炻⎘⊿烉Ḽ⋿↢䇰℔⎠ˤ
婾˭ᶨ㚠䫔ᶨ䇰冯䫔Ḵ䇰ᷕ媪烉ˬ⯙ㆹ⚳侴妨炻㛔Ṣ䎦Ṳ⇯庫 岲ㆸ㍉⍾⇵婒炻⌛䔞ḳṢ䃉㖶䣢シ⿅炻⌛䁢シ⿅ᶵ㖶ˤ䎮䓙䁢 1.劍㱽⭀⽭枰㍊㯪䔞ḳṢ満䣢シ⿅炻ẍ䡢⭂ㅱ怑䓐䘬㱽⼳炻⮵ 佺ㄋ㕤㎜䓐ㆸ㔯䠔⿏夷⇯ᷳ⣏映㱽䲣㱽⭀炻⿸㚱ᶵὧˣ⡆≈⚘ 㒦ˣ㴒屣㗪攻ᷳ仢溆烊2.劍暁㕡䔞ḳṢ䘮ᶵ⎴シ㱽昊䘤䎦ᷳ満 䣢シ⿅炻⇯䎮婾ᶲṎ暋冒⚻℞婒烊3.⤪⇵徘炻満䣢シ⿅冯㍐ ⭂シ⿅炻Ḵ侭䓴旸暋ẍ∫↮炻䘤䎦㕡⺷ḇ暋ẍ⋨⇍炻劍⽭屓⽡ ᷳ炻⇯䫔Ḵ枭冯䫔ᶱ枭ᷳ䠔⿏夷⇯炻⮯暋㚱怑䓐㨇㚫炻㬌ㅱ朆 䩳㱽侭㛔シˤ˭13 ⌛堐㖶℞娵䁢ᶵㅱ⊭㊔満䣢⎰シᷳ⏎⭂夳妋ˤ 13 ⍫教∱揝拂ˣ昛㥖⁛炷1996炸炻˪⚳晃䥩㱽婾˫炻⇅䇰炻枩 130炻⎘⊿烉ᶱ 㮹㚠⯨烊∱揝拂ˣ昛㥖⁛炷2003炸炻˪⚳晃䥩㱽婾˫炻ᾖ妪Ḵ䇰炻枩 130炻 ⎘⊿烉ᶱ㮹㚠⯨ˤỮ⎴㚠㕤ᶱ䇰ẍ⍲䫔⚃䇰ᷕ炻⌣㓡媪烉ˬ⯙ㆹ⚳侴妨炻 㛔㚠㚦岲ㆸ⇵婒炻⌛䔞ḳṢ䃉㖶䣢シ⿅炻⌛䁢シ⿅ᶵ㖶ˤ䎮䓙䁢 1.劍㱽⭀ ⽭枰㍊㯪䔞ḳṢ満䣢シ⿅炻ẍ䡢⭂ㅱ怑䓐䘬㱽⼳炻⮵佺ㄋ㕤㎜䓐ㆸ㔯䠔⿏ 夷⇯ᷳ⣏映㱽䲣㱽⭀炻⿸㚱ᶵὧˣ⡆≈⚘㒦ˣ㴒屣㗪攻ᷳ仢溆烊2.劍暁㕡 䔞ḳṢ䘮ᶵ⎴シ㱽昊䘤䎦ᷳ満䣢シ⿅炻⇯䎮婾ᶲṎ暋冒⚻℞婒烊3.⤪⇵ 徘炻満䣢シ⿅冯㍐⭂シ⿅炻Ḵ侭䓴旸暋ẍ∫↮炻䘤䎦㕡⺷ḇ暋ẍ⋨⇍炻劍 ⽭屓⽡ᷳ炻⇯䫔Ḵ枭冯䫔ᶱ枭ᷳ䠔⿏夷⇯炻⮯暋㚱怑䓐㨇㚫炻㬌ㅱ朆䩳㱽 侭㛔シˤょ䫔Ḵ枭冯䫔ᶱ枭ᷳ怑䓐炻⚈⎗傥䘤䓇ᶵ⎰䎮ね⼊炻㓭Ṏㅱ㕇惴 ⼴婒ẍ㯪℔⸛⎰䎮ˤ˭ˣˬ……㓭⛐䔞ḳṢ䃉㖶䣢シ⿅㗪炻⯂ᶵ⼿夾䁢シ⿅ ᶵ㖶炻ṵㅱ䓙㱽昊怑䓐㚨慵天䈥忋ᷣ佑炻⮑㞍ᶨ↯冯⣹䲬㚱斄ᷳ⎬䧖䈥忋 ḳ⮎炻⊭㊔⣹䲬ᷳ㡅㫦ˣ䓐婆炻⍲⎬䧖冯⣹䲬㚱斄ᷳ忋䳸⚈䳈炻⯙朊⮵䶈 䲬㗪␐怕䑘⠫炻ẍᶨᾳ⎰䎮⓮Ṣㅱ怠㑯怑䓐㱽⼳ᷳシ⿅炻ἄ䁢䔞ḳṢᷳ 満䣢シ⿅炻ἧ傥䫎⎰䔞ḳṢ冒㱣⍇⇯ᷳ㛔㖐炻⮵䔞ḳṢ妨炻ḇ庫㱽昊徽埴 怑䓐䫔Ḵ枭ᷳ䠔⿏夷⭂䁢℔⸛⎰䎮ˤょ⛐ㆹ⚳ ⤪㬌妋慳炻㗗⏎⥍䔞炻ṵ
㛔㔯ẍ䁢炻ẍ⏎⭂夳妋庫䁢⥍䔞炻味㍉偗⭂夳妋侭ᷫ娵䁢ˬ怠 㱽⣹䲬˭ᷳ⎰シ⎗䓙䔞ḳṢ䘬䈡⭂埴䁢攻㍍㍐䞍炻Ữ㕤⮎晃忳 䓐ᶲ炻攻㍍㍐䞍ˬ怠㱽⣹䲬˭ᷳ⎰シ炻ⷠ㶒䁢㱽昊⮵ˬ怠㱽⣹ 䲬˭⎰シᷳ`姕炻⤪㬌ᶵỮᶵ䫎⎰ᾅ嬟⣹䲬暁㕡䔞ḳṢ㬋䔞㛇 ⼭ᷳ⇑䙲ẍ⍲㱽昊怑䓐㱽⼳ὧ⇑⿏ᷳ㓧䫾䚖䘬炻㚜䃉┣ẍˬ⮲ 慵䔞ḳṢ冒䓙シ栀˭ᷳ伶渿⢾堋炻⊭墅ˬ嘃姕䔞ḳṢ`姕シ栀˭ ᷳシ⚾炻忽側ˬ䔞ḳṢシ⿅冒ᷣ⍇⇯˭ᷳ㛔Ἦシ佑ˤ䃞ㆹ⚳㱽 昊⮎⊁炻⚈⍿⬠婒ẍ偗⭂夳妋䁢⣂㔠婒ᷳ⼙枧炻Ṏ㍉⍾偗⭂夳 妋 14 ˤ
‛ҷ䲻 6 㨬䲻 2ҷ3 榔
炷ᶨ炸㛒㖶㔯夷⭂䔞ḳṢシ⿅ᶵ㖶ᷳシ佑 1953 ⸜冲㱽䫔 6 㡅䫔 2ˣ3 枭夷⭂䔞ḳṢ㛒䲬⭂⣹䲬㸾㒂 㱽㗪㴱⢾⣹䲬ᷳ㱽⼳怑䓐炻℞ℏ⭡䁢烉ˬ炷䫔 2 枭炸䔞ḳṢシ ⿅ᶵ㖶㗪炻⎴⚳䯵侭ὅ℞㛔⚳㱽ˤ⚳䯵ᶵ⎴侭ὅ埴䁢⛘㱽ˤ埴 㚱⓮㥟ᷳ检⛘ˤ˭炻⇯℞䨞Ὢ㍉娚㚠䫔ᶨ䇰冯䫔Ḵ䇰⏎⭂婾䘬夳妋炻㈹ㆾ 㓡㍉偗⭂婾䘬夳妋炻Ụᶵ䓂㖶䡢炻⍫教∱揝拂ˣ昛㥖⁛炷2004炸炻˪⚳晃䥩 㱽婾˫炻ᾖ妪ᶱ䇰炻枩 125-126ˣ310炻⎘⊿烉ᶱ㮹㚠⯨烊∱ 揝拂ˣ昛 㥖 ⁛炻 ⎴⇵姣 6炻枩 125ˣ308ˤ 14 ġ㚨檀㱽昊⇌㰢ᷕ炻媠⤪ 88 ⸜⹎⎘ᶲ⫿䫔 1569 嘇⇌㰢ˣ89 ⸜⹎⎘ᶲ⫿䫔 1788嘇⇌㰢ˣ98 ⸜⹎⎘ᶲ⫿䫔 2259 嘇䫱炻㍉偗⭂夳妋ˤ䁢⛘ᶵ⎴侭ẍ䘤天䲬忂䞍⛘䁢埴䁢⛘ˤ⤪䚠⮵Ṣ㕤㈧媦㗪ᶵ䞍 ℞䘤天䲬忂䞍⛘侭炻ẍ天䲬Ṣᷳỷ⛘夾䁢埴䁢⛘ˤ炷䫔 3 枭炸 ⇵ 枭 埴 䁢 ⛘ ⤪ ℤ 嶐 Ḵ ⚳ ẍ ᶲ ㆾ ᶵ Ⱄ 㕤 ả ỽ ⚳ ⭞ 㗪 炻 ὅ Ⰽ 埴 ⛘ 㱽ˤ˭ὅ㬌㑯⭂ᷳ㸾㒂㱽炻䁢⣹䲬ᷳ⭊奨㸾㒂㱽炻℞冯䫔 6 㡅䫔 1 枭夷⭂⣹䲬ᷣ奨㸾㒂㱽ᷳ怑䓐䓴䶂炻⛐㕤䔞ḳṢシ⿅ ᷳˬ㖶˭冯ˬᶵ㖶˭炻Ṏ⌛ˬ怠㱽⣹䲬˭⎰シᷳˬ㖶˭冯ˬᶵ 㖶˭炻劍ˬ㖶˭炻⇯怑䓐䫔 6 㡅䫔 1 枭炻劍ˬᶵ㖶˭炻⇯怑䓐 䫔 6 㡅䫔 2ˣ3 枭ˤ䃞⤪⇵徘炻䫔 6 㡅䫔 1 枭᷎㛒夷⭂ˬ怠㱽 ⣹䲬˭ᷳ⎰シ㕡㱽炻Ṏ⌛㛒夷⭂ỽ媪䔞ḳṢシ⿅ᷳˬ㖶˭炻农 ἧ 6 㡅䫔 2 枭夷⭂䔞ḳṢシ⿅ᷳˬᶵ㖶˭ㅱ ỽ妋炻⌛晐ᷳ ᶵ㖶䡢ˤ侴⤪⎴㛔㔯⇵徘炻ˬ怠㱽⣹䲬˭ᷳ⎰シ㕡㱽ㅱẍ㖶 䣢⎰シ䁢ᷳ侴ᶵㅱ⊭㊔満䣢⎰シ炻㓭䫔 6 㡅䫔 2ˣ3 枭䔞ḳṢシ ⿅ᷳˬᶵ㖶˭ᷫ㊯㛒㖶䣢⎰シ炻⽆侴⣹䲬暁㕡䔞ḳṢ㛒㖶䣢⎰ シ䲬⭂㸾㒂㱽㗪炻⌛ㅱ怑䓐䫔 6 㡅䫔 2ˣ3 枭ᷳ夷⭂怠㑯⣹䲬ᷳ ⭊奨㸾㒂㱽ˤġ 炷Ḵ炸⭊奨㸾㒂㱽ᷳ䡢⭂㍉⍾䠔⿏䡢⭂⺷㖻⣙ᷳ℟橼⥍䔞 ㊱⣹䲬⭊奨㸾㒂㱽ᷳ䡢⭂炻㚱䠔⿏䡢⭂⺷冯⻰⿏䡢⭂⺷Ḵ 䧖㕡⺷ˤ媪䠔⿏䡢⭂⺷炻ᷫ㗗ẍㆸ㔯㱽ᷳˬ䠔⿏ᶨ凔㱽⇯˭ 炷rigid general rules炸炻⺢䩳䡢⭂⣹䲬⭊奨㸾㒂㱽ᷳ㧁㸾炻侴㬌
