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߈ԃٰᑫଆިύЎǴᏢಞᇟޑѦᝤΓγԖᅌቚуޑᖿ༈ǶҗܭᏢಞҞ ǵᇟقङඳϷঁΓ፦ৡ౦ǴჹܭᅇӷඓඝำࡋޑόӕޔௗቹៜډᇟޑᏢ ಞǴӢԜёஒᅇӷ௲ᏢຎࣁᇟЎ௲ᏢޑεᜢᗖǶ ӧӄШࣚޑᇟق௲ᏢύǴ܌௲ᇟقᆶᅇӷԖᜢ߯ޣԖᅇӷ௲ᏢޑҺ୍Ǵӵύ ୯ǵѠǵВҁǵᗬ୯аϷੇѦӚᅿԄޑᇟ௲ᏢӧՉόӕᜪࠠޑᅇӷ ௲ᏢǶхࡴಃᇟقᅇӷ௲ᏢǴӵύЎǵВᇟǵᗬᇟ҆ᇟ௲ػύޑᅇӷ௲Ꮲǹа ϷჹѦᅇӷ௲ᏢǴӵჹѦᇟǵჹѦВᇟаϷჹѦᗬᇟύޑᅇӷ௲ᏢǶ ӧԜගϐΠǴҁЎӃ൩ޣǴҭջಃᇟقᅇӷ௲ᏢᆶКၨǴයఈჹ ܭಃᇟقϷᇟЎ௲Ꮲ֡Ԗ܌௴วǶ ᜢᗖຒǺᇟ௲Ꮲǵᅇӷ௲Ꮲǵᅇӷ୮/ߚᅇӷ୮ǵӷ௲ػ 点 ⚳䩳⎘⊿㔁做⣏⬠婆㔯冯∝ἄ⬠䲣≑䎮㔁㌰ˤ ⇘䧧㖍㛇烉2013 ⸜ 12 㚰 3 㖍ˤMarch 2014
Chinese Character Teaching for L1 Learners and Its Bearing
on Teaching Chinese to L2 Learners
Ching-lan Chang
ɀɀAbstract
Chinese learning is on the increase in recent years with more foreigners learning the language. It is affected directly by the level of Chinese character comprehension due to the difference of a learner's objectives, language background and individual's personality, therefore, Chinese character teaching plays a key role in teaching Chinese as a second language. Chinese character-based language pedagogy of the world is assigned the task of Chinese character teaching. For instance, teaching Chinese as a first and second language is undergoing various forms of character teaching in China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea and abroad. The pedagogies include Chinese character teaching for L1 learners of native Chinese, Japanese and Koreans and Chinese character teaching for L2 learners of Chinese, Japanese and Korean. Given the premise, this paper intents to investigate and compare Chinese character teaching as a first language in the hope of shedding light on teaching Chinese as a first and second language.
Keywords: teaching Chinese as a second language, Chinese character teaching, the Sinophone world/ non-Sinophone world, literacy education
*Assistant Professor, Department of Language and Creative Writing, National Taipei University of Education.
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役⸜Ἦ冰崟ᶨ偉ᷕ㔯䅙炻⬠佺厗婆䘬⢾䯵Ṣ⢓㚱徸㻠⡆≈䘬嵐⊊ˤ䓙㕤⬠佺䚖 㧁ˣ婆妨側㘗⍲ᾳṢ䈡岒䫱ⶖ䔘炻⮵㕤㻊⫿㌴㎉䦳⹎䘬ᶵ⎴㚫䚜㍍⼙枧⇘厗婆䘬⬠ 佺炻⚈㬌⎗⮯㻊⫿㔁⬠夾䁢厗婆㔯㔁⬠䘬ᶨ⣏斄挝ˤ ỽ媪㻊⫿㔁⬠烎䫮侭娵䁢⛐ℐᶾ䓴䘬婆妨㔁⬠ᷕ炻㔁婆妨冯㻊⫿㚱斄Ὢ侭悥 㚱㻊⫿㔁⬠䘬ả⊁炻⤪ᷕ⚳ˣ⎘䀋ˣ㖍㛔ˣ杻⚳ẍ⍲㴟⢾⎬䧖⼊⺷䘬厗婆㔁⬠䫱悥 ⛐忚埴叿ᶵ⎴栆✳䘬㻊⫿㔁⬠ˤ楔䅽厗(2005)⮯㻊⫿㔁⬠⋨↮䁢ℑ栆炻℞ᶨ䁢䫔ᶨ婆 妨ᷕ䘬㻊⫿㔁⬠炻⊭㊔ᷕ㔯ˣ㖍婆ˣ杻婆䫱㭵婆㔁做ᷕ䘬㻊⫿㔁⬠烊℞Ḵ䁢䫔Ḵ婆 妨ᷕ䘬㻊⫿㔁⬠炻⊭㊔⮵⢾厗婆ˣ⮵⢾㖍婆ẍ⍲⮵⢾杻婆ᷕ䘬㻊⫿㔁⬠䫱ˤ ⛐㬌⇵㍸ᷳᶳ炻㛔㔯⃰⯙⇵侭炻Ṏ⌛䫔ᶨ婆妨ᷕ䘬㻊⫿㔁⬠ ᶨ㍊妶冯㭼庫炻 㛇㛃⣈⮵㕤䫔ᶨ婆妨㻊⫿㔁⬠⍲厗婆㔯㔁⬠㚱┇䘤ˤ ⇵Ṣ斄㕤䫔ᶨ婆妨㻊⫿㔁⬠䞼䨞⎗↮䁢ℑ⣏栆烉ᶨ䁢ᷕ㔯㭵婆⛘⋨ᷳ㻊⫿㔁⬠ˣ Ḵ䁢㻊⫿⚰⚳⭞ᷳ㻊⫿㔁⬠ˤẍᶳ↮徘ᷳˤ 椾⃰炻ᷕ㔯㭵婆⛘⋨ᷳ㻊⫿㔁⬠䚠斄䞼䨞㚱灼 斄㕤㭵婆䪍㻊⫿娵䞍忶䦳䘬䞼䨞炻⤪嵁⃫ả(1980)ˣ⏪⍼㸀(1987)ˣ㚡⿅㓷(2009) 䫱⬠侭⛯㊯↢㭵婆䪍⛐⬠佺㻊⫿⇵ὧ㌴㎉倥婒炻侴倥婒傥≃㗗㭵婆䪍⬠佺㻊 ⫿炷⊭㊔⼊ˣ枛ˣ佑炸䘬➢䢶炻⚈㬌ㆸṢ⎗䁢䪍∝忈㚱シ佑䘬⬠佺䑘⠫炻㟡㒂 䪍䘬⸜漉㔁⮶㻊⫿ˤ 㬌⢾炻怬㚱憅⮵㭵婆䪍㻊⫿傥≃䘤⯽䘬䞼䨞炻㚱冺厗ˣ⬳厗(1993)憅⮵⮷⬠ 䪍⼊㕩シ嬀䘤⯽忚埴Ḯ䚠斄䞼䨞ˤ䦎渿剙(2002)㔜䎮↢⽆㻊⫿⫿⼊ˣ⫿枛冯⫿佑 䘬䚠斄䞼䨞炻娵䁢䪍䘬㻊⫿⬠佺冯䫾䔍晐叿⸜漉⡆攟侴徸㻠⼊ㆸˤ㛶⧇䫱Ṣ(2000) ⍲䔊泣䅽ˣ佩㖕⇅(2007)⮵⮷⬠䪍㻊⫿教嬨䈡溆䘬䞼䨞ᷕ⛯娵䁢㬋⫿㱽シ嬀㚫晐叿 ⸜漉侴⡆攟ˤ⭋ⲯㄏ(2007)䞼䨞⚳⮷Ḵ⸜䳂⬠䪍⛐⼊倚⫿䘬⬠佺ᶲ炻倚㕩㍸䣢⍲㔜⫿ ㍸䣢⛯⎗⛐䓊䓇㬋朊䘬㓰㝄ˤ䃞侴娚䞼䨞⣂普ᷕ㕤夷⇯⫿䘬⬠佺ᶲˤ ⛐㭵婆䪍嬀⫿慷ˣ⮓⫿慷⍲㔁⬠㕡⺷㕡朊⇯㚱ỽᶱ㛔(1994)娛䚉㭼庫ℑⱠ⚳⮷ 䪍㻊⫿㔁⬠䘬ⶖ䔘炻娵䁢ᷕ⚳⮵嬀⫿慷冯⮓⫿慷⛯㚱㖶䡢㔠慷夷⭂炻⎘䀋⇯䃉ˤ 㔯᷎ᷕ㊯↢ᷕ⚳㻊⫿㔁⬠㕡⺷椾慵䫮枮⍲悐椾炻⾥䔍㻊⫿㔜橼䘬㝞㥳⍲忈⫿㱽烊⎘ 䀋⇯慵夾䫮䔓⍲䫮枮炻Ṏ仢᷷㻊⫿䳸㥳䘬㔜橼娵嬀炻⚈㬌拗⫿庫⣂ˤ᷎㍸↢ㅱ⽆㔯 ⫿⬠崘⎹⮎䓐䘬㻊⫿ㅱ䓐⽫䎮⬠ˤỮ娚㔯⸜ẋᷫ憅⮵冲㔁㛸⽆ḳ↮㜸炻冯䎦Ṳ䘬婚 䦳⣏䵙㚱ᶵ⎴炻⎘䀋䔞⇵ḅ⸜ᶨ屓婚䦳䵙天㖶⭂嬀⫿慷冯⮓⫿慷ˤ庫㕘䘬屯㕁 ⇯㚱劫⭞䏨(2011)↮㜸⎘䀋⛘⋨⚳⮷⬠䪍㻊⫿㔁㛸ᷕ䘬嬀⫿慷冯⮓⫿慷䘬天㯪ˣ䶜佺 冯㔁㛸⏰䎦㕡⺷炻᷎⮵㔁㛸䶐廗侭冯㔁⬠侭㍸↢℟橼䘬⺢嬘ˤẍᶲ⛯栗䣢↢ℑⱠ⮵ 㕤㭵婆⬠䪍䘬℟橼天㯪䁢嬀⫿慷⣏㕤⮓⫿慷ˤ ⛐㻊⫿㔁⬠㱽㕡朊炻ᷕ⚳⬠侭㇜㰅㼃䫱Ṣ(2011)⛐˪㻊⫿㔁冯⬠˫ᷕ⮯ᷕ⚳⣏映 ⬠䪍䘬嬀⫿㔁⬠ Ḯ娛䚉䘬㍊妶炻↮䁢㻊⫿䈡⽝ˣ⽫䎮䈡⽝⍲㈨埻䈡⽝ᶱ⣏栆炻ℙ 23䧖㔁⬠㱽ˤ⎘䀋⬠侭傉㯠ⲯ(2002)ḇ↮㜸Ḯ⎘䀋䘬㻊⫿㔁⬠㱽炻ℙ↮䁢 14 栆ˤ ℞㫉炻㻊⫿⚰⚳⭞ᷳ㻊⫿㔁⬠䚠斄䞼䨞㚱烉 ⛐㻊⫿㔁做䎦㱩↮㜸㕡朊㚱烉⻝慹嗕(2013)㍊妶㖍㛔ˣ杻⚳㻊⫿㔁做⓷柴炻䳸㝄 䘤䎦㖍㛔⽆⮷⬠ᶨ⸜䳂崟ℐ朊忚埴㻊⫿㔁做炻杻⚳⇯⽆ᷕ⬠ᶨ⸜䳂攳⥳ˤ㬌⢾炻㖍 㛔㔯悐䚩妪⭂˪ⷠ䓐㻊⫿堐˫ℙ1945ᾳ䓐Ἦ堐忼㱽濶ˣ℔㔯ˣ⟙䳁ˣ暄娴ˣ⺋㑕⍲ ᶨ凔㖍ⷠ䓇㳣䓐婆ᷕ䘬㧁㸾ⷠ䓐㻊⫿炻᷎⮵㕤⮷⬠⬠䪍⬠佺㻊⫿㔠㚱㖶䡢䘬夷⭂ˤ ⛐˪ⷠ䓐㻊⫿堐˫1945ᾳⷠ䓐㻊⫿⢾徥≈196⫿䁢⮷⬠ˣᷕ⬠⬠䪍ㅱ⬠佺䘬㻊⫿⫿㔠ˤ㬌⢾炻ℐ楁嗕(2000)⽆㬟⎚㺼忚崟㍊妶杻⚳㻊⫿㔁做䎦㱩炻妶婾杻⚳⚳ℏ⮵㕤㻊 ⫿㔁做↮ㆸ㻊⫿㔁做冯杻㔯⮰䓐ℑ䧖䇕婾炻᷎㊯↢㻊⫿㔁做䁢枮ㅱ⚳晃㼖㳩䘬嵐⊊ˤ ⛐⇅ᷕˣ檀ᷕ⬠㟉㻊㔯䥹䚖䁢⽭ᾖ䥹䚖炻䎦⛐⣏悐↮ᷕ⬠㔁㛸ᷕ䘬㻊⫿㗗㔁做悐怠 ⭂䘬 1800 ᾳˤ ⽆䚠斄屯㕁⎗ẍ䘤䎦炻䚖⇵㖍㛔㻊⫿㔁⬠䴻ⷠ㍉⍾䘬䫾䔍㚱烉⎹Ⱉ✳㻊⫿㔁⬠ 㱽炻⽆㻊⫿㔯⊾叿ㇳἮ⽆ḳ㻊⫿㔁⬠烊⌗㚰✳㻊⫿㔁⬠㱽炻ἧ⬠佺侭ẍ忲㇚㕡⺷⬠ 佺㻊⫿烊ẍ⍲⭖ᶳ✳㻊⫿㔁⬠㱽炻⮯㻊⫿↮䁢⸦ᾳᶵ⎴䘬悐椾⍲ῷ㕩Ἦ⬠佺㻊⫿䫱 䫱(㛶幵炻2008)炻杻⚳⇯㍉⍾悐椾㱽⍲䫮䔓㱽(ℐ楁嗕炻2000)ˤỮ⮵㕤㖍㛔⍲杻⚳㻊 ⫿㔁⬠䎦㱩⯂枰≈ẍ㶙ℍ↮㜸冯妶婾ˤ 䵄ᶲ徘炻⛐⇵Ṣ䘬䞼䨞ᷕ炻㚱㍊妶ᷕ㔯㭵婆⛘⋨ᷳ㻊⫿㔁⬠侭炻ḇ㚱↮⇍㍊ 妶㖍㛔ˣ杻⚳㻊⫿㔁⬠ㆾ㖍杻㻊⫿㔁⬠㭼庫侭ˤ⇵侭䞼䨞⣂普ᷕ㕤㭵婆⬠䪍䘬䞼䨞炻 ᷎⻟婧嬀⫿慷ㅱ⣏㕤⮓⫿慷烊⼴侭⇯㚱㖶䡢ᷳ㻊⫿㔁⬠㔠慷夷⭂炻Ṏ㚱ᷣ㳩ᷳ㔁⬠ 䫾䔍ˤỮ䚠斄㔯䌣⮹夳䫔ᶨ婆妨⬠佺侭㻊⫿㔁⬠䔘⎴ᷳ㭼庫ˤ ⮵㬌炻䫮侭⮯㶙ℍ䞼䨞ᷕ㔯㭵婆⛘⋨炷ᷕ⚳ˣ⎘䀋炸ẍ⍲㻊⫿⚰⚳⭞炷㖍㛔ˣ 杻⚳炸ᷳ㻊⫿㔁⬠䎦㱩炻⊭㊔㻊⫿⬠佺天㯪ˣ㻊⫿㔁⬠㱽⍲⬠佺㓰㝄䫱ˤ䲣䴙⛘㍊ 㯪䫔ᶨ婆妨⬠佺侭㻊⫿㔁⬠䘬䔘⎴炻᷎忚埴⿅侫↮㜸炻㚨⼴㍸↢䚠斄⺢嬘炻㛇㛃 傥ἄ䁢厗婆㔯㔁⬠ᷕ㻊⫿㔁⬠ᷳ⍫侫冯⮵䄏ˤ
