利用鎖相迴路模擬做NRZ訊號之相位偵測器的性能比較
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(2) Performance Comparisons of Phase Detectors for NRZ Signals via Simulations of Phase-Locked Loops Student: Zhen-Jie Gu. Advisor: Dr. Mu-Huo Cheng. Institute of Electrical and Control Engineering National Chiao-Tung University Abstract A phase-locked loop (PLL) has been so widely used that it becomes a basic element in many modern digital or analog systems. A PLL consists of three functional blocks, namely, the phase detector (PD), the loop filter, and the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The PD is used to detect the phase difference between the input signal and the oscillator output of the VCO; the performance of the PD often determines the performance of the PLL. In most applications, the input signals are NRZ (non-return to zero) coded. Hence, in this thesis we focus on two most often used PDs for NRZ signals, the Alexander PD and the Hogge PD, for investigation, analysis, improvement and simulation. We first analyze the characteristics of these two PDs and discuss their differences, then we develop new block diagrams and circuit realizations for improving the PD performances. We also develop a PLL simulation system using the Matlab Simulink to investigate the responses of PLL systems using various PDs; both the response time and the steady-state error are used for comparison and discussion. Since the frequency acquisition (frequency lock) is necessary before the phase lock and the most common realization is to combine the frequency detector with the PD, we further embed the frequency detector into the PLL simulation system and investigate and simulate the response of the system under an initial frequency difference between the VCO output and input signals.. ii.
(3) Ðá ¤d?ß‚êA, bÔöyË>áBíNû`¤wƒÊ`¤, Ê¥ssísû˝Þ®2, Ìu&AQÓíy^ö£CµçGíÃã -, ÌUBÊÞº£ç…,×ïGÖ Ä¤Ê…d GF5Ò, úk:£f−¤“í4_,|y£íá< ʨt‚ÈwP"»Å`¤ ð,y`¤¸vÀ\`¤Æ˛N£1TXrÖ£í<c ʤ >á5bí: °v>áõðíFAº: ØÁó Û6› ŠÙ wÅQ£ç!bÊ{“, í~}n£Þº,í¡;®x, ÑÓÀ|íû˝ÞºÓ¼.ýH˘ |(b>áBíðA, âkFbíG|¸.iË2¥, éB?Ì(è5Rí*9û˝, ß‚êA ç“, 1/?‰Þú-øší˚ØD‘D. iii.
(4) ñ“. 2d¿b. i. Ld¿b. ii. Ðá. iii. Çñ“. vi. [ñ“. ix. 1 é. 1. 1.1 óPW¿Â¸ä0W¿Âí . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1. 1.2 û˝ñíDd.è . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1. 1.3 d-Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2. 2 AlexanderóPW¿Â£wZª. 3. 2.1 D£¥Â5}&D_Ò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3. 2.2 AlexanderóPW¿Â5}&D_Ò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5. 2.3 AlexanderóPW¿ÂZªí-Z£w_ÒDn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8. 2.4 AlexanderóPW¿ÂDwZª£ D £¥Â5óà@_Òn . . . . . . . 12 3 HoggeóPW¿Â£wZª. 16. 3.1 HoggeóPW¿Â5}&D_Ò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.2 HoggeóPW¿ÂZªí-Z£w_ÒDn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3.3 HoggeóPW¿ÂDwZª5óà@_Òn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.3.1. Uà Hogge óPW¿Âíóc˜5_. iv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.
(5) 3.3.2. _Ò!‹Dªœn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24. 4 !¯óPW¿Â£ä0W¿Â5óc˜_ÒDªœ. 28. 4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.2 ä0W¿Âí}&D_Ò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.2.1. ìä0W¿Âí}&D_Ò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29. 4.2.2. Uàìä0W¿Âh1íóP£ä0W¿Â . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32. 4.3 Uàä0W¿Â®ƒäí_Ò!‹ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.3.1. ìä0W¿ÂDóP£ä0W¿Âí䪜 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34. 4.3.2. Uàìä0W¿Â®ƒäí_Ò!‹ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40. 5 !. 46. ¡5d.. 47. v.
(6) Çñ“. Ç 2.1 UàD£¥ÂTÑóPW¿Âíóc˜-ZÇ . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3. Ç 2.2 v0älvíD£¥Âš$Ç . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4. Ç 2.3 v0r(víD£¥Âš$Ç . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4. Ç 2.4 Alexander PD íÚ˜-Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5. Ç 2.5 Alexander PD ív0ijÇ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5. Ç 2.6 v0älvíAlexander PD š$Ç . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7. Ç 2.7 v0r(víAlexander PD š$Ç . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7. Ç 2.8 Alexander PD Zªív0ijÇ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8. Ç 2.9 Alexander PD ZªíÚ˜-Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9. Ç 2.10 Alexander PD ZªÊv0<älvíš$Ç. . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Ç 2.11 Alexander PD ZªÊv0جälvíš$Ç. . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Ç 2.12 Alexander PD ZªÊv0<r(víš$Ç. . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Ç 2.13 Alexander PD ZªÊv0جr(víš$Ç. . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Ç 2.14 UàAlexander PD íóc˜5 simulink -ZÇ . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Ç 2.15 UàAlexander PD Zªíóc˜5 simulink -ZÇ . . . . . . . . 13 Ç 2.16 UàD£¥Âíóc˜5 simulink -ZÇ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Ç 2.17 v0älvíóà@_ÒÇ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Ç 2.18 v0r(víóà@_ÒÇ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Ç 3.1 Hogge PD íÚ˜-ZÇ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Ç 3.2 Hogge PD Êv0ú5víš$Ç . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Ç 3.3 Hogge PD Êv0älvíš$Ç . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Ç 3.4 Hogge PD Êv0r(víš$Ç . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Ç 3.5 Hogge PD ZªíÚ˜-ZÇ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19. vi.
(7) Ç 3.6 Hogge PD ZªÊv0älvíý<Ç. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Ç 3.7 Hogge PD ZªÊv0r(víý<Ç. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Ç 3.8 Hogge PD ZªÊv0älvíš$Ç. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Ç 3.9 Hogge PD ZªÊv0r(víš$Ç. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Ç 3.10 UàHogge PD íóc˜5 simulink -ZÇ. . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Ç 3.11 UàHogge PD Zªíóc˜5 simulink -ZÇ . . . . . . . . . . 22 Ç 3.12 Hogge PD Êv0älvíóà@_ÒÇ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Ç 3.13 Hogge PD Êv0r(víóà@_ÒÇ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Ç 3.14 Hogge PD ZªÊv0älvíóà@_ÒÇ . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Ç 3.15 Hogge PD ZªÊv0r(víóà@_ÒÇ . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Ç 3.16 zpHogge PD óÏÏíš$_ÒÇ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Ç 4.1 Uàä0W¿Âíóc˜-Zý<Ç . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Ç 4.2 ìä0W¿ÂíÚ˜-ZÇ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Ç 4.3 ìä0W¿ÂíÕGd† . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Ç 4.4 ìä0W¿ÂÊv0ä0œ0víš$Ç . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Ç 4.5 ìä0W¿ÂÊv0ä0œMvíš$Ç . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Ç 4.6 óP£ä0W¿ÂíÚ˜-ZÇ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Ç 4.7 óP£ä0W¿Âv0ä0œ0íš$Ç . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Ç 4.8 óP£ä0W¿Âv0ä0œMíš$Ç . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Ç 4.9 UàóP£ä0W¿Âíóc˜5simulink -ZÇ . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Ç 4.10 Uàìä0W¿Âíóc˜5simulink -ZÇ . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Ç 4.11 óP£ä0W¿ÂÊv0ä0œ0víä_ÒÇ . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Ç 4.12 óP£ä0W¿ÂÊv0ä0œMvíä_ÒÇ . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Ç 4.13 ìä0W¿ÂÊv0ä0œ0víä_ÒÇ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Ç 4.14 ìä0W¿ÂÊv0ä0œMvíä_ÒÇ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Ç 4.15 óP£ä0W¿ÂÊv0ä0œ0víš$Ç. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Ç 4.16 ìä0W¿ÂÊv0ä0œ0víš$Ç . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Ç 4.17 D£¥ÂÊv0ä0œ0víä_ÒÇ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Ç 4.18 D£¥ÂÊv0ä0œMvíä_ÒÇ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41. vii.