㧁㸾⮵㱽昊℟㚱㊀㜇≃炻㱽⭀⽭枰ὅ㒂㬌㧁㸾䡢⭂⣹䲬⭊奨㸾 㒂㱽炻⮹㚱塩慷ᷳ检⛘ˤ㬌䧖䠔⿏䡢⭂⺷炻⣂ẍ䶈䳸⛘ˣⰍ埴 ⛘ˣ䔞ḳṢ⚳䯵ˣỷ⛘䫱ἄ䁢枸姕ᷳ忋专⚈䳈炻᷎䠔⿏⛘ẍ 枸 姕 忋 专 ⚈ 䳈 ㊯ ⎹ ᷳ 㝸 ᶨ 㱽 ➇ 䘬 㱽 ⼳ ἄ 䁢 ⣹ 䲬 ⭊ 奨 㸾 㒂 㱽炻䷙ἧ䲣䇕⣹䲬ᷳ℞Ṿ忋专⚈䳈忋专ᷳ⎎ᶨ㱽➇冯ᷳ㚱㚜 ⭮↯斄Ὢ炻Ữ䓙㕤㬌㧁㸾⮵㱽昊℟㚱㊀㜇≃炻㓭㱽昊⎒傥ẍ庫 ᶵ℟㚱⭮↯斄ὪỮ䓙枸姕䘬忋专⚈䳈㊯⎹ᷳ㝸ᶨ㱽➇䘬㱽⼳ ἄ䁢⣹䲬⭊奨㸾㒂㱽ˤ 媪⻰⿏䡢⭂⺷炻ᷫ㗗᷎㛒枸姕忋专⚈䳈炻侴⥼䓙㱽昊⯙ 䲣䇕㟰ẞᷳḳ⮎ᾳ⇍㰢⭂炻Ṏ⌛⭡姙㚨⼴㰢⭂⣹䲬⭊奨㸾㒂㱽 ᷳ忋专⚈䳈炻⚈ᾳ㟰ᷳ䈡㬲ね⼊侴㚱ᶵ⎴ˤ⻰⿏䡢⭂⺷㸸崟 㕤劙⚳ᷳˬ怑↯㱽䎮婾˭炷The proper law炸炻⼴Ἦ伶⚳ᷳˬ㚨 慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ䎮婾˭炷The most significant relationship炸ⳃ崟炻 倚⊊⍵崭崲劙⚳ᷳˬ怑↯㱽䎮婾˭炻ょ䳘䨞ᷳ炻Ḵ侭ᷳ⮎岒ℏ 㵝᷎䃉ᶵ⎴炻䘮㗗⯙⣹䲬⭊奨㸾㒂㱽ᷳ怠㑯炻䵄⎰娚㟰ẞ䚠斄 ᷳ㚱⚈䳈炻↮⽆岒ˣ慷ℑ奺⹎炻⯙ᷣˣ⭊奨忋专⚈䳈忚埴↮ 㜸㭼庫炻⮳㈦↢ỽ侭冯娚⣹䲬ẍ⍲䔞ḳṢ㚱㚨慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ炻 ᷎ẍ娚忋专⚈䳈忋专⛘➇ᷳ㱽⼳ἄ䁢⣹䲬ᷳ㸾㒂㱽ˤ ẍ䠔⿏䡢⭂⺷ἄ䁢䡢⭂⣹䲬⭊奨㸾㒂㱽ᷳ㕡㱽炻⚢䃞℟㚱
㱽⼳怑䓐䡢⭂⿏炷certainty炸ˣ㱽⼳怑䓐䯉㖻⿏炷simplicity炸冯 㱽⼳怑䓐枸㷔⎗傥⿏炷predictability炸⃒ᷳ溆炻Ữ㕤⋫嬲叔⊾ᷳ 㴱⢾⣹䲬ᷕ炻⣹䲬ᷳˬ㛔㒂˭炷⽟㔯烉Sitz烊劙㔯烉seat炸ḳ⮎ ᶲ㚫晐叿㟰ẞᷣ橼ˣ⭊橼ˣ⟜䫱℟橼⚈䳈ᷳᶵ⎴侴嬲≽炻⽆ 侴㱽⼳斄Ὢˬ㛔㒂˭ᷳ㤪⾝㗗ˬ㴖≽˭炷floating炸侴朆ˬ⚢⭂˭ 炷fixed炸䘬炻䃞侴䠔⿏䡢⭂⺷⇯⮯⣹䲬ᷳˬ㛔㒂˭⚢⭂ỷ侴ˬ枸 姕ᷳ╖ᶨ㉥尉忋专⚈䳈˭炻农ἧẍᷳ㰢⭂⣹䲬⭊奨㸾㒂㱽ᷳ䳸 㝄炻ᶵ䘤䓇䲣䇕㴱⢾⣹䲬⮎晃ᶲ冯⎎ᶨ⚳⭞ㆾ㱽➇ᷳ㱽⼳庫 ὅ㒂ˬ䠔⿏ᶨ凔㱽⇯˭㊯⎹ᷳ㝸ᶨ⚳⭞ㆾ㱽➇ᷳ㱽⼳℟㚱㚜 ⭮↯ˣ㚜慵天ᷳ斄Ὢ炻Ữ⚈䣁㕤ˬ䠔⿏ᶨ凔㱽⇯˭ᷳ夷⭂侴⎒ 傥ὅ䃞ẍ冯䲣䇕㴱⢾⣹䲬庫ᶵ℟㚱⭮↯ˣ慵天斄Ὢ侴䓙ˬ䠔⿏ ᶨ凔㱽⇯˭㊯⎹ᷳ㝸⚳⭞ㆾ㱽➇㱽⼳䁢⣹䲬⭊奨㸾㒂㱽ᷳね ⼊炻⤪㬌䳸㝄⮎⣙ᷳ℟橼⥍䔞ˤ䃞 1953 ⸜冲㱽⌛㍉⍾㬌䧖䠔⿏ 䡢⭂⺷䡢⭂⣹䲬⭊奨㸾㒂㱽炻㕤䫔 6 㡅䫔 2ˣ3 枭ẍ䔞ḳṢℙ⎴ 㛔⚳ˣ䶈䲬⛘ˣ䘤天䲬忂䞍⛘ˣ天䲬Ṣỷ⛘ˣⰍ埴⛘䁢枸姕 ᷳ忋专⚈䳈炻㊱昶㭝忋专炷Kaskaden Anknüpfung炸侴昶㭝怑䓐 䔞ḳṢℙ⎴㛔⚳㱽ˣ䶈䲬⛘㱽ˣ䘤天䲬忂䞍⛘㱽ˣ天䲬Ṣỷ ⛘㱽ˣⰍ埴⛘㱽 15 炻晾䃞ˬ昶㭝忋专⺷堅䨩㱽⇯˭ẍ墯㔠忋专 15 ㆹ ⚳ ⬠ 侭 岜 Ἦ 䃄 㔁 ㌰ 䧙 㬌 䁢 ˬ 徸 枭 徸 㭝 ⍲ ㈧ ⃰ ┇ ⼴ ⍇ ⇯ ˭炻 ⍫ 教 岜 Ἦ 䃄 炷2001炸炻˪䔞ẋ⚳晃䥩㱽⬠ᷳ㥳忈婾炼⺢䩳ẍˬ忋䳸⚈䳈˭䁢ᷕ⽫ᷳ䎮婾 橼䲣˫炻⇅䇰炻枩 486-487炻⎘⊿烉ἄ侭冒䇰ˤ
⚈䳈ᷳ昶㭝忋专䁢墯㔠㸾㒂㱽ᷳ昶㭝怑䓐炻庫⁛䴙ẍ╖ᶨ忋专 ⚈䳈䁢╖ᶨ㸾㒂㱽ᷳ怑䓐炻⡆≈⻰⿏炻晾䃞㚱≑㕤䶑妋⣙ᷳ ℟橼⥍䔞䘬ね⼊ 16 炻Ữ䓙㕤忋专⚈䳈ṵ䁢䩳㱽侭枸姕ᶼṵ䁢㉥ 尉ᷳ忋专⚈䳈炻䷙ἧ枸姕ᷳ忋专⚈䳈㚱墯㔠炻ᾳ⇍忋专⚈䳈 忋专㝸ᶨ⚳⭞ㆾ㱽➇ᷳ㱽⼳炷㸾㒂㱽炸ṵ㛒⽭冯䲣䇕㴱⢾⣹䲬 ℟㚱⭮↯ˣ慵天斄Ὢ炻䈜妠ˬ堅䨩㬋佑˭ᷳね⼊ṵ䃉⽆性ˤ ἳ⤪烉岤屐妪屐╖冒㲘⚳㚤察ᷳ㝸⽟⚳屧㖻℔⎠ᷳ↮⸿⭬Ἦ⎘ ⊿炻䓙⎘⊿⚳ℏ屧㖻℔⎠⚆↥㍍⍿炻⭬军⛐⽟⚳ᷳ䷥℔⎠炻⣹ 䲬ㆸ䩳炻䲬⭂⓮⑩ᶨ㈡炻䓙檀晬↢⎋炻忚⎋⛘䁢㱽⚳楔岥炻ẍ 戨埴ᾉ䓐䉨⛐㱽⚳湶Ẁ㫦炻侴⼴⚈⓮⑩⑩岒ᶵ䫎炻䓙⽟⚳℔ ⎠Ἦ↥䳊岈炻妋㛒ㆸ炻㕤⎘⊿⛘昊㍸崟㮹ḳ㎵⭛岈婳㯪ᷳ 姜 17 烊㛔姕ἳᷕ㲘⚳䁢䘤天䲬忂䞍⛘炻ὅ 1953 ⸜冲㱽䫔 6 㡅䫔 2 枭ᷳ夷⭂⇯ㅱẍ㲘⚳㱽䁢⣹䲬㸾㒂㱽炻Ữ㕤⚳晃屧㖻⣹䲬炻 䘤天䲬忂䞍⛘㱽ⷠ䁢„䃞ᷳḳ⮎炻冯⣹䲬ᷳ䴻㾇天㖐炻䃉ảỽ ⭮↯ˣ慵天斄Ὢ炻῀ẍ㲘⚳㱽䁢㸾㒂㱽⮎䈜妠ˬ堅䨩㬋佑˭ˤ 炷ᶱ炸埴䁢⛘ᷳ䓐婆ᶵ⣈♜嫡 ὅ 1953 ⸜冲㱽䫔 6 㡅䫔 2ˣ3 枭烉ˬ炷䫔 2 枭炸䔞ḳṢシ 16 ⏛⸛炷2005炸炻˨⽆堅䨩㬋佑冯⮎橼㬋佑䘬奨溆婾⚳晃䥩㱽ᶲὅ堅䨩㱽⇯ 怠㱽䘤⯽ᷳ㕘嵐⊊˩炻˪䌬⤀㱽⼳⬠⟙˫炻10 㛇炻枩 228-236ˤ 17 㛔姕ἳ⺽冒㞗㽌㜙炻⎴⇵姣 9炻枩 39ˤ
⿅ᶵ㖶㗪炻⎴⚳䯵侭ὅ℞㛔⚳㱽炻⚳䯵ᶵ⎴侭ὅ埴䁢⛘㱽炻埴 䁢⛘ᶵ⎴侭ẍ䘤天䲬忂䞍⛘䁢埴䁢⛘炻⤪䚠⮵Ṣ㕤㈧媦㗪ᶵ䞍 ℞䘤天䲬忂䞍⛘侭炻ẍ天䲬Ṣᷳỷ⛘夾䁢埴䁢⛘ˤ炷䫔 3 枭炸 ⇵枭埴䁢⛘炻⤪ℤ嶐Ḵ⚳ẍᶲㆾᶵⰔ㕤ảỽ⚳⭞㗪炻ὅⰍ埴⛘ 㱽ˤ˭㍉⍾ᷳˬ䠔⿏ᶨ凔㱽⇯˭夷⭂⎗䞍炻ˬ⟜㓗惵埴䁢 ⍇⇯˭炷locus regit actum炸㕤 1953 ⸜冲㱽ṵ℟㚱慵天⛘ỵ炻῀ ⣹䲬暁㕡䔞ḳṢ⚳䯵ᶵ⎴侭炻⌛Ẁ媠ˬ⟜㓗惵埴䁢⍇⇯˭侴 ẍ⣹䲬埴䁢⛘㱽䁢⣹䲬⭊奨㸾㒂㱽ˤょ炻⣹䲬埴䁢⊭㊔ㆸ䩳⣹ 䲬斄Ὢᷳ䶈䲬埴䁢炷Vertragsschluss炸ẍ⍲⣹䲬䓇㓰≃ᷳⰍ埴 埴䁢炷Vertragsleistung炸炻㓭 1953 ⸜冲㱽䫔 6 㡅䫔 2ˣ3 枭 夷⭂ᷳ埴䁢⛘䎮婾ᶲㅱℤ⍲䶈䲬⛘冯Ⰽ埴⛘炻Ữ䫔 6 㡅䫔 3 枭 ˬ⇵枭埴䁢⛘炻⤪ℤ嶐Ḵ⚳ẍᶲㆾᶵⰔ㕤ảỽ⚳⭞㗪炻ὅⰍ埴 ⛘㱽˭ᷳ夷⭂ᷕ⎴㗪↿冱Ḯ埴䁢⛘冯Ⰽ埴⛘炻埴䁢⛘冯Ⰽ埴⛘ ᷳ⎴㗪↿冱⎗䞍䫔 6 㡅䫔 2ˣ3 枭Ὢ⮯Ⰽ埴⛘㌺昌㕤埴䁢⛘ᷳ ⢾炻℞夷⭂ᷳ埴䁢⛘᷎ᶵ⊭㊔Ⰽ埴⛘炻⣹䲬埴䁢⍣昌㌱Ⰽ埴 埴䁢⇯检䶈䲬埴䁢炻㓭䫔 6 㡅䫔 2ˣ3 枭ᷳ埴䁢⛘ᷫ㊯䶈䲬 ⛘ˤょ炻⣹䲬埴䁢㛔⯙⏓㊔䶈䲬埴䁢冯Ⰽ埴埴䁢炻㓭⣹䲬埴䁢 ᷳ埴䁢⛘劍㛒䈡⇍㊯㖶䁢䶈䲬⛘ㆾⰍ埴⛘⌛ㅱ⏓㊔䶈䲬⛘冯Ⰽ 埴⛘炻侴 1953 ⸜冲㱽䫔 6 㡅䫔 2ˣ3 枭夷⭂ᷳ埴䁢⛘⚈᷎㛒 䈡⇍㊯㖶䁢䶈䲬⛘ㆾⰍ埴⛘炻㓭⍇⎗娵䁢Ὢℤ㊯䶈䲬⛘冯Ⰽ埴