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⛐婆妨⬠佺ᷕ炻㔯⫿㗗教嬨䎮妋䘬➢䢶炻教嬨傥≃⇯䁢冒⬠傥≃䘬➢䢶(Hall, Hughes, & Filber, 2000烊Lerner, 2003)ˤLerner(2003)㊯↢℟㚱怑䔞嬀⫿傥≃炻㛒⽭℟ ⁁教嬨䎮妋傥≃炻Ữ仢᷷怑䔞嬀⫿傥≃侭炻⌣⽭⮯䃉㱽⬴ㆸ教嬨䎮妋ả⊁ˤ ỽẍ倘䫱(1995)ˣ姙▱䐸(1999)⛯娵䁢㭵婆䪍天⬠佺ᶨ⭂㔠慷䘬㻊⫿炻ᶨ㖎⃰ ⬠㚫嬀⫿⯙傥教嬨ˣ⮓ἄ炻忚ᶨ㬍䌚⼿䞍嬀ˤ⚈㬌ᷕ㔯㭵婆⛘⋨䘬嬀⫿㔁⬠ᷫ㗗⮷ ⬠⬠䪍⎬ᾳ⬠䥹䘬⬠佺⨺ṳ冯➢䢶ˤ 天㍊妶ᷕ㔯㭵婆⛘⋨ᷳ㻊⫿㔁⬠䎦㱩炻⇯枰㶙ℍ侫⮇ℑⱠ⮵㕤㻊⫿⬠佺天㯪⍲ 㻊⫿㔁⬠㱽ˤˬ婚䦳㧁㸾˭㗗ℑⱠᷣ⮶ᷕˣ⮷⬠㔁㛸冯㔁㱽䘬慵天ὅ㒂炻℟㚱㊯㧁⿏ ἄ䓐炻ᶼ傥䚳↢㻊⫿㔁⬠䘬⣏㕡⎹ˤ⚈㬌炻㛔㔯⃰⽆ℑⱠ㚨㕘䘬ˬ婚䦳㧁㸾˭叿ㇳ烉 ⊭㊔ᷕ⚳⣏映2011⸜˪佑⊁㔁做婆㔯婚䦳㧁㸾˫ˣ⎘䀋2011⸜˪ḅ⸜ᶨ屓婆㔯柀➇婚 䦳䵙天˫ˤ᷎侫⮇℞㔁⬠㊯⺽烉⊭㊔ᷕ⚳⣏映庱㕤2011⸜˪佑⊁㔁做婆㔯婚䦳㧁㸾˫ ᷕᷳ㔁⬠㊯⺽炻⎘䀋2011⸜˪⚳㮹⮷⬠婆㔯⬠佺柀➇炷⚳婆㔯炸墄㓹㔁⬠➢㛔⬠佺 ℏ⭡炷娎埴䇰炸˫䫱ˤ (ᶨ) ᷕ⚳⣏映㻊⫿㔁⬠䎦㱩 1.㻊⫿㔁⬠天㯪 ᷕ⚳⣏映ᷕ⚳⚳⭞婆妨㔯⫿ⶍἄ⥼⒉㚫⚳⭞㔁做⥼⒉㚫 1988 ⸜倗⎰䘤ⶫḮ ˪䎦ẋ㻊婆ⷠ䓐⫿堐˫炻㟡㒂䴙妰⍇⇯ˣ↮ⶫ⍇⇯ˣ㥳娆㥳⫿⍇⇯ⷠ嬀⍇⇯炻㓞抬 ⷠ䓐⫿ 2500 ⫿ˣ㫉ⷠ䓐⫿ 1000 ⫿炻ẍἄ䁢ᶨ凔Ṣ嬀⮓㻊⫿䘬㧁㸾ˤ侴ᷕ⮷⬠⬠䪍 䘬㻊⫿⬠佺㧁㸾⇯天㟡㒂 2011 ⸜㚨㕘枺埴ᷳ˪佑⊁㔁做婆㔯婚䦳㧁㸾˫炷ᶳ㔯䯉䧙 䁢˪2011 㕘婚㧁˫炸⮵ˬ嬀⫿⮓⫿˭ˣˬ教嬨˭ˣˬ⮓ἄ˭ˬ⎋婆Ṍ晃˭⚃䧖傥≃㍸ ↢天㯪ˤ℞ᷕ⛐嬀⫿⮓⫿㕡朊炻嬀⫿䷥䚖㧁䁢ˬ⬠㚫㻊婆㊤枛ˤ傥婒㘖忂娙ˤ娵 嬀 3500 ᾳⷠ䓐㻊⫿˭ˣˬḅ⸜婚⢾教嬨䷥慷ㅱ⛐ 400 叔⫿ẍᶲ˭炻㍷徘䚠䔞℟橼ˤỮ⮓⫿䷥䚖㧁䁢ˬ傥㬋䡢ⶍ㔜⛘㚠⮓㻊⫿炻᷎㚱ᶨ⭂䘬忇⹎˭炻媪ˬᶨ⭂䘬忇⹎˭⍵ 侴䃉℟橼㍷徘ˤ ˪2011 㕘婚㧁˫⮯婚䦳姕妰⋨↮䁢⚃ᾳ⬠㭝烉⌛ 1-2 ⸜䳂ˣ3-4 ⸜䳂ˣ5-6 ⸜䳂ˣ 7-9⸜䳂炻᷎↮⇍㍸↢昶㭝䚖㧁ˤ℞ᷕ⮵㕤⮷⬠䓇䘬嬀⫿慷冯⮓⫿慷Ṏ㚱㖶䡢夷⭂炻 䫮侭⮯ᷳ㔜䎮ㆸᶳ堐烉 ߄ 1Ǻύ୯εഌ 2011 ԃȠက୍௲ػᇟЎፐำྗȡӷໆϷቪӷໆೕۓ߄ ԃભ ӷໆ ቪӷໆ 1-2 1600ӷ 800ӷ 3-4 ಕी 2500 ӷ ȐᏢԃ 450 ӷȑ ಕी 1600 ӷ ȐᏢԃ 400 ӷȑ 5-6 ಕी 3000 ӷ ȐᏢԃ 250 ӷȑ ಕी 2500 ӷ ȐᏢԃ 450 ӷȑ 7-9 ಕी 3500 ӷ ȐᏢԃ 167 ӷȑ ҂ܴु 屯 屯㕁Ἦ㸸烉䫮侭㔜䎮冒˪2011 㕘婚㧁˫炻枩 7ˤ 㟡㒂ᶲ堐䘬䴙妰炻1-2 ⸜䳂䘬嬀⫿ả⊁㚨⣏炻㭷⬠⸜䲬䁢 800 ⫿烊5-6 ⸜䳂⮓⫿ ả⊁㚨⣏炻㭷⬠⸜䲬䁢 450 ⫿ˤ 昌㬌ᷳ⢾炻ḇ婯⇘ˬ嬀⫿ˣ⮓⫿㗗教嬨⮓ἄ䘬➢䢶炻㗗䫔ᶨ⬠㭝䘬㔁⬠慵溆炻 ḇ㗗屓ᷚ㔜ᾳ佑⊁㔁做昶㭝䘬慵天㔁⬠ℏ⭡˭Ǵ㖶䡢㊯↢嬀⫿ˣ⮓⫿䘬慵天⿏ˤ℞㫉 婯⇘ˬỶ⸜䳂昶㭝⬠䓇ˮ㚫娵˯冯ˮ㚫⮓˯䘬⫿慷天㯪㚱ᶵ⎴ˤ⛐㔁⬠忶䦳ᷕ天 ˮ⣂娵⮹⮓˯炻天㯪⬠䓇㚫娵䘬⫿ᶵᶨ⭂⎴㗪天㯪㚫⮓˭炻䚜㍍溆↢ˬ⣂嬀⮹⮓˭䘬 㔁⬠䚖㧁ˤ Ữ㟡㒂˪2011 㕘婚㧁˫䘤䎦炻1-2 ⸜䳂枰㌴㎉⮷⬠䷥嬀⫿慷⮯役 50%炻Ữ暨ˬ娵 嬀ⷠ䓐㻊⫿ 1600 ᾳⶎ⎛炻℞ᷕ 800 ᾳⶎ⎛㚫⮓˭ˤ忁㧋䘬天㯪炻㖶䡢⛘橼䎦↢Ḯ⚃ 㚫—嬨ˣ嫃ˣ⮓ˣ䓐炻᷎ᶵ㗗⎴㬍䘤⯽炻侴㗗慵⛐㍸檀嬀⫿慷炻ἧ⬠䓇⛐ 1-2 ⸜䳂 䳸㜇ᷳ⼴㗪傥⣈㚱䌐䩳教嬨䘬傥≃炻㓡嬲Ḯ⣂⸜Ἦ㭷⬠ᶨ⫿⽭枰忼⇘ˬ⚃㚫˭䘬㔁 ⬠奨⾝ 㱽ˤ 憅⮵忁ᶨ䎦⮎䉨㱩炻⛐˪2011 㕘婚㧁˫ˬ旬抬˭ᷕ㕘⡆Ḯℑᾳ⫿堐烉˪嬀⫿ˣ ⮓⫿㔁⬠➢㛔⫿堐˫炷旬抬 4炸㓞抬 300 ⫿ẍ⍲˪佑⊁㔁做婆㔯婚䦳ⷠ䓐⫿堐˫炷旬 抬 5炸烉⫿堐ᶨ㓞抬 2500 ⫿炻⫿堐Ḵ㓞抬 1000 ⫿ˤ忁ḇ㗗⛐ᷕ⚳⣏映佑⊁㔁做䚠 斄夷⭂ᷕ椾㫉㍸ὃ䘬⫿堐ˤ⮯䁢㔁㛸⍲㔁⬠ᷕ⫿䧖䘬怠㑯㍸ὃ㖶䡢䘬ὅ㒂ˤ ˪嬀⫿ˣ⮓⫿㔁⬠➢㛔⫿堐˫普ᷕḮ 300 ᾳˬ㥳⼊䯉╖炻慵䎦䌯檀炻℞ᷕ䘬⣏ ⣂㔠傥ㆸ䁢℞Ṿ⫿䘬䳸㥳ㆸ↮˭䘬⫿炻㗗Ỷ⸜䳂嬀⫿㔁⬠䘬慵溆炻忁 300 ᾳ檀柣⫿ ⊭⏓㻊⫿䘬⎬䧖䫮䔓栆✳➢㛔攻㝞䳸㥳栆✳炻⚈㬌⃰⬠佺忁ṃ⫿㚱≑㕤⤈⭂嬀⫿ˣ ⮓⫿䘬➢䢶ˤ ˪2011 㕘婚㧁˫昌Ḯ嬀⫿慷冯⮓⫿慷䘬夷⭂橼䎦↢ˬ⣂嬀⮹⮓˭䘬⣏䚖㧁ᷳ⢾炻 ⯂㚱℞Ṿ䘬䚖㧁ˤ䫮侭⮯ᷳ㔜䎮⤪ᶳ烉 (1)㻊⫿⬠佺冰嵋䘬➡梲烉 昌Ḯ嬀⫿慷ˣ⮓⫿慷䘬℟橼䚖㧁ᷳ⢾炻梲ㆸ⮵㻊⫿⬠佺䘬冰嵋ḇ㗗˪2011 㕘婚 䵙˫䘬慵溆烉ˬ╄㬉⬠佺㻊⫿炻㚱ᷣ≽嬀⫿ˣ⮓⫿䘬栀㛃˭ˬ⇅㬍デ⍿㻊⫿䘬⼊ 橼伶˭炷䫔ᶨ⬠㭝炸炻ˬ⮵⬠佺㻊⫿㚱㽫⍂䘬冰嵋炻梲ㆸᷣ≽嬀⫿䘬佺ㄋ˭炷䫔Ḵ ⬠㭝炸ˤ忁㧋䘬䚖㧁冯⍇Ἦ㲐慵嬀⫿冯⮓⫿䘬䞍嬀㈨傥䘬䚖㧁㗗ᶵ⎴䘬炻䫮
侭娵䁢娚婚䵙䘬ᷣ天䚖䘬㗗ⶴ㛃⛐㲐慵㻊⫿⬠佺㔠慷䘬⎴㗪炻ḇ傥➡梲⬠佺侭ᷣ≽ ⬠佺䘬冰嵋炻斄㲐⬠佺侭⛐⬠佺忶䦳ᷕ䘬橼㚫娵䞍炻ẍ⍲⬠佺㕡㱽䘬▿娎㍊䳊ˤ ⚈㬌炻ᶵ傥㈲⫿㔠䘬⣂⮹䔞ㆸ㻊⫿㔁⬠䘬㚨䳪䚖䘬炻ḇᶵ傥⮯℞䔞ㆸ堉慷ᶨ䧖㔁⬠ 㕡㱽㗗⏎㚱₡ῤ䘬ⓗᶨ㧁㸾ˤỮ㗗⛐˪2011 㕘婚䵙˫ᷕ⮵㕤㻊⫿⬠佺冰嵋䘬➡梲᷎ 㛒䚳夳℟橼䘬㍷徘炻⮎䁢⎗やˤ (2)㻊⫿傥≃䘬妻䶜烉 嬀⫿㔁⬠ᶵ㗗㔁⬠佺侭嬀⫿⯙䬿⬴ㆸả⊁炻⬠佺侭⏎➡梲䌐䩳嬀⫿䘬傥≃ㇵ㗗 斄挝ˤ˪2011㕘婚㧁˫⮵㬌㚱㖶䡢侴忋屓䘬天㯪烉䫔ᶨ⬠㭝ˬ⬠佺䌐䩳嬀⫿˭炻䫔 Ḵ⬠㭝ˬ㚱⇅㬍䘬䌐䩳嬀⫿傥≃˭ˣ䫔ᶱ⬠㭝ˬ㚱庫⻟䘬䌐䩳嬀⫿傥≃˭ˣ䫔⚃⬠ 㭝ˬ傥䅇䶜⛘ἧ䓐⫿℠ˣ娆℠䌐䩳嬀⫿˭ˤ䞕㛇䘬嬀⫿慷㗗栗⿏䘬炻Ữ攟㛇䘬嬀⫿ 㕡㱽䘬㌴㎉冯嬀⫿冰嵋䘬➡梲⇯㗗晙⿏䘬炻ᶼ暋ẍ姽ỘˤỮ⼴侭⌣⼨⼨⼙枧叿嬀⫿ 傥≃ˤ 㳒⃟䐄ˣ昛伶剛(1996)⇯娵䁢嬀⫿䘤⯽⎗↮䁢ᶱᾳᶵ⎴䘬昶㭝炻᷎婒㖶⬠䪍嬀⫿ 䘬傥≃㗗⽒⸷㻠忚䘬炻⮵㻊⫿䘬天㯪ḇㅱ㚱㻠忚䘬忶䦳ˤ⚈㬌ᷕ⚳⣏映⮵㕤⇘⬠䪍 䌐䩳嬀⫿傥≃䘬➡梲冯㬌䞼䨞ᶵ媨侴⎰ˤ (3)㻊⫿⮑伶奨⾝䘬梲ㆸ烉 ⮵㕤䠔䫮⫿冯㮃䫮⫿䘬㚠⮓炻悥⻟婧㻊⫿⮑伶奨⾝䘬梲ㆸˤ1-2⸜䳂傥ˬ⇅㬍デ ⍿㻊⫿䘬⼊橼伶˭炻3⸜䳂崟⮓⫿㗪 ⇘ˬ夷䭬˭ˣˬ䪗㬋˭ˣˬ㔜㻼˭炻᷎➡梲㮃 䫮䘬㚠⮓傥≃ˤ5-6⸜䳂昌Ḯ⮑伶ᷳ⢾炻怬天 ⇘ˬ㚱ᶨ⭂䘬忇⹎˭炻7-9⸜䳂ˬ㍸檀 㚠⮓䘬忇⹎˭ˤỮ䚠庫㕤嬀⫿慷冯⮓⫿慷䘬℟橼夷䭬炻ᶲ徘⸦溆庫䁢㉥尉ˤ 2.㻊⫿㔁⬠㱽 1949 濜ẍ潻炻ᷕ⚳⣏映⛐䷥䳸⁛䴙婆㔯㔁⬠䴻槿䘬➢䢶ᷳᶲ炻∝忈瀈 20 ⣂䧖 澵⎴䘬灊⫿㔁⬠㕡㱽ˤ㇜㰅㼃䫱Ṣ(2011)⛐˪㻊⫿㔁冯⬠˫ᷕ⮯ᷕ⚳⣏映⬠䪍䘬嬀⫿ 㔁⬠ Ḯ娛䚉䘬㍊妶炻㛔㔯ᶵℵ㬌岭徘ˤ℞ᷕ⛐ᷕ⚳⣏映㬋夷婆㔯㔁做ᷕ⼙枧庫⣏ 䘬㻊⫿㔁⬠㱽㚱Ḵ烉ᶨ㗗ˬ↮㔋嬀⫿㔁⬠㱽˭炻Ḵ㗗ˬ普ᷕ嬀⫿㔁⬠㱽˭ˤ䫮侭⮯ᷳ ↮徘⤪ᶳ烉 (1)↮㔋灊⫿㱽烉 䈡刚䁢ˬ⫿ᶵ暊娆炻娆ᶵ暊⎍炻⎍ᶵ暊䭯˭炻⮯㻊⫿㔁⬠⭻㕤㔯䪈婆⠫ᷕ炻䫎⎰ 䪍䓙℟橼⇘㉥尉䘬娵䞍䈡⿏ˤ䔞⇵䘬⮷⬠⚳婆㔁⬠⣂㍉⍾㬌㱽炻⬠娆⼁↮㔋军 ⎬婚婚㔯ᷕ炻㭷婚䲬㚱⋩⣂ᾳ䓇⫿炻㔁⬠㗪⃰㤪奥婚㔯炻ℵ䓙⎍⫸㍸⍾㕘娆炻忚侴 䓙㕘娆ᷕ㍸⍾㕘⫿炻嫃妋䓇⫿䘬䫮䔓ˣ悐椾冯⫿佑炻㚨⼴ℵ嫃妋婚㔯ˤṎ⌛䓙婚㔯 㐀↢⎍⫸炻ℵ䓙⎍⫸㐀↢䓇娆冯䓇⫿炻㚨⼴⽆ḳ嬀⫿冯⮓⫿㔁⬠ˤ⃒溆ᷫἧ⬠䓇⛐ ⬠佺㻊⫿䘬忶䦳ᷕᶵ僓暊䚠斄䘬婆妨䑘⠫炻ἧ⬠䓇䅇〱㻊⫿䘬ἧ䓐ˤ 仢溆⇯䁢㻊⫿䘬↢䎦枮⸷㗗晐シ䘬炻᷎ᶵ㊱䄏㻊⫿䘬暋㖻䦳⹎Ἦ䶐㌺炻℞ᷕ⊭ ㊔䫮䔓⣂⮉ˣ䳸㥳暋㖻ˣἧ䓐柣䌯⍲⼊枛佑䚠斄⿏䫱䫱ˤᶼ⫿冯⫿ᷳ攻仢᷷斄倗⿏ 冯䲣䴙⿏炻⬠佺侭暋ẍḮ妋㻊⫿䘬夷⼳炻ᶵ⭡㖻㊱悐⯙䎕㬠䲵↢㻊⫿䘬夷⼳炻ἧ㻊 ⫿佺⼿ḳ≇⋲炻⯙㻊⫿佺⼿䘬奺⹎Ἦ婒忇⹎冯㔠慷悥栗ᶵ嵛ˤ↮㔋嬀⫿㱽⊭㊔ᶨ 凔↮㔋嬀⫿㱽ˣ㲐枛嬀⫿㱽ˣ㻊㧁嬀⫿㱽ˣ䋄娵嬀⫿㱽ˣ倥嬨嬀⫿㱽䫱ˤ (2)普ᷕ灊⫿㱽烉 冒⽆ᷕ⚳⣏映 1958 ⸜⛐湹Ⱉ⊿斄⮎槿⬠㟉䘤⯽ẍἮ炻㬌䧖忳䓐ᷕ⚳㔯⫿䈡⿏Ἦ