(8) Ç 4.19 Alexander PD Êv0ä0œ0víä_ÒÇ . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Ç 4.20 Alexander PD Êv0ä0œMvíä_ÒÇ . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Ç 4.21 Alexander PD ZªÊv0ä0œ0víä_ÒÇ . . . . . . . . . . 42 Ç 4.22 Alexander PD ZªÊv0ä0œMvíä_ÒÇ . . . . . . . . . . 43 Ç 4.23 Hogge PD Êv0ä0œ0víä_ÒÇ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Ç 4.24 Hogge PD Êv0ä0œMvíä_ÒÇ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Ç 4.25 Hogge PD ZªÊv0ä0œ0víä_ÒÇ . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Ç 4.26 Hogge PD ZªÊv0ä0œMvíä_ÒÇ . . . . . . . . . . . 45. viii.
(9) [ñ“. [ 2.1 Alexander PD í|ÕGd† . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6. [ 2.2 Alexander PD í|ÕGöM[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6. [ 2.3 Alexander PD Zªí|ÕGd† . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8. [ 4.1 FDí Td† . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32. ix.
(10) 1ı é 1.1 óPW¿Â¸ä0W¿Âí óPW¿Âkóc˜2íŠ?, uàJªœpmUóPθiDPÓÂ|mUóPθoÈíó PÏθe ; Í(ßÞøóú@íÚ9MVd ¥_Ú9M%Q¦˙šÂ(w|øTÑ9−PÓÂí− „Ú9, J|cPÓä0ωo óPW¿Âí(4_ª[ýÑ Vd = kd θe + Vdo. (1.1). w2Kd uóPW¿ÂíÓï,θe uóPÏ, 7Vdo uRÚ9 ¦¤(4_Éú/ø¸ˇqíθe A , ¥_¸ˇ˚TóPW¿Âíóϸˇ ä0W¿Âkóc˜2íŠ?, †uàJªœpmUDPÓÂ|mUÈíä0Ï; Í( ßÞøóú@íÚ9M ¥_Ú9M%Q¦˙šÂ(w|øTÑ9−PÓÂí−„Ú9, J|c PÓä0. 1.2 û˝ñíDd.è çÍ$í^?£ÍTíä00§íÓ‹, Í$Èc¯ív0 (Clock) °¥½æ‰)V½b; Ĥ, Ñ7j²,H½æ, †ê7?#|v0°¥ Áýv0˛é£’e©!íxXíóc˜; Í 7àS?üW¿wóPÏJÁý— Ûï (Jitter) 1òsóvÈíóPW¿Âøuøƽbí {æ øOóPW¿Âéª bP Ú˜5}; cíóPW¿Â Alexander PD[1],Hogge PD[2], Bang-Bang PD[3],Half-Rate PD[4] Ê…d2, uJ Alexander PD ¸ Hogge PD ¥ùVdû˝, 1Êwp«£p NRZ(Non Return to Zero) mU,NRZ mU}&MÊ ìÚ9ÄP,, /Êø_PjíȽq, ³LSmU² (.}ƒÉÚ9ÄP) w2, Alexander PD …uSà9−PÓÂv0V¾ê D £¥Â (D Type Flip-Flop), àJ¦š NRZ mU íÄPM; 7;W…íú_¦šõíÄPM, ÿªJàVW¿ NRZ mUÄP‰í8$, y;Ww ‰í8$ÿªJ‡ìóPír(Cäl ÇÕ, Hogge PD …í|ª¥@ NRZ mU¸9−P. 1.
(11) ÓÂv0íóPÏ ×ü; 7/, ;Ww|š$íÌMÿªJV‡ìälCr( Ĥ, J¥ù óPW¿Âí|’mV}é, ª}Ñ?¥@óPj²£?¥@óPj²£×ü¥ùé Ê… d2, ø}*¥ùéw TŸÜjÞÇá}&–, 1Q6J MALAB _Òwà@Ô4, | (T|Zªí-ZV¸f$-Zóªœwiÿõ Ê5¾ç9−PÓÂv0¸ NRZ mUá ä0Ïv, Ê Behzad Razavi øz [5]2Uà!¯ä0W¿Âíj¶V^£ä0Ï, U|(®ƒ óíñí; dí|(ø_Ò®óPW¿Â!¯ä0W¿Â(, wóc˜íä8$. 1.3 d-Z …d-Zà-: ùı}&?¥@óPj²óPW¿Âí TŸÜ£Ô4, w2¨Ö D £¥Â¸ Alexander PD ¥ùóPW¿Â; 1T|Zª Alexander PD í-Z, Q6}_Ò wà@8$1n úı}&?¥@óPj²£×üóPW¿Âí TŸÜ£Ô4, ¨Ö Hogge PD í-Z; 1T|?ZGwÿõí-Z, Q6_Òwà@Vð„ ûıUàÓ‹ä0W¿Âíj ¶, VU)çPÓÂv0¸ NRZ pmUíáä0.óv, óPW¿Âøš?êAóPW¿í T, 1º¯ä0W¿ÂUóc˜®ƒóíñí, 1úä0W¿ÂT}&n, /_Òwä8 $ üıÑc¹dí!. 2.
(12) 2ı Alexander óPW¿Â£wZª Ê…ı³, lJ D £¥Â¸d.2í Alexander PD Vd}&, ¤V7j?¥@óPj ²óPW¿ÂíÔ4, Í(yØkwh1, T|Zª5-Z. 2.1 D£¥Â5}&D_Ò D£¥ÂVTÑóPW¿Â5à¤, †uøw¾ê«QB NRZ ípmU, DpQB9− PÓÂí|; 7 Q |†}Ê9−PÓÂív0óPr(v, £|j4£M 1; óúí, Êv0ó Pälv, £|j4ŠM-1; FJ, ªõ|¤óPW¿Âí|ÉùÕG w-ZàÇ 2.1 Fý. P D D. Q. L P F. N R Z. V C O c lo c k Ç 2.1: UàD£¥ÂTÑóPW¿Âíóc˜-ZÇ. J-øJ9−PÓÂív0äl£r(óP135ù8$}V_ÒóPW¿Â|¥@: 1.9−PÓÂv0äl: Ç 2.2 âkøÇáv0äl 135 , FJ, óPW¿ÂF¦šíMîÑ-1, %âQ¦˙šÂf£B9 −PÓÂJÁM9−PÓÂv0ä0; òƒ 20 ”v, óPÏ ˛‰í'ü, ¤v, ¦šƒíÄP‰ A+1; 7×Ê 25 ”v, wóP˛×_R. 3.
(13) clock. NRZ. PD. Ç 2.2: v0älvíD£¥Âš$Ç. 2.9−PÓÂv0r(:. clock. NRZ. PD. Ç 2.3: v0r(víD£¥Âš$Ç. Ç2.3âkøÇáv0r(135, FJ, óPW¿ÂF¦šíMîÑ1, %âQ¦˙šÂf£B 9−PÓÂJ‹09−PÓÂv0ä0; òƒ 20 ”v, óPÏ ˛‰í'ü, ¤v, ¦šƒíÄP ‰A-1; 7×Ê 25 ”v, wóP˛×_R. 4.