⛘Ḵ侭炻劍ℤ㊯䶈䲬⛘冯Ⰽ埴⛘Ḵ侭⇯夷⭂ẍ埴䁢⛘ᷳ㔯⫿冒 䃉ᶵ⥍炻䃞⽑⚈䫔 6 㡅䫔 3 枭㕤埴䁢⛘ᷳ⢾⍰⎎埴夷⭂Ⰽ埴⛘炻 农ἧ䫔 6 㡅䫔 2ˣ3 枭夷⭂ᷳ埴䁢⛘⌛ᶵ⊭㊔Ⰽ埴⛘侴㊯Ⰽ 埴⛘炻㬌㗪䫔 6 㡅䫔 2ˣ3 枭夷⭂ẍ埴䁢⛘ᷳ㔯⫿⌛㖻ἧṢ䓊䓇 ℤ㊯䶈䲬⛘冯Ⰽ埴⛘ᷳ婌妋炻⽆侴䫔 6 㡅䫔 2ˣ3 枭夷⭂ẍ埴䁢 ⛘ᷳ㔯⫿⌛ᶵ⣈♜嫡炻ᶵ⤪䚜㍍夷⭂ẍ䶈䲬⛘ᷳ㔯⫿庫傥⭂䳃 㬊䇕ˤ
╒ҷ2010 〃㜿㹤Ὶ㜿⨒䛛
ᾏҷ嬞㞝䫉㊞ㆬ⁴仑仟䜅‚⁉▗㊞㝈㹤Ὶ䎼峿
ẍ満䣢⎰シ䁢䶈䳸ˬ怠㱽⣹䲬˭ᷳ㕡㱽炻ᷫ㗗啱䓙⣹䲬暁 㕡䔞ḳṢᷳ䈡⭂埴䁢攻㍍㍐䞍怠㑯㸾㒂㱽ᷳ㓰㝄シ⿅炻㓭怠㑯 㸾㒂㱽ᷳ⎰シ᷎䃉㖶栗䁢ṾṢ傥⮇䞍ᷳ⢾奨ˤょ炻ẍ㬌㕡㱽 䶈䳸ˬ怠㱽⣹䲬˭㗗⏎䫎⎰ˬ䔞ḳṢシ⿅冒ᷣ⍇⇯˭ᾅ嬟⣹䲬 暁㕡䔞ḳṢ㬋䔞㛇⼭ᷳ⇑䙲ẍ⍲㱽昊怑䓐㱽⼳ὧ⇑⿏ᷳ㓧䫾䚖 䘬 18 炻ᶵ䃉䔹佑ˤ味怠㑯㸾㒂㱽ᷳ⎰シ晾䓙䔞ḳṢᷳ䈡⭂埴䁢 攻㍍㍐䞍炻Ữ㕤⮎晃忳䓐ᶲ炻媪攻㍍㍐䞍䔞ḳṢ怠㑯㸾㒂㱽 18 斄㕤ˬ䔞ḳṢシ⿅冒ᷣ⍇⇯˭ᾅ嬟⣹䲬暁㕡䔞ḳṢ㬋䔞㛇⼭ᷳ⇑䙲ẍ⍲㱽 昊怑䓐㱽⼳ὧ⇑⿏ᷳ㓧䫾䚖䘬炻婳⍫教⏛⸛炻⎴⇵姣 7炻枩 142-143ˤᷳ⎰シ炻ⷠ䁢㱽昊⮵䔞ḳṢ怠㑯㸾㒂㱽シ⿅ᷳ`姕炻㬌ᶵỮᶵ 䫎⎰ᾅ嬟⣹䲬暁㕡䔞ḳṢ㬋䔞㛇⼭ᷳ⇑䙲ẍ⍲㱽昊怑䓐㱽⼳ὧ ⇑⿏ᷳ㓧䫾䚖䘬炻㚜䃉┣ẍˬ⮲慵䔞ḳṢ冒䓙シ栀˭ᷳ伶渿⢾ 堋炻⊭墅ˬ嘃姕䔞ḳṢ`姕シ栀˭ᷳシ⚾炻忽側ˬ䥩㱽冒㱣⍇ ⇯˭冯ˬ䔞ḳṢシ⿅冒ᷣ⍇⇯˭ᷳ㛔Ἦシ佑ˤ⯌㚱忚侭炻ᷣ⻝ ⎗ẍ満䣢⎰シ䶈䳸ˬ怠㱽⣹䲬˭ᷳ婾溆炻晾ẍ䵕嬟ˬ䔞ḳṢシ ⿅冒ᷣ⍇⇯˭ẍ旚㬊⣹䲬㸾㒂㱽⭊奨ᷣ佑⽑₣䁢ᷣ天䚖䘬⢾炻 Ữ側⼴⮎㚜㚱ẍ⻰⿏䡢⭂⺷怠㱽ẍ性ὅˬ䠔⿏ᶨ凔㱽⇯˭侴 ⣙ᷳ℟橼⥍䔞ᷳ慵⣏䎮䓙炻味ᶨ㖎㒜⣏ˬ䔞ḳṢシ⿅冒ᷣ⍇⇯˭ ᷳ怑䓐䭬⚵炷1953 ⸜冲㱽䫔 6 㡅䫔 1 枭炸炻⌛䚠⮵䷖㷃ˬ䠔⿏ ᶨ凔㱽⇯˭炷1953 ⸜冲㱽䫔 6 㡅䫔 2ˣ3 枭炸ᷳ怑䓐䭬⚵炻㬌 㗪㱽昊⌛⎗㕤攻㍍㍐䞍䔞ḳṢ怠㑯㸾㒂㱽ᷳシ⿅ẍ䡢⭂満䣢⎰ シᷳ忶䦳ᷕ炻⻰⿏⛘ˣᶵ⍿㊀㜇⛘⯙冯䲣䇕⣹䲬攻ᷳ⎬䈥忋斄 Ὢ⇌㕟䔞ḳṢ怠㑯㸾㒂㱽ᷳシ⿅ẍ䡢⭂満䣢⎰シ炻ẍ䡢⭂䔞ḳ Ṣ怠㑯㸾㒂㱽ᷳ満䣢⎰シ‟㷉⻰⿏䡢⭂⺷ᷳ怠㱽ˤỮ⣹䲬⭊奨 㸾㒂㱽ᷳ䡢⭂劍㓡㍉ˬ㚨慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ䎮婾˭ᷳ⻰⿏䡢⭂⺷⼴炻 䁢Ḯẍ⻰⿏䡢⭂⺷怠㱽ẍ性ὅˬ䠔⿏ᶨ凔㱽⇯˭侴⣙ᷳ℟橼 ⥍䔞㓭⮯満䣢⎰シ↿䁢䶈䳸ˬ怠㱽⣹䲬˭ᷳ㕡㱽⮯䘬䎮䓙ᶵ ⽑⬀⛐炻㚜ỽ㱩岲ㆸẍ満䣢⎰シ䶈䳸ˬ怠㱽⣹䲬˭侭炻ᷣ⻝ẍ ⣹䲬ᷳ㟤⺷ˣ㡅㫦ˣ㔯⫿冯䓐婆ˣ㚱䃉ἧ䓐㧁㸾㟤⺷⣹䲬ˣ⃰
⇵䁢ㆾ℞Ṿ䚠斄ᷳṌ㖻ˣ㚱䃉䲬⭂䭉廬㱽昊㡅㫦ˣ㚱䃉䲬⭂ ẚ塩㡅㫦ˣ⣹䲬㡅㫦㚱䃉㝸ᶨ㱽➇㱽⼳ᷳ䓐婆ˣ⣹䲬暁㕡䔞ḳ Ṣᷳℙ⎴⯭ㆾ⚳䯵ˣ⣹䲬ᷳⰍ埴㗗⏎枰ὅ㝸ᶨ㱽➇㱽⼳䁢㝸 ṃ旬ⷞ䦳⸷ˣ⣹䲬㚱㓰⍇⇯ˣ䈡⭂ᷳⰍ埴⛘䫱ἄ䁢⇌㕟䔞ḳṢ 㚱⏎満䣢⎰シᷳ㧁㸾炻Ữ㬌䫱⇌㕟㧁㸾⮎冯ˬ㚨慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ 䎮婾˭ᷕ㚨慵天䈥忋斄Ὢᷳ⇌㕟㧁㸾䃉䔘炻㓭侴⣹䲬⭊奨㸾㒂 㱽㕤ˬ㚨慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ䎮婾˭ᷳ㓗惵ᶳ炻⮎䃉⽭天ℵ⮯満䣢⎰ シ䶈䳸ˬ怠㱽⣹䲬˭ᷳ㕡㱽炻侴ㅱ娵䁢䔞ḳṢ㛒ẍ㖶䣢⎰シ怠 㑯⣹䲬ᷣ奨㸾㒂㱽㗪炻䚜㍍ὅˬ㚨慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ䎮婾˭ᷳ⻰⿏ 䡢⭂⺷㑯⭂⣹䲬⭊奨㸾㒂㱽⌛⎗炻侴㬌䚳㱽㕤㭼庫㱽ᶲ䁢劍 ⸚⬠婒 19 ⍲劍⸚⇌㰢偗娵 20 ˤ 19 劙⚳⬠侭 Peter M. North炷媦㕗炸㕤℞叿ˬ㘖忂㱽橼䲣ᷕᷳ⚳晃䥩㱽⓷ 柴˭ᶨ㚠ᷕ娵䁢炻䎦埴ˬ怑↯㱽℔⺷˭ᷳᶱ悐㚚ᷫ⃰㞍㖶䔞ḳṢ㗗⏎㚱怠 㑯㸾㒂㱽ᷳ㖶䣢⎰シ炻劍䃉㬌䧖㖶䣢⎰シ炻ᷳ⼴㟡㒂⣹䲬㛔幓ㆾ␐⚵ね㱩 Ἦ㞍㖶䔞ḳṢ㗗⏎怠㑯㸾㒂㱽ᷳ満䣢⎰シ炻劍Ṏ䃉満䣢⎰シ炻ℵὅˬ䈥忋 斄Ὢ㧁㸾˭ỽ㱽⼳橼䲣⇌㕟冯Ṍ㖻㚱㚨⭮↯ˣ㚨䛇⮎䈥忋斄Ὢ炻Ữ㱽昊㕤 䫔Ḵ㬍樇㈦↢䔞ḳṢᷳ満䣢⎰シ⎒ᶵ忶㗗㍐婾炷inferred intention炸炻㱽 昊⮎晃ᶲ᷎䃉㱽⼿䞍㗗⏎䛇⬀⛐㚱䔞ḳṢ⎰シ炻㱽昊㍐婾↢ᷳ䔞ḳṢ⎰ シ⮎晃ᶲ㗗ὅ䫔ᶱ㬍樇ᷳˬ䈥忋斄Ὢ㧁㸾˭⼿↢炻㓭⮎ㅱ⍾㴰ˬ怑↯㱽 ℔⺷˭ᷳ䫔Ḵ㬍樇炻῀䔞ḳṢ䃉怠㑯㸾㒂㱽ᷳ㖶䣢⎰シ侭炻⌛ẍ冯Ṍ㖻㚱 㚨⭮↯ḇ㚨䛇⮎䈥忋斄Ὢᷳ㱽⼳䁢⣹䲬怑↯㱽ˤPeter M. North, PRIVATE INTERNATINAL LAW PROBLEMS IN COMMON LAW JURISDICTION, 105 (1st ed.1993).