㔁⬠䘬㕡㱽炻⻟婧ẍ⼊役⫿ˣ⎴枛⫿⍲➢㛔⫿ⷞ⫿䫱㕡㱽⽆ḳ㻊⫿㔁⬠ˤ㬌㱽ˬὧ 㕤㬠栆ˣ⮵㭼䨩↢㻊⫿䳸㥳䘬ℙ⎴夷⇯炻㚱⇑㕤䪍㚱妰䔓䘬䶐䡤ˣ䳬⎰ˣ⃚⬀ 㩊䳊˭ˤ 仢溆⛐㕤⃰嬀⫿⼴嬨㚠䘬㔁㛸ℏ⭡忶⣂炻忈ㆸ嬀⫿␐㛇忶攟炻⚈侴嬀⫿朷⚢䌯 ⍿⇘⼙枧炻冯教嬨䳸⎰ḇ⍿⇘⼙枧ˤ⊭㊔ᶨ凔普ᷕ嬀⫿ˣ枣婆嬀⫿ˣ⫿㕷㔯嬀⫿ˣ ⫿㟡嬀⫿ˣ⫿䎮嬀⫿ˣ悐ẞ嬀⫿䫱䫱ˤ 昌Ḯ㧁枛䲣䴙⢾炻普ᷕ嬀⫿㱽忳䓐䘬㗗ᶨ凔㻊⫿䞍嬀烉⊭㊔⫿⼊ˣ⫿枛ˣ⫿佑ˤ ḇ㚱⮯ℑ侭圵⎰䘬炻⤪⫿㕷㔯㔁⬠㱽ˣ䓇㳣㔁做䥹⬠↮栆嬀⫿㱽炻ὧ㗗⮯⎴ᶨ栆✳ 䘬䓇⫿䶐ℍ婚㔯ˤ ䷥ᶲ徘炻↮㔋嬀⫿㔁⬠㱽Ⱄ㕤䓙ᶲ侴ᶳ䘬㕡⺷炻㲐慵℟橼䘬婆妨䑘⠫炻⮯㻊 ⫿伖㕤㔯䪈ᷕ⬠佺炻⻟婧㻊⫿⛐㔯䪈ᷕ䘬ἄ䓐ˤ侴普ᷕ嬀⫿㔁⬠㱽⇯Ⱄ㕤䓙ᶳ侴ᶲ 䘬㕡⺷炻⃰嬀⫿ℵ教嬨ˤ 3.㻊⫿㔁⬠㓰㝄 ᷕ⚳⣏映⮵㕤⬠䪍䘬㻊⫿⬠佺㓰㝄婧㞍䞼䨞᷎ᶵ⣂炻ᶼ⚈Ṣ⎋㔠慷⣂炻ᶵ㖻忚 埴ℐ⚳⿏䘬婧㞍炻⚈㬌䫮侭᷎㛒㞍↢ᷕ⚳㔁做悐ℐ⚳⿏㻊⫿⬠佺㓰㝄㘖㞍䚠斄䘬䞼 䨞⟙⏲ˤ 䚖⇵⎗夳䘬℟橼䞼䨞㚱烉⏛⾈尒(2003)⮵㕤ᶲ㴟ˣ㴁㰇⍲㰇喯ᶱ⛘⋨ 2000 ⣂⎵ ⮷⬠Ỷ⸜䳂⬠䪍忚埴嬀⫿傥≃婧㞍炻䳸㝄䘤䎦ℑ⸜⸛⛯嬀⫿慷忼 2174 ⫿炻⚃ᾳ⬠㛇 嬀⫿慷ⶖ嶅⏰䎦ˬ⣏—⮷—⣏˭ˤ䫔ᶨ⬠⸜䓙㕤攳⥳㍍妠㻊⫿炻⮵㕤㻊⫿䘬⼊枛佑⯂ ᶵ䅇〱炻ᶼ㚱℞Ṿ䘬⬠佺ả⊁炻⤪⬠佺㊤枛ˣ娵嬀㻊⫿䘬䫮䔓ˣ䫮枮ˣ悐椾ˣ悐ẞ ⍲⮓⫿䫱䫱炻⚈㬌⬠佺㓰㝄㚱旸ˤỮ⛐⬠䪍⬠佺 600-800 ⫿⯙忚ℍ⾓忇⡆≈㛇ˤ⬓ 䄏ᾅ(2008)⮵⬱⽥䚏㰇䷋ 334 ⎵⮷⬠⬠䪍忚埴婧㞍炻䘤䎦Ỷ⸜䳂⸛⛯嬀⫿慷Ỷ㕤 ˪2011 㕘婚䵙˫㧁㸾炻侴檀⸜䳂嬀⫿慷⇯檀㕤㧁㸾ˤ ẍᶲ婧㞍婧㞍栗䣢嬀⫿慷冯婆㔯ㆸ䷦⏰䎦㬋䚠斄炻Ṏ⎗嫱㖶⇵㔯婾徘ᷳˬ嬀 ⫿䁢教嬨䘬➢䢶˭ˤ᷎㍸ὃ㻊⫿天㯪冯㔁⬠䚠䔞℟橼䘬⺢嬘炻⌛䫔ᶨ⬠⸜䘬嬀⫿慷冯 ⮓⫿慷ᶵ⭄忶⣏ˤỮ㻊⫿⬠佺㓰㝄⛐ᷕ⚳䁢⛘⋨⿏䘬䞼䨞炻⯙㝸⛘⋨忚埴婧㞍炻 㛒夳ℐ朊⿏䘬㘖㞍ˤ (Ḵ)⎘䀋㻊⫿㔁⬠䎦㱩 1.㻊⫿㔁⬠天㯪 㟡㒂ᷕ厗㮹⚳㔁做悐 2011 ⸜˪ḅ⸜ᶨ屓婚䦳䵙天˫炷ᶳ㔯䯉䧙䁢˪2011 ḅ⸜ᶨ 屓婚䵙˫炸炻⮯ḅ⸜↮䁢⚃ᾳ昶㭝烉䫔ᶨ昶㭝䁢⮷⬠ 1-2 ⸜䳂炻䫔Ḵ昶㭝䁢⮷⬠ 3-4 ⸜䳂炻䫔ᶱ昶㭝䁢⮷⬠ 5-6 ⸜䳂炻䫔⚃昶㭝䁢ᷕ⬠ 1-3 ⸜䳂ˤ⛐婚䦳㧁㸾ᷕ炻⚳婆䥹 ⊭㊔婒娙ˣ嬨㚠ˣἄ㔯⍲⮓⫿⚃ᾳ枭䚖ˤ天⮯嬀⫿傥≃冯⮓⫿傥≃⎰䁢ˬ嬀⫿冯⮓ ⫿傥≃˭炻᷎伭↿Ḯ⎬昶㭝嬀⫿慷䘬䚖㧁ˤ ⎎妪˪⚳㮹⮷⬠婆㔯⬠佺柀➇炷⚳婆㔯炸墄㓹㔁⬠➢㛔⬠佺ℏ⭡炷娎埴䇰炸˫炷ᶳ 㔯䯉䧙䁢˪2011 ➢㛔⬠佺ℏ⭡˫炸炻➢㛔⬠佺ℏ⭡⛐㕤夷䭬⎬⸜䳂⽭枰䘬➢㛔ℏ⭡炻 ℞慵天姜㯪⛐㕤ˬ嬻⬠䓇℟⁁䣦㚫䓇㳣䘬傥≃炻侴㚨斄挝嗽⯙⛐嬀⫿慷炷娵⫿慷炸 䘬⣂⮉˭炻℞ᷕ⮯㻊⫿⬠佺↮䁢ˬ娵⾝˭ˣˬ㚠⮓˭ˣˬ倥⮓˭ˣˬㅱ䓐˭䫱⚃栆炻᷎㟡㒂 ḅ⸜ᶨ屓婚䦳⣏䵙ᷳ⍇⇯炻㍸↢℟橼⫿㔠䘬夷䭬ˤ䫮侭䎦⮯䚠斄䚠斄夷⭂㔜䎮⤪ᶳ 堐烉
߄ 2ǺѠȠ୯҇ύλᏢΐԃೣፐำᆜाȡӚ໘ࢤӷໆϷቪӷໆೕۓ߄ ԃ ભ ᇡۺ ਜቪ ᠋ቪ ᔈҔ Ȑຒ/ѡȑ 2011ԃ ፐำᆜा ӷ1 ຒ2 ӷ3 ຒ ӷ ຒ ӷ ຒ ӷໆ 1 400 600 300 400 300 400 300 400 700-800 2 800 1200 600 800 600 800 600 800 3 1200 1800 900 1200 900 1200 900 1200 1500-1800 4 1600 2400 1200 1600 1200 1600 1200 1600 5 2000 3000 1500 2400 1500 2400 1500 2400 2200-2700 6 2400 3600 1800 3000 1800 3000 1800 3000 屯 屯㕁Ἦ㸸烉䫮侭㔜䎮冒˪2011 ḅ⸜ᶨ屓婚䵙˫⍲㔁做悐⚳㮹㔁做⎠烉2012ˬ墄㓹㔁⬠➢㛔⬠佺ℏ⭡— ⚳㮹⮷⬠婆㔯⬠佺柀➇炷⚳婆㔯炸炷娎埴䇰炸˭炻枩 5ˤ ˪2011 ➢㛔⬠佺ℏ⭡˫㖶䡢夷⭂↢嬀⫿慷冯⮓⫿慷ˤ嬀⫿慷䘬⣂⮉ὅ㒂㔁做悐 ⚳婆㍐埴⥼⒉㚫℔⏲ᷳ⫿柣堐炻᷎⍫侫⮑⭂忂忶ᷳᶱ⭞㔁䥹㚠䶐⮓⮷⬠ᶨ⸜䳂婚㛔 㗪㍉䓐䘬嬀⫿慷炷⋿ᶨ䇰 337 ⫿ˣ侘㜿䇰 356 ⫿ˣ幺䇰 363 ⫿炸炻⓮妪⚳⮷ᶨ⸜䳂 ➢㛔嬀⫿慷䁢 300 ⫿炻侴⼴徸⸜⡆≈ˤ墄㓹㔁㛸䶐⮓Ṏὅ䄏㬌嬀⫿慷坢㕳⺷怆⡆ˤ ˪2011 ➢㛔⬠佺ℏ⭡˫㖶䡢夷⭂灊⫿濌ㅱ⣏㕤⮓⫿濌炻ˬ㛒濪ℍ佺⮓⫿濌侭⎗ 濪䁢娵澨⫿炻᷎䚉濌㕤䫔Ḵ昶㭝㴰⊾䁢佺⮓⫿˭ˤṎ⌛⚳婆㔁䥹㚠䘬䓇⫿⊭㊔佺⮓⫿ 娵嬨⫿炻佺⮓⫿㗗婚㔯ᷕ⬠䓇⽭枰娵嬀㚠⮓䘬⫿炻娵嬨⫿⇯㗗⎒暨娵嬀ᶵ⽭㚫 㚠⮓䘬⫿ˤ⛐⡆≈嬀⫿慷䘬⎴㗪㷃庽⮓⫿慷䘬屈㑼ˤ嬻⬠䓇⃰娵嬀娵嬨⫿炻㰺㚱㚠 ⮓䘬⡻≃炻娚⫿ℵ㫉↢䎦㗪⇯↿䁢㚠⮓⫿炻㚜≈䅇〱ˤ ᶲ徘↮㭝傥≃㊯㧁⛐嬀⫿㕡朊ᷣ天㖶䡢妪↢⎬昶㭝䘬嬀⫿慷夷䭬炻侫慷䪍⽫ 䎮䘤⯽炻晐⸜䳂⋯檀徸㻠⡆≈ˤ昌Ḯẍᶲ妶婾䘬嬀⫿慷冯⮓⫿慷ᷳ夷⭂⢾炻斄㕤 嬀⫿冯⮓⫿㔁⬠䘬⍇⇯炻勚↮㜸⤪ᶳ烉 (1)⛐嬀⫿㕡朊烉 ⛐嬀⫿䘬㕡㱽ᶲ炻䫔ᶨˣḴ昶㭝㍸⍲䓐悐椾ㆾ䯉╖忈⫿⍇䎮庼≑嬀⫿炻䫔ᶱ昶 㭝⇑䓐䯉㖻ℕ㚠⍇⇯炻䫔⚃昶㭝⇯忳䓐ℕ㚠䘬⍇⇯庼≑娵⫿ˤ ⛐录℠䘬忳䓐ᶲ炻䫔ᶨ昶㭝ˬ⇑䓐枛⸷⍲悐椾˭炻䫔Ḵˣᶱ昶㭝傥⇑䓐⫿录℠ˬ↮ 彐⫿佑˭炻䫔⚃昶㭝昌Ḯ⫿录℠⢾炻怬≈ᶲㆸ婆录℠䓐ẍˬ㒜⃭娆⼁炻↮彐娆佑˭炻 Ṏ㚱昶㭝⿏ả⊁ˤ 䃞侴⛐⮎埴ˬ⣂嬀⮹⮓˭㗪炻ㅱ庼ẍ㲐枛䫎嘇ˤ嗽䎮⍇⇯⤪ᶳ烉ˬ⎬昶㭝ᷳ㲐枛 ⍇⇯炻䫔ᶨˣḴ昶㭝枰ℐ悐㲐枛ˤ䫔ᶱˣ⚃昶㭝㕤䓇暋⫿娆ˣ㬏枛䔘佑ᷳ⫿娆㲐 枛˭ˤ䁢Ḯ⡆≈教嬨慷侴⮯㲐枛夾䁢庼≑嬀⫿䘬ⶍ℟ˤ (2)⛐⮓⫿㕡朊烉 ⣏橼侴妨⛐⮓⫿㕡朊炻⮓⫿傥≃㊯㧁㗗天嬻⬠佺侭⛐娵䞍ᶲ傥⣈㌴㎉㻊⫿䘬悐 椾䳸㥳炻᷎➡梲揹岆⎬䧖㚠橼䘬⮑伶奨ˤ⛐㈨傥ᶲ傥⣈㌴㎉忳䫮⍇⇯炻᷎䓐䠔䫮ˣ 㮃䫮㬋䡢㚠⮓ˤ⛐ン⹎ᶲ⇯㗗㽨䘤⮓⫿䘬冰嵋ˤ 䫔ᶨ昶㭝枰㌴㎉➢㛔䫮䔓ˣ⫿⼊䫮枮炻⇘䫔Ḵ昶㭝≈ᶲ㌴㎉⼊橼䳸㥳炻䫔ᶱˣ ⚃昶㭝⇯暨㌴㎉ˬ㤟㚠䳬⎰㗪䫮䔓䘬嬲⊾˭ˣˬㅱ䓐䫮䔓ˣῷ㕩嬲⊾攻㝞䳸㥳⍇䎮 1 ⛐娚堐ᷕ斄㕤娵ⓠ䘬⫿慷婒㖶䁢烉ˬẍ嬀⫿慷㉀堟炻㭷⸜⡆≈ 400 ⫿Ἦ妰䬿˭ˤ 2 ⛐娚堐ᷕ斄㕤娵ⓠ䘬娆慷婒㖶䁢烉ˬẍ⚳⫿娵⾝慷䘬 1.5 Ἦ妰䬿˭ˤ 3 ẍ嬀⫿慷䘬ᶳ旸×80炴⚃㌐ḼℍἮ妰䬿ˤἳ⤪Ỷ⸜䳂⚳⫿㚠⮓慷䁢烉700×80炴=560 ⚃㌐Ḽℍ䁢 600 ⫿ˤ
⮓⫿˭ˤ⮓⫿㔁㛸ˬ昌⮓⫿⦧⊊ˣ➟䫮ˣ忳䫮㕡㱽ˣ冐㐡天柀䫱ᷳ➢㛔天枭⢾炻᷎ẍ ➢㛔䫮䔓冯䫮⼊ˣ䫮枮ˣ䫮䔓嬲⊾ˣῷ㕩⮓㱽ˣ攻㝞䳸㥳冯㏕惵天柀䁢➢䢶妻䶜˭炻 嵛夳䓙➢㛔䫮䔓⇘䭬⚵≈⺋≈㶙炻᷎傥ㅱ䓐ˤ ⮓⫿婚佺⮓䘬⫿炻⽭枰ẍ㔁㛸佺⮓⫿ᷳ䓇⫿ˣㆾ⬠忶䘬⫿䁢➢䢶炻怠㑯怑 䔞䘬⫿ἳ炻ἄ忂䚌夷䔓炻侴ᶵ㗗晐シ⍾⫿ˤ⛐⫿㛸䶐廗ᶲㅱ冯⬠䓇䘬⬠佺傥≃惵⣿炻 ⽒⸷㻠忚ˣ䓙㖻ℍ暋ˤˬ⎗㍉䓐ḅ⭖㟤ˣ䰛⫿㟤ㆾ䓘⫿㟤ˤ˭ˬẍ䠔䫮䁢ᷣ炻㮃䫮䁢 庼˭ˤ㬌⢾炻ˬ嬀⫿㔁⬠冯⮓⫿㔁⬠ᷳ攻炻ㅱ慵夾䚠Ḻ倗䴉㔁⬠炻惵⎰⎬䥹ἄ㤕䘬佺 ἄ炻晐㨇㊯⮶⬠䓇炻⮯ἄ㤕⮓⼿㬋䡢炻⮓⼿伶奨ˤ˭ ˬ嬀⫿˭冯ˬ⮓⫿˭Ḵ侭⛐婆㔯⬠佺ᶲ㗗䚠庼䚠ㆸ䘬炻⮓⫿傥≃⇯䓙䫮䔓ˣ䫮 枮⍲㔜橼䳸㥳堐䎦↢ἮˤỮ⛐㔁⬠䘬㑵ἄ⿏岒ᶲ⌣㚱叿㤝⣏䘬↮慶炻⚈䁢炻ˬ嬀⫿˭ 䘬悐ấ⍇⇯ᶲⰔ㕤⬠䥹炻侴ˬ⮓⫿˭㑵ἄ㕡朊⇯庫ῷ⎹埻䥹炻ℑ侭⛐㔁⬠䱦䤆ᶲ䔍 㚱ᶵ⎴ˤ 2.㻊⫿㔁⬠㱽 ⎘䀋⬠侭傉㯠ⲯ(2002)↮㜸Ḯ䔞⇵⎘䀋䘬㻊⫿㊯⮶㱽炻ℙ㍸↢忈⫿⍇䎮㔁⬠ˣ悐 椾㔁⬠ˣ悐ẞ㔁⬠ˣ䳬⫿夷⇯㔁⬠ˣ⼊倚⫿㔁⬠ˣ➢㛔⫿ⷞ⫿㔁⬠ˣシ佑⊾㔁⬠㱽ˣ 㭼庫嬀⫿㔁⬠ˣ㬠栆嬀⫿㔁⬠ˣ↮㜸⎋始㱽ˣ㫴㔁⬠㱽ˣ⫿媶嬀⫿㔁⬠㱽ˣ䪹娙 ⍲㓭ḳ嬀⫿㔁⬠㱽ˣ忲㇚嬀⫿㔁⬠㱽䫱14䧖㔁⬠㱽ˤ 䫮侭㟡㒂㔁⬠㧉⺷⍲㔁㛸⏰䎦㕡⺷ἄᶨ㍊妶烉 (1)㟡㒂㔁⬠㧉⺷烉 ⎗↮䁢䓙ᶲ侴ᶳ⍲䓙ᶳ侴ᶲˤ⇵侭ẍ⬠佺侭䘬婆デ䴻槿ˣᶾ䓴䞍嬀ἄ䁢⬠佺屯 㸸炻⮯╖䌐䘬娆⼁冯⬠佺侭䘬䴻槿䚠䳸⎰炻⤪䌳㖶⽟㔁⬠㱽ˤ4⼴侭⇯䓙⫿⼊ˣ⫿枛ˣ ⫿佑叿ㇳ炻嬻⬠䓇⬴ㆸ嬀⫿ả⊁炻ῷ慵嬀⫿忶䦳侴庫⾥䔍娆⼁⛐婆⠫ᷕ䘬ἄ䓐ˤ (2)㟡㒂㔁㛸䘬⏰䎦㕡⺷烉 冯ᷕ⚳⣏映䚠⎴炻⎗↮䁢↮㔋嬀⫿㔁⬠㱽⍲普ᷕ嬀⫿㔁⬠㱽ˤ䚖⇵⎘䀋䘬㻊⫿ 㔁⬠⣂㍉⍾↮㔋嬀⫿㱽ˤ侴⎘䀋⮵㕤⮷⬠⬠䪍䘬㻊⫿㔁⬠䞼䨞⣂憅⮵⬠佺⚘暋䘬䈡 㬲⬠䓇炻⮵㕤ᶨ凔⬠䓇䘬䞼䨞䚠⮵庫⮹(㞗厗君炻1999烊傉㯠ⲯ炻2002烊㳒⃟䐄炻2005)ˤ ⷠ夳䘬墄㓹㔁⬠㕡⺷䁢悐椾嬀⫿㔁⬠㱽ˣ⫿㕷㔁⬠㱽ˣ➢㛔⫿ⷞ⫿㔁⬠㱽ˣ⼊倚⫿ 㔁⬠㱽ˣ⚾妋嬀⫿㔁⬠㱽䫱(㳒⃟䐄䫱Ṣ炻2008)炻㍉⍾䘬⣂䁢普ᷕ嬀⫿㔁⬠㱽炻冯 ⇵徘晐㔯↢䎦䘬↮㔋嬀⫿㔁⬠㱽᷎ᶵ䚠⎴ˤ ẍᶲ䘬䞼䨞栗䣢忁ṃ㔁⬠㱽㚱ᶵ拗䘬ㆸ㓰炻Ữ⚈䁢⎘䀋䚖⇵ẍ↮㔋嬀⫿㔁⬠㱽 䁢ᷣ㳩炻ẍᶲ㍸⍲䘬普ᷕ嬀⫿㔁⬠㱽⣂䁢㔁⬠侭冒䶐䘬墄⃭㔁㛸ㆾ㗗墄㓹㔁⬠㔁㛸炻 ⮹⛐㬋夷婚䦳ᷕ⮎㕥ˤ 3.㻊⫿㔁⬠㓰㝄 㔁做悐᷎㛒憅⮵㭵婆⬠䪍䘬㻊⫿⬠佺㓰㝄⽆ḳ䚠斄婧㞍炻⮵㕤ᷕ㔯㭵婆侭䘬㻊 ⫿⬠佺傥≃䞼䨞⣂普ᷕ㕤教嬨⚘暋⬠䪍炻ᶼ⣏悐↮悥ẍ嬀⫿傥≃(昛䥨剔炻1998烊㳒 ⃟䐄炻1999烊昛ㄞ枮炻2000烊湫䥨曄炻1999烊昛䥨剔ˣ㳒⃟䐄ˣ昛ㄞ枮炻2008䫱) 教嬨䎮妋傥≃(恙ᶲ䛇ˣ㳒䡏曆炻1996烊㞗厗君炻1999烊昛伶剛炻1999䫱)䁢ᷣˤ⚈㬌 4 ˬ䌳㖶⽟㔁⬠㱽˭䁢 1962 ⸜檀晬剻㳚⚳⮷㟉攟䌳㖶⽟憅⮵⮷⬠Ỷ⸜䳂⚳婆䥹㍸↢䘬㔁⬠㱽炻䁢 倥婒嬨⮓㶟⎰㔁⬠炻⃰婒娙ℵἄ㔯炻㚨⼴⮓⫿冯教嬨ˤẍ䚳⚾婒㓭ḳ䘬㕡⺷⺽⮶炻忚ᶨ㬍娵嬀㚠⮓ 䫎嘇ˤ