(14) 2.2 AlexanderóPW¿Â5}&D_Ò Alexander PD í-ZàÇ 2.4 Fý, …3bUà 4 _Ší¾êí D £¥ÂV¦š¸læm Uíj4 Ç2í abc úõmU¹Ñø_v02 0 180 360 v}ú NRZ mU¦ší mU; BbªJJÇ 2.5 íijÇ (Eye Diagram) Vzpwh1, ç NRZ mUÊ a ¸ b 5È ‰v, ¦šMa 6= b = c, ¤Ñv0óPälí8$; 7ç NRZ mUÊ b ¸ c 5ȉv, ¦š Ma = b 6= c, ¤Ñv0óPr(í8$; ΤJÕí8$, †Ì¶‡óPäl´ur( 6ÿu z, Alexander PD x 3 _’e¦šõ, 7;W abc ¥úõí|ªJõ| NRZ mUÄP ‰í8$, 1%âw‰í8$ÿªJ²ìv0óPuälCr(; ,H|ÕGd†à[2.1Fý. N R Z D Q u 1. c. a. D Q u 2. D Q u 3. d. D Q u 4. b. cl o ck. Ç 2.4: Alexander PD íÚ˜-Z. lo g ic1 le v e l. a. c. b. z e r o - cr o s s i n g. lo g ic0 le v e l. Ç 2.5: Alexander PD ív0ijÇ. [ 2.1 íóÉöM[à[ 2.2 Fý, ;WöM[, Bbªõ|¤óPW¿Â|úÕG, } Ñv0äl v0r( ̶‡ìúÕG Q-V, Bblzp Alexander PD í TŸÜ; £. 5.
(15) [ 2.1: Alexander PD í|ÕGd† ¦šõM |ÕG a = b 6= c óPr( a 6= b = c óPäl wFÕG ̶‡ì zp:abcÑj4ÄP. ¥Â u1 ¸ u2 }Êv0íŠí«¦šw D pmU, }Ê|«ßÞ c ¸ a; £¥Â u3 †uÊ v0í£í«¦šw D pmU, Ê|«ßÞ d; 7£¥Â u4 †uôb d mUš_v0U‚7 ßÞ b; kuBbªêÛ¦šõu⣥ u1 £ u3 F²ìí, 7£¥Â u2 £ u4 ÉuçAø_ô bjKÊUà; wñíuÊkbU)Ê¥_U‚qF¦šíM, ·ôbƒ-ø_U‚|; ¥šíß TÊkÊ©_U‚í a,b,c M·}uø_ ìM, ÄÑ¥_ßT, kÚ6¦ÿ?¯±AßÞø_ ^í|M. [ 2.2: Alexander PD í|ÕGöM[ a b c |ÕG 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1. 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1. ̶‡ì óPr( ̶‡ì óPäl óPäl ̶‡ì óPr( ̶‡ì. 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1. zp:abcÑj4ÄP. BbÛÊø}Uàv0äl£r( 135 ù8$V_ÒóPW¿Â|ÕG, Jð„,H í TŸÜ; w2, v0äl 135 íóPW¿Â|ÕG_ÒàÇ 2.6 Fý, v0r( 135 íó PW¿Â|ÕG_ÒàÇ 2.7 Fý; Ê_ÒÇ2, ªêÛ©_U‚qí a,b,c ·&MøìM; 7/ Êv0älv,a 6= b = c; v0r(v,a = b 6= c; ÇÕç NRZ mUíWÅ (Run Lengths) ×k 1 v,a = b = c, Ĥ, Ê¥‚ÈøU)9−PÓ§−Ú9Ñ 0, 6ÿu.Z‰¤ví9−P ÓÂä0. 6.
(16) NRZ clock a b c d. Ç 2.6: v0älvíAlexander PD š$Ç. NRZ. clock a b c d. Ç 2.7: v0r(víAlexander PD š$Ç. 7.
(17) 2.3 AlexanderóPW¿ÂZªí-Z£w_ÒDn ;W Alexander PD íŸÜ, BbªJøwh1ô. [6], øú_’e¦šõØkAü_’e ¦šõ, 6ÿuJø_v02í 0 90 180 270 360 v}ú NRZ mUd¦š; wi jÇ (Eye Diagram) àÇ 2.8 Fý, Alexander PD ijǪœ, Bb†uÖ7 90 £ 270 ù_¦šõ; Ĥ, ç NRZ mUÊ a ¸ b 5ȉv,a 6= b = c = d = e, ¤Ñv0óP<ä lí8$; ç NRZ mUÊ b ¸ c 5ȉv,a = b 6= c = d = e, ¤Ñv0óPجälí8 $; ç NRZ mUÊ c ¸ d 5ȉv,a = b = c 6= d = e, ¤Ñv0óPجr(í8$; ç NRZ mUÊ d ¸ e 5ȉv,a = b = c = d 6= e, ¤Ñv0óP<r(í8$; ΤJÕí 8$, †Ì¶‡óPäl´ur( à¤øV, óPW¿Âí|ø}*ŸVíúÕGÓ‹Aü ÕG, }Ñv0جäl v0<äl v0جr( v0<r( ̶‡ì¥üÕG; ,H|ÕGd†à[ 2.3 Fý. l o g i c 1 l ev el. a. b. d. c. e z er o - cr o s s i n g. l o g i c 0 l ev el. Ç 2.8: Alexander PD Zªív0ijÇ. [ 2.3: Alexander PD Zªí|ÕGd† ¦šõM |ÕG a = b = c = d 6= e a = b = c 6= d = e a = b 6= c = d = e a 6= b = c = d = e wFÕG. óP<r( óPجr( óPجäl óP<äl ̶‡ì. zp:abcdeÑj4ÄP. âk¦šõuJȽ 90 Vd¦š, Ĥ, v0جälÿ[ý9−PÓÂív0óPäl NRZ mUóP90ƒ1805È; 7v0<älÿ[ý9−PÓÂív0óPäl NRZ mUó. 8.
(18) P 90 Jq; v0جr( v0<r(íì26ªY¤éR J¥šhõ^£Ÿá Alexander PD, ªU)Ÿ…ív0äl v0r(älr(í˙¾“h1, ¥šúk9−PÓÂ7k, y ? |wä0×ü ¤h1íÚ˜õÛàÇ 2.9 Fý, w2 T4 H[ø9−PÓÂv0ôb 14 U‚; 7 abcde }H[ø_v02 0 90 180 270 360 v}ú NRZ mU¦šímU e. N R Z. D. Q u 1. D. Q u 2. D. Q u 3. D. Q u 4. D. Q u 5. D. Q u 6. D. Q u 7. D. Q u 8. a. cl o ck. T /4. c. b. d. Ç 2.9: Alexander PD ZªíÚ˜-Z. ‚ࣥ u1u2u3u4 VßÞÊv0 0 180 360 ú NRZ mU¦šM5Ú˜-Z uó°í, Bb†u./‚à Alexander PD -Z2ø_ D £¥Â¦š, ø_ D £¥Âôb íh1, yßÞø £ßÞø. u5 ¦šu6 ôbí D £¥ÂV)ƒÊv0 90 ú NRZ mUí¦šM, J. u7 ¦šu8 ôbí D £¥ÂV)ƒÊv0 270 ú NRZ mUí¦šM. J-øJv0óPäl£r( 45 VH[v0<äl£r(, Jv0óPäl£r( 135 V H[v0جäl£Ø¬r(, J¥û8$}V_ÒóPW¿Â|í¥@ w2, v0äl45 íóPW¿Â|ÕG_ÒàÇ2.10Fý; hôǪêÛÊø_v0U‚2, a 6= b = c = d = e, ¯¯,HÕGd†óP<älíì2 v0äl 135 íóPW¿Â|ÕG_ÒàÇ 2.11 Fý; hôǪêÛÊø_v0U‚2,a = b 6= c = d = e, ¯¯,HÕGd†óPجälíì2 v 0r( 45 íóPW¿Â|ÕG_ÒàÇ 2.12 Fý; hôǪêÛÊø_v0U‚2,a = b = c = d 6= e, ¯¯,HÕGd†óP<r(íì2 v0r( 135 íóPW¿Â|ÕG_Òà Ç 2.13 Fý; hôǪêÛÊø_v0U‚2, a = b = c 6= d = e, ¯¯,HÕGd†óPجr (íì2. 9.