20
2010⸜㕘㱽䫔 20 㡅䫔 1 枭烉ˬ㱽⼳埴䁢䘤䓇⁝ᷳ斄Ὢ侭炻 ℞ㆸ䩳⍲㓰≃炻ὅ䔞ḳṢシ⿅⭂℞ㅱ怑䓐ᷳ㱽⼳ˤ˭炷ἄ侭㊱烉 㡅㔯⸽ᶳ∫䶂嗽䁢ᾖ㬋嗽炻ᷫἄ侭冒≈ˤẍᶳ⎴炸21 昌两临䵕㊩ ˬ䔞ḳṢシ⿅冒ᷣ⍇⇯˭⢾炻㚜㕤⎴㡅䫔 2 枭㖶䡢夷⭂⎴㡅䫔 1 枭ᷳ䔞ḳṢシ⿅䁢䔞ḳṢ㖶䣢ᷳシ⿅炻Ṏ⌛⮯䶈䳸ˬ怠㱽⣹ 䲬˭ᷳ㕡㱽㖶⭂旸㕤㖶䣢⎰シ侴㌺昌満䣢⎰シˤ㬌ᶨ嬲朑炻⮯ ˬ䔞ḳṢシ⿅冒ᷣ⍇⇯˭ᷳ怑䓐旸⭂䁢䔞ḳṢᷳ㖶䣢⎰シ炻⮯ 䶈䳸ˬ怠㱽⣹䲬˭ᷳ㕡㱽㖶⭂Ὗ旸䁢㖶䣢⎰シ炻ˬ怠㱽⣹䲬˭ ᷳ䶈䳸㕡㱽栆㍐怑䓐ˬ㮹㱽˭夷⭂ˬ⮎橼⣹䲬˭ᷳ䶈䳸㕡㱽 㗪枰⬴ℐ栆㍐怑䓐㈹ㆾᾖ㬋栆㍐怑䓐ᷳ䔹佑ᶵ⽑⬀⛐炻䳪䳸 Ḯ 1953 ⸜冲㱽斄㕤⣹䲬䔞ḳṢ㸾㒂㱽怠㑯⎰シ㕡㱽ᷳ䇕嬘炻⮎ 䁢 忚 㬍 炻 味 満 䣢 ⎰ シ ⷠ 䁢 㱽 昊 ⮵ 䔞 ḳ Ṣ 怠 㑯 㸾 㒂 㱽 シ ⿅ ᷳ ` 姕炻⤪㬌ᷫ忽側ˬ䥩㱽冒㱣⍇⇯˭冯ˬ䔞ḳṢシ⿅冒ᷣ⍇⇯˭ ᷳ㛔Ἦシ佑炻㓭㕘㱽䫔 20 㡅䫔 2 枭旸㕤㖶䣢⎰シᷳ夷⭂⮎⎗怬 ˬ䥩㱽冒㱣⍇⇯˭冯ˬ䔞ḳṢシ⿅冒ᷣ⍇⇯˭ᷳ㛔Ἦ朊尴炻㚜 ỽ㱩⮵㕤⣹䲬⭊奨㸾㒂㱽ᷳ䡢⭂㕘㱽䫔 20 㡅䫔 2 枭㓡㍉ˬ㚨
Co., [1983] 3 W.L.R. 241; Akai Pty Ltd v. People’s Insurance Co. Ltd, (1996)
141 ALR 374. 21 䩳㱽䎮䓙媪烉ˬḴˣ䎦埴㡅㔯䫔 6 㡅䫔 1 枭炻䦣↿㛔㡅䫔 1 枭炻䵕㊩䔞ḳ Ṣシ⿅冒ᷣ⍇⇯炻᷎䁢惵⎰㛔㱽䓐婆ᷳ䴙ᶨ炻⮯ˮㆸ䩳天ẞ˯ᶨ娆ᾖ㬋䁢 ˮㆸ䩳˯ˤ˭㛔枭夷⭂Ὢᾖ㬋 1953 ⸜冲㱽䫔 6 㡅䫔 1 枭ᷳ夷⭂炻怑䓐㕤䔞 ḳṢ㚱䲬⭂⣹䲬㸾㒂㱽㗪㴱⢾⣹䲬ᷳ㱽⼳怑䓐ˤ
慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ䎮婾˭ᷳ⻰⿏䡢⭂⺷炻㕘㱽⎴㡅枭旸㕤㖶䣢⎰シ ᷳ夷⭂㚜⎗䡢ᾅˬ㚨慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ䎮婾˭ᷳ⻰⿏䡢⭂⺷傥㬋ⷠ 䘤㎖㓰䓐炻侴ᶵ塓㱽昊啱䓙⇌㕟䔞ḳṢᷳ満䣢⎰シ㝞䨢ˤ㓭 㕘㱽䫔 20 㡅䫔 2 枭⮯㸾㒂㱽怠㑯ᷳ⎰シ㖶⭂䁢㖶䣢⎰シ炻军䁢 ⃩䔞ˤ
‛ҷ㔰姛㢏捜嬐䐌憲杫⅑䖕履⁴⅒㎟㹤ㄚ懸䚷⌆汣⬴䜅ㆶ
ẍ䠔⿏䡢⭂⺷ἄ䁢䡢⭂⣹䲬⭊奨㸾㒂㱽ᷳ㕡㱽炻⮯⣹䲬ᷳ ˬ㛔㒂˭⚢⭂ỷ侴ˬ枸姕ᷳ╖ᶨ㉥尉忋专⚈䳈˭炻⾥䔍Ḯ㱽⼳ 斄Ὢˬ㛔㒂˭ᷳ㴖≽⿏炻军ἧὅ䠔⿏䡢⭂⺷䡢⭂ᷳ⣹䲬⭊奨 㸾㒂㱽炻ᶵ䘤䓇冯䲣䇕㴱⢾⣹䲬᷎朆℟㚱㚨⭮↯ˣ㚨慵天ᷳ 斄Ὢ炻⤪㬌⣙ᷳ℟橼⥍䔞ᷳ䳸㝄炻⮎䈜妠Ḯˬ堅䨩㬋佑˭炷conflictsjustice炸ㆾˬ⚳晃䥩㱽㬋佑˭炷劙㔯烉justice of private international law烊⽟㔯烉Internationalprivatrechtliche Gerechtigkeit炸ẍ怑↯ 㕡 ⺷ ∫ ⭂ ᶨ 䩳 㱽 䭉 廬 㪲 ⛘ 䎮 ᶲ ㆾ 䨢 攻 ᶲ 䭬 ⚵ 炷 propriety is defined not in terms of the content of that law or the quality of the solution it produces, but rather in geography or spatial terms炸22
ˣ
22
Symeon C. Symeonides, Private International Law at the End of the 20th
Century: Progress or Regress? General Report, in PRIVATE
INTERNATIONAL LAW AT THE END OF THE 20TH CENTURY: PROGRESS OR REGRESS?, 44( Symeon C. Symeonides ed., 2000); see also
⮳㯪䨢攻ᶲᷳ㚨Ἓ妋㰢炷spatially best solution炸23 ᷳ天㯪ˤ1953 ⸜冲㱽䫔 6 㡅䫔 2ˣ3 枭⌛ẍ䠔⿏䡢⭂⺷ἄ䁢䡢⭂⣹䲬⭊奨㸾㒂 㱽ᷳ㕡㱽炻晾䃞㍉⍾ˬ昶㭝忋专⺷堅䨩㱽⇯˭ẍ䔞ḳṢℙ⎴ 㛔⚳ˣ䶈䲬⛘ˣ䘤天䲬忂䞍⛘ˣ天䲬Ṣỷ⛘ˣⰍ埴⛘䫱墯㔠 忋 专 ⚈ 䳈 ᷳ 昶 㭝 忋 专 䁢 墯 㔠 㸾 㒂 㱽 ᷳ 昶 㭝 怑 䓐 炻 ẩ ⚾ ⡆ ≈ ⻰ ⿏炻Ữ⚈墯㔠ᷳ忋专⚈䳈⍲℞忋专昶㭝ṵ䓙䩳㱽侭枸姕炻㓭 ⣙ᷳ℟橼⥍䔞ˣ䈜妠ˬ堅䨩㬋佑˭ᷳね⼊ṵ䃉⎗ˤ 2010⸜㕘㱽⇯㎂㡬Ḯ䠔⿏䡢⭂⺷炻㕤䫔 20 㡅䫔 2 枭烉ˬ䔞 ḳ Ṣ 䃉 㖶 䣢 ᷳ シ ⿅ ㆾ ℞ 㖶 䣢 ᷳ シ ⿅ ὅ ⭂ ㅱ 怑 䓐 ᷳ 㱽 ⼳ 䃉 㓰 㗪炻ὅ斄Ὢ㚨↯ᷳ㱽⼳ˤ˭24夷⭂䔞ḳṢ䃉㖶䣢⎰シㆾὅ㖶䣢⎰
Symeon C. Symeonides, CODIFYING CHOICE OF LAW AROUND THE WORLD: AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, 246- 7( 1st ed.2014). ⎎⎗⍫教㪣䓘▱䪈炷2001炸炻˪⚥晃䥩㱽˫炻⚃ 䇰炻枩 29炻㜙 Ṕ烉 㚱㔸敋ˤ
23
Gerhard Kegel, Paternal Home and Dream Home: Traditional Conflict of Laws and the American Reformers, 27 AM. J. COMP. L., 615-7(1979). 24 䩳㱽䎮䓙媪烉ˬᶱˣ䎦埴㡅㔯斄㕤⁝㪲埴䁢怑䓐ᷳ㱽⼳炻㕤䔞ḳṢシ⿅ᶵ 㖶㗪Ὢẍ䠔⿏ᷳᶨ凔夷⇯Ḱẍ㰢⭂炻㚱㗪䘤䓇ᶵ⎰䎮ねḳˤ䇘⍫侫⽟⚳㮹 㱽㕥埴㱽䫔Ḵ⋩ℓ㡅夷⭂ᷳ䱦䤆炻㕤㛔㡅䫔Ḵ枭㓡㍉斄Ὢ㚨↯ᷳ⍇⇯炻䓙 㱽昊ὅ℟橼㟰ねᾳ⇍㰢⭂℞ㅱ怑䓐ᷳ㱽⼳炻᷎⛐㭼庫䚠斄⚳⭞ᷳ⇑䙲⍲斄 Ὢ⼴炻ẍ℞ᷕ斄Ὢ㚨↯ᷳ㱽⼳䁢㸾㒂㱽炻ẍℤ栏䔞ḳṢᷳᷣ奨㛇⼭冯℟橼 ⭊奨ね㱩ᷳ暨㯪ˤ㬌⢾炻䁢 㷃⮹㛔㡅怑䓐ᶲᷳ䔹佑炻䎦埴㡅㔯䫔Ḵ枭斄㕤 ˮ䔞ḳṢシ⿅ᶵ㖶˯ᷳ䓐婆炻Ṏᾖ㬋䁢ˮ䔞ḳṢ䃉㖶䣢ᷳシ⿅ㆾ℞㖶䣢ᷳ シ⿅ὅ⭂ㅱ怑䓐ᷳ㱽⼳䃉㓰˯炻ẍ慵䓛䫔ᶨ枭䔞ḳṢᷳシ⿅旸⭂㕤㖶䣢