䫔ᶨ婆妨⬠佺侭ᷳ㻊⫿⬠佺㓰㝄傥⽆ᾳ⇍䞼䨞ᷕ䩢㍊ᶨḴˤ ℞ᷕ庫℟橼䘬䞼䨞䁢昛䥨剔ˣ㳒⃟䐄ˣ昛ㄞ枮(2008)⮵⮷⬠1-3⸜䳂⬠䪍 Ḯ➢ 㛔⫿嬨⮓傥≃䘬婧㞍䞼䨞炻娚䞼䨞ẍ㳒⃟䐄䫱(2003)䶐⇞䘬ˬ➢㛔嬨⮓⫿䵄⎰㷔槿˭ 䁢ⶍ℟炻↮⇍䁢ˬ㈦↢㬋䡢䘬⫿˭炷⋨彐⫿炸ˣˬ䚳⫿嬨枛˭炷娵嬨⫿炸⍲ˬ倥⮓˭ 炷⮓⫿炸䫱ᶱᾳ㷔槿ˤ䳸㝄䘤䎦炻ᶨ凔⬠䪍椾⃰䱦䅇䘬傥≃㗗⋨彐⫿冯娵嬨⫿䘬傥 ≃炻⛐ᶨ⸜䳂ᶲ⬠㛇㬋䡢䌯↮⇍䁢85%⍲82%炻Ữ傥倥⮓↢11%䘬➢㛔⫿ˤ⇘ᶱ⸜ 䳂ᶲ⬠㛇ㇵ傥⣈倥⮓↢91%ẍᶲ䘬➢㛔⫿ˤ 侴㟡㒂㳒⃟䐄䫱(2008)ὅ㒂㔁做悐˪⚳⮷⬠䪍ⷠ䓐⫿娆婧㞍⟙⏲㚠˫⼿ᷳ⚳⮷ ⷠ䓐⫿⹓䶐墥㷔槿炻᷎㊱䄏⬠䓇⮓㲐枛忈娆䘬㬋䡢⿏Ộ妰℞嬀⫿慷ˤ⛐ℐ⎘䀋⊿ˣ ᷕˣ⋿⋨怠⍾⮷ᶨ⇘⚳ᶱ2842ỵ⬠䓇Ἦ忚埴婧㞍ˤ⎬⸜䳂⎗傥䘬嬀⫿慷⤪ᶳ烉 ߄3ǺѠλᏢᏢูӚԃભӷໆፓ߄ ԃભ ѳ֡ӷໆ 95ʘߞᒘ໔ӷໆ 1ԃભ 713 371ɴ1053 2ԃભ 1248 971ɴ1527 3ԃભ 2108 1410ɴ2806 4ԃભ 2660 1779ɴ3543 5ԃભ 3142 2425ɴ3859 6ԃભ 3340 2531ɴ4149 屯 屯㕁Ἦ㸸烉 㳒⃟䐄ˣ䌳䑲䎈ˣ⻝恩暗ˣ昛䥨剔(2008)ˤ⬠䪍ˬ嬀⫿慷姽Ộ㷔槿˭ᷳ䶐墥⟙⏲ˤ㷔㷔槿 ⬠↲ˤ55(3)炻489-508ˤ 䫮侭㟡㒂ẍᶲ䘬䞼䨞䘤䎦炻ᷕ㔯㭵婆侭炷㛔㔯⮰㊯⮷⬠⬠䪍炸䘬㻊⫿⬠佺㓰㝄 㚱ᶱ枭䈡溆烉 A.㻊⫿⬠佺䘬⃰⼴枮⸷䁢烉⃰嬀嬨⼴㚠⮓炻ᶼ嬀⫿慷⣏㕤⮓⫿慷ˤ B.䃉婾㗗嬀⫿ㆾ㗗⮓⫿悥⛐⮷⬠ᶱ⸜䳂崟庫䁢䅇䶜ˤ C.㻊⫿⬠佺婧㞍䳸㝄冯˪2011ḅ⸜ᶨ屓婚䵙˫⮵㻊⫿⫿㔠䘬天㯪⣏农䚠䫎ˤ5
Οǵᅇӷ୮୯ৎޑᅇӷ௲Ꮲݩ
␐㚱(1988)娵䁢⽆㻊⫿⚰⚳⭞䘬䘤⯽濚⎚潻䚳炻℞婆妨ῇ䓐㻊⫿㚠⮓㛔⚳婆妨 暨䴻忶⬠佺ˣῇ䓐ˣầ忈⍲∝忈䫱⚃ᾳ昶㭝ˤ䃞侴炻忁ṃ⛘⋨䴻忶⎬ᾳ䘤⯽昶㭝⼴ 䘤⯽↢㻊⫿⍲㊤枛䫎嘇ℑ䧖㔯⫿䲣䴙ˤ⻝⬠嫁(2000)㍸↢㻊⫿⍲㊤枛㔯⫿⎗ẍ䳬⎰↢ ᶱ䧖㚠朊䲣䴙烉⬴ℐἧ䓐㻊⫿炷⤪ᷕ㔯炸ˣ⬴ℐἧ䓐朆㻊⫿䘬㊤枛㔯⫿炷⤪崲⋿䘬⫿ ┫ Quoc Ngu ⍲澱杻䘬媢㔯炸⍲㶟⎰忁濆䧖㔯⫿䘬㚠朊婆炷㖍㔯⍲杻㔯炸ˤ㛔㔯⮯㍊ 妶㻊⫿⚰㻊⫿㭵婆侭ᷳ㻊⫿㔁⬠炻㬌嗽㌺昌⬴ℐἧ䓐㊤枛㔯⫿ᷳ崲⋿⍲⊿杻炻普ᷕ ㍊妶ἧ䓐㻊⫿䘬㖍㛔⍲杻⚳ˤ (ᶨ)㖍㛔㻊⫿㔁⬠䎦㱩 1.㻊⫿㔁⬠天㯪 旸⇞㻊⫿⫿澷㗗㖍㛔婆妨㔯⫿㓡朑䘬慵溆ᷳᶨ炻℞旸⇞㻊⫿䘬㕡㱽㗗⇞⭂㓧⹄ 㨇斄⍲ᶨ凔䣦㚫ἧ䓐䘬㻊⫿堐ˤ⛐忶⍣䘬Ḽ⋩⣂濜潻炻㻊⫿堐䴻忶⣂㫉䘬ᾖ㓡烉1942 5 ˪2011 ḅ⸜ᶨ屓婚䵙˫ᷕ⮵㕤㻊⫿㔠慷䘬天㯪䁢烉⮷⬠ 1-2 ⸜䳂 700-800 ⫿炻3-4 ⸜䳂 1500-1800 ⫿炻5-6 ⸜䳂 2200-2700 ⫿ˤ濜˪㧁㸾㻊⫿堐˫㓞抬 2669 ᾳ㻊⫿炻1946 濜˪䔞䓐㻊⫿堐˫㓞抬 1850 ᾳ㻊⫿炻1981 濜˪ⷠ䓐㻊⫿堐˫⇯㚱 1945 ᾳ㻊⫿ˤⷠ䓐㻊⫿⮵㕤㖍㛔⚳㮹䎦⮎䓇㳣ᷕ䴻ⷠἧ䓐䘬 㻊⫿㍸↢Ḯ⣏农䘬㧁㸾ˤỮ㗗᷎㰺㚱⻟⇞⿏炻㻊⫿䘬ἧ䓐怬㗗㚱⻰⿏ㅱ䓐䘬䨢攻 炷Seeley, 1991炸炻Ữ㔜橼Ἦ婒㚱㷃⮹㻊⫿ἧ䓐䘬嵐⊊ˤ 天妶婾㖍㛔㻊⫿⬠佺天㯪炻ὧ暨↮㜸㔯悐䚩ᷕˣ⮷⬠˪⚳婆⬠佺㊯⮶天柀˫ˣ˪⬠ 佺㊯⮶妰䔓˫⍲˪⬠佺㊯⮶妰䔓妋婒˫ˤẍᶳὧ↮徘ᷳ烉 (1)⮷⬠㻊⫿㔁⬠天㯪烉 㟡㒂㔯悐䚩⮷⬠˪⬠佺㊯⮶天柀˫炻⮷⬠⚳婆↮䁢婒娙ˣ倥≃ˣ㚠⮓⍲教嬨⚃⣏ ℏ⭡ˤ斄㕤㻊⫿㔁⬠䘬℟橼ℏ⭡ᷣ天↿㕤ˬễ䴙䘬̫妨婆㔯⊾̩⚥婆̯䈡岒̬敊̚ ͌ḳ枭˭ᷳˬ㔯⫿̬敊͌̚ḳ枭˭枭炷ˬ⁛䴙婆妨㔯⊾冯⚳婆䈡岒䚠斄ḳ枭˭ᷳˬ㔯 ⫿䚠斄ḳ枭˭炸ᷕ炻⊭㊔嬀⫿⮓⫿ℑ㕡朊ˤ㔯悐䚩᷎憅⮵⮷⬠˪⚳婆㊯⮶天柀˫㍸ ↢⮷⬠˪⚳婆㊯⮶妋婒˫ẍἄ䁢婒㖶ᷳ䓐ˤ䫮侭㒂㬌䘤䎦㖍㛔⮵㕤㻊⫿⬠佺䘬天㯪 侫ㄖ⇘㻊⫿䘬䲣䴙⿏冯⬠䪍䘤⯽炻1-2 ⸜䳂⤈⭂㻊⫿➢䢶䞍嬀冯⬠佺冰嵋烊3-4 ⸜䳂 ⇯傥䎮妋㻊⫿䳸㥳ˣὅ㒂悐椾䘬䞍嬀㒜⣏㻊⫿慷烊5-6 ⸜䳂⇯⬠佺㻊⫿䘬䓙Ἦˣ`⎵ 冯㻊⫿䘬斄Ὢ䫱ˤ昌㬌ᷳ⢾炻㻊⫿㔁⬠ㅱ㕤㖍ⷠ䓇㳣⍲℞Ṿ⬠䥹ᷕἧ䓐炻⬠⸜⇍˪㻊 ⫿惵䔞堐˫⢾ᷳⷠ䓐㻊⫿暨庼ẍ`⎵炻ẍ⡆≈䪍教嬨㨇㚫炻⮎晃⛐㔯䪈㚠⮓ᷕ⍵ 央䶜佺䫱䫱ˤ 㬌⢾炻䫮侭㟡㒂㔯悐䚩˪㻊⫿惵䔞堐˫炷㔁做悐㻊⫿↮惵堐炸⍲˪㕘⬎佺㊯⮶天 柀̬̋̒͌㻊⫿̯⍾㈙̅炷⍪侫炸˫炷㕘⬠佺㊯⮶天柀↿㻊⫿嗽䎮⍫侫炸↿炻⮯ 㻊⫿⬠佺䘬㔠慷㔜䎮ㆸᶳ堐烉 ߄ 4ǺВҁλᏢᅇӷᏢಞኧໆी߄ Ҟ ԃભ ૈ᠐ଛᅇӷ 1006ӷ ૈਜቪԿ 5 ԃભЗଛᅇӷ Ӆ 825 ӷ ӷໆ ಕीӷໆ ቪӷໆ ಕीቪӷໆ 1 80ӷ 80ӷ 80ӷᅌԛਜቪ 0ӷ 2 160ӷ 240ӷ 80ӷቪ 80ӷ 3 200ӷ 440ӷ 160ӷ 240ӷ 4 200ӷ 640ӷ 200ӷ 440ӷ 5 185ӷ 825ӷ 200ӷ 640ӷ 6 181ӷ 1006ӷ 185ӷ 825ӷ 屯 屯㕁Ἦ㸸烉䫮侭侣嬗⍲㔜䎮冒㖍㛔㔯悐䥹⬠䚩˪㕘⬎佺㊯⮶天柀̬̋̒͌㻊⫿̯⍾㈙̅炷⍪ 侫炸˫炻⍫夳Ǻ http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/houdou/22/06/attach/1295405.htm 炷⺽䓐㗪攻Ǻ2013/11/15炸 ⮷⬠ℕ⸜ᶨℙ⬠佺㻊⫿ 1006 ⫿炻℟橼天㯪㗗烉傥嬀⼿⎬⸜䳂䓇⫿堐ᷕ䘬㻊⫿炻 傥⮓᷎傥䓐⇵ᶨ⬠⸜⬠㚫ᷳ㻊⫿炻侴䔞⬠⸜⬠佺ᷳ㻊⫿⎒天㯪 ⇘徸㻠㚫⮓ˤ奨⮇ 㖍㛔⮷⬠⬠䪍㻊⫿⬠佺䘬天㯪䘤䎦炻昌䫔ᶨ⬠⸜⢾嬀⫿冯⮓⫿ả⊁↮惵⸛⛯炻䫔Ḵ 昶㭝䦵⣂炻㖶栗㍉⍾ˬ⣂嬀⮹⮓˭䘬䫾䔍ˤ
(2)ᷕ⬠㻊⫿㔁⬠天㯪烉 㟡㒂㔯悐䚩ᷕ⬠˪⬠佺㊯⮶天柀˫炻ᷕ⬠⚳婆冯⮷⬠⚳婆䚠⎴炻Ṏ↮䁢⚃⣏ℏ⭡ˤ ⛐ᷕ⬠˪⚳婆㊯⮶天柀妋婒˫᷎ᷕ㖶䡢㊯↢㻊⫿㔁⬠䘬ℑᾳ⣏㕡⎹烉ᶨ㗗䡢䩳㻊⫿ 䘬⛘ỵ⍲⮎䓐⿏炻娵䁢㻊⫿䁢ᶨ↯⬠佺䘬㟡㛔ˤ䁢Ḯ傥⣈教嬨ⷠ䓐㻊⫿炻椾⃰ㅱ佺 ㄋἧ䓐⬠⸜⇍㻊⫿↮惵堐ˤ᷎ᶼ慵夾⛐䣦㚫䓇㳣ᷕ䡢⮎ἧ䓐炻ᶼ枰⃭⮎⚈ㅱ⬠䓇⮎ 晃佺⼿ね㱩䘬㻊⫿㊯⮶ˤ Ḵ⇯㗗䡢䩳㻊⫿㔁⬠䘬昶㭝⿏ˤ⚳婆䥹䘬㊯⮶ℏ⭡ᷫ䲣䴙⿏ˣ昶㭝⿏炻冯⇵⬠ ⸜䚠忋屓䘬炻坢㕳⺷ˣ⍵央ᶵ㕟㑵䶜⛘⬠佺ˤ ⸛ㆸ 22 ⸜˪ⷠ䓐㻊⫿㓡妪堐˫炻⡆≈ 196 ⫿炻㷃⮹ 5 ⫿炻⍇ 1945 ⫿⡆≈⇘ 2136 ⫿炻⚈㬌ᷕ⬠䓇ㅱ⬠佺䘬㻊⫿⫿㔠ḇ㚱婧㔜ˤ䫮侭㟡㒂㔯悐䚩˪ᷕ⬠⬠佺㊯⮶天 柀˫⍲˪ᷕ⬠⬠佺㊯⮶天柀妋婒˫炻⮯ᷕ⬠ᶱ⸜嬀⫿慷冯⮓⫿慷㔜䎮↢ᶳ堐烉 ߄ 5烉ВҁύᏢᅇӷᏢಞኧໆी߄ ύ Ꮲ Ҟ ԃભ ᅇӷໆǺаλᏢ 1006 ӷࣁ୷ᘵӆቚу ૈ᠐தҔᅇӷ 1945 ӷ ȐᔈࡰᏤ 1945ɡ1006ɨ939 ӷȑ ಞᄍ٬Ҕଛᅇӷ 1006 ӷ ȐᔈࡰᏤ 1006ɡ825ɨ181 ӷȑ 1 250-300ӷ (825+)75ӷ 900ӷ 2 300-350ӷ (900+)106ӷ 1006ӷ 3 εϩதҔᅇӷ ಞᄍ٬Ҕ 1006 ӷ ଯύ தҔᅇӷ 1945 ӷ ቪதҔᅇӷ 1945 ӷ 屯 屯㕁Ἦ㸸烉䫮侭㔜䎮冒㖍㛔㔯悐䚩˪ᷕ⬠⬠佺㊯⮶天柀˫⍲˪ᷕ⬠⬠佺㊯⮶天柀妋婒˫ˤ 冯⮷⬠ℕ⸜䚠庫ᷳᶳ炷㚨⮹ 80 ⫿炻㚨⣂ 200 ⫿炸炻ᷕ⬠䘬嬀⫿慷⣏⡆侴⮓⫿ả ⊁᷎ᶵ䬿⣏ˤ 2.㻊⫿㔁⬠㱽 㖍㛔䘬㻊⫿㔁⬠㱽⛐㇘⇵㇘⼴㚱ᶵ⎴䘬䘤⯽炻㛶幵(2008)ˣⶅ⎋佑ᶨ(2010)⛯㍸ ⇘㖍㛔䘬㻊⫿㔁做䓙㇘⇵䘬ˬ婕̀㚠̎⎴㗪㊯⮶˭炷嬀⮓⎴㬍炸炻廱⎹㇘⼴䘬ˬ婕 ̀⃰埴ˣ㻠㫉㚠̐˭炷⃰嬨⼴⮓炸ˤ 䓙䔞⇵㖍㛔⮷⬠ˣᷕ⬠䘬㻊⫿⬠佺天㯪Ἦ䚳炻⮵㕤嬀⫿冯⮓⫿ᷫ㍉⍾⃰嬀⼴⮓ˣ ⣂嬀⮹⮓䘬䫾䔍ˤ㬌ᶨ婾溆⣏大ᷭᶨ(1968)㖑㍸↢炻Ṿ⛐˨㻊⫿̯⬎佺㊯⮶˩炷㻊 ⫿䘬⬠佺㊯⮶炸ᶨ㔯ᷕ婯⇘ˬ⮵㕤㻊⫿㊯⮶炻㚱媪䘬ˮ嬀⮓↮暊婾˯炻シ⌛ˮ䎮妋 ⛐⃰炻堐䎦⛐⼴˯ˣˮ⃰㖶䡢Ḯ妋シ佑冯䓐㱽炻侴⼴㚠⮓˯ˤ⚈㬌ᶨ攳⥳ὧ㔁㌰䫮枮ˣ ⫿⼊⮎⛐㗗䚠䔞⚘暋ˤ˭ ℵ≈ᶲ㖍㛔攟㛇ẍἮ㻊⫿㔁⬠䘬ᷣ㳩㧉⺷䁢⍵央㑵䶜⍲㻊⫿㷔槿ˤ䓙㕤㌰婚㗪 㔠䘬旸⇞炻゛天徸⫿⛘⛐婚➪ᷕṼ䳘㔁㌰㗗ᶵ⎗傥䘬ˤ晐叿ⷠ䓐㻊⫿㔠䘬⡆≈炻⬠ 佺侭冒⬠㻊⫿䘬㨇㚫ḇ嶇叿⡆≈ˤ⛐⯂㛒⬴ℐ䎮妋㻊⫿⫿佑⍲嵋␛⇵ㅱ⍵央㚠⮓炻 ⮶农⍕ら㻊⫿䘬⬠佺侭ᶵ⛐⮹㔠ˤ⋲䓘㶛⫸(2011)娵䁢⮵㕤㻊⫿仢᷷冰嵋䘬⬠䓇⎒傥 ㍉⍾㬣姀䠔側䘬㕡⺷ˤ⮵㬌炻⬠侭㍸↢Ḯᶵ⮹㻊⫿㔁⬠㕡㱽ˤ ⣏大ᷭᶨ(1968)㍸↢㚱㓰䌯䘬㻊⫿㔁⬠ㅱ叿慵㕤⤪ỽ䘤枛ˣ⤪ỽ㚠⮓ẍ⍲⤪ỽἧ 䓐ˤⱑ䓘媎ㄏ(1992)娵䁢㻊⫿㔁⬠ㅱ䲣䴙⊾炻᷎ἧ⬠䪍⬠佺傥㬋䡢ⓠ↢⫿枛ˣ傥㬋䡢 䎮妋⫿佑ˣ傥ẍ㬋䡢䫮枮㚠⮓↢㬋䡢䘬⫿⼊ˣ傥⛐㔯䪈ᷕ㬋䡢ἧ䓐䫱⚃ᾳ慵溆ˤ