(19) NRZ clock a b c d e. Ç 2.10: Alexander PD ZªÊv0<älvíš$Ç. NRZ clock a b c d e. Ç 2.11: Alexander PD ZªÊv0جälvíš$Ç. 10.
(20) NRZ clock a b c d e Ç 2.12: Alexander PD ZªÊv0<r(víš$Ç. NRZ clock a b c d e Ç 2.13: Alexander PD ZªÊv0جr(víš$Ç. 11.
(21) 2.4 AlexanderóPW¿ÂDwZª£ D £¥Â5óà@_Òn Ê¥øü, Bbø,H3óPW¿Â}[pó°íóc˜-Z2, V_Òwóíà@ 8$, w2, Q¦˙šÂ¶}´¨Ö7kÚ6¦ (Charge Pump), Uà Alexander PD íóc ˜5 simulink -ZÇàÇ 2.14 Fý; Uà Alexander PD Zªíóc˜5 simulink -ZÇ àÇ 2.15 Fý; Uà D £¥Âíóc˜5 simulink -ZÇàÇ 2.16 Fý q9−PÓÂóPÑälCr( NRZ mUóP 135 , FJ, ®ƒóv, 9−PÓÂv0Ú óP@®ƒ 3π = 2.355C −3π = −2.355 Ê Alexander PD wZª-Z2, âk|üÕ 4 4 G, Ĥ, BbøêÞv0جälJ£v0جr(¥ù8$ÊkÚ6¦¶}FTXíÚ¼Mq Ñ v0<äl£v0<r(ÊkÚ6¦¶}FTXíÚ¼MíùI ÇÕ, qì9−PÓÂí v0ä0Ñ 1HZ v0älvíóà@_ÒÇàÇ 2.17 Fý; v0r(víóà@_ÒÇàÇ 2.18 Fý ªœ Alexander PD DwZªíš$, ZªâkøÇáóPÏ 135 , FJ, kÚ6¦¶ }uTXùIíÚ¼; Ĥ, ¸ Alexander PD Vªœ, ZªÊÇáíøü¨š$œÑ¢æ, | (6œ0?®ƒRí^‹, FJ, Zªúk‹0RvÈíüw6Œ â Alexander PD ¸ D £¥Âíš$, ªêÛ D £¥ÂÖÍ?y0®ƒR, OuwR(ší*ÛïœÑp é; ¥ÿÊk D £¥Âí|ùÕG, 7 Alexander PD úÕG,D £¥Âí|Õ GÉ 1 ¸-1, Ĥ…I¬ Alexander PD Ê 0 |ÄPvívÈ, FJwRvÈ}œ0; Oóú bG|íHguç NRZ mU&MœÅvÈ.‰ÄPv, 6ÿuWÅ×k 1 v, † D £¥ Âí|%¬Q¦˙š }Âí^‹, uÄP}øM%/_j²Ó‹; Ĥ, }¨AàÇFýí* œ×íÛï. 12.
(22) Ç 2.14: UàAlexander PD íóc˜5 simulink -ZÇ. Ç 2.15: UàAlexander PD Zªíóc˜5 simulink -ZÇ. 13.
(23) Ç 2.16: UàD£¥Âíóc˜5 simulink -ZÇ. Alexander PD Phase (rad). Alexander PD improved D flip flop. -2.355. Time (sec). Ç 2.17: v0älvíóà@_ÒÇ. 14.
(24) 2.355. Alexander PD Phase (rad). D flip flop Alexander PD improved. Time (sec). Ç 2.18: v0r(víóà@_ÒÇ. 15.
(25) 3ı Hogge óPW¿Â£wZª Bbl«nd.2 Hogge PD í TŸÜ£h1, ¤V7j?¥@óPj²£×üíóP W¿Â5Ô4, 1‡ú Hogge PD íÿõT|ªZªí-Z, |(}_Ò1óªœn. 3.1 HoggeóPW¿Â5}&D_Ò Hogge PD í-ZàÇ 3.1 Fý, …3bUàù_£í¾êí D £¥Â u1u2 ¸ù_½ C• u3u4 (XOR Gate) V®ƒóPW¿íñí, 7‹¶Âu骋¶Â; w2, u3 í|š$ c uø_ k NRZ mU¸9−PÓÂv0£í«óPÏí£0§š (Positive Pulse), u4 í |š$ d †uø_ k9−PÓÂv0šU‚í£0§š, 7 Hogge PD í| e †uø c-d; 6ÿuz,Hogge PD íh1ÿuø d TÑ¡5 , 7 c-d í ÿu NRZ mU¸9−P ÓÂv0Ší«óPÏ, ¤óPÏÿu NRZ mU¸9−PÓÂv0íóPÏ , Ĥ, Bbªõ| Hogge PD í|?¥ø|óPíÏ ; ÇÕ, âk|Ñ c-d, FJ|ø} 3 ÕG, }Ñ 10-1. e c. d. u 3. N. R. u 4. Z D. a. Q u 1. cl o ck. Ç 3.1: Hogge PD íÚ˜-ZÇ. 16. D. Q u 2. b.
(26) Bb}_Ò9−PÓÂv0ª NRZ mUäl r(J£ú5ví8$; w2, v0ú5v íš$ÇàÇ 3.2 Fý, ªJõ| c í k d í , FJ, óPW¿Âí|ÉÌM; Ĥ, Ê%¬Q¦˙š }Â(, w´|Ñ 0 v0älvíš$ÇàÇ 3.3 Fý, ªJõ| u1 í ü k u2í , FJ, óPW¿Âí|ŠÌM; Ĥ, Ê%¬Q¦˙š }Â(, w´|ÑŠ v0r(víš$ÇàÇ 3.4 Fý, ªJõ| c í ×k d í , FJ, óPW¿Âí|£ ÌM; Ĥ, Ê%¬Q¦˙š }Â(, w´|Ñ£. NRZ. clock. a. b. c. d. e. Ç 3.2: Hogge PD Êv0ú5víš$Ç. 17.
(27) NRZ. clock. a. b. c. d. e. Ç 3.3: Hogge PD Êv0älvíš$Ç. NRZ. clock. a. b c. d. e. Ç 3.4: Hogge PD Êv0r(víš$Ç. 18.
(28) 3.2 HoggeóPW¿ÂZªí-Z£w_ÒDn J,H Hogge PD íh1, Bb6ªT|ø_|?¥øóPj²£×üíóPW¿Â-Z, àÇ 3.5 Fý; w2 u1u2 ÑÂí¾ê/x½0ÀΫ R(Reset) í D £¥Â, u3 ÑŠí¾ê /x½0ÀΫ R í D £¥Â,u3 íp«†u ìpÄP 1 , 7‹¶Âu骋¶Â, Ú ®¸Úñ†uTÑò¦˙šÂ5ठBbøJš$Ç 3.6 ¸Ç 3.7 Vzp¤Ú˜í T8$, w2 Ç 3.6 Ñ9−PÓÂv0älíš$Ç, Ç 3.7 Ñ9−PÓÂv0r(íš$Ç 1 cl o ck. c D u 3. Q R b. D Q u 1 R. D u 2. a. Q R. N R Z. Ç 3.5: Hogge PD ZªíÚ˜-ZÇ. 1 clock 0 1 clock 0 1 NRZ 0 a. 0 1. b 0 1 c 0 1 PD 0 output -1. Ç 3.6: Hogge PD ZªÊv0älvíý<Ç. 19. P Do u tp u t.