シ⭂ㅱ怑䓐ᷳ㱽⼳䃉㓰㗪ὅ斄Ὢ㚨↯ᷳ㱽⼳炻㓡㍉ˬ㚨慵天 䈥忋斄Ὢ䎮婾˭ᷳ⻰⿏䡢⭂⺷ 25 ˤ㬌ᶨ嬲朑炻婈⤪䩳㱽䎮䓙ˬɃɃ 㕤䔞ḳṢシ⿅ᶵ㖶㗪Ὢẍ䠔⿏ᷳᶨ凔夷⇯Ḱẍ㰢⭂炻㚱㗪䘤䓇 ᶵ⎰䎮ねḳˤɃɃ㕤㛔㡅䫔Ḵ枭㓡㍉斄Ὢ㚨↯ᷳ⍇⇯炻䓙㱽昊 ὅ℟橼㟰ねᾳ⇍㰢⭂℞ㅱ怑䓐ᷳ㱽⼳炻᷎⛐㭼庫䚠斄⚳⭞ᷳ⇑ 䙲⍲斄Ὢ⼴炻ẍ℞ᷕ斄Ὢ㚨↯ᷳ㱽⼳䁢㸾㒂㱽炻ẍℤ栏䔞ḳṢ ᷳᷣ奨㛇⼭冯℟橼⭊奨ね㱩ᷳ暨㯪ɃɃ˭妨炻⎗䞍⬴ℐ㗗↢ 冒䵕嬟℟橼⥍䔞ˣ䫎⎰ˬ堅䨩㬋佑˭ᷳ䚖䘬炻ὅ㬌炻⣹䲬⭊奨 㸾㒂㱽㓡ẍ⻰⿏䡢⭂⺷䡢⭂炻䓙㱽⭀ὅᾳ㟰⮳㈦↢ỽ侭冯䲣䇕 ⣹䲬ẍ⍲䔞ḳṢ℟㚱㚨慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ᷎ẍ娚忋专⚈䳈忋专⛘ ➇ᷳ㱽⼳ἄ䁢⣹䲬⭊奨㸾㒂㱽炻 嬲朑 1953 ⸜冲㱽䓙㱽⼳夷⭂ ᷳシ⿅炻ᶼ䔞ḳṢ⯙㸾㒂㱽堐䣢ᷳシ⿅炻ㅱὅ℞ḳ⮎ᶲ 堐 䣢 ᷳ㸾 㒂 㱽炻 㰢⭂℞㗗⏎㚱㓰ㆸ䩳ᷳ⓷柴ˤ˭㬌枭夷⭂Ὢᾖ㬋 1953 ⸜冲㱽䫔 6 㡅䫔 2ˣ 3枭ᷳ夷⭂炻怑䓐㕤䔞ḳṢ㛒䲬⭂⣹䲬㸾㒂㱽㗪㴱⢾⣹䲬ᷳ㱽⼳怑䓐ˤ 25 ˬ㚨慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ䎮婾˭㕤㬟⎚㶝ᶲ炻ㅱὪ㸸冒㕤劙⚳ᷳˬ怑䔞㱽䎮婾˭ 炷proper law doctrine炸炻ㆹ⚳⬠侭昛昮ᾖ㔁㌰⌛媪烉ˬ㕤劙伶㱽ᶲᶨ凔㚫⎴ シ伶⚳䇰䘬ˮ㚨慵天斄忋㧁㸾˯㗗劙⚳⣹䲬㱽ᶲˮ怑䔞㱽˯炷ˬproper law doctrine˭炸 䘬 Ὕ 㪲 埴 䁢 䇰 㛔 炻 ㆾ 姙 㚜 㬋 䡢 䘬 婒 㱽 ㅱ 㗗 ⭊ 奨 婒 炷 objective theory炸䘬怑䔞㱽䎮婾ˤṎ⌛㗗 150 ⸜⇵ Westlake ᷣ⻝䘬 䁢㸾㒂㱽䘬 ⚳⭞ㅱ冯娚Ṍ㖻埴䁢㚱叿ˮ㚨䛇⮎䘬斄Ὢ˯ˤ役㔠⋩⸜Ἦẍ⽟婆䲣⚳⭞䁢 椾 炻 㫸 映 ⚳ ⭞ 映 临 ⸦ ᷶ ℐ 朊 ⿏ 䘬 ㍉ 䓐 㚨 慵 天 斄 忋 㧁 㸾 ˤ ˭ 炻 ⍫ 教 昛 昮 ᾖ 炷2012炸炻˪ᷕ⚳⿅゛ᶳ䘬ℐ䎫⊾怠㱽夷⇯˫炻⇅䇰炻枩 64炻⎘⊿烉Ḽ⋿⚾ 㚠℔⎠ˤ
忋专⚈䳈ᷳ䠔⿏䡢⭂⺷炻⣏ⷭ㍸⋯℟橼⥍䔞冯ˬ堅䨩㬋佑˭炻 㬲ῤ孂㎂ˤ 侴ὅ 2010 ⸜㕘㱽䫔 20 㡅䫔 2 枭ᷳ夷⭂炻㕤⇵姕ἳᷕ炻䓙 㕤忚⎋⛘䁢㱽⚳楔岥᷎ẍ戨埴ᾉ䓐䉨⛐㱽⚳湶Ẁ㫦炻㱽⚳䃉 婾⽆岒ㆾ慷ᷳ奺⹎炻䘮冯䲣䇕⣹䲬ẍ⍲䔞ḳṢ℟㚱㚨慵天䈥忋 斄Ὢ炻䁢䲣䇕⣹䲬ᷳ䴻㾇慵⽫炻㓭ㅱẍ㱽⚳㱽䁢㸾㒂㱽炻㬌ᷫ 䫎⎰℟橼⥍䔞冯ˬ堅䨩㬋佑˭ˤ
ᾘҷ患⁴䐈ㅄㆶⷴ姛䖕履⁴㕟ⓖ㹤ㄚ懸䚷Ὶ╾榟㾻ㆶ
ẍˬ㚨慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ䎮婾˭ᷳ⻰⿏䡢⭂⺷ἄ䁢䡢⭂⣹䲬⭊ 奨㸾㒂㱽ᷳ㕡㱽炻⎗ὅᾳ㟰ẍ冯䲣䇕⣹䲬℟㚱㚨慵天ˣ㚨⭮↯ 䈥忋斄Ὢᷳ㱽⼳䁢⣹䲬⭊奨㸾㒂㱽炻⚢㚱䫎⎰℟橼⥍䔞冯ˬ堅 䨩㬋佑˭⃒ᷳ溆炻Ữ䓙㕤斄Ὢ㚨↯Ὢ䓙㱽⭀⇌㕟炻⎴ᶨ㱽⭀㕤 ᶵ⎴ᾳ㟰 ↢ᷳ⇌㕟⌛⎗傥㚱ⶖ䔘炻㚜ỽ㱩㗗ᶵ⎴㱽⭀㕤 ᶵ ⎴ ᾳ 㟰 ↢ ᷳ ⇌ 㕟 炻 㓭 䠔 ⿏ 䡢 ⭂ ⺷ ℟ 㚱 㱽 ⼳ 怑 䓐 䡢 ⭂ ⿏ˣ㱽⼳怑䓐䯉㖻⿏冯㱽⼳怑䓐枸㷔⎗傥⿏⃒ᷳ溆炻⍵侴䁢⻰ ⿏䡢⭂⺷㫈仢ˤ㊱⻰⿏䡢⭂⺷Ὢ䓙劙伶㱽䲣堅䨩㱽䘤⯽↢ 炷劙⚳ᷳˬ怑↯㱽䎮婾˭ˣ伶⚳ᷳˬ㚨慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ䎮婾˭炸炻 ἄ䁢⇌ἳ㱽⚳⭞炻㛔⯙ᶵὅ岜ㆸ㔯㱽炻㱽⭀㕤ᾳ㟰ᷕ≯㕤䨩䟜㖊㚱㟮㝞侴 ↢䫎⎰䣦㚫䎦⮎暨天ᷳ⇌㰢炻Ⰺ夳ᶵ歖炻侴忁ḇ 㗗劙伶㱽䲣堅䨩㱽傥䘤⯽↢⻰⿏䡢⭂⺷ᷳ慵天➢䢶炻㓭劙伶㱽 䲣⇌ἳ㱽ᷳ㱽⇞側㘗炻ᷫ㗗⻰⿏䡢⭂⺷⼿ẍㆸ≇忳ἄᷳ➢㛔㡅 ẞˤょ炻⣏映㱽䲣⚳⭞ẍㆸ㔯㱽ἄ䁢ᷣ天㱽㸸炻㱽⭀塩⇌ὅ岜 ㆸ㔯㱽夷⭂䓂㶙炻⯌℞⣏映㱽䲣⚳晃䥩㱽攟㛇ẍ䠔⿏䡢⭂⺷ἄ 䁢䡢⭂⣹䲬⭊奨㸾㒂㱽ᷳ㕡㱽炻天⮯ẍˬ㚨慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ䎮婾˭ ᷳ⻰⿏䡢⭂⺷㬌ᶨ℟㽫⍂⇌ἳ㱽䈡⿏ᷳ⇞⹎䦣㢵㕤㱽⼳⇞⹎⬴ ℐᶵ⎴ᷳ⣏映㱽䲣⚳⭞炻⮯ἧ攟ᷭẍἮ佺㕤㱽⼳怑䓐䡢⭂⿏ˣ 㱽⼳怑䓐䯉㖻⿏冯㱽⼳怑䓐枸㷔⎗傥⿏ᷳ⣏映㱽䲣⚳⭞㱽⭀枻 ⣙ὅ月炻ᶵゞゞᶵ⬱炻⚈㬌劍⮯ˬ㚨慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ䎮婾˭ᷳ ⻰⿏䡢⭂⺷ℐ䚌䦣㢵军⣏映㱽䲣⚳晃䥩㱽炻⿸䓇ᶵ⎗枸㛇ᷳ㯜 ⛇ᶵ㚵䕭䕯炻味ˬ㚨慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ䎮婾˭ᷳ⻰⿏䡢⭂⺷岎Ḱ㱽 ⭀ 㤝 ⣏ ⇌ 㕟 䨢 攻 炻 Ữ Ṏ Ἕ 䓇 㸾 㒂 㱽 怠 㑯 㬎 㕟 ⿏ 冯 ả シ ⿏ 䫱 仢 溆炻㬌⌛⮶农㱽⼳怑䓐ᷳᶵ℔㬋⿏ᶵ⎗枸夳⿏炻㖻⮵⣹䲬䔞 ḳṢ忈ㆸ䨩多⿏塩⇌炻㓭侴ὅ㒂㔜橼㱽⇞⹎ˣ㱽昊⮎⊁⍲㱽⬠ 㔁做䫱㡅ẞ≈ẍ婧㔜䦣㢵䦳⹎炻⊊暋ˤ⚈㬌炻冒 1980 ⸜ˬ伭 楔℔䲬˭椾攳桐㯋ᷳ⃰崟炻⣏映㱽䲣⚳晃䥩㱽⌛⮯ˬ㚨慵天䈥 忋 斄 Ὢ 䎮 婾 ˭ 冯 ˬ 䈡 ⽝ ⿏ Ⰽ 埴 䎮 婾 ˭ 炷 劙 㔯 烉 characteristic performance烊⽟㔯烉Charakteristische Leistung烊㱽㔯烉prestation caractéristique炸䳸⎰忳䓐炻ẍˬ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴䎮婾˭ἄ䁢⇌㕟冯
⣹䲬℟㚨慵天ˣ㚨⭮↯䈥忋斄Ὢᷳ㧁㸾炻ẍ㸾㒂㱽ᷳ㰢⭂忶 㕤⻰⿏侴⮶农㱽⬱⭂⿏⍲枸夳⎗傥⿏ᷳ㫈仢炻侴ˬ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴 䎮婾˭㬋⤥㍸ὃḮˬ㚨慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ䎮婾˭㫈仢ᷳ䡢⭂⿏冯 ⎗枸夳⿏ 26 炻᷎傥㚨Ỷ旸⹎⛘旚堃㱽⼳⬱ℐ 27 炻旵Ỷ㱽⭀》シ ᷳ⌙晒炻ㆹ⚳⬠侭㞗㽌㜙㔁㌰⮵㬌⌛媪烉ˬˮ㚨⭮↯斄倗⍇⇯˯ 冯ˮ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴˯㖶䡢㊯⭂ᷳ㸾㒂㱽䚠庼䚠ㆸ炻ἧˮ㚨⭮↯斄 倗˯⍇⇯ᷳ忳䓐炻傥ℤ栏⻰⿏冯㖶䡢⿏ˣ㴒㻓冯℟橼⿏炻曰㳣 ⎰䎮侴ᶵ㬎㕟ˤ˭28 ˤ ˬ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴䎮婾˭Ὢ䓙䐆⢓⬠侭 Adolf F. Schnitzer炷㕥 ⯤㽌炸㍸↢炻᷎䴻䐆⢓⬠侭 Frank B. Vischer炷屣况炸ᾖ㬋炻 䎦Ṳ䴙ᶨ堅䨩㱽⇯⚳晃℔䲬冯⣏映㱽䲣⚳晃䥩㱽⮵㕤ˬ䈡⽝⿏ Ⰽ埴䎮婾˭ᷳ㍉㑯炻⌛㍉ Vischer ᷳ夳ˤVischer ⮵ˬ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ 26
Peter M. Nortrh, The EEC Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual
Obligations炷1980炸: Its Main History and Features, ESSAYS IN PRIVATE
INTERNATIONAL LAW, 41( Peter M. North ed.,1993). 27
Frank B. Vischer, The Concept of Characteristic Performance, in ON PROGRESSIVE UNIFICATION OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW,
514(Alegria Borrás, Andreas Bucher, Teun Struycken, and Mochel Verwilghen eds.,1996).