⛐℟橼䘬㔁⬠㕡朊炻⚈“慵溆ᶵ⎴侴㚱⎹Ⱉ✳㔁⬠㱽ˣ⌗㚰✳㔁⬠㱽⍲⭖ᶳ✳ 㔁⬠㱽ᶱ䧖烉(1)⎹Ⱉ✳㻊⫿㔁⬠㱽烉ˬ㻊⫿㔯⊾̯㌰㤕˭炷⎹Ⱉ㲳ᶨ炻2002ˣ2006炸 䓙⎹Ⱉ㲳ᶨ⛐ 1999 ⸜㍸↢炻㕤ᶲ㴟⮎槿⬠㟉Ḽ⸜䳂⬠䓇⮎槿㻊⫿㔯⊾㔁⬠炻 Ṿ娵䁢㻊⫿冯㬟⎚㚱卓⣏䘬斄Ὢ炻⚈㬌ᶵ㗗㔁㻊⫿炻怬天㔁㻊⫿㔯⊾ˤ昌Ḯ嬨⮓炻 怬⊭㊔ẍ㻊⫿䳸㥳ˣシ佑冯㻊⫿⒚⬠䁢➢䢶䘬㻊⫿㔁⬠ˤẍ⚾䔓冯⓷柴䘬㕡⺷⺽崟 ⬠佺侭䘬冰嵋ˤ侴㬌㻊⫿㔁⬠㱽⛐㖍㛔⮷⬠⺽崟Ḯ㤝⣏䘬徜枧冯⮎嶸ˤġ Ữ㗗℟橼⮎嶸䘬㻊⫿⣂䁢傥ẍ⚾䔓堐䎦䘬㻊⫿炻军㕤㻊⫿ᷕỼ⣏⣂㔠䘬⼊倚⫿ 䓙⼊䫎冯倚䫎䳬ㆸ炻倚䫎⤪ỽ堐䎦⇯䁢ᶨ⣏⓷柴ˤ㬌⢾炻㍉⍾㬌㔁⬠㱽⮵㕤㻊⫿ 傥≃㗗⏎㚱≑䙲⇯㚱⼭℟橼⛘侫⮇ˤ (2)⌗㚰✳㻊⫿㔁⬠㱽烉ˬ㻊⫿̩忲̷炘㻊⫿̨⬠̷˭炷⌗㚰┇⫸炻2003炸 䓙⌗㚰┇⫸㍸↢炻慵溆⛐㕤㍉⍾⣂䧖㕡⺷⮎嶸㻊⫿⬠佺䘬㦪嵋ˤ⌗㚰✳㻊⫿ 㔁⬠㱽ᶵ⛐㻊⫿婚䦳ᷕ㍉䓐炻㚜ⶏ⥁忳䓐⛐㖍ⷠ䓇㳣ᷕ↢䎦䘬㻊⫿炻⛐忲㇚ᷕ佺 ⼿㻊⫿ˤ╄㬉㻊⫿ˣ╄㬉⬠佺㻊⫿炻ẍ㍸檀㻊⫿⬠佺䘬シ栀ˤ Ữ娚㊯⮶㱽⣂䁢䇯㭝䘬⬠佺炻㻊⫿㊯⮶ㅱ伖㕤ℐ橼婚䦳䘬ỽ䧖⭂ỵ烎冯℞Ṿ⬠ 䥹䘬斄倗䁢ỽ烎㻊⫿㊯⮶䘬攟㛇妰䔓䫱媠⓷柴⛯㛒夳℟橼㍒㕥ˤ (3)⭖ᶳ✳㻊⫿㔁⬠㱽烉ˬ↮͍̲̒夳̥̌͌䞍̧̤͌㻊⫿˭炷⭖ᶳᷭ⣓炻2000炸 䓙⭖ᶳᷭ⣓㍸↢炻ᷣ天䘬㤪⾝䁢⮯墯暄䘬㻊⫿↮妋䁢⸦ᾳ悐ấ炻ἧ⬠佺侭⭡ 㖻㌴㎉⯨悐᷎忚侴㌴㎉ℐ橼ˤ㬌ᷫ㔁㌰㻊⫿⼊ˣ枛ˣ佑ẍ⍲⭡㖻㶟㵮䘬㻊⫿㥳ㆸ天 䳈炻㔜䎮尉⼊ˣ㊯ḳˣ⼊倚䫱㻊⫿㥳ㆸ䈡⽝䫱夷⇯炻⮯㻊⫿䲣䴙⊾ˤ 㬌㔁⬠㱽庫℟䥹⬠⿏炻Ữẍ⫿℠䁢㻊⫿↮栆䘬➢䢶炻㉥尉⿏庫檀ˤ᷎⮯姙⣂庫 暋䘬㻊⫿⍲ⷠ䓐㻊⫿堐⢾䘬㻊⫿ḇ⊭⏓℞ᷕˤ㍉䓐㬌㱽㗪ㅱ侫ㄖ⬠佺侭䘬䎮妋≃冯 㔁⬠侭䘬㔁⬠傥≃炻ᶼ⮎㕥暋⹎庫檀ˤ 3.㻊⫿㔁⬠㓰㝄 䞊悐䍚⫸(2007)䫱⣂ỵ⬠侭⮵㕤㖍㛔ℐ⚳⬠䪍 Ḯ⚳婆⬠佺䘬婧㞍炻㔯ᷕ䘤䎦⮵ 㻊⫿⬠佺㚱冰嵋侭⽆⮷⬠ 1-2 ⸜䳂⮵㕤㻊⫿䘬⬠佺㚱㤝⣏冰嵋炻䲬Ỽ 70-80%炻Ữ⇘ Ḯ⮷⬠ᶱ⸜䳂ᷳ⼴⏰䎦㭷㱩グᶳ䘬嵐⊊炻忁冯⎬⸜䳂㻊⫿⬠佺慷㚱斄炻Ṏ⌛⇵㔯㍸ ⇘⮷⬠ 3-4 ⸜䳂䁢⎬⸜䳂ᷳ㚨ˤ 㬌⢾炻㖍㛔㔯悐䚩⚳䩳㔁做㓧䫾䞼䨞⛐ 2012 ⸜⮵ℐ㖍㛔⮷⬠ℕ⸜䳂冯ᷕ⬠ᶱ ⸜䳂⬠䪍ἄḮ⬠佺䉨㱩婧㞍炻6℞ᷕ憅⮵㻊⫿⬠佺㓰㝄炷嬀⫿⮓⫿炸䘬婧㞍ẍˬ⬠ ⸜⇍㻊⫿惵䔞堐˭䁢ᷕ⽫炻㍉⍾ˬ怠㑯⺷˭⍲ˬ䯉䫼⺷˭ℑ䧖柴✳ˤ柴䚖冱ἳ⤪ᶳ烉 (1)ӷǺ A.ཥ喁啮嗴嘌ࡌᑐ喼喃喵 B.ᒃ啵喳㧆ҥ喁喐啹喳喃 C.ୖу喃喵啽喒喼喃 (2)ቪӷǺ A.ੰଣ喑啮喁喭喕喩喐喬喳啰 B.ܿ啵喳喉啮喲啰啶喘喦喵 6㖍㛔㔯悐䥹⬠䚩⚳䩳㔁做㓧䫾䞼䨞(2012)烉˨⸛ㆸ 24 ⸜⹎ℐ⚥⬎≃炽⬎佺䉞㱩婧㞣˰⮷⬎㟉˱⟙ ⏲㚠˩ˤ
C.қ啮喖喘喼ߙ啹喇喫喵 嬀⫿ᶱᾳ⓷柴㬋妋䌯↮⇍䁢 89.4%ˣ92.2%ˣ95.3%炻侴⮓⫿ᶱᾳ⓷柴㬋妋䌯⇯ ↮⇍䁢 83.3%ˣ82.9%⍲ 90.5%ˤ嬀⫿㬋䡢䌯⣏㕤⮓⫿㬋䡢䌯ˤ 㔯悐䚩⛐⟙⏲ᷕ㊯↢炻㬌⬠佺婧㞍䳸㝄⎗ἄ䁢㻊⫿㔁⬠䘬㓡忚ὅ㒂烉ˬ⮯⬠ ᷳ㻊⫿怑䔞⛘伖㕤㔯䪈ᷕ忳䓐ˤ⚈㬌⽭枰≈⻟㭼庫㻊⫿䘬枛嬨ˣ妻嬨ˣ悐椾ˣ䫮䔓 ᷳⶖ䔘炻᷎㲐シ⫿佑˭ˤỮ㛒㍸↢℟橼䘬㊯⮶㕡㱽ˤ 斄㕤㻊⫿㔁⬠炻㖍㛔⬠侭㍸↢⣂䧖㻊⫿㔁⬠㱽炻Ữ䃉婾㗗ỽ䧖㕡⺷炻℞㚨䳪䚖 䘬⛯⛐㕤㍸檀㻊⫿⬠佺䘬㓰㝄ˤ䓙㕤㖍㛔⮷⬠㻊⫿㔁⬠⣂㍉⍾↮㔋嬀⫿䘬㕡⺷炻Ữ 䓙㓰㝄婧㞍䘤䎦⮓⫿䘬⬠佺㓰㝄ᶵ⤪嬀⫿㓰㝄ˤ⚈㬌ⶴ㛃傥㚱㚜⤥䘬㔁⬠㱽傥⣈ℐ 朊侴⬴㔜⛘㍸檀⬠䪍⬠佺㻊⫿䘬冰嵋炻᷎㍸檀㻊⫿㔁⬠㓰䌯ˤ (Ḵ)杻⚳㻊⫿㔁⬠䎦㱩 1.㻊⫿㔁⬠天㯪 冒1950⸜ẋẍἮ炻杻⚳ᷕ⮷⬠䘬㻊⫿㓧䫾⍵央ᶵ⭂炻ㆾ⮎埴杻㔯⮰䓐炻ㆾ⮎埴 杻㻊㔯㶟䓐ˤ7⤪㬌䘬㓧䫾ἧ⼿㻊⫿㔁⬠䓊䓇Ḯᶵ䨑⭂䘬䉨ンˤᶵ⎴䘬㔁ⷓᶵ⎴䘬 ⬠㟉⮵㻊⫿㔁做䘬慵夾䦳⹎ᶵᶨ㧋炻⚈㬌⎬⬠㟉㔁ⷓ㍉䓐䘬㔁䥹㚠⍲㔁⬠㕡⺷ḇ ᶵ䚠⎴ˤ 杻⚳㚨㕘枺⭂ᷳ2011⸜˪㔁做忶䦳婒㖶ㇳℲ˫娛䚉⛘婒㖶㻊⫿⬠佺天㯪冯㻊⫿ 㔁⬠㕡憅ˤ⮯⚳婆炷杻婆炸⋨↮䁢ˬ婾婒婆妨㔁做˭ˣˬ㔯⬠婆妨㔁做˭⍲ˬ䓇㳣婆 妨㔁做˭ᶱᾳ柀➇ˤ㻊⫿㔁做冯⼴Ḵ侭䚠斄炻⮷⬠ẍˬ䓇㳣婆妨㔁做˭䁢ᷕ⽫Ἦ⽆ ḳ㔁⬠烊⚳ᷕẍᶲ⇯ẍˬ㔯⬠婆妨㔁做˭䁢ᷕ⽫炷㧊㭒䢎炷Yi Ju-Ho/㛶㞙捔炸炻1993炸炻 ᷎姕㚱ˬ㻊㔯˭婚䦳炻䁢⽭ᾖ䥹䚖炻⮵㻊⫿䘬㔁做ὧ⛐ˬ㻊㔯˭婚䦳ᷕ忚埴ˤ 斄㕤㻊⫿⬠佺䘬天㯪炻⛐杻⚳䘬佑⊁㔁做ᷕ炻᷎㛒㖶⭂⮷⬠暨⬠㻊⫿炻Ữ⚳ᷕ 冯檀ᷕ⎬暨⬠900ᾳ㻊⫿ˤᶨ忙⬠佺ᶨᾳ⮷㗪炻⬠佺䘬ℏ⭡㗗㻊⫿䘬⼊ˣ枛ˣ佑炻ㆸ 婆炻嫃妋㻊⫿䘬ⷠ嬀炷⤪ℕ㚠䫱炸ˤ 杻⚳ᷕ⬠㻊⫿㔁做⛐ 2007 ⸜㓡妪忶⼴炻⮯ˬ㻊㔯䞍嬀˭䘬ᷕ⽫柀➇⋨↮䁢ˬ㻊 ⫿ˣ婆⼁ˣ㔯䪈˭炻℞ᷕ冯㻊⫿㔁⬠⭮↯䚠斄侭䁢⇵ℑ侭炻Ṏ⌛ˬ㻊⫿䞍嬀˭⍲ˬ婆 ⼁䞍嬀˭ˤˬ㻊⫿䞍嬀˭⊭⏓ˬ㻊⫿䘬䈡⿏˭⍲ˬ㻊⫿䘬䳸㥳˭烊ˬ婆⼁䞍嬀˭⇯⊭ ⏓ˬ㻊⫿䘬㬟⎚˭ˤ炷㰚㻶㣿炷Jin Cheol Yong/昛⒚掆炸炻2010烊ₖ☯′炷Kim Dong Kyu /慹㜙⣶炸炻2011炸ˤ
䚠庫㕤ᷕ⚳冯㖍㛔炻杻⚳㔁做悐㍸↢㻊㔯㔁做䓐➢䢶㻊⫿ 1800 ⫿炻⇅ᷕㅱ⬠
900 ⫿炻檀ᷕㅱ⬠ 900 ⫿ˤ㟡㒂⎬⭞㔁䥹㚠䶐侭ᶵ⎴炻怠䓐䘬㻊⫿ḇ㚱ⶖ䔘ˤ
Ữ⇅ᶨˣ⇅Ḵ㻊㔯㔁䥹㚠ᷕ㓞抬Ḯ⇅ᷕ㻊㔯㔁做䓐➢䢶㻊⫿ 900 ⫿ᷕ䘬 600 ⣂⫿ 炷ₖ☯′炷Kim Dong Kyu /慹㜙⣶炻2011炸ˤ⚈㬌⣏悐↮⬠侭娵䁢⇅ᷕ䓐⫿ 900 ⫿炻 ㅱ⸛⛯↮惵炻シ⌛⛐⎬⸜䳂㻊⫿佺⼿㔠慷䁢 300 ⫿炷ₖ☯′炷Kim Dong Kyu /慹㜙 ⣶炸炻2011炸ˤ
晾䃞⛐㻊⫿㔁做ᷕ妪↢⫿慷炻᷎㛒㖶䡢⋨↮嬀⫿慷冯⮓⫿慷炻Ữ⛐㻊⫿㩊⭂ 侫娎ᷕ⇯㚱㖶䡢夷⭂ˤ䚖⇵杻⚳䘬㻊⫿㩊⭂侫娎↮䁢ℓ䳂炻℞⫿慷夷⭂⤪ᶳ堐烉
߄ 6Ǻᗬ୯ᅇӷᔠۓԵ၂ᅇӷኧໆ߄ ભኧ ӷໆ ቪӷໆ ભ 5978 3500 ભɛ 4918 2355 1ભ 3500 2005 2ભ 2355 1817 3ભ 1817 1000 ྗ 3 ભ 1500 750 4ભ 1000 500 ྗ 5 ભ 750 400 5ભ 500 300 ྗ 5 ભ 400 225 6ભ 300 150 ྗ 6 ભ 225 50 7ભ 150 ɡ ྗ 7 ભ 100 ɡ 8ભ 50 ɡ 屯 屯㕁Ἦ㸸烉䫮侭㟡㒂杻⚳㻊⫿傥≃㩊⭂㚫䵚䪁屯㕁㔜䎮侴ㆸˤ⍫夳烉http://www.hanja.re.kr/ 炷⺽䓐㗪攻烉2013/11/15炸 㟡㒂ᶲ堐炻⎗ẍ㖶栗䚳↢⛐㻊⫿㩊⭂侫娎ᷕ炻⮵㕤嬀⫿慷冯⮓⫿慷䘬夷⭂⏰䎦 ↢ˬ⣂嬀⮹⮓˭䘬嵐⊊ˤ8 䳂ˣ㸾 7 䳂ẍ⍲ 7 䳂天㯪嬀⫿慷炻侴ᶵ天㯪⮓⫿慷ˤ ⽆ 6 䳂攳⥳炻⮓⫿慷晾䃞䔍ỶỮ䲬䁢⇵ᶨᾳ䳂㔠䘬嬀⫿慷炻㬌冯㖍㛔㔯悐䚩⮵㕤⮷ ⬠㻊⫿⬠佺䘬天㯪夷⭂䚠栆Ụˤ 2.㻊⫿㔁⬠㱽 䚖⇵杻⚳斄㕤㻊⫿㔁⬠㱽㚱媠⣂妶婾炻⬠侭ḇ㚱ᶵ⎴䘬䞼䨞ˤ䴻忶䫮侭㔜䎮ᷳ ⼴娵䁢㫚妶婾杻⚳㻊⫿㔁⬠㱽⎗↮⇍䓙嬀⫿冯⮓⫿ℑ㕡朊叿ㇳˤ⛐嬀⫿㕡朊炻ẍ䎮 妋㻊⫿⼊枛佑䁢㊯⮶慵溆ˤ⛐⮓⫿㕡朊炻ẍ䫮枮䁢㔁⬠慵溆ˤ (1)嬀⫿—䎮妋㻊⫿⼊ˣ枛ˣ佑烉
䚐㡴㍌炷Han Eun Su/杻㭟㳁炸炷2007炸䓙䳸㥳ᷣ佑䘬䩳⟜⮯㻊⫿㔁⬠↮䁢ℕ䧖烉 ↮⇍㗗德忶㻊⫿䘬⫿⼊ˣ⫿枛ˣ⫿佑ˣ⼊枛ˣ⼊佑ˣ⼊枛佑Ἦ⺢㥳䱦䡢䘬娆⼁ἧ䓐 䞍嬀ˤ㬌奨溆冯杻⚳㔁做悐㍸↢ᷳ㻊⫿䈡刚—⫿⼊ˣ⫿枛ˣ⫿佑ᶱ侭䚠ㅱ炻䓙㬌 ᶱ侭叿ㇳἮ⺢㥳㻊⫿䘬䞍嬀ˤṾ⻟婧⬠䓇䘬䴻槿ᶾ䓴䞍嬀䘬䴙⎰炻᷎㍸↢ˬẍ⫿ ⼊䁢ᷕ⽫䘬㕡⺷˭ˬẍ⫿佑䁢ᷕ⽫䘬㕡⺷˭炻堐䣢ẍ⫿⼊䁢ᷕ⽫䘬㕡⺷㗗ˬ⮵䄏㻊 ⫿ˣ㈦↢䚠Ụ䘬⫿⼊ˣ㍷丒⫿⼊嬲⊾˭䫱ˤ 杻⚳㔁做悐炷2011炸㊯↢㫚䎮妋㻊⫿⼊ˣ枛ˣ佑⇯ㅱ䓙ℕ㚠↢䘤炻Ữ性 忶⹎⻟婧ˤ侴ᶼ⮵㕤㔯⫿䘬㔁⬠㚨⤥⽆ˬ尉⼊⫿˭攳⥳炻ẍ⬠佺侭悥傥䎮妋䘬㕡⺷ Ἦ㔁㻊⫿䘬䳸㥳炻᷎䔍忶廱㲐ˣ`ῇ䫱⣒暋䘬䓐婆ˤ⛐⫿枛㕡朊ẍ杻⚳杻㔯⫿枛Ἦ ⓠ炻⛐⫿佑㕡朊天ẍ悐椾Ἦ栆㍐炻䫔ᶨ⬠⸜㗪ᷣ天天ẍˬ悐椾䳊⺽ἧ䓐㱽˭䁢慵⽫ Ἦ㔁⮶ˤ᷎ἧ䓐⣂㧋⊾䘬㕡㱽Ἦ㔁⬠ẍ⺽崟⬠䓇冰嵋ˤ ⛐䎮妋㻊⫿⼊枛佑䘬㔁⬠慵溆ᷕ炻⫿㸸↮㜸㱽䚠䔞⍿⇘慵夾ˤ㾲㭒㡊炷Choi Ju-Youl/Ⲽ䎈䁰炸炷1994炸娵䁢ㅱ溻⊝⬠䓇冒Ἦ忚埴↮㜸妋婒ˤỮ⚈⬠佺侭䦳⹎ 侴䃉㱽忚埴⫿㸸↮㜸䘬㻊⫿炻⇯䓙㔁ⷓ㟡㒂⫿㸸↮㜸枮⸷炻ᶨ怲⇑䓐⚾妋ᶨ怲Ṽ䳘
⛘䴎Ḱ妋婒㗗㭼庫⤥䘬㕡㱽ˤ⚈㬌炻⬠佺侭⽭枰冒橼ぇ㻊⫿㥳忈䘬䈡⿏㕡㱽炻 ⮵㕤⇅㫉夳⇘䘬㻊⫿ḇ⽭枰妋慳⫿枛⫿佑ˣ᷎冯⬠㚫䘬㻊⫿䚠Ḻ㭼庫ˤ㚨⼴炻 㔁ⷓ枰㑼䔞⬠佺䘬⋼婧侭Ὣ忚侭炻⮵㕤㚱㻊⫿⬠佺悥天嬻⬠佺侭冒㍊䳊↢Ἦ ㇵ埴ˤ
(2)㚠⮓㻊⫿炼ẍ䫮枮䁢⍇⇯烉
㫸㷔㟝炷Jin Cheol Yong/昛⒚掆炸炷2010炸㍸↢ㅱˬ⮯㻊⫿䘬䫮䔓枮⸷ẍ➢㛔䘬
⍇⇯䁢㟡㒂Ἦ㔁⬠炻Ữᶵ天忶↮⻟婧䫮䔓枮⸷ˣ䫮䔓㔠ˣ䷥∫㔠˭ˤ杻⚳㔁做悐炷2011炸 ḇ㍸↢Ḯẍᶳ⸦ᾳ䫮枮䘬⍇⇯烉⃰ⶎ⼴⎛ˣ⃰ᶲ⼴ᶳˣ⃰㨓⼴寶ˣ⃰ᷕ攻⼴ℑ怲ˣ ⃰⢾⼴ℏˣ⎛ᶲ奺䘬䫮䔓㚨⼴⮓ˤỮᶵㅱ忶⹎⻟婧䫮枮ˤ⚈㬌炻⛐㚠⮓㻊⫿㗪炻䫮 枮䘬㊯⮶䁢➢㛔⍇⇯炻Ữᶵㅱ忶↮⻟婧ˤ 昌㬌ᷳ⢾炻䠞㻶炷Heo Chul /姙┮炸炷2006炸㍸↢ㅱ⍫侫ᷕ⚳䘬㻊⫿㔁⬠㕡⺷ˤ ⮵㕤ᷕ⚳䘬㻊⫿㔁⬠㕡㱽炻Ṿ⣏䔍↮ㆸ⫿枛㔁做ˣ⫿⼊㔁做ˣ⫿佑㔁做ˣ㚠⮓㔁做 䫱⚃⣏栆炻᷎堐䣢㻊⫿㔁做䘬㟠⽫⛐㕤ˬ⫿佑㔁做˭ˤ㳣䓐⫿⼊⬠佺䘬㕡㱽⇯㚱↮㜸 䫮䔓悐ẞˣ⇑䓐㻊⫿䘬⼊倚⍇䎮ˣ㌴㎉㻊⫿䘬䳸㥳ˣ⬠佺⼊役⫿⚃䧖ˤ᷎ẍ⫿⼊ 䁢➢䢶忚ℍ⇘⫿佑䘬⬠佺ˤ⎬ᾳ㕡㱽⛐⬠佺ᶲ悥㚱⃒仢溆炻⚈㬌ᶵⶴ㛃⎒㍉䓐㝸ᾳ ⚢⭂䘬㕡㱽炻㔁ⷓ枰䅇姀⎬䧖㕡㱽炻᷎℟㚱㳣䓐⣂䧖㕡㱽䘬傥≃ˤ 晾䃞姙⣂⬠侭㍸↢㻊⫿㔁⬠㕡㱽炻⎬㚱ᶵ⎴䘬シ佑₡ῤ炻Ữ军Ṳṵ䃞䃉ᶨ㟠 ⽫㧁㸾ˤ