(29) 1 clock 0 1 clock. NRZ PD output. 0 1 0 1 0. Ç 3.7: Hogge PD ZªÊv0r(víý<Ç. Ç 3.6 óPW¿Â|í£0§uâ NRZ mU¾ê u1 V¦š£óv0íM, w|MÑ b, Êâ¤| b íŠí«V¾ê u3 U)|M c Ñ 1; Í7, ¥óív0mUø¦¬ø_UàÚñ £Ú®íò¦˙šÂ, 7ßÞø_ üí0§, â¤0§V½0 u1, U) b Ñ 0; ÇÕ, u3 † uâ£óv0¦¬ò¦˙šÂí&0§V½0 u3 U) c Ñ 0; 7w2, bí k NRZ m U¸9−PÓÂv0Ší«íóPÏ,c Mí Ñ9−PÓÂv0íšU‚; çv0älv, óP W¿Âí|Ñ b-c,b-c í k NRZ mU¸9−PÓÂv0£í«íóPÏ, ¤óPÏÿu NRZ mU¸9−PÓÂv0íóPÏ Ç 3.7 óPW¿Â|í£0§uâ NRZ mU¾ê u2 V¦š¥óv0íM, w|MÑ a, 1â£óv0¦¬ò¦˙šÂí&0§V½0 u2 U) a Ñ 0; 7çv0r(v, óPW¿Âí|¹Ñ a, w2,a í k NRZ mU¸9−PÓÂv0 £í«íóPÏ, ¤óPÏÿu NRZ mU¸9−PÓÂv0íóPÏ °šq9−PÓÂv0óPÑälCr( NRZ mUóP 135 , }_Òwš$; w2, v0 óPäl_ÒÇàÇ 3.8 Fý, v0óPr(_ÒÇàÇ 3.9 Fý. 3.3 HoggeóPW¿ÂDwZª5óà@_Òn Bbø,Hù?¥@óPj²£×üíóPW¿Â}[pó°íóc˜-Z2, V_Ò wóíà@8$, 1;Wà@í8$Vzp Hogge PD ÿõ Uà Hogge PD íóc˜5 simulink -ZÇàÇ 3.10 Fý; Uà Hogge PD Zªíóc˜5 simulink -ZÇàÇ 3.11 Fý ÇÕ, Bb ø_Uà Hogge PD íóc˜5bç_. (Model), J°)c_óc˜. íƒb, 1‚ःbí¥¼à@ (Step Response) ¸Bbà simulink _Ò|íõÒà @óªœn. 20.
(30) clock NRZ a. b c PD output Ç 3.8: Hogge PD ZªÊv0älvíš$Ç. VCO NRZ a b c PD output Ç 3.9: Hogge PD ZªÊv0r(víš$Ç. 21.
(31) Ç 3.10: UàHogge PD íóc˜5 simulink -ZÇ. Ç 3.11: UàHogge PD Zªíóc˜5 simulink -ZÇ. 22.
(32) 3.3.1 Uà Hogge óPW¿Âíóc˜5_ Bbq9−PÓÂv0ä0Ñωi (radians/second), 7óPÏÏθe =θi -θo (radians); w2,θi Ñ NRZ mUíóP, θo Ñ9−PÓÂv0íóP Ĥ, Êv0©_U‚vÈ 2π q¥@óPÏ í ωi ^vÈtp Ñ |θe | ωi. tp =. (3.1). 7Ê©ø_U‚qíÌÏÏÚ¼IdÑ Id = =. 0.5Ip tp 2π ωi. Ip θe 4π. (3.2) (3.3). w2,Ip ÑkÚ6¦íÚ¼M, 9−PÓ§−Ú9†Ñ Vc (s) = Id (s)Z(s) Ip Z(s)θe (s) = 4π. (3.4) (3.5). Ê¥³Id (s)ui(t)í Laplace ², wF¯U6uó°ì2, 9−PÓÂv0íóP†Ñ θo (s) =. 2πKVc (s) s. (3.6). w2,K Ñ9−PÓÂíÓï, ;W¥< ä, BbªR|c˜íƒb θo (s) θi (s) KIp Z(s) = s + KIp Z(s). H(s) =. (3.7) (3.8). Bbqc˜˙šÂ (Loop Filter) ƒbÑ Z(s) = R +. 1 sC. (3.9). Ĥ, ƒb H(s) =. 2ξωn s + ωn2 s2 + 2ξωn s + ωn2. (3.10). w2, r. KIp 2C ωn RC ξ = 2. ωn =. (3.11) (3.12). ωn ÑAÍä0 (Natural Frequency), 7ξu®−ª (Damping Ratio), Ê…d2, BbFql íξÑ 0.2767,ωnÑ 0.016. 23.
(33) 3.3.2 _Ò!‹Dªœn Bbqì9−PÓÂóPÑälCr( NRZ mUóP 135 , Ĥ, ®ƒóv, 9−PÓ v0Ú óP@®ƒ 3π = 2.355C −3π = −2.355 4 4 w2,Hogge PD Êv0älvíóà@_ÒÇàÇ3.12Fý, 7v0r(víóà@_ ÒÇàÇ 3.13 Fý;Hogge PD ZªÊv0älvíóà@_ÒÇàÇ 3.14 Fý, 7v0r( víóà@_ÒÇàÇ 3.15Fý, Ç2 model H[àbç_ °|ƒbí¥¼à@š$, 7 actual †uBbUà simulink _Òc_óc˜íõÒà@š$. Phase (rad). model. -2.355. actual. Time (sec). Ç 3.12: Hogge PD Êv0älvíóà@_ÒÇ. ÊõÒíà@š$¶}, hôÇ 3.12 £ 3.14, BbªêÛ 2 "Çíš$óçQ¡, Ou, Ê Hogge PD í¶}, w|(óPøü¨ÏÏ7̶êrR, 7Zª-ZºR7; ku, Bb hô Hogge PD Êv0r(íš$_ÒÇ 3.16, ªêÛÊ Hogge PD 2, Êø_U‚q9−PÓ Âí£v0 1.kŠv0 , WàÇ2£v0 Ñ 0.52 ”7Šv0 Ñ 0.48 ”; wŸ ÄÊk%âQ¦˙š }(ímUÊóPW¿Â|Ñ£Mv, wš},¯Ó‹û_9−PÓ í|ä0‹0, Ĥ, 9−PÓŠv0 ÿ}Áý; óúí, %âQ¦˙š }(ímUÊó PW¿Â|ÑŠMv, wš}-±Áýû_9−PÓÂí|ä0ÁM, Ĥ, 9−PÓ£v 0 ÿ}Ó‹, 7âÇ2484-485¥¨vÈíóPW¿Â|, w|š£0§ kŠv0 , 7|šŠ0§ k£v0 , ;Wd.2 Hogge PD íŸÜ, ʤ8$}ÄÑ£. 24.
(34) model. 2.355. Phase (rad). actual. Time (sec). Ç 3.13: Hogge PD Êv0r(víóà@_ÒÇ. Šv0 ó7ÉÌM, Ou, âk_Ò}v0 ‰“íÛï, ¤v†}¨A˜ÏíŠ^ £M; û_|(óPøü¨ÏÏ7̶êrR Zª†uUà NRZ mUTѾê, Áýv0 ‰“úóPW¿Â|í à, 7ZªíóPW¿Â|6?Ê,Hv0 ‰“v, £|£üj ²í^£M, .}ßÞ˜Ïj²í^£M ÇÕ, hôš$í*Ûï, ªêÛZªí*Ûï6 œÑ.ý; ¥uÄÑÊ Hogge PD 2, .v0älCr(, óPW¿Âí|·OúÄP, 7ZªÖÍÊ9−PÓÂv0äl6OúÄP, OuÊ9−PÓÂv0r(vºÉùÄ P, Ĥ, w*Ûï}ª Hogge PD Víß Ê_ í¥¼à@š$¶},Hogge PD í_ ¥¼à@š$¸õÒà@š$ÄÑóÏÏ íÉ[, FJ, }øü¨R 7 Hogge PD ZªÄÑw TŸÜh1 Hogge PD ó¡, w _ 6} Hogge PD ó¡, 7âw_ ¥¼à@š$6ªõ|¸õÒà@š$'Q¡. 25.