28
㞗㽌㜙炷1993炸炻˨⽆⚳晃䥩㱽㕡㱽婾㍊妶⣹䲬㸾㒂㱽䘤⯽㕘嵐⊊炼᷎䔍姽
埴䎮婾˭ᷳ夳䔍䁢 29 烉 䫔ᶨˣ⣹䲬䔞ḳṢ㛒䲬⭂ᷣ奨㸾㒂㱽㗪炻䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴ᷳ㤪 ⾝㕤⣹䲬斄Ὢᷕ㈖㺼叿㚨慵天ᷳ奺刚炻℞傥ἧᶵ⎴栆✳ᷳ⣹䲬 㚱⋨↮炻᷎ᶼ忚ᶨ㬍⛐㭷ᶨ䧖⣹䲬栆✳ᷕ⛯↢䎦烊 䫔Ḵˣ㰢⭂⣹䲬ᷳ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴ᷳ≇傥炻⛐㕤ἧ㝸ᶨ䣦㚫䦑 ⸷ᷳ㱽⼳⼿ẍ怑䓐炻⚈䁢㕤娚䣦㚫䦑⸷ᷕ⣹䲬䴻㾇ᶲ⍲䣦㚫ᶲ 㚨㛔岒ᷳ佑⊁塓Ⰽ埴烊 䫔ᶱˣ㰢⭂䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴ᷳ㧁㸾㚱Ḽ烉ᶨˣ䈥㴱侭䁢⓮㤕 㳣≽㗪炻⚈⣹䲬㶙㢵㕤娚⚳ᷳℏ⚳䴻㾇ᷕ炻ㅱ怑䓐侭䁢娚⓮㤕 㳣≽⮎㕥⛘㱽炻㬌㗪ẍ慹拊䴎Ẁ䁢ℏ⭡ᷳ⮵⼭䴎Ẁ佑⊁℟㫉 䫱慵天⛘ỵ炻Ữ䈥㴱侭䁢ℑ枭⓮㤕㳣≽㗪炻⇯ㅱ怠㑯朆ẍ慹 拊䴎Ẁ䁢ℏ⭡ᷳ⓮㤕㳣≽烊Ḵˣ劍朆ẍ慹拊䴎Ẁ䁢䴎Ẁ佑⊁ℏ ⭡ᷳᶨ㕡Ὢ⍿⇘⣹䲬Ṿ㕡㍏⇞㗪炻⇯冒≇傥⿏奨溆↢䘤炻⽭枰 怑䓐Ṿ㕡䆇㤕⛘㱽炷ἳ⤪ₙ⁕⣹䲬炻䓙㕤㬌䫱⣹䲬㛔幓℞㚱ᷳ ℔㱽㛔岒ᷳ天㯪炸烊ᶱˣ㕤╖⊁⣹䲬炷ἳ⤪岰冯ㆾ䃉ῇ屠炸炻 䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴䁢ⓗᶨᷳ䴎Ẁ佑⊁炷ἳ⤪娚岰冯埴䁢ㆾ屠冯埴䁢炸烊 ⚃ˣ⣹䲬暁㕡䔞ḳṢ⛯ẍ慹拊䴎Ẁ䁢䴎Ẁ佑⊁ℏ⭡㗪炷ἳ⤪慹 29
Hans Ulrich Jessurun D’Oliverira, “Characteristic Obligation” in the Draft
拊ῇ屠ㆾᾅ晒炸炻➢㕤㈧㑼庫⣏桐晒ᷳᶨ㕡冯䣦㚫㚱庫㶙ᷳ䈥 忋炻㈧㑼庫⣏桐晒ᷳᶨ㕡䁢䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴侭炷ἳ⤪屠冯Ṣㆾᾅ晒 Ṣ炸炻ㅱ怑䓐娚㕡ᷳ㱽⼳烊Ḽˣ㕤㧁㸾㟤⺷⣹䲬炷standard contract炸 冯旬⎰⣹䲬炷contract of adhesion炸ᷳ⟜⎰炻ẍ勱㒔⣹䲬ᷳᶨ㕡 䁢䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴侭烊 䫔⚃ˣ⇌㕟↢⣹䲬斄Ὢᷕᷳ䈡⽝⿏⁝⊁炻⌛ẍ䈡⽝⿏⁝⊁ ᶨ㕡ᷳ䆇㤕⛘㱽炷⓮㤕Ṍ㖻炸ㆾㄋⷠ⯭⛘㱽炷朆⓮㤕Ṍ㖻炸 䁢㸾㒂㱽ˤ ⮯ˬ㚨慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ䎮婾˭冯ˬ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴䎮婾˭䳸⎰忳 䓐炻ἧ佺㕤ὅ岜ㆸ㔯㱽ᷳ⣏映㱽䲣⚳⭞㱽⭀㕤ˬ㚨慵天䈥忋斄 Ὢ䎮婾˭⻰⿏䡢⭂⺷ᷳ徟⭖ᷕ炻ẍˬ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴䎮婾˭㊯⺽Ḯ ᶨ 㡅 㖶 䡢 忻 嶗 炻 ἧ ⣏ 映 㱽 䲣 ⚳ ⭞ 㱽 ⭀ 㕤 ⇌ 㕟 冯 ⣹ 䲬 攻 ᷳ 㚨 慵 天ˣ㚨⭮↯䈥忋斄Ὢ㗪炻傥㚱ᶨ℟橼㧁㸾⎗ẍὅ⽒炻ᶵỮ傥䵕 嬟℟橼⥍䔞⿏冯ˬ堅䨩㬋佑˭炻᷎两临ℤ栏⣏映㱽䲣⚳晃䥩㱽 ᶨ⎹㲐慵ᷳ㱽⼳怑䓐䡢⭂⿏ˣ㱽⼳怑䓐䯉㖻⿏冯㱽⼳怑䓐枸㷔 ⎗傥⿏ 30 ˤ㓭冒 1980 ⸜ˬ伭楔℔䲬˭䫔 4 㡅烉ˬ炷䫔 1 枭炸⣹ 30 Ữ㬌䧖⮯ˬ㚨慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ䎮婾˭冯ˬ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴䎮婾˭䳸⎰忳䓐ᷳἄ㱽炻 晾⎗ℤ栏℟橼⥍䔞⿏冯㱽⼳怑䓐䡢⭂⿏炻Ữ℟橼⥍䔞⿏冯㱽⼳怑䓐䡢⭂⿏ 㛔⯙㗗ℑᾳ㤝䪗ᷳ㉱抠炻㗗⏎䛇⼿ẍℤ栏炻⮎ᶵ䃉䔹佑ˤㆹ⚳⬠侭昛昮ᾖ 㔁㌰⌛媪烉ˬ䎦Ṳ㫸㳚⚳晃䥩㱽炻䃉婾ẍ㚨慵天斄忋婒䁢ᶨ凔怑䓐忂⇯ㆾ
䲬㸾㒂㱽㛒ὅ䫔ᶱ㡅ᷳ夷⭂怠㑯㗪炻⣹䲬ㅱὅ冯ᷳ℟㚨⭮↯忋 专⚳⭞ᷳ㱽⼳㰢ᷳ烊劍⣹䲬⎗↮√ᷳ悐↮冯⎎ᶨ⚳℟㚜⭮↯忋 专㗪炻娚悐↮⼿ἳ⢾⍿娚Ṿ⚳㱽⼳ᷳ㊀㜇炷䫔 2 枭炸昌㛔㡅䫔 Ḽ枭夷⭂ね⼊⢾炻⣹䲬ㅱ塓㍐⭂冯⽆ḳ⣹䲬ᷳ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴ᷳ娚 䔞ḳṢ㕤䶈䳸⣹䲬㗪ᷳㄋⷠ⯭⛘⚳炻ㆾ㕤㱽Ṣㆾ朆㱽Ṣ⛀橼 ᷳ⟜⎰冯℞䆇㤕ᷕ⽫⛘⚳炻℟㚨⭮↯忋专烊劍⣹䲬Ὢᶨ忈䔞ḳ Ṣ㕤屧㖻㤕⊁ㆾ借㤕忶䦳ᷕ䶈䳸侭炻⇯娚⚳⭞ㅱ䁢℞ᷣ䆇㤕⛘ ⚳炻ㆾὅ⣹䲬㡅㫦⽭枰⛐ᷣ䆇㤕⛘ẍ⢾ᷳ䆇㤕⛘Ⰽ埴侭炻娚⚳ ㅱ䁢娚忈䔞ḳṢᷳ℞Ṿ䆇㤕⛘⚳ˤ炷䫔 3 枭炸⃀䭉㚱䫔Ḵ枭ᷳ 夷⭂炻斄㕤ᶵ≽䓊⣹䲬ㆾἧ䓐ᶵ≽䓊㪲⇑ᷳ⣹䲬炻ㅱ塓㍐⭂冯 ᶵ≽䓊⛐⛘⚳℟㚨⭮↯忋专ˤ炷䫔 4 枭炸忳復⣹䲬ᶵ⍿䫔Ḵ 枭ᷳ㍐⭂烊忳復⣹䲬ㅱ塓娵䁢冯⣹䲬䶈䳸㗪忳復Ṣ墅屐ㆾ⌠屐 ᷳᷣ䆇㤕⛐⛘⚳炻ㆾ妿忳Ṣᷳᷣ䆇㤕⛐⛘⚳炻℟㚨⭮↯ 䈡㬲ἳ⢾夷⭂炻悥㗗㶟⎰㨇㡘⺷⁛䴙⋨➇⇯㱽夷冯㚨慵天斄忋婒ℑ䧖䎮婾 䘬䓊䈑ˤṾᾹ悥ẩ⚾忼⇘㨇㡘⺷䎮婾䘬䨑⭂⿏冯㚨慵天斄忋婒䘬⻰⿏炻Ṏ 㗗㤝≃性⇵侭䘬㬣䠔⿏炷hard and fast炸冯⼴侭䘬ᶵ⎗枸㷔⿏ˤảỽ⍿ 忶怑⹎㱽⼳妻䶜䘬⚳晃䥩㱽⬠䓇炻悥⎗䚳↢忁㗗ᶨ䧖ᶨね栀䘬伶⣊ˤ㚨 ⎰䎮ˣ㚨⭊奨䘬婒㱽ㅱ㗗炻忁䧖㶟⎰㨇㡘⺷䎮婾䘬⻰⿏䎮婾䘬ἄ㱽炻晾⎗ ᾅ㚱ℑ侭䘬⃒溆炻Ữ冒䃞ᶵ⎗性䘬Ṏ两㈧ℑ侭䘬仢溆ˤṎ⌛忁䧖㫸㳚⺷ 㶟⎰ἄ㱽炻⛐⭋䧙℞⃒溆ᷳ检炻忋ⷞ䘬ḇ㚱⁛䴙㨇㡘⺷⍣➇怠㑯㱽➇䘬㬣 䠔炻⍲㚨慵天斄忋婒䘬ᶵ⎗㋱㐠⿏炷elusive炸ˤ˭炻⍫教昛昮 ᾖˣ姙 ⃮ㄞ ˣ 㜿】䏳炷2007炸炻˪⚳晃䥩㱽烉怠㱽䎮婾ᷳ⚆栏冯⇵䝣˫炻⇅䇰炻枩 169炻 ⎘⊿烉侘䚏⚾㚠℔⎠ˤ
忋专烊╖䦳䦇⁕ㆾ℞Ṿ䚖䘬⛐㕤忳復屐䈑ᷳ⣹䲬ㅱ塓夾䁢忳復 ⣹䲬ˤ炷䫔 5 枭炸劍⣹䲬ᷳ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴䃉㱽㰢⭂炻⇯䫔Ḵ枭ᶵ Ḱ怑䓐炻ᶼ劍⽆忙怕㔜橼䑘⠫奨⮇炻⣹䲬冯⎎ᶨ⚳℟㚜⭮↯忋 专㗪炻⇯䫔Ḵˣᶱˣ⚃枭ᶵḰ怑䓐ˤ˭31 攳⥳炻⣏映㱽䲣⚳晃䥩 31
Article 4烉(1) To the extent that the law applicable to the contract has not been chosen in accordance with article 3, the contract shall be governed by the law of the country with which it is most closely connected. Nevertheless, a severable part of the contract which has a closer connection with another country may by way of exception be governed by the law of that other country.(2) Subject to the provisions of paragraph 5 of this Article, it shall be presumed that the contract is most closely connected with the country where the party who is to effect the performance which is characteristic of the contract has, at the time of conclusion of the contract, his habitual residence, or, in the case of a body corporate or unincorporate, its central administration. However, if the contract is entered into in the course of that party's trade or profession, that country shall be the country in which the principal place of business is situated or, where under the terms of the contract the performance is to be effected through a place of business other than the principal place of business, the country in which that other place of business is situated.(3) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2 of this Article, to the extent that the subject matter of the contract is a right in immovable property or a right to use immovable property it shall be presumed that the contract is most closely connected with the country where the immovable property is situated.(4) A contract for the carriage of goods shall not be subject to the presumption in paragraph 2. In such a contract if the country in which, at the time the contract is concluded, the carrier has his principal place of business is also the country in which the place of loading or the place of discharge or
㱽斄㕤⣹䲬⭊奨㸾㒂㱽ᷳ夷⭂炻⸦䘮㍉ˬ㚨慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ䎮婾˭ 冯ˬ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴䎮婾˭䳸⎰忳䓐ᷳ㕡⺷炻媠⤪ 1986 ⸜ˬ⽟⚳㮹 㱽㕥埴㱽˭䫔 28 㡅ˣ1989ˬ䐆⢓⚳晃䥩㱽˭䫔 117 㡅ˣ1992 ⸜ˬ伭楔⯤Ṇ⚳晃䥩㱽˭䫔 77~78 㡅ˣ1995 ⸜ˬ佑⣏⇑⚳晃䥩 㱽˭䫔 57 㡅炷怑䓐ˬ伭楔℔䲬˭䫔 4 㡅炸ˣ2001 ⸜ˬ杻⚳⚳ 晃䥩㱽˭䫔 26 㡅ˣ2002 ⸜ˬὬ伭㕗㮹㱽䫔ℕ䶐⚳晃䥩㱽˭䫔 1211㡅䫔 1~2 枭ˣ2004 ⸜ˬ㭼⇑㗪⚳晃䥩㱽˭䫔 98 㡅䫔 1 枭 炷怑䓐ˬ伭楔℔䲬˭䫔 4 㡅炸ˣ2006 ⸜ˬ㖍㛔斄㕤㱽⼳怑䓐ᷳ 忂⇯㱽˭䫔 8 㡅ˣ2007 ⸜ˬ⛇俛℞斄㕤⚳晃䥩㱽冯⚳晃㮹ḳ姜 姇䦳⸷㱽ᷳ㱽Ẍ˭䫔 24 㡅䫔 4 枭䫱ˤ 2010 ⸜㕘㱽晾㕤䫔 20 㡅䫔 2 枭㓡㍉ˬ㚨慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ䎮 婾˭ᷳ⻰⿏䡢⭂⺷炻Ữ䵲㍍叿㕤䫔 3 枭夷⭂烉ˬ㱽⼳埴䁢䓇 ᷳ⁝⊁ᷕ㚱嵛䁢娚㱽⼳埴䁢ᷳ䈡⽝侭炻屈㑼娚⁝⊁ᷳ䔞ḳṢ埴 䁢㗪ᷳỷ⛘㱽炻㍐⭂䁢斄Ὢ㚨↯ᷳ㱽⼳ˤỮ⯙ᶵ≽䓊䁢ᷳ
the principal place of business of the consignor is situated, it shall be presumed that the contract is most closely connected with that country. In applying this paragraph single voyage charter-parties and other contracts the main purpose of which is the carriage of goods shall be treated as contracts for the carriage of goods.(5) Paragraph 2 shall not apply if the characteristic performance cannot be determined, and the presumptions in paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 shall be disregarded if it appears from the circumstances as a whole that the contract is more closely connected with another country.