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Ѥǵಃᇟقᅇӷ௲ᏢݩϐКၨ
⇵㔯⮯䫔ᶨ婆妨ᷳ㻊⫿㔁⬠ Ḯ娛䚉䘬妶婾炻㬌嗽⮯妶↮㜸ᷕ㔯㭵婆⛘⋨⍲ 㻊⫿⚰⚳⭞㻊⫿㔁⬠䎦㱩ᷳ䔘⎴炻᷎⽆㻊⫿⬠佺天㯪⍲㻊⫿㔁⬠㱽ℑ㕡朊Ἦ㍊妶烉 (ᶨ)㻊⫿㔁⬠天㯪 ⛐㻊⫿㔁⬠天㯪㕡朊炻⎬⚳⮵㕤⛯㍸↢䚠斄⫿堐ˤ⎗↮䁢ℑ䧖炻℞ᶨ䁢憅⮵ᶨ 凔Ṣ侴⇞⭂䘬ˬⷠ䓐㻊⫿堐˭炻℞Ḵ䁢憅⮵㔁做ἧ䓐䘬ˬ㔁做㻊⫿堐˭ˤ䫮侭⮯ᷳ↮ 㜸⤪ᶳ烉 ߄ 7Ǻಃᇟقᅇӷ௲ᏢाКၨ߄ தҔᅇӷ߄ ௲ػᅇӷ߄ λᏢᅇӷा ӷໆ ቪӷໆ ύ୯ Ƞ ж ᅇ ᇟ த Ҕ ӷ ߄ȡȐ1988ȑϩதҔӷ 2500 ӷ ǵ ԛ த Ҕ ӷ 1000ӷǶ Ƞ ж ᅇ ᇟ ೯ Ҕ ӷ ߄ȡ7000 ӷǶ Ƞӷǵቪӷ௲Ꮲ୷ҁӷ߄ȡȐ2011ȑ 300ӷǶ Ƞ က ୍ ௲ ػ ᇟ Ў ፐ ำ த Ҕ ӷ ߄ ȡ Ȑ2011ȑ߄ 2500 ӷǵ߄Β 1000 ӷǶ 3000ӷ 2500ӷ Ѡ ȠதҔ୯ӷྗӷᡏ Ћ н ȡȐ 1999 ȑ 4808ӷ Ȩ ௲ ϐ ጓ ᒠ ە ඓ ඝ ୷ ҁ ӷ ໆ 3500-4500Ȑ Ӛ ໘ ࢤ ӷ ໆ ё Ծ Չ ፓ ȑǴ ٠ ୖ ଜ Ⴇ த Ҕ ୯ ӷ ྗ ӷ ᡏ ߄ ȩ 2400ӷ 1800ӷ Вҁ Ƞ த Ҕ ᅇ ӷ ߄ ȡ ȠᏢԃձᅇӷଛ߄ȡȐ1989ȑӅ 1006ӷ 825ӷȐ1981ȑ1945 ӷǶȠཥ த Ҕ ᅇ ӷ ȡȐ 2010 ȑ 2136ӷǶ 1006ӷ ᗬ୯ தҔᅇӷ 1300 ӷ ௲ػҔȠཥۓ೯Ҕᅇӷȡ1800 ӷ λᏢคܴЎೕۓǶ ύᏢᆶଯύϤԃ 1800 ӷǴᏢԃ 300 ӷǴό ϩቪǶՠᅇӷᔠۓԵ ၂߾ϩቪǶ 屯 屯㕁Ἦ㸸烉䫮侭㟡㒂⎬⚳⫿堐㔜䎮侴ㆸˤ 1.⛐⫿堐䘬⇞⭂㕡朊烉 ⎘䀋ˣᷕ⚳⣏映⍲㖍㛔⛯㚱ⷠ䓐㻊⫿堐炻ẍἄ䁢㖍ⷠ䓇㳣㻊⫿ἧ䓐ᷳὅ㒂ˤᷕ ⚳⣏映⍲㖍㛔ˣ杻⚳⛯䁢⮷⬠佑⊁㔁做⇞⭂Ḯ㔁做㻊⫿堐炻ẍἄ䁢㻊⫿⬠佺天㯪䘬 㖶䡢ὅ㒂ˤ⎘䀋㚱ⷠ䓐㻊⫿堐炻杻⚳㚱㔁做㻊⫿堐炻᷎㧉䱲⛘妪⭂ᶨᾳ⫿慷䘬 䭬⚵ˤῤ⼿⿅侫ῇ揺䘬㗗㖍㛔⮵㕤⮷⬠㻊⫿⬠佺天㯪䚠䔞㖶䡢炻⇞⭂↢˪⬠⸜⇍ 惵䔞㻊⫿堐˫炻⽆⮷⬠ᶨ⸜䳂⇘ᷕ⬠ᶱ⸜䳂ㅱ⬠佺䘬㻊⫿悥㚱㖶䡢䘬夷䭬炻䴎Ḱ㔁⬠ 侭冯⬠佺侭㖶䡢䘬㊯㧁ˤ 斄㕤ⷠ䓐㻊⫿堐冯㔁做㻊⫿堐ᷳ攻䘬ⶖ䔘炻䓙㕤ⷠ䓐㻊⫿堐㗗㟡㒂䣦㚫㻊⫿ἧ 䓐柣䌯侴⇞⭂䘬炻⚈㬌䃉婾㗗⫿䧖怬㗗⫿慷悥㗗➢㕤ㆸṢ䘬䓇㳣䴻槿炻冒䃞冯⮷⬠ ⬠䪍暨⬠佺ᷳ㻊⫿㚱ⶖ䔘ˤ⚈㬌⮷⬠㻊⫿天㯪ᷳ⫿慷ˣ⫿䧖冯⸜䳂↮ⶫ悥㚱⼭ 忚ᶨ㬍䞼䨞ˤ 䚠庫㕤㖍㛔炻ẍᷕ㔯䁢㭵婆侭䘬㻊⫿⫿慷冯枮⸷᷎䃉䱦䡢ᷳ夷⭂炻㚱㧉䱲䘬 ⫿㔠ㆾ㗗䭬⚵ˤℑⱠ䘬⮷⬠婆㔯㔁㛸⛯䃉ᶨ⭂㛔炻侴㗗㍉⍾⣂⣿㔁㛸᷎埴䘬㕡⺷ˤ ῀劍㰺㚱⭂慷冯⭂⸷䘬㻊⫿夷⭂炻㔁㛸ᷳ攻㚫↢䎦ⶖ䔘ˤ⚈㬌炻䫮侭娵䁢ㅱầ⁂㖍 㛔˪㻊⫿惵䔞堐˫⇞⭂↢ẍᷕ㔯㭵婆⛘⋨婆㔯㔁做䘬ˬ➢㛔⫿堐˭炻ㇵ傥ἧ㻊⫿㔁⬠ 㚜≈㚱㓰䌯ˤ 2.⛐嬀⫿慷冯⮓⫿慷䘬天㯪㕡朊烉 ⎘䀋ˣᷕ⚳⣏映⍲㖍㛔⛯㚱㖶䡢䘬⋨⇍炻嬀⫿慷⛯⣏㕤⮓⫿慷炻㖶栗㍉⍾ˬ⣂ 嬀⮹⮓˭䫾䔍ˤ⎘䀋⮓⫿慷Ỽ嬀⫿慷䘬 75%炻ᷕ⚳⣏映䁢 83%炻㖍㛔⇯䁢 82%ˤ⎘ 䀋⎬⸜䳂天㯪䚠䔞炻㻊⫿⬠佺ả⊁↮惵庫䁢⸛⛯ˤᷕ⚳⣏映嬀⫿慷䘬天㯪㊱⸜䳂⋯ 檀侴怆㷃炻⮓⫿慷⇯䚠⍵ˤ㖍㛔⇯⛐⮷⬠⚃⸜䳂䁢檀Ⲙˤ杻⚳㔁做悐⛐嬀⫿慷冯⮓ ⫿慷䘬夷⭂㗗ᶨ农䘬炻Ữ㻊⫿㩊⭂侫娎⇯㖶栗䁢ˬ⣂嬀⮹⮓˭炻ᶼ⽆ℕ䳂崟炻⮓⫿慷 䲬䁢⇵ᶨᾳ䳂㔠䘬嬀⫿慷炻㬌夷⭂冯㖍㛔㔯悐䚩ᷕˣ⮷⬠㻊⫿天㯪⣏农䚠⎴ˤ 3.⛐㧁枛䫎嘇䘬⛘ỵ㕡朊烉 䓙㕤ᷕ㔯ˣ㖍㔯⍲杻㔯㔯⫿⍲婆妨䘬斄Ὢᶵ⎴炻⚈㬌㧁枛䫎嘇䘬⛘ỵḇᶵ䚠⎴ˤ ᷕ⚳⣏映ˣ⎘䀋⮯㊤枛ˣ㲐枛䫎嘇夾䁢庼≑㻊⫿㔁⬠⍲㬋枛䘬ⶍ℟炻℟㚱昶㭝⿏䘬 ả⊁炻䃉㱽ẋ㚧㻊⫿ˤᷕ㔯㭵婆侭⛐⮓⫿㗪劍忯ᶵ㚫⮓ㆾ冐㗪⾀姀䘬⫿㗪⎗傥㍉⍾ 䘬㕡⺷䁢㧁姣㧁枛䫎嘇炷㊤枛ㆾ㲐枛炸ˣ⮳㈦⎴枛⫿ㆾ⼊Ụ⫿㙓㗪ẋ㚧ˤỮ劍䁢㬋⺷ 㔯㚠⇯ᶵ⎗ˤ 㖍㛔`⎵Ṏ℟㚱㧁枛ἄ䓐炻Ữ`⎵⎗冯㻊⫿᷎䓐炻忯⇘ᶵ㚫⮓䘬㻊⫿⇯⎗ẍ` ⎵ẋ㚧ˤ㖍㔯䘬㻊⫿`⎵㶟⎰㔯⮵ᶨ凔㔁做䘬㍐⯽⼰㚱⸓≑ˤ`⎵昌瀈墄嵛㻊⫿䃉 㱽㚱㓰堐忼䘤枛䘬仢溆⢾炻⍰㷃⮹㻊⫿䘬⫿澷炻⚈侴⎗ẍ㷃庽⬠䓇䘬⬠佺屈㑼炻㍸ 㖯㔁做䘬⑩岒ˤ ⛐㻊⫿㔁⬠忶䦳ᷕ炻㊤枛ˣ㲐枛⍲`⎵⛐㻊⫿㔁⬠ᷕ晐叿⸜䳂㍸檀ἄ䓐Ṏᶵ䚠 ⎴ˤᷕ㔯㭵婆侭⍲㖍㔯㭵婆侭⛐⮷⬠Ỷ⸜䳂㗪炻䁢溻⊝⬠䓇⣏慷嬀⫿炻㻊⫿㕩ℐ悐
㧁㲐㊤枛ˣ㲐枛⍲`⎵炻䁢庼≑嬀⫿ᷳ䓐ˤᶳᶨ昶㭝⇯⛐䓇暋⫿㕩㧁㲐ᷳ炻ἄ䁢庼 ≑⬠佺ᷳ䓐ˤ侴杻㔯㭵婆侭⇯ẍ杻㔯嬨㻊⫿䘬枛炻᷎ᶼ傥ẍ杻㔯㊤⮓㻊⫿炻㔜䭯㔯 䪈ẍ杻㔯㚠⮓Ṏ⎗ˤ (Ḵ)㻊⫿㔁⬠㱽 ᷕ⚳⣏映冯⎘䀋⮵㕤㻊⫿㔁⬠䫾䔍⛯㚱䚠斄䞼䨞冯℟橼⮎槿ㆸ㝄ˤ䚖⇵ᷣ㳩㔁 ⬠㍉⍾↮㔋嬀⫿㱽炻墄㓹㔁⬠ㆾ䈡㬲⮎槿䎕⇯㍉䓐普ᷕ嬀⫿㱽ˤ ᷕ⚳⣏映慵夾䫮䔓ˣ䫮枮⍲悐椾炻⎘䀋昌Ḯ慵夾䫮䔓ˣ䫮枮悐椾ᷳ⼴炻㚜ẍ ℕ㚠䁢㊯⮶慵⽫ˤℑⱠ⛐㻊⫿䞍嬀⢾炻ḇ慵夾㻊⫿傥≃炻⊭㊔⬠佺侭冰嵋䘬➡梲冯 䌐䩳嬀⮓傥≃䘬梲ㆸ䫱ˤ 㖍㛔Ṏ慵夾䫮䔓ˣ䫮枮⍲悐椾ˣῷ㕩炻Ữ⛐˪⬠佺㊯⮶天柀˫ᷕ傥䚳↢叿慵 㕤㻊⫿䞍嬀䘬㔁⬠炻䃉㱽㖶䡢䚳↢㻊⫿傥≃䘬➡梲ˤ杻⚳⛐㻊⫿㔁⬠㗪⻟婧䫮枮ˣ 䳸㥳䘬慵天⿏冯㻊⫿⼊枛佑ᶱ侭ᷳ斄Ὢˤ㚠䨢冯⍵央㑵䶜ḇ㗗ᷣ天䘬⬠佺㕡⺷ˤ冯 ⎘䀋㕡⺷䚠役炻䘮㔁㌰䫮䔓ˣ䫮枮ˣ悐椾ℕ㚠炻Ữℕ㚠嫃妋㗪ㅱ㍉⍾⬠䓇㖻ㅪ䘬 㕡⺷炻ᶼᶵ⻟婧ℕ㚠䎮婾ˤ 㬌⢾炻⛐ᷕ㔯㭵婆⛘⋨炷⎘䀋炸冯㻊⫿⚰⚳⭞炷㖍㛔ˣ杻⚳炸䘬㻊⫿㔁⬠ᷕ炻 悥㗗⽆尉⼊⫿攳⥳⬠佺炻⇅⬠侭⛐奨⮇⫿⼊㺼嬲⚾᷎⮵䄏㻊⫿⫿⼊䘬➢䢶ᶲ炻⇑䓐 ᶨ⭂䘬㚠⮓䶜佺䅇〱㻊⫿ˤ⚈㬌炻㚠⮓䶜佺㚱℞⎰䎮ᷳ嗽炻Ữ天㌴㎉℞昶㭝⿏炻侴 ᶵ㗗ᶨ␛⛘⻟婧㨇㡘⿏⛘㚠⮓ˤᷕ⚳⣏映⇯⚈㍉䓐䯉⊾⫿䘬斄Ὢ炻⸦᷶ᶵ婯ℕ㚠ˤ ䷥ᷳ炻ˬ⃰嬀⼴⮓˭ˣˬ⣂嬀⮹⮓˭⛯䁢㻊⫿㔁⬠䘬⣏㕡⎹ˤ (ᶱ)㻊⫿㔁⬠㓰㝄烉 䫮侭⮵㕤䫔ᶨ婆妨⬠佺侭䘬㻊⫿⬠佺㓰㝄㍉⍾ℑ㕡朊䘬䞼䨞烉℞ᶨ㗗⎬⛘⋨㔁 做悐炷ㆾ㔁做⯨炸㍸↢䘬婧㞍⟙⏲炻℞Ḵ䁢⮰⭞⬠侭 䘬ᾳ⇍婧㞍ˤ䚠庫㕤㖍㛔 㻊⫿㭵婆侭Ἦ婒炻憅⮵ᷕ㔯㭵婆侭㻊⫿⬠佺㓰㝄 䘬婧㞍冯䞼䨞ㆸ㝄庫⮹ˤ ᷕ⚳⣏映䘬䞼䨞堐䣢⮷⬠⬠䪍䫔ᶨ⬠⸜䓙㕤攳⥳㍍妠㻊⫿炻⮵㕤㻊⫿䘬⼊枛佑 ⯂ᶵ䅇〱炻ᶼ㚱℞Ṿ䘬⬠佺ả⊁炻⤪⬠佺㊤枛ˣ娵嬀㻊⫿䘬䫮䔓ˣ䫮枮ˣ悐椾ˣ悐 ẞ⍲⮓⫿䫱䫱炻⚈㬌㓰㝄㚱旸ˤỮ⛐⬠䪍⬠佺600-800⫿⯙忚ℍ⾓忇⡆≈㛇ˤ㬌婧㞍 ㍸ὃ㻊⫿天㯪冯㔁⬠㕡⺷䚠䔞℟橼䘬⺢嬘炻⌛䫔ᶨ⬠⸜䘬嬀⫿慷冯⮓⫿慷ᶵ⭄忶 ⣏ˤ 䫮侭㟡㒂⎘䀋⮵㕤ᷕ㔯㭵婆⮷⬠⬠䪍㻊⫿⬠佺㓰㝄䘬婧㞍䳸㝄炻㬠䲵↢ᶱ枭䈡 溆烉ᶨ㗗㻊⫿⬠佺䘬⃰⼴枮⸷䁢⃰嬀嬨⼴㚠⮓炻ᶼ嬀⫿慷⣏㕤⮓⫿慷ˤḴ㗗䃉婾㗗 嬀⫿ㆾ㗗⮓⫿悥⛐⮷⬠ᶱ⸜䳂崟庫䁢䅇䶜ˤᶱ⇯㗗㻊⫿⬠佺婧㞍䳸㝄冯˪2011ḅ⸜ ᶨ屓婚䵙˫⮵㻊⫿⫿㔠䘬天㯪䚠䫎⎰ˤ 㖍㛔䘬婧㞍栗䣢炻⛐嬀⫿慷冯⮓⫿慷㕡朊炻⮷⬠⬠䪍晐叿⸜䳂⋯檀炻嬀⫿冯⮓ ⫿傥≃ⶖ嶅ḇ㻠⣏ˤ⎬⬠⸜嬀⫿䌯⛯崭忶 80%炻嬀⫿㬋䡢䌯⣏㕤⮓⫿㬋䡢䌯ˤ⮓⫿ 佺⼿䌯晐叿⸜䳂⋯檀侴旵Ỷ炻⮷⬠ᶨ⸜䳂崭忶 90%炻⚃⸜䳂ᷳ⼴⿍忇ᶳ旵ˤ⛐㻊⫿ ⬠佺冰嵋㕡朊炻⮷⬠ 1-2 ⸜䳂⮵㕤⬠佺㻊⫿㚱㤝⣏冰嵋炻䲬Ỽ 70-80%炻Ữ⇘Ḯ⮷⬠ ᶱ⸜䳂ᷳ⼴⏰䎦㭷㱩グᶳ䘬嵐⊊炻忁冯⎬⸜䳂㻊⫿⬠佺慷㚱斄炻Ṏ⌛⇵㔯㍸⇘⮷⬠ 3-4⸜䳂㻊⫿⬠佺慷䁢⎬⸜䳂ᷳ㚨ˤ 㟡㒂ẍᶲ䘬䞼䨞䘤䎦炻䫔ᶨ婆妨⬠佺侭䘬㻊⫿⬠佺㓰㝄㚱䔘ḇ㚱⎴ˤ䚠⎴溆⛐ 㕤⮷⬠⬠䪍䘬嬀⫿傥≃⛯⃒㕤⮓⫿傥≃ˤ䚠䔘溆⛐㕤ᷕ㔯㭵婆侭冒⮷⬠ᷕ⸜䳂崟嬀 嬨冯㚠⮓傥≃㻠㫉梲ㆸ炻⚈㬌⮷⬠䫔ᶨ⸜䳂㗪㻊⫿⬠佺ả⊁ᶵ⭄忶⣏ˤỮ⛐㻊⫿⚰ ⬠佺侭⤪㖍㛔⇯冒⮷⬠ᷕ⸜䳂崟炻㻊⫿㚠⮓冰嵋冯傥≃⛯㭷㱩グᶳˤ
ϖ
ϖǵ่ፕᆶჹѦᅇӷ௲Ꮲࡌ