(35) model. Phase (rad) -2.355. actual. Time (sec). Ç 3.14: Hogge PD ZªÊv0älvíóà@_ÒÇ. model. 2.355. Phase (rad) actual. Time (sec). Ç 3.15: Hogge PD ZªÊv0r(víóà@_ÒÇ. 26.
(36) NRZ. clock. 0.48. 0.52. c. d PD output. 0.52. 0.48 0.48. 0.48 0.48. Ç 3.16: zpHogge PD óÏÏíš$_ÒÇ. 27. 0.52.
(37) 4ı !¯óPW¿Â£ä0W¿Â5óc˜_ÒDªœ Ê…ı³, lzpÊáä0.°8”-, óPW¿Â.ââä0W¿ÂVUc_óc˜ ®ƒóíñí; Q-V, Bbø}&ªœùä0W¿Âí TŸÜ£Ô4, yUàø_ä0W¿ Â!¯B5‡ü_óPW¿Âíóc˜-Z2, V_Òwäí8$. 4.1 ʇÞ_ıíóPW¿Â?®ƒóí^‹u!k NRZ mU¸9−PÓÂv0wä0· ó°í‘K-, Ou, Êöõ8”2, %%çø_óc˜Çóv, wPÓÂíä01.k NRZ pmUíä0, 6ÿuc˜³\ì, 7c˜â„ìÕGƒìÕGí²Ñø_Ý(4íÛ ï, ÄÑóPW¿Â¾¿.ƒ.óíä0 Ñ7^a¥_½æ, ÛHíóc˜Î7óPW¿ÂJ Õ´Uà7ä0W¿Â, àÇ 4.1 F[ý; w2틶Âu骋¶Â, âä0W¿ÂVªœ9− PÓÂv0ä0¸ NRZ mUä0, ç9−PÓÂv0ä0œ0v, †}£|ŠÚ9M, JÁM9− PÓÂv0íä0, ¤|¾M×ÑóPW¿Â|¾Mí 3-5 I, Ê…d_Òu¿Ñ 3 I; ó ¥í, 9−PÓÂv0ä0œMv, †}£|£Ú9M 7óPW¿Â†uÊä0W¿Â£|£ Š Ú9^£Mv, w|ø.}£B9−PÓÂ, 6ÿu¤v‚âä0W¿Âí|V|c9−PÓ v0íä0; Ouç9−PÓÂv0ä0¸ NRZ mUä0Ï Düv, ä0W¿Â|ø.}£B 9−PÓÂ, ¤vÿâóPW¿ÂV|w˛¤íóPÏUw|(®ƒóíñí. 4.2 ä0W¿Âí}&D_Ò ;W,Þh1, Bb.â!¯ä0W¿ÂV^£ä0Ï, Êd. [7]uUà Quadricorrelator íj¶; d. [8]†uUàìä0W¿Â (Rotational Frequency Detector) íj¶; d. [9]… 6uUàìä0W¿Âíh1, /xóPW¿ÂíŠ?, Ñø_óP£ä0W¿Â (PFD); 7 d. [10]u!¯d. [9]¸ Alexander PD UàÂc˜íj¶ Ê…d2, âkBbb!¯5‡ Fn¬íóPW¿Â, FJ, BbuUàø_tíûïÌìä0W¿Â (Four-Phase Rotational Frequency Detector) VTÑä0W¿ÂUw®ƒóñí Q-V, BbÎ7}&ìä. 28.
(38) N R Z. F D L PF PD. V C O Ç 4.1: Uàä0W¿Âíóc˜-Zý<Ç. 0W¿Âí TŸÜÔ4Õ, 6úd. [9]T}&Dn, J7jàSUàìä0W¿Âíh1V ®ƒóP£ä0W¿ÂíŠ? 4.2.1 ìä0W¿Âí}&D_Ò ìä0W¿Âw-ZàÇ 4.2 Fý, w2,D £¥Â u1u2u3u4 îÑÂí¾ê, u5u6 † uûpí£• (And Gate), mU g †u9−PÓÂv0ôb 14 U‚ímU, 6ÿuóPr(w90 ímU, 7‹¶Âu骋¶Â. cl o ck D. Q u1. a. D. Q u3. c u5. e P Do u tp u t. N R Z T /4. g. D. Q u2. b. D. Q u4. d. Ç 4.2: ìä0W¿ÂíÚ˜-ZÇ. 29. u6. f.
(39) ‡iä00Míd†àÇ4.3Fý, Ç2í1¸0Ñj4ÄP; J9−PÓÂv0ä0œ0v, † (a,b) ÕGíZ‰ø}ußv j²; J9−PÓÂv0ä0œMv, † (a,b) ÕGíZ‰ø}u Lv j² Ĥ, âÇ 4.2 Bbª)øç9−PÓÂv0ä0œ0, / (a,b) ÕGâ (0,1) ‰A (0,0) v, †mU f }£ÄP, U)ä0W¿Â|ÑŠÄP, ¤VÁM9−PÓÂíä0; 7ç 9−PÓÂv0ä0œM, / (a,b) ÕGâ (0,0) ‰A (0,1) v, †mU e }£ÄP, U)ä0 W¿Â|Ñ£ÄP, ¤V‹09−PÓÂíä0. 0 0. 1 0. 0 1. 1 1. Ç 4.3: ìä0W¿ÂíÕGd†. J-ø}àv0š$_ÒVð„wìj², ç9−PÓÂv0ä0œ0víš$_ÒÇ àÇ 4.4 Fý, 9−PÓÂv0ä0œMvíš$_ÒÇàÇ 4.5 Fý âÇ 4.4, Bbªõ|ÕGu ßv j²Z‰, w2ÊvÈ 5 ”v, âk (a,b,c,d) íM* (0,1,1,1) ‰A (0,0,0,1), FJ,f í M‰A 1, Ĥ, ä0W¿Â|Ñ-1; 7ÊÇ 4.5, Bbªõ|ÕGuLv j²Z‰, w2ÊvÈ 3 ”v, âk (a,b,c,d) íM* (0,0,1,1) ‰A (0,1,0,0),8 ”v, (a,b,c,d) íM* (0,0,1,0) ‰A (0,1,0,0), FJ,e íM‰A 1, Ĥ, ä0W¿Â|Ñ 1. 30.
(40) NRZ. clock. g. a. b. c. d PD output. Ç 4.4: ìä0W¿ÂÊv0ä0œ0víš$Ç. NRZ. clock. g. a. b. c. d PD output. Ç 4.5: ìä0W¿ÂÊv0ä0œMvíš$Ç. 31.
(41) 4.2.2 Uàìä0W¿Âh1íóP£ä0W¿Â d. [9]íÚ˜-ZàÇ 4.6 Fý, w2, ‹¶Âu骋¶Â, PD¸ QPD íÚ˜uó°í ¦šD\MÀj (Sample-And-Hold Cell), wŠ?u¸Âí¾êí D £¥Âó°, 6ÿuç NRZ mU‰v}¾ê PD ¸ QPD , Uw}¦š9−PÓÂv0¸ôb 90 óPí9−PÓ Âv0í’e7| Q1 ¸ Q2; w2,Q1 £p FD í¾ê«, Q2 †£B FD íp«,Q3 Ñ FD í|, 7c_óP£ä0W¿Âí|Ñ Q1+Q3 FD í Td†à[ 4.1 Fý, ç Q1 š$Ñ ,¯í/ Q2 MÑ-1 v, † Q3 íM‰Ñ-1; ç Q1 š$Ñ-±í/ Q2 MÑ-1 v, † Q3 íM ‰Ñ 1; J Q2 MÑ 1, †. Q1 Ñ,¯íC-±í, † Q3 íM·‰Ñ 0 Ĥ, çä0Ï—Dü, 6ÿuä0®ƒìv, Q2 íM}øM&MÊ 1, 7 Q3 íM} ìÑ 0 J-ø}à9−PÓ v0œ0£œMí_ÒÇVzpwÚ˜h1, 9−PÓÂv0ä0œ0í_ÒÇàÇ 4.7 Fý, 9− PÓÂv0ä0œMí_ÒÇàÇ 4.8 Fý. c lo c k. P F Do u tp u t. Q1 D. Q P D. N R Z. D T /4. D. Q F D Q3. Q QP D Q2. Ç 4.6: óP£ä0W¿ÂíÚ˜-ZÇ. [ 4.1: FDí Td† Q1 Q2 Q3 ,¯C-±í ,¯í -±í. 1 -1 -1. 0 -1 1. Êv0ä0œ0í_ÒÇ2, ªõ| (Q1,Q2) í‰“Ñ (1,0),(1,1),(0,1),(0,0) =Z‰, 7 v0ä0œMí_ÒÇ2,(Q1,Q2) 퉓†Ñ (1,0),(0,0),(0,1),(1,1) =Z‰, ¥D,øüì. 32.