㱽⼳埴䁢炻℞⛐⛘㱽㍐⭂䁢斄Ὢ㚨↯ᷳ㱽⼳ˤ˭ẍˬ䈡⽝⿏ Ⰽ埴䎮婾˭ἄ䁢⇌㕟冯⣹䲬斄Ὢ㚨↯ᷳ㧁㸾炻䫔 2 枭⍲䫔 3 枭 ㍉⍾ˬ㚨慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ䎮婾˭冯ˬ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴䎮婾˭䳸⎰忳 䓐ᷳ䩳㱽㕡⺷炻䫎⎰⣏映㱽䲣⚳晃䥩㱽ᷳ䩳㱽㼖㳩炻侴䓙䩳㱽 䎮䓙妨 32 炻⎗䞍䫔 3 枭ᷳ㍉埴ˬ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴䎮婾˭炻⬴ℐὪ 䁢ℤ栏㱽⼳怑䓐䡢⭂⿏ˣ㱽⼳怑䓐䯉㖻⿏冯㱽⼳怑䓐枸㷔⎗傥 ⿏炻ὅ㬌炻⣹䲬⭊奨㸾㒂㱽ὅ䫔Ḵ枭ᷳ⻰⿏䡢⭂⺷䡢⭂炻䓙㱽 ⭀ὅᾳ㟰⮳㈦↢ỽ侭冯䲣䇕⣹䲬ẍ⍲䔞ḳṢ℟㚱㚨慵天䈥忋斄 Ὢ᷎ẍ娚忋专⚈䳈忋专⛘➇ᷳ㱽⼳ἄ䁢⣹䲬⭊奨㸾㒂㱽炻侴 㱽⭀⇯⽑ὅ䫔ᶱ枭㍐⭂⣹䲬⁝⊁ᷕ嵛䁢娚⣹䲬䈡⽝ᷳ⣹䲬⁝⊁ 冯䲣䇕⣹䲬ẍ⍲䔞ḳṢ℟㚱㚨慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ炻᷎ẍ屈㑼娚⣹䲬 䈡 ⽝ ᷳ ⣹ 䲬 ⁝ ⊁ ᷳ 䔞 ḳ Ṣ 埴 䁢 㗪 ᷳ ỷ ⛘ 㱽 䁢 ⣹ 䲬 ⭊ 奨 㸾 㒂 㱽炻䫔ᶱ枭㍉㑯ˬ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴䎮婾˭㍸⋯㱽⼳怑䓐ᷳ⎗枸㷔 ⿏炻㬌嬲朑婈Ⱄ⥍怑ˤ 32 䩳㱽䎮䓙媪烉ˬ⚃ˣ㛔㡅䫔Ḵ枭斄Ὢ㚨↯ᷳ㱽⼳ᷳ娵⭂炻⎬⚳㱽昊ⷠ㚱㻓 䃉㧁㸾ᷳ⚘㒦炻䁢ℤ栏䔞ḳṢ⮵㕤℞㸾㒂㱽ᷳ枸㷔⎗傥⿏ˤ䇘⍫侫ᶨḅℓ ˕⸜㫸㳚ℙ⎴橼⣹䲬ᷳ⁝㸾㒂㱽℔䲬炷⌛伭楔℔䲬炸䫔⚃㡅ᷳ䱦䤆炻夷⭂ 㱽⼳埴䁢䓇ᷳ⁝⊁ᷕ㚱嵛䁢娚㱽⼳埴䁢ᷳ䈡⽝侭炻屈㑼娚⁝⊁ᷳ䔞ḳṢ 埴䁢㗪ᷳỷ⛘㱽炻㍐⭂䁢斄Ὢ㚨↯ᷳ㱽⼳˭炻㛔枭夷⭂Ὢᾖ㬋 1953 ⸜冲 㱽䫔 6 㡅䫔 2ˣ3 枭ᷳ夷⭂炻怑䓐㕤䔞ḳṢ㛒䲬⭂⣹䲬㸾㒂㱽㗪㴱⢾⣹䲬 ᷳ㱽⼳怑䓐ˤ
⡪ҷ嬞䐈ㅄㆶⷴ姛㝈⃞㏏⢿㹤䉉䐈ㅄㆶⷴ姛⢿㹤
⤪⇵徘炻ˬ㚨慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ䎮婾˭冯ˬ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴䎮婾˭ ᷳ䳸⎰忳䓐炻ἧ⣏映㱽䲣⚳晃䥩㱽⼿崭僓攟ᷭẍἮ塓Ṣ娔 䕭䠔⿏䡢⭂⺷ᷳ⣙ᷳ℟橼⥍䔞冯ˬ堅䨩㬋佑˭炻Ṏ傥ℤ栏㱽⼳ 怑䓐䡢⭂⿏ˣ㱽⼳怑䓐䯉㖻⿏冯㱽⼳怑䓐枸㷔⎗傥⿏炻㓭䁢⊭ ㊔ㆹ⚳ 2010 ⸜㕘㱽⛐ℏᷳ媠⣂⚳晃䥩㱽㍉埴ˤẍˬ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ 埴䎮婾˭⇌㕟冯⣹䲬攻ᷳ㚨慵天ˣ㚨⭮↯䈥忋斄Ὢ炻℟㚱怷廗 ᶲᷳ⎰䎮⿏炻味⣹䲬⁝⊁Ⰽ埴ᶲᷳ䈡⽝炻Ὢ⋨⇍ᶵ⎴㴱⢾⣹䲬 栆✳ᷳ➢㸾炻㬌䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴佑⊁ᷫ䁢⣹䲬㚨慵天ᷳ⁝⊁炻䁢⣹ 䲬䴻㾇ᶲ⍲䣦㚫ᶲ㚨㛔岒ᷳ佑⊁炻㓭⎗娵䁢Ⰽ埴㬌䈡⽝⿏⣹䲬 ⁝⊁ᷳ⛘➇冯⣹䲬攻℟㚱㚨慵天ˣ㚨⭮↯䈥忋斄Ὢ炻⽆侴ẍ䈡 ⽝⿏Ⰽ埴⛘ᷳ㱽⼳ἄ䁢⣹䲬⭊奨㸾㒂㱽炻⟒娵⭂䁢冯⣹䲬攻℟ 㚱㚨慵天ˣ㚨⭮↯䈥忋斄Ὢᷳ㱽⼳炻㬌冯ˬ㚨慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ䎮 婾˭䚠䫎ˤ侴䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴⛘ᷫ㗗⣹䲬䴻㾇ᶲ⍲䣦㚫ᶲ㚨㛔岒ᷳ 佑⊁塓Ⰽ埴ᷳ⛘溆炻㓭䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴⛘ᷳ娵⭂⮎䁢ˬ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴 䎮婾˭ᷳ㟠⽫炻Schnitzer ᷣ⻝䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴⛘䁢䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴㕡塓 岎Ḱ佑⊁ᷳˬ⁝⊁⛘˭炷Schuldort炸炻Ữ⚈ˬ⁝⊁⛘˭ᷳ婒䎮 䦳⸷墯暄ᶼᶵ㖻娵⭂炻㓭 Vischer ≈ẍᾖ㬋炻⮯䈡⽝⿏⣹䲬⁝⊁ 䚜㍍冯䁢䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴㕡ᷳ䆇㤕⛘炷⓮㤕Ṍ㖻炸ㆾㄋⷠ⯭⛘炷朆⓮㤕Ṍ㖻炸忋䳸炻侴䴙ᶨ堅䨩㱽⇯⚳晃℔䲬冯⣏映㱽䲣⚳晃䥩 㱽⌛㍉ Vischer ᷳ夳炻⮵⣹䲬⭊奨㸾㒂㱽炷冯⣹䲬攻℟㚱㚨慵 天ˣ㚨⭮↯䈥忋斄Ὢᷳ㱽⼳炸ᷳ娵⭂炻ᷣ天Ὢẍ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴㕡 ᷳ䆇㤕⛘㱽ㆾㄋⷠ⯭⛘㱽ˤSchnitzer ⮵ˬ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴䎮婾˭ ᷳ 夳 䁢 ˬ 䈡 ⽝ ⿏ ⁝ ⊁ 䘬 ⇌ 㕟 ɦ ⁝ ⊁ ⛘ 䘬 ⇌ 㕟 ɦ ⁝ ⊁ ⛘ 㱽 ˭ 炻 Vischer ⇯ᾖ㬋䁢ˬ䈡⽝⿏⁝⊁ᷳ⇌㕟ɦ䈡⽝⿏⁝⊁ᶨ㕡䆇㤕⛘ 㱽ㆾㄋⷠ⯭⛘㱽˭炻Vischer ᷳᾖ㬋ᷳẍ䁢䴙ᶨ堅䨩㱽⇯⚳ 晃℔䲬冯⣏映㱽䲣⚳晃䥩㱽㍍⍿侴䓙䐆⢓ᶨ⚳ᷳ⚳晃䥩㱽䎮 婾帵ᶲ⚳晃准⎘炻昌Ḯˬ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴䎮婾˭⎗⠓墄ˬ㚨慵天䈥 忋斄Ὢ䎮婾˭㫈仢㱽⼳怑䓐䡢⭂⿏ˣ㱽⼳怑䓐䯉㖻⿏冯㱽⼳ 怑䓐枸㷔⎗傥⿏ᷳᶵ嵛⢾炻䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴㕡䆇㤕⛘ㆾㄋⷠ⯭⛘ ℟橼ᶼ娵⭂䯉㖻炻Ṏ䁢慵天䎮䓙ˤ 2010 ⸜㕘㱽晾㕤䫔 20 㡅䫔 3 枭㍉㑯ˬ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴䎮婾˭ ἄ䁢䫔 2 枭ˬ㚨慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ䎮婾˭⻰⿏䡢⭂⺷ᷳ庼≑炻Ữ℞ 夷⭂侭ᷫ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴㕡ᷳỷ⛘炻㬌冯 Vischer 䆇㤕⛘ㆾㄋⷠ ⯭⛘ᷳ夳㚱ṃ姙↢ℍˤ㊱䫔 20 㡅䫔 3 枭ᷳẍ夷⭂ỷ ⛘炻ㅱ冯 2010 ⸜㕘㱽㛒⮯ㄋⷠ⯭⛘㍉㑯䁢忋专⚈䳈㚱斄炻侴 2010 ⸜㕘㱽⇯㚱㍉㑯ỷ⛘䁢忋专⚈䳈炻㓭㕤䫔 20 㡅䫔 3 枭 夷⭂冯ㄋⷠ⯭⛘㤪⾝庫役ᷳỷ⛘ˤ㊱ỷ⛘冯ㄋⷠ⯭⛘ 䘮嵛尉⽝䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴㕡Ṣᷳ䣦㚫ˣ䴻㾇ˣ㔯⊾倗专ᷕ⽫炻Ữ⯙
⭮↯斄倗⿏妨炻ㄋⷠ⯭⛘庫ỷ⛘㚜⊅ᶨ䯴炻㓭 Vischer ㍉ㄋ ⷠ⯭⛘侴ᶵ㍉ỷ⛘ˤ侴 2010 ⸜㕘㱽⇯⮯ˬ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴䎮婾˭ ᷕ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴㕡ᷳㄋⷠ⯭⛘夷⭂䁢ỷ⛘炻㬌冯ˬ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ 埴䎮婾˭冯两⍿ˬ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴䎮婾˭ᷳ䴙ᶨ堅䨩㱽⇯⚳晃℔䲬 ⍲⣏映㱽䲣⚳晃䥩㱽ᷳ䚠斄夷⭂炻䦵㚱㛒⎰ˤ
‣ҷ㢹嬞㼗幊⫠亓╙⑭⑤⫠亓Ὶ䐈⏖
