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104第二學期考試題目、解答

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北區高中學生數學與科學跨領域研究人才培育計畫 一○四學年 下學期 招生甄試考題 考試時間:一○五年3月6日, 13:30 – 16:30,計三小時 本試題共五題,兩頁 試題若有疑問, 請於考試開始後的三十分鐘內, 舉手提交 「提問單」詢問;之後不再接受詢 問。 A4 白紙為答案紙與計算紙, 考試結束請將答案排序, 然後提問單與計算紙排在最後 面,再由監考人員裝訂。 答案限用黑色或藍色筆書寫, 僅作圖可使用鉛筆, 不得使用修正液 (帶),不得使用電子計算器。 每題七分,答題的“推演過程”為評分的依據。 1. 在凸四邊形ABCD中,點M, N 落在邊AB上,使得 AM = M N = N B, 且點P, Q落在邊CD上,使得 CP = P Q = QD. 試證: M N P Q的面積= 1 3(ABCD的面積).

In the convex quadrilaterial ABCD, ponits M, N lie on the side AB such that

AM = M N = N B,

and points P, Q lie on the side CD such that

CP = P Q = QD.

Prove that

Area of M N P Q = 1

3(Area of ABCD).

2. 令m與n為正整數使得5m + n能整除5n + m.試證: m能整除n.

Let m and n be positive integers such that 5m + n is a divisor of 5n + m. Prove that m is a divisor of n.

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3. 你的手上有一張卡片標號12.你可以依照下面的規則增加自己蒐集的卡片:

r1. 如果你有卡片標號a,則你可以製造一張新卡片標號為2a + 1.

r2. 如果你有卡片標號b而b是3的倍數,則你可以製造一張新卡片標號為b/3.

(a) 證明你可以擁有卡片標號29.

(b) 證明你可以擁有卡片標號22016− 1.

You have a single card with the number 12 on it. You are allowed to add new cards to your collection according to the following rules.

r1. If you have a card with the number a on it, then you are allowed to make a new card with the number 2a + 1 on it.

r2. If you have a card with the number b on it such that b is divisible by 3, then you are allowed to make a new card with the number b/3 on it.

(a) Show that you can make a card with the number 29 on it. (b) Show that you can make a card with the number 22016− 1 on it.

4. 對任意的正實數a, b, c,試證:

(a2+ b2)2 ≥ (a + b + c)(a + b − c)(b + c − a)(c + a − b).

For positive real numbers a, b and c, prove that

(a2+ b2)2 ≥ (a + b + c)(a + b − c)(b + c − a)(c + a − b).

5. 試求所有整數函數f : Z → Z,使得

對所有的m, n ∈ Z, f m − n + f (n) = f (m) + f (n) 成立。

Find all integer funcion f : Z → Z such that

f m − n + f (n) = f (m) + f (n) for all m, n ∈ Z.

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一○四學年 北區高中學生數學與科學跨領域研究人才培育計畫 下學期 招生甄試考題 參考解答 一○五年3月6日 1. 在凸四邊形ABCD中,點M, N 落在邊AB上,使得 AM = M N = N B, 且點P, Q落在邊CD上,使得 CP = P Q = QD. 試證: M N P Q的面積= 1 3(ABCD的面積).

In the convex quadrilaterial ABCD, ponits M, N lie on the side AB such that AM = M N = N B,

and points P, Q lie on the side CD such that CP = P Q = QD. Prove that Area of M N P Q = 1 3(Area of ABCD). 解: 首先證明: M N P Q的面積= AM CP 的面積. (1) 連線M P ,則發現M P Q的面積= M CP 的面積M N P 的面積= AM P 的面積, 因為共同的高與等長的底。 所以(1)正確。 A B C D M N P Q 再來連線AC, 很明顯地AM C的面積 = 12(M BC 的面積)和CP A的面積= 1 2(P DA的面積);然而這四個三角形正好拼成ABCD,所以 AM CP 的面積= 1 3(ABCD的面積). (2) 結合(1)與(2),則證明完畢!

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2. 令m與n為正整數使得5m + n能整除5n + m.試證: m能整除n.

Let m and n be positive integers such that 5m + n is a divisor of 5n + m. Prove that m is a divisor of n. 解: 因為5m + n能整除5n + m,所以存在某個正整數k使得5n + m = k(5m + n);化 簡而得(5k − 1)m = (5 − k)n. 顯然5k − 1所以5 > k,也就只會出現k = 1, 2, 3, 4. ♠ 當k = 1時,則m = n; ♥ 當k = 2時,則3m = n; ♦ 當k = 3時,則5m = n; ♣ 當k = 4時,則19m = n. 證明完畢!