(42) NRZ. clock clock delayed Q1. Q2. Q3. Q1+Q3. Ç 4.7: óP£ä0W¿Âv0ä0œ0íš$Ç. NRZ. clock clock delayed Q1. Q2. Q3. Q1+Q3. Ç 4.8: óP£ä0W¿Âv0ä0œMíš$Ç. 33.
(43) ä0W¿ÂíÕGZ‰d†ó°; 7w2 PD í Tj 6 Bb5‡FnUà D £¥Â VW¿óPj ø_, 6ÿuçóPr(v,Q1 MÑ 1, v0óPälv,Q1 MÑ-1, Ĥ, ¤¹d. u¦à D £¥Âh1VTÑóPW¿Â, 7Sàìä0W¿Âh1VTÑä0W¿Â, 1!¯ Ú˜®ƒóP£ä0W¿ÂíŠ? Êv0ä0œ0v, ç Q1 MÑ 1, H[óPr(, ĤóP£ä0W¿Âí| Q1+Q3 Ñ 0, 7.Z‰9−PÓÂív0ä0; Ou, ç Q1 MÑ-1 v, H[óPäl, óP£ä0W¿Âí| Q1+Q3 Ñ-1, 7ÁM9−PÓÂív0ä0 Êv0ä0œMv, ç Q1 MÑ-1, H[óPäl, Ä ¤óP£ä0W¿Âí| Q1+Q3 Ñ 0, 7.Z‰9−PÓÂív0ä0; Ou, ç Q1 MÑ 1 v, H[óPr(, óP£ä0W¿Âí| Q1+Q3 Ñ 1, 7‹09−PÓÂív0ä0 Í7, ¤Ú˜Dìä0W¿Âªœ, …íiõu….Oxä0W¿ÂŠ?´xe7óPW ¿ÂŠ?, /wÚ˜!Zªìä0W¿ÂÀ, FàjK_bªœý; Ou, JY¹¸ˇ (Pull In Range) Võ, âkd.2õÛÚ˜íÌ„, ç Q1 êÞ‰ímÈ,Q2 6°vêÞ‰v, †¤v FD ø̶ã‚í|, 7ª?¨A˜Ïí|, Ĥ, d.2íY¹¸ˇ\Ì„Êç NRZ mU -Ÿ‰v¾êF¦šƒí9−PÓÂv0M, D,øŸ¦šMíPÏ .âÊ 14 ív0U‚q. 4.3 Uàä0W¿Â®ƒäí_Ò!‹ BbøÊó°‘K-, }_Òd.2óP£ä0W¿ÂJ£ìä0W¿Âíä8$, 1 â_Ò!‹ªœwä§D両, |(yUàìä0W¿Â}!¯ƒ5‡ü_óPW¿ Âíóc˜2V_Òäí8$ 4.3.1 ìä0W¿ÂDóP£ä0W¿Âí䪜 UàóP£ä0W¿Âíóc˜5 simulink -ZÇàÇ4.9Fý, Uàìä0W¿Âí óc˜5 simulink -ZÇàÇ 4.10 Fý BbUàv0}Ê 1.1HZ £ 0.9HZ ä0V_Òw|(äƒ 1hz íÛï, w2, âkóP £ä0W¿ÂíóPW¿ÂŠ?u D £¥Âó°, Ĥ, Êìä0W¿Â¶}Bbu»ºU à D £¥ÂVTÑóPW¿Â, y¸óP£ä0W¿Âó°kÚ6¦Ú¼J£ó°Q¦˙šÂ¸ ó°9−PÓ‘K-V_ÒwäÛï âk ωc = kc e(t) + ωo. (4.1). w2,ωc Ñ9−PÓÂ|ä0,kcÑ9−PÓÂÓï,e(t) Ñ9−PÓÂí§−Ú9, ωo Ñ9−PÓ Âíáä0 FJ, Bbª;W¥_ äUàsimulink _Ò|äíÛï; óP£ä0W¿ÂÊv 0ä0œ0víä_ÒÇàÇ 4.11 Fý, Êv0ä0œMvíä_ÒÇàÇ 4.12 Fý, ìä. 34.
(44) Ç 4.9: UàóP£ä0W¿Âíóc˜5simulink -ZÇ. 0W¿ÂÊv0ä0œ0víä_ÒÇàÇ 4.13 Fý, Êv0ä0œMvíä_ÒÇàÇ 4.14 Fý ªêÛ.v0Êä0œ0Cä0œMv, óP£ä0W¿Âwä§î}ªœ0, Bbª âóP£ä0W¿ÂÊv0ä0œ0íš$ÇÇ 4.15, J£ìä0W¿ÂÊv0ä0œ0íš$ ÇÇ 4.16 Vzp¤8$, âkóP£ä0W¿ÂÊv0ä0œ0v, çóPW¿Â|¥@óPr (v, †óP£ä0W¿Â|Ñ 0, 7.|c9−PÓÂä0, 7çóPW¿Â|¥@óPäl v, †óP£ä0W¿Â|Ñ-1, JÁM9−PÓÂä0, Êv0ä0œMv, çóPW¿Â| ¥@óPälv, †óP£ä0W¿Â|Ñ 0, 7.|c9−PÓÂä0, 7çóPW¿Â|¥ @óPr(v, †óP£ä0W¿Â|Ñ1, J‹09−PÓÂä0, Ĥ*ÇBbªõ|, wä0 W¿Âí|}º¯óPW¿Âí|7ßÞóP£ä0W¿Âí|^£M, ¤^£MÊ©_v 0U‚·?£üí^£wä0Ï Bbqlìä0W¿Â!¯ƒóc˜, †uçä0W¿Â£|£ ŠÚ9^£Mv, óPW ¿Âw|ø.}£B9−PÓÂ, Í7ìä0W¿ÂÉ}Ê (0,0)(0,1) ¥ùÕG‰²v, n. 35.
(45) Ç 4.10: Uàìä0W¿Âíóc˜5simulink -ZÇ. }£|^£M, ÊÕG (0,0)(1,0) ¸ (1,0)(1,1) £ (1,1)(0,1) ‰²v, †.}£|^£M, Ĥ, Ê¥úÕG‰²v, óPW¿Âª?£|˜Ïí^£Mƒ9−PÓÂ, àÇ 4.16 Fý, FJ¨Aw 䧜M J両Võ, âkìä0W¿ÂÉÊ (0,0)(0,1) ¥ùÕG‰²v, n}£|^£M, w^£Mª?}ÄÑÊwFÕG‰²v, ˜ÏíóPW¿Â^£M7Uw^£MÜ ^‹, Ĥ, ¸ óP£ä0W¿Âóª, w両6œü, ÊBbí_Ò2, çä0Ï®ƒì}5ùv, ìä 0W¿Â˛Ì¶ä, É”óP£ä0W¿Â?®ƒä Ñ7Uìä0W¿Â両‹×, B bªJ‹×ä0W¿Â|ÊkÚ6¦íÚ¼M, ñíÊkÓ‹ä0W¿Â|^£Mí^‹, Uw Áü˜ÏíóPW¿Â^£Mú…í à, Ê-Þøü2, Bbøqä0W¿Â|ÊkÚ6¦Ú ¼MÑóPW¿Â|ÊkÚ6¦Ú¼Mí3 I, 1‹×ä0ÏÑì}5ù, Jð„ìä0W¿ Âí両˛‹×. 36.