⣹䲬ᷣ奨㸾㒂㱽ὅˬ䔞ḳṢシ⿅冒ᷣ⍇⇯˭≈ᶲ⣹䲬⭊奨 㸾㒂㱽䳸⎰忳䓐ˬ㚨慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ䎮婾˭冯ˬ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴䎮婾˭炻 ᷫ㘂役⣏映㱽䲣⚳晃䥩㱽斄㕤㴱⢾⣹䲬㱽⼳怑䓐ᷳ䩳㱽嵐⊊ˤ ょ炻㕤⣹䲬䔞ḳṢᶨ㕡䁢⻙⊊侭⎎ᶨ㕡䁢⻟⊊侭ᷳ⣹䲬栆✳炻 ⻟⊊侭䁢㯪㕡ὧ䶈䲬⍲⭡㖻嗽䎮᷎㍏⇞Ṍ㖻ḳ⊁ᶼ䚉慷ἧ⣹䲬 ℏ⭡∫ᶨ炻ᷫẍ㚠朊㡅㫦ᷳ㕡⺷⮯⣹䲬⭂✳⊾炻⽆侴㕤⻟⊊侭 冯⻙⊊侭攻ᷳ⣹䲬炻⼊ㆸḮẍ⭂✳⊾⣹䲬ᷳ㕡⺷䶈䳸⣹䲬炻⻟ ⊊侭⇑䓐枸⃰墥ἄ⭂✳⊾⣹䲬ᷳ㨇㚫伖ℍ⚈㝸㱽➇⮎橼㱽ᷳ夷 ⭂⮵℞㚱⇑侴ẍ娚㱽➇㱽⼳䁢㸾㒂㱽ᷳˬ㸾㒂㱽㡅㫦˭炻ˬ䔞 ḳṢシ⿅冒ᷣ⍇⇯˭⍵侴ㆸ䁢⡻従⻙⊊侭ᷳⶍ℟烊⍰ˬ䈡⽝⿏ Ⰽ埴䎮婾˭ᷣ⻝朆ẍ慹拊䴎Ẁ䁢䴎Ẁ佑⊁ℏ⭡ᷳᶨ㕡Ὢ⍿⇘⣹ 䲬Ṿ㕡㍏⇞㗪炷ἳ⤪⊆≽ɬₙ⁕⣹䲬炸ẍṾ㕡䁢䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴㕡 炷景ᷣɬₙ䓐Ṣ炸ˣ⣹䲬暁㕡䔞ḳṢ⛯ẍ慹拊䴎Ẁ䁢䴎Ẁ佑⊁ℏ⭡㗪炷ἳ⤪慹拊ῇ屠⣹䲬ㆾᾅ晒⣹䲬炸㈧㑼庫⣏桐晒ᷳᶨ㕡 䁢䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴㕡炷戨埴ㆾᾅ晒℔⎠炸ˣ㕤㧁㸾㟤⺷⣹䲬冯旬⎰ ⣹䲬勱㒔⣹䲬ᷳᶨ㕡䁢䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴㕡炻⤪㬌ᷣ⻝䃉䔹㚱⇑㕤⻟ ⊊侭ᷳₙ䓐Ṣˣ戨埴ˣᾅ晒℔⎠䫱炻⍵星⊆ⶍɬ⍿ₙṢˣ㴰屣 侭ˣ塓ᾅ晒Ṣ䫱⻙⊊侭㕤ᶵ⇑炻晾䃞⻟⊊侭ᷳ⊆ⶍɬₙ䓐Ṣˣ 戨埴ˣᾅ晒℔⎠䘬䆇㤕⛘㱽ㆾㄋⷠ⯭⛘㱽⮵⻙⊊侭ᷳᾅ晄ᶵ 夳⼿ᶵ␐⇘炻Ữ䆇㤕⛘ㆾㄋⷠ⯭⛘䁢⻟⊊侭冒姕⭂炻㬌 䃉䔘㕤⣹䲬⭊奨㸾㒂㱽ᷳ怠㑯㑵ᷳ㕤⻟⊊侭炻ˬ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴䎮 婾˭⍵星⻙⊊侭㕤ᶵ⇑ 33 ˤ⮵㬌炻⚳晃䥩㱽㕤㘂役⼊ㆸḮˬᾅ 33 ⮵㕤ˬ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴䎮婾˭ᷳ㬌ᶨ仢⣙炻ㆹ⚳⬠侭昛昮ᾖ㔁㌰㚱䱦斊ᷳ婾徘炻 ℞媪烉ˬCheshire and North ⼰㶭㤂䘬↿冱忁ᾳ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴ᷳ⓷柴⤪ᶳˤ䫔
1㚱ṃ⣹䲬᷎ᶵ⎰怑忁ᾳ㤪⾝炻ἳ⤪ẍ屐㖻屐ᷳ⣹䲬⍲㚱斄㘢ㄏ屉䓊㪲ἧ 䓐ᷳ墯㔠⣹䲬ˤ㬌㗪⽭枰ὅ℔䲬 4炷5炸㡅⍲夷⇯ 4炷4炸㡅䃉㱽㍐⭂㗪ὅ 㚨慵天斄忋嗽䎮ˤ䫔 2 Ẁ㫦埴䁢晾㗗姙⣂⣹䲬䘬ℙ⎴溆⚈侴ᶵ㗗䈡刚炻Ữ 㗗 㕤 岒 ㉤ ˣ ↮ 㛇 Ẁ 㫦 屟 岋 ˣ ⍲ 怬 屐 㫦 䫱 ⣹ 䲬 ᷕ ṵ 㚱 ⎗ 傥 㗗 ⣹ 䲬 ᷳ ᷣ 天 溆ˤ⚈䁢妋慳⟙⏲⎒㗗婒ˬ忂ⷠ˭炻㓭ㆾ姙Ẁ㫦Ṏ㕤㬌ṃἳ⢾ね⼊⎗傥㥳 ㆸ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴ˤ䫔 3 㕤屟岋⣹䲬ᷕ℞`⭂岋㕡ᷳⰍ埴庫䁢墯暄炻Ữ㕤⣏悐 ↮ね⼊ᷕ屟㕡ᷳⰍ埴Ṏᶵㅱ塓⾥䔍ˤ䫔 4ˬ㕤㚱斄䴻㾇傥≃炻⣏ẩ㤕炻⤪ 䓊⑩墥忈⓮ˣ㍸ὃ㚵⊁ᷳᶨ㕡炷⤪戨埴⍲ᾅ晒℔⎠炸ˣ⍲⮰㤕Ṣ⢓炻㗗㭼 ⎗傥䁢䴻㾇⻙⊊ᷳṾ㕡侴⍿⇘庫䁢㚱ᷳ⮵⼭ˤ侴℔䲬㗗朆ⷠ斄⽫⻙⊊ᷳᶨ 㕡ẍ农⮵⍿ₙṢ⍲㴰屣侭㚱叿䈡⇍䘬夷⭂炻℞ᷳ㍉⍾㚱⇑墥忈⓮ᷳ䩳⟜㗗 ⼰⣯⿒䘬ˤ˭ˬ㨇㡘⺷䘬䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴晾䃞ẍ㚨慵天斄忋 䁢℞嬎⮇㡅㫦炷℔ 䲬 4炷5炸㡅夷⇯ 4炷3炸㡅炸炻Ữℑ侭㗗⋨➇⿏怠㑯㱽夷炻䘮ⷞ㚱⾥夾⮎橼 㱽㓧䫾䘬⣑䓇⍇伒炻ᶵ夳⼿傥ᾅ晄ᾳ㟰㬋佑ˤ⯌℞䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴⸦᷶㗗ᾳṢ ⮹ 夳 䘬 ῷ 枿 ⿏ 㱽 ⇯ —⌛ ἧ 㕤 ⁛ 䴙 䘬 ⋨ ➇ 怠 㱽 夷 ⇯ ᾳ Ṣ Ṏ ⼰ ⮹ 夳 ⇘ ⤪ ⊿ ῷ
嬟⍇⇯˭炻㕤㴱⢾⣹䲬ᷳ㱽⼳怑䓐㍉埴ˬ℟⮎橼㱽䚖䘬ᷳ暁朊 堅䨩㱽⇯˭炷劙㔯烉result-oriented conflicts rules烊㱽㔯烉règles de conflit coloration matérielle炸ᷳ䩳㱽㕡⺷炻⮯ᾅ嬟⻙⊊㴰屣 侭ˣ⊆ⶍɬ⍿ₙṢᷳ⮎橼䚖䘬ˬ圵ℍ˭堅䨩㱽⇯炻ẍ䌚农ᾅ嬟 ⻙⊊⣹䲬䔞ḳṢᷳˬ⮎橼㬋佑˭ˤḇ⚈㬌炻冒ˬ伭楔℔䲬˭攳 ⥳炻昌Ḯ⣹䲬ᷣ奨㸾㒂㱽ὅˬ䔞ḳṢシ⿅冒ᷣ⍇⇯˭≈ᶲ⣹䲬 ⭊奨㸾㒂㱽䳸⎰忳䓐ˬ㚨慵天䈥忋斄Ὢ䎮婾˭冯ˬ䈡⽝⿏Ⰽ埴 䎮婾˭ᷳ㴱⢾⣹䲬㱽⼳怑䓐忂⇯⢾炻⣏映㱽䲣⚳晃䥩㱽㕤⣹䲬 䔞ḳṢᶨ㕡䁢⻙⊊侭⎎ᶨ㕡䁢⻟⊊侭ᷳ⣹䲬栆✳炻媠⤪㴰屣⣹ 䲬冯⊆≽ɬₙ⁕⣹䲬炻㍉埴ˬ℟⮎橼㱽䚖䘬ᷳ暁朊堅䨩㱽⇯˭ ᷳ䩳㱽㕡⺷⎎埴夷⭂䈡⇯炻ẍ旸⇞䓂军㌺昌忂⇯ᷳ怑䓐ˤ ẍ㴰屣⣹䲬侴妨炻ˬ伭楔℔䲬˭䫔 5 㡅烉ˬ炷䫔 1 枭炸㍸ ὃ⓮⑩ㆾ㚵⊁Ḱ㝸Ṣ炷㴰屣侭炸ᷳ⣹䲬炻侴㬌⓮⑩ㆾ㚵⊁Ὢ朆 ὃ㕤䆇㤕ㆾ借㤕ᷳ䓐徼炻ㆾ㍸ὃ圵屯ᷳ⣹䲬炻ὅ㛔㡅ᷳ夷⭂ˤ 炷䫔 2 枭炸晾㚱䫔ᶱ㡅ᷳ夷⭂炻⣹䲬暁㕡䔞ḳṢ䁢ᷳ㱽⼳怠 㑯炻㕤㴰屣侭ᷳㄋⷠ⯭⛘⚳㚱ᶳ↿ね⼊侭炻ᶵ⼿∅⤒℞ㄋⷠ ⯭⛘⚳ᷳ⻟⇞夷⭂⮵㴰屣侭ᷳᾅ嬟烉䚠⮵Ṣ㕤䶈䳸⣹䲬⇵炻 㚦㕤娚⚳⮵℞䘤↢䈡⭂ᷳ怨婳ㆾ↲䘣⺋⏲炻᷎⛐娚⚳䁢䶈䳸 堺䓇䓊侭ˣ戨埴ˣᾅ晒℔⎠ˣ⍲℞Ṿ⻟⊊ᷳᶨ㕡ˤ˭炻⍫教昛昮ᾖ炻⎴⇵ 姣 25炻枩 323-325ˤ
⣹䲬㍉⍾ᶨ↯⽭天ᷳ㍒㕥侭烊ㆾ䚠⮵Ṣㆾ℞ẋ䎮Ṣ⛐娚⚳㍍ ⍿㴰屣侭ᷳ妪╖侭烊ㆾ ⣹䲬Ὢ斄㕤屐䈑扟ⓖ㗪炻侴㴰屣侭Ὢ䓙 娚⚳军⎎ᶨ⚳᷎⛐娚⎎ᶨ⚳復↢℞妪╖侭炻Ữẍ㴰屣侭㬌枭㕭 䦳㗗䓙岋㕡䁢⏠⺽㴰屣侭岤屟屐䈑ᷳ䚖䘬侴⬱㌺侭䁢旸ˤ炷䫔 3 枭炸晾㚱䫔⚃㡅ᷳ夷⭂炻䔞ḳṢ㛒ὅ䫔ᶱ㡅怠㑯㱽⼳㗪炻⣹ 䲬䫎⎰㛔㡅䫔Ḵ枭夷⭂ᷳね⼊侭炻ㅱ怑䓐㴰屣侭㚱ㄋⷠ⯭ ᷳ⚳⭞ᷳ㱽⼳ˤ炷䫔 4 枭炸㛔㡅ᶵ怑䓐㕤烉ᶨˣ忳復⣹䲬烊Ḵˣ ⮰䁢㴰屣侭ㄋⷠ⯭⛘⚳ẍ⢾⚳⭞ᷳ㴰屣侭㍸ὃ㚵⊁ᷳ⣹䲬ˤ 炷䫔 5 枭炸晾㚱䫔⚃㫦ᷳ夷⭂炻㛔㡅ㅱ怑䓐㕤䷥₡㟤⊭⏓㍸ὃ 㕭埴冯兛⭧ᷳ⣹䲬ˤ˭34 炷ˬ伭楔夷⇯ɚ˭䫔 6 㡅炸ˣ1986 ⸜ 34
Article 6烉(1) This Article applies to a contract the object of which is the supply of goods or services to a person (“the consumer”) for a purpose which can be regarded as being outside his trade or profession, or a contract for the provision of credit for that object. (2) Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 3, a choice of law made by the parties shall not have the result of depriving the consumer of the protection afforded to him by the mandatory rules of the law of the country in which he has his habitual residence: - if in that country the conclusion of the contract was preceded by a specific invitation addressed to him or by advertising, and he had taken in that country all the steps necessary on his part for the conclusion of the contract, or - if the other party or his agent received the consumer’s order in that country, or - if the contract is for the sale of goods and the consumer travelled from that country to another country and there gave his order, provided that the consumer ’s journey was arranged by the seller for the purpose of inducing