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3. 你的手上有一張卡片標號12.你可以依照下面的規則增加自己蒐集的卡片:

r1. 如果你有卡片標號a,則你可以製造一張新卡片標號為2a + 1.

r2. 如果你有卡片標號b而b是3的倍數,則你可以製造一張新卡片標號為b/3.

(a) 證明你可以擁有卡片標號29.

(b) 證明你可以擁有卡片標號22016− 1.

You have a single card with the number 12 on it. You are allowed to add new cards to your collection according to the following rules.

r1. If you have a card with the number a on it, then you are allowed to make a new card with the number 2a + 1 on it.

r2. If you have a card with the number b on it such that b is divisible by 3, then you are allowed to make a new card with the number b/3 on it.

(a) Show that you can make a card with the number 29 on it. (b) Show that you can make a card with the number 22016− 1 on it.

解: (a): 製造的方法之一是 12 → 4 → 9 → 3 → 7 → 15 → 31 → 63 → 21 → 43 → 87 → 29. 看起來非常難找到,應該正反向操作一塊做,反向就是: 29 ← {87, 14} ← {261, 43, 42} ← {130, 129, 21, 126} (偷懶一下, 大於 300 就暫 時拋棄) ← {64, 63, 10} ← ... (b): 從(a)得知3 = 22 − 1可以出現, 接下來 2n− 1可以製造出 2n+1− 1 = 2(2n− 1) + 1. 所以22016− 1可以出現。

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4. 對任意的正實數a, b, c,試證:

(a2+ b2)2 ≥ (a + b + c)(a + b − c)(b + c − a)(c + a − b).

For positive real numbers a, b and c, prove that

(a2+ b2)2 ≥ (a + b + c)(a + b − c)(b + c − a)(c + a − b). 解: 首先考慮不等式的右邊的四個乘項,若任何一項是零,則不等式成立。 其中a + b + c 恆為正,但是{(a + b − c), (b + c − a), (c + a − b)}只需要考慮三個皆為正或是一正 兩負(否則不等式的右邊是負的);但是兩負是不可能的,例如a + b < c與b + c < a 導致a + 2b + c < a + c導致的b是負的,矛盾! 所以我們有a + b > c, b + c > a, c + a > b,這表示a, b, c可以形成一個三角形 的三邊長(a, b固定長,但是c可以適度改變)。 既然不等式的左右兩邊都是正的,則 等價於證明: (a2+ b2) ≥p(a + b + c)(a + b − c)(b + c − a)(c + a − b) = 4 × 三角形的面積, 後面的等式就是海龍面積公式。 很明顯, 當兩邊長a, b 固定時, 最大的面積發生於它們是互相垂直時, 而最大的 面積就是ab/2.由於a2+ b2 ≥ 2ab ≥ 4 × 三角形的面積,證明完畢!

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5. 試求所有整數函數f : Z → Z,使得

對所有的m, n ∈ Z, f m − n + f (n) = f (m) + f (n) 成立。

Find all integer funcion f : Z → Z such that

f m − n + f (n) = f (m) + f (n) for all m, n ∈ Z. 解: 令m = n則f (f (n)) = 2f (n).小心!這還不表示f (x) = 2x,這只能說f (x) = 2x 當 x ∈ “f 可以形成的值”。 注意: f (m) + f (n) ∈ “f 可以形成的值”, 因為原式 f m − n + f (n) = f (m) + f (n),它是從m − n + f (n)對應過去的。 接著要證明: f (m + n) = f (m) + f (n). 考慮下面的推導 f (f (m) + f (n)) = f (n + f (m)) + f (n) = f (m + n) + f (m) + f (n). 然而f (f (m) + f (n)) = 2(f (m) + f (n)),因為f (m) + f (n) ∈ “f 可以形成的值”. 所以f (m + n) = f (m) + f (n)對於所有m, n成立;這表示f 是整數域的線性數, 或者說f (x) = ax. (若要詳細證明, 先假設f (1) = a, ...) 要符合第一段,則只可能 有a = 0或a = 2,即f (x) = 0或f (x) = 2x。 再帶這兩個函數到入原題,符合!

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