(46) Frequency (Hz). Time (sec) Ç 4.11: óP£ä0W¿ÂÊv0ä0œ0víä_ÒÇ. Frequency (Hz). Time (sec) Ç 4.12: óP£ä0W¿ÂÊv0ä0œMvíä_ÒÇ. 37.
(47) Frequency (Hz). Time (sec) Ç 4.13: ìä0W¿ÂÊv0ä0œ0víä_ÒÇ. Frequency (Hz). Time (sec) Ç 4.14: ìä0W¿ÂÊv0ä0œMvíä_ÒÇ. 38.
(48) FD. PD. PFD. Time (sec) Ç 4.15: óP£ä0W¿ÂÊv0ä0œ0víš$Ç. FD. PD. PFD. Time (sec) Ç 4.16: ìä0W¿ÂÊv0ä0œ0víš$Ç. 39.
(49) 4.3.2 Uàìä0W¿Â®ƒäí_Ò!‹ Bbø}UàûïÌìä0W¿ÂV!¯ƒ5‡ü_óPW¿Âíóc˜2, V_Ò áä0.°7?®ƒä0ìí^‹ w2,NRZ mU¸9−PÓÂv0íávä0Ï£Šì} 5ù, 6ÿuq NRZ mUÑ 1HZ, 9−PÓÂv0}Ñ 0.8HZ ¸ 1.2HZ; 7ä0W¿Â| ÊkÚ6¦Ú¼MÑóPW¿Â|ÊkÚ6¦Ú¼Mí3I D£¥ÂTÑóPW¿ÂÊv0ä 0œ0víä_ÒÇàÇ 4.17 Fý, 7v0ä0œMvíä_ÒÇàÇ 4.18 Fý;Alexander PD Êv0ä0œ0víä_ÒÇàÇ 4.19 Fý, 7v0ä0œMvíä_ÒÇàÇ 4.20 F ý;Alexander PD ZªÊv0ä0œ0víä_ÒÇàÇ 4.21 Fý, 7v0ä0œMví ä_ÒÇàÇ 4.22 Fý; Hogge PD Êv0ä0œ0víä_ÒÇàÇ 4.23 Fý, 7v0ä0œ Mvíä_ÒÇàÇ4.24Fý;Hogge PD ZªÊv0ä0œ0víä_ÒÇàÇ4.25Fý, 7v0ä0œMvíä_ÒÇàÇ 4.26 Fý; J,_Òí!‹î®ƒä. Frequency (Hz). Time (sec). Ç 4.17: D£¥ÂÊv0ä0œ0víä_ÒÇ. 40.
(50) Frequency (Hz). Time (sec) Ç 4.18: D£¥ÂÊv0ä0œMvíä_ÒÇ. Frequency (Hz). Time (sec). Ç 4.19: Alexander PD Êv0ä0œ0víä_ÒÇ. 41.
(51) Frequency (Hz). Time (sec) Ç 4.20: Alexander PD Êv0ä0œMvíä_ÒÇ. Frequency (Hz). Time (sec) Ç 4.21: Alexander PD ZªÊv0ä0œ0víä_ÒÇ. 42.
(52) Frequency (Hz). Time (sec) Ç 4.22: Alexander PD ZªÊv0ä0œMvíä_ÒÇ. Frequency (Hz). Time (sec). Ç 4.23: Hogge PD Êv0ä0œ0víä_ÒÇ. 43.
(53) Frequency (Hz). Time (sec). Ç 4.24: Hogge PD Êv0ä0œMvíä_ÒÇ. Frequency (Hz). Time (sec) Ç 4.25: Hogge PD ZªÊv0ä0œ0víä_ÒÇ. 44.
(54) Frequency (Hz). Time (sec) Ç 4.26: Hogge PD ZªÊv0ä0œMvíä_ÒÇ. 45.
(55) 5ı ! ?¥@óPj²£?¥@óPj²D×üíóPW¿ÂÛÊ˛ ZUàÊ®óc˜í-Z 2, 7˛¤6®iÿõ Ê…d2,Hogge PD ÖÍ?¥øóPíj²£×ü, OuBbhô… ¸ Alexander PD í_Òwóíà@Ç, BbªêÛʳä0Ï/ó°óPÏ-, 7 Hogge PD b®ƒóuyÛbIvÈí; wŸÄÊk Alexander PD ʤU‚JW¿r(, †}Êc ¨-U‚vÈq·£|£ÄP7Tò9−PÓÂv0íä0, Ou, Hogge PD †.ââßÞí £0§ ¸TÑ!ÄíŠ0§ VÌ5(í´MV−„9−PÓÂv0íä0, Ĥ,Hogge PD ÛbœÖvÈV®ƒó; FJ, ¥ùéíóPW¿Â®wiÿõ, v²à¨_ÿ)ew óc˜à¤7ì |(, …d6âÓ‹ä0W¿Âíj¶, U)óPW¿ÂÊáä0Ïí 8$-6?굊?Uóc˜®ƒóíñí, .¬, ?®ƒóíáä0Ï ¸ˇÿ)eF² àíä0W¿Â7ì. 46.
(56) ¡5d. [1] J.D.H. Alexander, “Clock Recovery from Random Binary Data,” Elect. Lett., vol. 11, pp. 541-542, Oct. 1975. [2] C.R. Hogge, “A Self-Correcting Clock Recovery Circuit,” IEEE J.Lightwave Tech., Vol. 3, pp. 1312-1314, Dec. 1985. [3] B. Lai and R.C. Walker, “A Monolithic 622 Mb/s Clock Extraction Data Retiming Circuit,” in ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 144-145, Feb. 1991. [4] J. Savoj and B. Razavi, “A 10-Gb/s CMOS Clock and Data Recovery Circuit with a Half Rate Linear Phase Detector,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 36, pp. 761-768, May 2001. [5] B. Razavi, Design of Analog Cmos Integrated Circuits, McGraw-Hill, 2001. [6] A. Rezayee and K. Martin, “A 9-16Gb/s Clock and Data Recovery Circuit with Three-State Phase Detector and Dual-Path Loop Architecture,” 29th European Solid-State Circuits Conference, Estoril, Portugal, pp. 683-686, 16-18 Sept. 2003. [7] H. Ransijn and P.O. Connor, “A PLL-Based 2.5 Gb/s Clock and Data Regenerator IC,” IEEE J.Solid-State Circuits, vol. 26, No. 10, pp. 1345-1353, Oct. 1991. [8] L. DeVito, J. Newton, R. Croughwell, J. Bulzacchelli, and F. Benkley, “A 52 MHz and 55 MHz Clock-Recovery PLL,” in ISSCC Dig.Tech.Papers, pp. 142-143, Feb. 1991. [9] A. Pottbacker, U. Langmann, and H.U. Schreiber, “A Si Bipolar Phase and Frequency Detector for Clock Extraction up to 8Gb/s,” IEEE J.Solid-State Circuits, vol. 27, pp. 1747-1751, Dec. 1992. [10] T.S. Chen, Y.B. Luo, and L.R. Huang, “A 10 Gb/s Clock and Data Recovery Circuit with Binary Phase/Frequency Detector using TSMC 0.35um SiGe BiCMOS Process,”. 47.
(57) The 2004 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference, Tainan, Taiwan, vol. 2, pp. 981-984, 6-9 Dec. 2004.. 48.
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