㟡㒂⇵㔯䘬侫⮇䘤䎦炻ᷕ㔯㭵婆⛘⋨䘬䞼䨞⣂普ᷕ㕤䪍嬀⫿⓷柴炻᷎⻟婧嬀 ⫿慷ㅱ⣏㕤⮓⫿慷ˤ⛐㻊⫿⚰⚳⭞ᷕ炻㖍㛔㚱㖶䡢ᷳ㻊⫿⬠佺㔠慷⍲⫿堐夷⭂ˤỮ 杻⚳妪↢⫿慷ˣ㍸↢⫿堐炻Ữ㛒⋨↮嬀⫿慷冯⮓⫿慷ˤ䫔ᶨ婆妨㻊⫿㔁⬠㍉⍾䘬 㗗ˬ⣂嬀⮹⮓˭䫾䔍ˤ䫮侭䵄⎰ẍᶲ䫔ᶨ婆妨㻊⫿㔁⬠䎦㱩婧㞍䳸㝄炻⮵㕤ẍ厗婆 㔯㔁⬠ᷕ䘬㻊⫿㔁⬠㍸↢ẍᶳℑ溆⺢嬘烉 (ᶨ)ㅱ⺢䩳㻊⫿㔁⬠㧁㸾烉 䔞⇵厗婆㔯㔁⬠⮵尉䘬㻊⫿側㘗⍲⎬⛘⋨⮵㕤㻊⫿⬠佺䘬天㯪ᶵ䚉䚠⎴ˤᷕ⚳ ⣏映ẍ˪㻊婆㯜⸛娆⼁冯㻊⫿䫱䳂⣏䵙˫冯˪㻊婆㯜⸛㧁㸾冯婆㱽䫱䳂⣏䵙˫䁢㻊 婆㯜⸛侫娎⍲⮵⢾㻊婆㔁㛸䘬慵天ὅ㒂炻ㅱ⎗ἄ䁢ᷕ⚳⣏映⮵⢾厗婆㔁⬠ᷕ㻊⫿㔁 ⬠䷥慷䘬夷䭬ˤℵ≈ᶲ2010⸜㍐↢䘬㕘HSK侫娎㧁㸾⎗䞍炻ᷕ⚳⣏映⮵㕤厗婆㔯㔁 ⬠ᷕ䘬㻊⫿⬠佺天㯪䁢烉Ἦ厗⬠佺侭⛐⚃⬠⸜攻䳗妰䲬3000-3400⬠㗪炻ㅱ⬠佺䲬 3000ᾳ㻊⫿ˤỮ⮵㕤㻊⫿䘬⫿慷 Ḯ夷䭬炻᷎㛒⮵㕤㻊⫿傥≃娛≈㍷徘ˤᶼ⛐˪㻊 婆㯜⸛娆⼁冯㻊⫿䫱䳂⣏䵙˫⸷妨ᷕ㍸⇘ⷠ䓐⫿2500ᾳㅱ天㯪⚃㚫炻⛐ⷠ䓐⫿ᷳ⢾ ⎗天㯪ᶱ㚫ˣℑ㚫ㆾᶨ㚫ˤ⚈㬌忼⇘ᷕ檀䳂䦳⹎⇵炻⮵㕤㻊⫿⬠佺䘬天㯪䁢嬀⮓ᶨ 农炻Ữ䦳⹎崲檀炻䔞㻊⫿⬠佺慷崭忶ⷠ䓐⫿䭬⚵⇯天㯪嬀⫿慷⣏㕤⮓⫿慷炻冯㭵婆 侭⮵㻊⫿嬀⮓䘬天㯪䚠⎴ˤỮ⎘䀋⮵㕤檀䳂⬠佺侭䘬天㯪䁢3000⫿炻ᶵ↮嬀⮓ˤ 㟡㒂⻝慹嗕(2013)䘬䞼䨞䘤䎦炻䚖⇵厗婆㔯㔁⬠⛐⎘䀋᷎㰺㚱䴙ᶨ㔁⬠䵙瀂ˤ湫 㱃㥖(2001)娵䁢ㅱ䶐⮓3000⫿䘬⫿普ẍὃ⮵⢾厗婆㔁⬠⍫侫ἧ䓐ˤ憅⮵ẍ厗婆䁢䫔Ḵ 婆妨⬠佺侭 䘬娆⼁↮䳂炻ẍ⻝匱厵㍸↢ˬ厗婆ℓ䘦娆˭ˣˬ厗婆ℓ⋫娆˭㚨℟ ẋ堐⿏炻⇞妪↢⇅䳂1500ᾳ娆⼁ˣᷕ䳂3500ᾳ娆⼁ˣ檀䳂5000ᾳ娆⼁炷⻝匱厵炻2008炸ˤ ⻝匱厵(2008)娵䁢⤪㝄ẍ䚖⇵TOCFL侫娎⮵ㅱCEFR䫱䳂䘬⇅㬍㥳゛潻夷∫炻➢䢶䳂 䚠䔞㕤A2炻⇅䫱侫娎䚠䔞㕤B1炻ᷕ䫱侫娎䚠䔞㕤B2炻檀䫱侫娎䚠䔞㕤C1炻⮵ㅱ㕤 TOCFL娆⼁濌炻⎗ẍ㛅㬌㕡⎹䘤⯽䁢A2-500⫿ˣB1-900⫿ˣB2-1800⫿ˣC1-3000⫿ˤ 伶⚳˪ᷕ㔯倥婒嬨⮓˫⍲˪⮎䓐㻊婆婚㛔˫⛯⺢嬘㔁㛸䘬ἧ䓐㗪攻䁢ℑ⬠⸜炻 佺⼿㻊⫿㔠䁢 2500-2700 ⫿ⶎ⎛炻冯ᷕ㔯㭵婆⬠佺侭ᷳⷠ䓐⫿㔠䚠䔞ˤỮ㛒⋨↮嬀 ⫿慷冯⮓⫿慷ˤ ⛐⇞妪↢厗婆㔁⬠㧁㸾䘬⛘⋨ᷕ炻㱽⚳⮵㕤㻊⫿⬠佺天㯪㧁㸾㚨䁢娛䚉炻㔁做 悐˪℔䩳ᷕ⬠ᷕ㔯婚䦳夷⭂˫(2003)㖶䡢⋨↮嬀⫿慷冯⮓⫿慷炻嬀⣏㕤⮓ˤ⤪ẍ厗婆 䁢䫔ᶨ⢾婆⬠佺侭炻⛐檀ᷕᶨ⸜䳂䳸㜇㗪⬠佺ᷕ㔯Ḽ⸜炻℞天㯪䁢塓≽娵嬨⫿ 300 ᾳ炻ᷣ≽㚠⮓⫿ 505 ᾳˤ ⚈㬌天⇞⭂䴙ᶨ䘬㻊⫿㔁⬠㧁㸾⮎䁢ᶵ㖻ˤ䃞侴䔞⇵婆妨㔁⬠⣂妪㚱㧁㸾炻⤪伶⚳䘬˪21ᶾ䲨⢾婆⬠佺㧁㸾˫炷Standards for Foreign Language Learning in the 21st Century, 1996炸ˣ≈㊧⣏䘬˪婆妨䫱䳂㧁㸾˫炷CLB, Canadian Language Benchmarks, 2000炸ˣ㫸㳚䘬˪婆妨ℙ⎴⍫侫㝞㥳烉⬠佺ˣ㔁⬠ˣ姽Ộ˫炷CEFR, 2001炸䫱ˤ䓙㕤 㻊⫿䚠⮵㕤㊤枛㔯⫿䘬䈡㬲⿏炻ᶼ⚈ㅱ忁ṃ婆妨㧁㸾䘬㍸↢炻ℵ≈ᶲ䫔ᶨ婆妨䘬㻊 ⫿㔁⬠ḇ⇞⭂↢Ḯ㧁㸾炻⚈㬌厗婆㔯㔁⬠ᷕ䘬㻊⫿㔁⬠ḇㅱ妪㚱℟橼䚖㧁炻ἧ⬠佺 侭冯㔁⬠侭⛯㚱⍫䄏䘬㧁㸾ˤ 䫮侭⺢嬘ㅱ㟡㒂䔞⇵䘬婆妨㧁㸾᷎侫慷㻊⫿䈡溆Ἦ⇞妪炻⺢嬘㍉⍾⚈⛘⇞⭄䘬 㕡⺷Ἦ⇞妪㻊⫿⬠佺㧁㸾ˤ⎗㟡㒂㻊⫿㔁⬠⛐⎬⛘⋨厗婆㔁⬠ᷕ䘬⭂ỵἮ㍊妶ˤ⤪
厗婆⛘⋨⍲朆厗婆⛘⋨炻䓙㕤婆妨䑘⠫ᶵ⎴炻⬠佺侭㍍妠ᷕ㔯䘬㨇㚫⣂⮉ḇ㚱ⶖ 䔘ˤ⚈㬌⛐⫿慷冯⫿䧖䘬怠㑯ᶲㅱ㚱ᶵ⎴ˤ厗婆⛘⋨䘬㻊⫿⬠佺㧁㸾ㅱ檀㕤朆厗 婆⛘⋨炻Ữℑ侭嬀⫿慷⛯ㅱ⣏㕤⮓⫿慷ˤ (Ḵ)ㅱ憅⮵ᶵ⎴㻊⫿側㘗䘬⬠佺侭⽆ḳ㻊⫿㔁⬠烉 䔞⇵䘬厗婆㔁⬠ᷕ斄㕤㻊⫿㔁⬠䘬婚䦳⬱㌺㚱ℑ䧖栆✳烉ᶨ䁢䵄⎰婚䦳ᷕ䘬㻊 ⫿㔁⬠炻Ḵ䁢䌐䩳䘬㻊⫿婚炻侴ℑ侭⎬㚱⇑⺲ˤ䵄⎰婚䦳庫䌐䩳䘬㻊⫿婚㚱婆⠫炻 ⬠佺侭⎗ẍ⮯婚➪ᶲ⬠㻊⫿⛐怑䔞䘬婆⠫ᷕἧ䓐炻ᶼ㟡㒂䞼䨞栗䣢㻊⫿⛐㔁㛸ᷕ ↢䎦䘬柣䌯⮵㕤⬠佺㓰㝄㚱䚠䔞䘬⼙枧炻㻊⫿⛐㔁㛸ᷕ↢䎦䘬柣䌯崲檀炻⬠佺侭䘬 ⬠佺㓰㝄ḇ崲⤥炷⻝慹嗕炻2013炸ˤỮ⚈䁢婚䦳ᷕ晐叿婚㔯↢䎦䘬㻊⫿᷎㛒ὅ䄏㻊⫿ 夷⼳炻⚈㬌⮵㕤⬠佺侭Ἦ婒庫䃉䲣䴙ˤ䃞侴䌐䩳䘬㻊⫿婚庫䵄⎰婚䦳晐㔯嬀⫿㚱䲣 䴙炻⎗ẍ㟡㒂㻊⫿䘬䫮䔓䷩䯉ˣἧ䓐柣䌯≈ẍ䶐㌺炻㚜䫎⎰䫔Ḵ婆妨⬠佺侭㻊⫿佺 ⼿䘬夷⼳ˤỮ䌐䩳㻊⫿婚䦳䘬㻊⫿㔁㛸叿慵溆⛐㕤嬀⫿冯⮓⫿炻⚈㬌僓暊⭡㖻婆⠫炻 ⮵㕤⬠佺侭Ἦ婒嬀⫿ˣ⮓⫿⚢䃞慵天炻Ữ䓐⫿Ṏ䁢婆妨⬠佺䘬慵溆ˤ ⚈㬌炻䫮侭娵䁢劍傥⎴㗪攳姕䵄⎰婚䦳冯憅⮵ᶵ⎴㭵婆側㘗⬠佺侭䘬䌐䩳㻊⫿ 婚炻ᶵ傥ἧ⬠㻊⫿⛐怑䔞䘬婆⠫ᷕ忳䓐炻ḇ⎗憅⮵㻊⫿⚰冯朆㻊⫿⚰⬠佺侭䘬 㻊⫿娵䞍䈡溆Ἦ⽆ḳ㚜㚱㓰䌯䘬㻊⫿㔁⬠ˤ⤪㖍㔯㻊⫿ˣ杻㔯㻊⫿冯ᷕ㔯㻊⫿㚱姙 ⣂⎴⼊娆炻劍傥㊯⮶⬠佺侭⋨↮ℑ侭⼊ˣ枛ˣ佑䘬⍇⇯炻⇯傥㓞ḳ⋲≇ᷳ㓰ˤ 㟡㒂㛔㔯䘬侫⮇䘤䎦㻊⫿⮵䫔ᶨ婆妨⬠佺侭Ἦ婒℟㚱⨺ṳἄ䓐炻昌Ḯ婆㔯㔁做 ⢾炻Ṏㆸ䁢䌚⼿℞Ṿ䞍嬀䘬ⶍ℟炻⚈㬌⮵㕤教嬨傥≃冯䞍嬀䘬⍾⼿℟㚱䚠䔞慵天䘬 ⼙枧ˤỮ䔞⇵⮵㕤䫔ᶨ婆妨䘬㻊⫿㔁⬠䞼䨞⣂䁢憅⮵教嬨晄䣁⬠䪍䘬䞼䨞炻⮵㕤ᶨ 凔⬠䪍⍲䫔ᶨ婆妨㻊⫿㔁⬠᷎㛒夳㚱庫ℐ朊䘬䞼䨞ㆸ㝄炻ἳ⤪⮵ᷕ⚳⣏映ˣ⎘䀋䫱 ᷕ㔯㭵婆⛘⋨ẍ⍲㖍㛔ˣ杻⚳䫱㻊⫿⚰⚳⭞忚埴ℐ⚳⿏⬠䪍㻊⫿⬠佺㓰㝄䘬婧㞍ˤ 劍傥ẍ㛔㔯䞼䨞䳸㝄䁢➢䢶炻㈽㲐䚠䔞Ṣ≃炻⽆ḳ⺋㲃ᶼ㶙ℍ䘬䞼䨞炻⭂傥⮵㕤㍸ 檀䫔ᶨ婆妨⬠佺侭㻊⫿⬠佺㓰㝄㚱㚜℟橼䘬≑䙲ˤ 㬌⢾炻䫮侭ⶴ㛃㛒Ἦ傥⮵厗婆⛘⋨⍲朆厗婆⛘⋨↮⇍忚埴ẍ厗婆䁢䫔Ḵ婆妨⬠ 佺侭䘬㻊⫿㔁冯⬠䘬婧㞍炻⊭㊔嬀⫿慷冯⮓⫿慷ˣ㔁⬠㗪㔠冯㔁⬠㓰㝄䫱忚埴ℐ朊 ⿏䘬侫⮇ˤ㬌凔⣏夷㧉䘬䞼䨞炻⯙╖ᶨ䞼䨞侭Ἦ婒⼨⼨䣁㕤䎦⮎䘬Ὗ旸䃉㱽冒䓙⛘ 婧㞍冯⮎槿炻⊭㊔㔁⬠㨇㥳䘬䶐⇞冯⬠佺侭䘬䦳⹎冯Ṣ㔠暋ẍ㍏⇞䫱䫱悥暨天Ṣ≃ 冯䈑≃ˤ 㚨⼴炻䫮侭ⶴ㛃㛔㔯䘬㑘⮓⮵㕤䫔ᶨ婆妨⍲厗婆㔯㔁⬠䘬㻊⫿㔁⬠傥㚱㉳䢂⺽ 䌱䘬ἄ䓐炻ẍᶲ徘ᶵ㗗䫮侭⮯Ἦ两临䞼䨞䘬㕡⎹炻ḇⶴ㛃⎬ỵ⮰⭞⬠侭傥㈽ℍ 䚠斄䞼䨞炻⮵㕤厗婆㔯㔁⬠傥㚱届䌣ˤ
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ୖԵਜҞ
ᶨˣᷕ㔯 ᷕ厗Ṣ㮹ℙ⚳㔁做悐˪佑⊁㔁做婚䦳㧁㸾˫烉 http://mat1.gtimg.com/edu/pdf/edu/xkb2011/20120130155433177.pdf炷⺽䓐㗪 攻烉2013/11/28炸 ℐ楁嗕炷2000炸ˤ杻⚳䘬㻊⫿䎦䉨ˤ㻊㻊⫿㔯⊾ˤ4炻40-43ˤ ỽᶱ㛔炷1994炸ˤℑⱠ⮷⬠婆㔯婚䦳嬀⫿ˣ⮓⫿㔁⬠㭼庫䞼䨞ˤ㜙ⷓ婆㔯⬠↲ˤ7炻 1-99ˤ ỽẍ倘ˣ⼸⭞列炷1995炸ˤ⮷⮷⬠㔁⬠ℐ㚠婆㔯⌟ˤᶲ㴟烉ᶲ㴟㔁做↢䇰䣦ˤ ⏪⍼㸀炷1987炸ˤ婆婆㔯役叿ˤᶲ㴟烉ᶲ㴟㔁做↢䇰䣦ˤ 㛶⧇ˣ⮷嗕ˣ㜿ẚ岊炷2000炸ˤ⬠漉䪍㻊⫿㬋⫿㱽シ嬀䘤⯽䘬䞼䨞ˤ⽫⽫䎮⬠ ⟙ˤ3炷22炸炻121-126ˤ ⏛⾈尒炷2003炸ˤ⮷⬠Ỷ⸜䳂⬠䓇嬀⫿傥≃䘬婧㞍䞼䨞ˤᶲᶲ㴟ⷓ䭬⣏⬠⬠⟙⒚ ⬠䣦㚫䥹⬠炽㔁做䇰ˤ32炷11炸炻103-107ˤ ␐㚱炷1988炸ˤᶾᶾ䓴⫿㭵䯉⎚ˤᶲ㴟烉ᶲ㴟㔁做↢䇰䣦ˤ 㞗厗君炷1986炸ˤ䓙䪍㚫拗シ⫿↮㜸㍊妶䪍娵⫿㕡㱽ˤ厗厗㔯ᶾ䓴ˤ39炻25-32ˤ 㳒⃟䐄ˣ昛伶剛炷1996炸ˤ⚳⚳婆㔯Ỷㆸ⯙⬠䓇⛐教嬨㬟䦳䘬夾䞍奢傥≃ᷳ䞼䨞ˤ 埴㓧昊⚳⭞䥹⬠⥼⒉㚫⮰柴䞼䨞妰䔓ㆸ㝄⟙⏲ˤ炷NSC-84-2412-H-003-013 F5炸ˤ 㞗厗君炷1999炸ˤ教教嬨䎮妋⚘暋䮑怠㷔槿㕥㷔婒㖶ˤ埴㓧昊⚳⭞䥹⬠⥼⒉㚫䈡㬲 㔁做ⶍἄ⮷䳬⌘埴ˤ 㳒⃟䐄炷1999炸ˤ⚳⮷⬠䪍ᷳ夾䞍奢傥≃冯婆㔯䚠斄䞼䨞ˤ㓞抬㕤⬠⬠䪍教嬨⚘暋 䘬揹⭂冯姢㕟䞼妶㚫㔯普炷枩35-57炸ˤ⚳䩳ᷕ㬋⣏⬠⽫䎮⬠䲣娵䞍䥹⬠䞼 䨞ᷕ⽫ˤ 傉㯠ⲯ炷2002炸ˤ⬠佺晄䣁⬠䓇ᷳ嬀⫿㔁⬠ˤ⯷⯷ⷓ䈡㬲㔁做ˤ3炻17-24ˤ 㳒⃟䐄炷2005炸ˤ䓙婆㔯⬠佺⚘暋䘬姽慷ⶍ℟婯℞㤪⾝冯忳䓐ˤ㓞抬㕤㳒⃟䐄ˣ 䌳䑲䎈ˣ昛攟䙲炷䶐炸ˤ䨩䨩䟜⬠佺⚘暋炷枩4-28炸ˤ⎘⊿烉⽫䎮↢䇰䣦ˤ ⭋ⲯㄏ炷2007炸ˤḴ⸜䳂⬠䪍嬨⫿䚠斄娵䞍⚈䳈⍲㍸⍾䘤枛妲〗䘬佺⫿堐䎦ᷳ㍊ 䨞ˤ䈡䈡㬲㔁做䞼䨞㛇↲ˤ32炷3炸炻17-37ˤ 㳒⃟䐄ˣ䌳䑲䎈ˣ⻝恩暗ˣ昛䥨剔炷2008炸ˤ⬠䪍ˬ嬀⫿慷姽Ộ㷔槿˭ᷳ䶐墥⟙ ⏲ˤ㷔㷔槿⬠↲ˤ55炷3炸炻489-508 劫⭞䏨炷2011炸ˤ⚳⚳⮷⚳婆㔁䥹㚠嬀⫿㔁㛸ᷳ䞼䨞ˤ⯷㜙烉⚳䩳⯷㜙㔁做⣏⬠ᷕ ⚳婆㔯⬠䲣㔁做䡑⢓䎕䡑⢓婾㔯炻㛒↢䇰ˤ 昛䥨剔炷1998炸ˤᷕᷕ㔯ᶨ凔⫿⼁䞍嬀㔁⬠㱽⛐⡆忚⚳⮷嬀⫿⚘暋⬠䓇嬀⫿⬠佺ㆸ 㓰ᷳ㍊妶ˤ⎘⊿烉⚳䩳⎘䀋ⷓ䭬⣏⬠䈡㬲㔁做䞼䨞䡑⢓婾㔯炻㛒↢䇰ˤ 昛伶剛炷1999炸ˤ⬠䪍⎋婆䎮妋傥≃ᷳ䞼䨞ˤ㓞抬㕤⚳䩳ᷕ㬋⣏⬠⽫䎮⬠䲣娵䞍 䥹⬠䞼䨞ᷕ⽫炷䶐炸ˤ⬠⬠䪍教嬨⚘暋䘬揹⭂冯姢㕟䞼妶㚫㔯普炷枩63-90炸ˤ 昛ㄞ枮炷2000炸ˤ嬀嬀⫿⚘暋⬠䓇冯㘖忂⬠䓇嬀⫿娵䞍ㆸ↮ᷳ㭼庫䞼䨞ˤ⎘⊿烉⚳ 䩳⎘䀋ⷓ䭬⣏⬠䈡㬲㔁做䞼䨞䡑⢓婾㔯炻㛒↢䇰ˤ 䦎渿剙炷2003炸ˤ⽆㻊⫿䘬䈡⿏冯⬠佺婯䪍嬀⫿傥≃䘤⯽䘬䚠斄䞼䨞ˤ⯷⯷ⷓ䈡 㬲㔁做ˤ3炻1-8ˤ 楔䅽厗炷2005炸ˤ婾㻊⫿㔁⬠䘬⿏岒ˣ栆✳ˣ䈡⽝烉⮵ᶵ⎴栆✳婆妨㔁㛸ᷕ䘬㻊 ⫿怠㑯ˤ㓞抬㕤ᶾ䓴㻊婆㔁⬠⬠㚫炷䶐炸ˤ婾婾㻊⫿冯㻊⫿㔁⬠—䫔ᶨ⯮⚳晃㻊㻊婆㔁⬠妶婾㚫㚫嬘婾㔯炷枩 463-473炸ˤ 昛䥨剔ˣ㳒⃟䐄ˣ昛ㄞ枮炷2008炸ˤ⚳⮷ᶨ军ᶱ⸜䳂嬨⮓⫿⚘暋⬠䪍➢㛔⫿嬨⮓ 傥≃ᷳ䞼䨞ˤ⎘⎘㜙⣏⬠㔁做⬠⟙ˤ19炷2炸炻31-60ˤ ⬓䄏ᾅ炷2008炸ˤ彚彚㛹⮷⬠䓇嬀⫿慷婧㞍⟙⏲—ẍ⬱⽥䚩⺔㰇䷋㝸昋⮷⬠䓇嬀⫿ 慷婧㞍䞼䨞䁢ἳˤᶲ㴟烉ᶲ㴟厗㜙ⷓ䭬⣏⬠䡑⢓婾㔯炻㛒↢䇰ˤ ⚳⭞⮵⢾㻊婆㔁⬠柀⮶⮷䳬彎℔⭌炷1992炸ˤ㻊㻊婆㯜⸛娆⼁冯㻊⫿䫱䳂⣏䵙ˤ⊿ Ṕ烉⊿Ṕ婆妨⬠昊↢䇰䣦ˤ 姙▱䐸炷1999炸ˤ婆婆妨㔯⫿⬠⍲℞ㅱ䓐䞼䨞ˤ⺋ⶆ烉⺋㜙㔁做↢䇰䣦ˤ ⻝⬠嫁炷2000炸ˤ㻊⫿㔯⊾⚰䘬㶟⎰㔯⫿䎦尉ˤ㓞抬㕤䚏⚳⯷炷䶐炸㔯㔯⊾⭮䡤ˣ 婆妨妋䡤烉䫔ḅ⯮䣦㚫冯㔯⊾⚳晃⬠埻䞼妶㚫婾㔯普炷枩 1-19炸ˤ⎘⊿烉⬠䓇 㚠⯨ˤ ⻝匱厵炷2008炸ˤ⮵⮵⢾㻊婆⫿普ˤ⎘䀋厗婆㔯㔁⬠濜㚫㙐䞼妶㚫ˤ剙咖烉ヰ㾇⣏ ⬠ˤ ⻝慹嗕炷2013炸ˤẍẍ厗婆䁢䫔Ḵ婆妨⬠佺侭ᷳ㻊⫿佺⼿䞼䨞ˤ⎘⊿烉⚳䩳㓧㱣⣏ ⬠厗婆㔯㔁⬠⌂⢓⬠ỵ⬠䦳⌂⢓婾㔯ˤ 㚡⿅㓷炷2009炸ˤ㻊婆䪍㖑㛇冒䃞佺⼿㻊⫿䘬䞼䨞ˤ⸤⸤㔁做ˤ12炻19-22ˤ 䔊泣䅽ˣ佩㖕⇅炷2007炸ˤ⮷⬠䪍㻊⫿教嬨䈡溆⇅㍊ˤ⽫⽫䎮䥹⬠ˤ1炻62-64ˤ 㔁做悐⚳㮹㔁做⎠˪2011 ḅ⸜ᶨ屓婚䦳䵙天˫烉 http://teach.eje.edu.tw/9CC/fields/language01-source.php炷⺽䓐㗪攻烉 2013/11/28炸 㔁做悐⚳㮹㔁做⎠ˬ墄㓹㔁⬠➢㛔⬠佺ℏ⭡—⚳㮹⮷⬠婆㔯⬠佺柀➇炷⚳婆㔯炸炷2012 娎埴䇰炸˭烉http://www.ylps.ntct.edu.tw/website/uploads/tadnews/file/nsn_479_3.pdf 炷⺽䓐 㗪攻烉2013/11/28炸 冺厗ˣ⬳厗炷1993炸ˤ⮷⬠䪍䘬㻊⫿⼊㕩シ嬀䘬ℵ䞼䨞ˤ⽫⽫䎮䥹⬠ˤ5炻316-318ˤ 湫䥨曄炷1999炸ˤᷕ㔯娵⫿傥≃ᷳ姽慷冯姢㕟↮㜸ˤ㓞抬㕤⚳䩳ᷕ㬋⣏⬠⽫䎮⬠ 䲣娵䞍䥹⬠䞼䨞ᷕ⽫䶐ˤ⬠⬠䪍教嬨⚘暋䘬揹⭂冯姢㕟䞼妶㚫㔯普炷枩 91-109炸ˤ 湫㱃㥖炷2009炸ˤ㻊㻊⫿㔁⬠䘬䎮婾冯⮎嶸ˤ⎘⊿烉㦪⬠㚠⯨ˤ 嵁⃫ả炷1980炸ˤ婆婆妨⓷柴ˤ⊿Ṕ烉⓮⊁⌘㚠棐ˤ ㇜㰅㼃炷1999炸ˤ㻊㻊⫿㔁冯⬠ˤ㾇⋿烉Ⱉ㜙㔁做↢䇰䣦ˤ Ḵˣ㖍㔯 ⶅ⎋佑ᶨ烉˨㻊⫿㊯⮶̯㕘̘̅㕡㱽―姀ㅞίシ␛ί㔁㌰㱽˩炻䘤堐㕤 2010 ⸜ PJPF(Princeton Japanese Pedagogy Forum㘖㜿㕗枻⣏⬠㖍婆㔁⬠婾⡯炻枩 1-14ˤ ⍇㔯婳夳烉www.princeton.edu/pjpf/.../YKawaguchiProceeding2010.pdf ⣏大ᷭᶨ炷1968炸ˤ㻊⫿̯⬎佺㊯⮶ˤ⚥⚥婆䥹㔁做ˤ15炷7炸炻5-9ˤ ⮷㜿ẍᷭ炷2004炸ˤᷕ⚥婆㔁做̯̫̯̌㻊⫿—㖍㛔Ṣ⬎佺侭̯婌͋̅̚ͅ䎦ẋ 㻊婆忂䓐⫿ˤ㖍㖍ᷕ妨婆㔯⊾ˤ2炻66-87ˤ 㖍㛔㔯悐䥹⬠䚩⚳䩳㔁做㓧䫾䞼䨞烉˨⸛ㆸ 24 ⸜⹎ℐ⚥⬎≃炽⬎佺䉞㱩婧㞣 ˰⮷⬎㟉˱⟙⏲㚠˩炻2012 ⸜炻枩 123ˤ 㔯悐䥹⬠䚩˪㕘⬎佺㊯⮶天柀̬̋̒͌㻊⫿̯⍾㈙̅炷⍪侫炸˫烉 http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/houdou/22/06/attach/1295405.htm炷⺽䓐㗪攻烉 2013/11/28炸 㔯悐䥹⬠䚩ˬ㕘⬎佺㊯⮶天柀炽䓇̎͌≃ȹ⇍堐烉⬎⸜⇍㻊⫿惵堐˭烉ġ
http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/new-cs/youryou/syo/koku/001.htm炷⺽䓐 㗪攻烉2013/11/28炸 㔯悐䚩⮷⬠˪⚳婆⬠佺㊯⮶天柀妋婒˫烉 http://www.mext.go.jp/component/a_menu/education/micro_detail/__icsFiles/afieldf ile/2010/12/28/1231931_02.pdf炷⺽䓐㗪攻烉2013/11/28炸 㔯悐䚩ᷕ⬠˪⚳婆㊯⮶天柀˫烉 http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/new-cs/youryou/chu/koku.htm炷⺽䓐㗪 攻烉2013/11/28炸 㔯悐䚩ᷕ⬠˪⚳婆㊯⮶天柀妋婒˫烉 http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/new-cs/youryou/chukaisetsu/index.htm 炷⺽䓐㗪攻烉2013/11/28炸 㔯悐䚩˪ⷠ䓐㻊⫿堐̯㓡⭂̬Ờ̇ᷕ⬎㟉⬎佺㊯⮶天柀̯ᶨ悐㓡㬋䫱⍲̴⮷⬎㟉炻 ᷕ⬎㟉炻檀䫱⬎㟉䫱̬̋̒͌㻊⫿̯㊯⮶̧̬̥̅炷忂䞍炸˫烉 http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/nc/1299787.htm炷⺽䓐㗪攻烉2013/11/28炸 㔯悐䚩ˬⷠ䓐㻊⫿堐㓡⭂̬Ờ̇⬎㟉㔁做ᶲ̯⮦⾄̧̬̥̅˭炷̩̿͂炸炻 2010⸜ 9 㚰 29 㖍⎔攳ˬⷠ䓐㻊⫿堐㓡⭂̬Ờ̇⬎㟉㔁做ᶲ̯⮦⾄̬敊͌̚ ⮪攨⭞Ể嬘˭㔯䪈Ἦ㸸烉 http://www.mext.go.jp/component/b_menu/shingi/toushin/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2010/ 10/08/1298254_02.pdf炷⺽䓐㗪攻烉2013/11/28炸 㖍㛔㔁㛸㔯⊾䞼䨞屉⛀烉˪䓇̎͌≃̍做̥㻊⫿̯⬎佺―⮷⬎㟉⬎⸜⇍惵㻊⫿ ̯佺⼿䉞㱩̬敊͌̚婧㞣䞼䨞˫炻2000 ⸜炻䞼䨞ㆸ㝄⍫夳烉 http://www.jfecr.or.jp/kanji/index.html炷⺽䓐㗪攻烉2013/11/28炸 ᷕ⚥婆㣄⭂娎榻娵⭂➢㸾烉http://www.chuken.gr.jp/tcp/grade.html炷⺽䓐㗪攻烉 2013/11/28炸 ᷕ⚳婆㔁做⬠㚫䶐烉˪ᷕ⚥婆⇅䳂㭝昶⬎佺㊯⮶ͤ͜Ρ͜Ϋ˫炷ᷕ⚳婆⇅䳂 昶㭝⬠佺㊯⮶⣏䵙炸炻2007 ⸜ˤhttp://www.jacle.org/storage/guideline2.pdf炷⺽ 䓐㗪攻烉2013/11/28炸 ⌗㚰┇⫸炷2003炸ˤ㻊㻊⫿̩忲̷ˣ㻊⫿̨⬎̷ˤ㜙Ṕ烉㜙㲳棐↢䇰䣦ˤ ⋲䓘㶛⫸炷2011炸ˤ㻊⫿㊯⮶̯䔁シ䁡—㖍㛔婆㔁做̯䩳⟜̌͊ˤℐℐ⚳⣏⬠⚳婆 㔁做⬠㚫䘤堐天㖐普ˤ121ˤ21-24ˤ 䞊悐䍚⫸䫱炷2007炸ˤ䪍ίί䓇⼺̯⚥婆⬎佺ˤℐℐ⚥⣏⬎⚥婆㔁做⬎Ể䘢堐天㖐 普ˤ137-140ˤ ℐ⚳檀䫱⬠㟉ᷕ⚳婆㔁做䞼䨞㚫䶐烉˪檀㟉ᷕ⚥婆㔁做̯͂̚ͅ˫炷檀ᷕᷕ⚳ 婆㔁做䘬䚖㧁炸炻⸛ㆸ 11 ⸜炷1999 ⸜炸ˤ http://www.tjf.or.jp/ringo/common/pdf/mubiao.pdf炷⺽䓐㗪攻烉2013/11/28炸 ⎹Ⱉ㲳ᶨ炷1999炸ˤ㖍ᷕ㻊⫿㔯⊾͓㌰㤕͌̚ˤ㔁㔁做ΰͧΡ͜Ϋˤ158炻10ˤ ⎹Ⱉ㲳ᶨ炷2002炸ˤ㔁㔁̉㕡̯ΏΥί⎹Ⱉ㲳ᶨℐ普 35烉⫸̪̓̍䅙ᷕ͌̚⎹Ⱉ✳ 㻊⫿ί妨婆㊯⮶ˤ㜙Ṕ烉㖶㱣⚾㚠ˤ ⎹Ⱉ㲳ᶨ炷2006炸ˤ⎹⎹Ⱉ✳⚥婆=㘿ⓙί㻊⫿ 㔯⊾ίḼ刚䘦Ṣᶨ椾ˤ㜙Ṕ烉㖶㱣⚾㚠ˤ 䪡ᷕỸ劙⫸炷2010炸ˤ妨婆㔁做㱽̩ᷕ⚥婆㔁做㱽ˤ䚖䚖䘥⣏⬠Ṣ㔯⬠䞼䨞ˤ6炻 207-217ˤ 㜿䌱よ炷2002炸ˤ婧㞣⟙⏲烉⫿⼊̯婌䓐̠̌͊̀㖍ᷕ⎴⼊婆̯⸚㶱⍲̴̞̯⮦ 䫾—⎘㸦Ṣ㖍㛔婆⬎佺侭͓ᷕ⽫̬炷婧㞍⟙⏲烉⽆⫿⼊䘬婌䓐䚳㖍ᷕ⎴⼊娆䘬 ⸚㒦冯⮵䫾—ẍ⎘䀋Ṣ㖍婆⬠佺侭䁢ᷕ⽫炸ˤ㖍㖍㛔婆㔁做ˤ112炻45-54ˤ
㛶幵炷2008炸ˤ㻊⫿̯㊯⮶㱽̬敊͌̚㖍ᷕ㭼庫䞼䨞—㻊⫿̹冰␛͓做̧̠͌͂ ̬ˤℐℐ⚥⣏⬎⚥婆㔁做⬎Ể䘢堐天㖐普ˤ115炻157-160ˤ ỽ⮞⸜炷2010炸ˤᷕ㖍㻊⫿̯⫿⼊㭼庫䞼䨞ˤッ䞍㵹⽛⣏⬎妨婆ͫΗΝͩΰͯ ΟΫ⬎Ể炷ッ䞍㵹⽟⣏⬠婆妨Ṍ㳩⬠㚫炸炷䶐炸炻妨妨婆㔯⊾ˤ18炻11-26ˤ ⱑ䓘媎ㄏ炷1992炸ˤ㻊⫿佺⼿㊯⮶̯ͯͱ;Ζ⊾ˤ⸜⸜Ể婾㔯普ˤ8ˤ85-88ˤ ⭖ᶳᷭ⣓炷2000炸ˤ↮↮͍̲̒夳̥̌͌䞍̧̤͌㻊⫿ˤ㜙Ṕ烉⣒恶㫉恶䣦ˤ 㻊⫿傥≃㩊⭂˨䳂⇍㻊⫿堐˩烉 http://www.kanken.or.jp/teido/pdf/national_list.pdf炷⺽䓐㗪攻烉2013/11/28炸 㻊⫿傥≃㩊⭂⋼㚫˪⎬䳂䦳⹎⍲↢柴ℭ⭡˫烉 http://www.kanken.or.jp/teido/index.html炷⺽䓐㗪攻烉2013/11/28炸 ⽟ⶅ⬿岊ˣ䛇䓘ᾉ㱣䶐炷1993炸ˤ㕘㕘炽㕡妨⬠͓⬠̷Ṣ̯̠̬͂ˤṔ悥烉ᶾ䓴⿅ ゛䣦ˤ ᶱˣ杻㔯烉 㾲㭒㡊炷Choi Ju-Youl/Ⲽ䎈䁰炸炷1994炸ˤ䞲㧦ᾦ㥷⻫㠦 ὖ䞲 ἶ㺆炷䞼䨞⑩㟤 㔁做炸ˤ杻杻⚳婆㔁做ˤ5ˤ椾䇦烉⚳婆㔁做⋼㚫炻146-170ˤ
䞲㦖㑮炷Han Eun Su/杻㭟㳁炸炷2007炸ˤῂ㎇㭒㦮 㧦㤦 䞯㔋⻫㦚 䢲㣿䞲 䞲㧦 ᾦ㑮䞯㔋 㡆ῂ炷⺢㥳ᷣ佑⬠佺⇑䓐屯㸸䘬㻊⫿㔁⬠冯⬠佺䞼䨞炸ˤ䞲ῃᾦ㤦 ╖䞯ᾦ ╖䞯㤦 ㌂䞯㥚 ⏒ⶎ炷ᷕ⚳㔁ⷓ⣏⬠⌂⢓婾㔯炸ˤ100-109ˤ
䠞㻶炷Heo Chul /姙┮炸炷2006炸ˤ㭧ῃ㦮 䞲㧦ᾦ㥷 2炷ᷕ⚳䘬⑩㟤㔁做 2炸ˤᷕᷕ
⚳㔁做冯䥹䞼ˤ26炻394-396ˤ
㰚㻶㣿炷Jin Cheol Yong/昛⒚掆炸炷2010炸ˤ
⇅䫱⬠㟉㻊⫿㓶㌰⬠佺㕡㱽㠦╖䞲㍊䳊ὒ㍸㟰炷⮵㕤⮷⬠㻊⫿㔁㌰⬠佺㕡㱽 䘬㍊䳊㍸㟰炸ˤ㻊㻊⫿㻊㔯㔁做ˤ25炻95-130ˤ
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