疑古與證古──從康有為到王國維

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ᅹѡᇅᜍѡ˕˕௄ஷԥ࣐ژе୾ᆱ

஼ᝌ੶

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ᄣ! ्

ஷԥ࣐ୄѡНစϟᇴڸе୾ᆱϟᜍҴѡНစȂࣽծࣻᄈޠҴൠȂڐ ᄃ൴ԥစᏱȃѭᏱޠϛӤҭޠȄஷԥ࣐ᐚକЇᄈѡНစޠᄰቿȂл्࣐ ΠึඵϭНစȶήಜȷȃȶήзȷᇴޠᡑܿলᏱȂԂ೾ႇනစឋ࢈ٿႁژ ᡑݳຨؒȇᗷ൴ԥ࢈ݾҭޠȂկಥᘫ࢑ȶ൶ϭ׼ѡȷޠϭȃѡНϟލᇅ စᏱጓᛠϲޠϭНစҴൠȄе୾ᆱࠍл्ଭᄈȶୄѡНȷᇴॴ՘пࡤܛ Ᏻयޠᅹѡॴ੊Ȃ෉૗ԥܛᏳҔȂӱԫу೾ႇ๗ӬϊᏱȃѡНԆᏱڸН ᝧଅၸޠစѭϤᜍРԓȂпᜍҴЍφᏪϜਫڸѡНစٿᒲҔୄѡНᇴȂ ึඵѭᏱޠؒ઎ᆡઢȄᝓੀᇴٿȂڐߩᄈܼစᏱጓᛠϲޠϭȃѡНဏ౪ ᓻӜܗᑺ૿੒ߞޠึ৥ᜱᛅȇϛႇ൸ڐܛᒲҔޠ๗ݏпІึදޠኈ៫Ω ՅّȂࠍέጃด࢑ᄈܼစᏱጓᛠϲѡНစᏱޠԥΩ៞ᜍȄՅ೾ႇᄈஷԥ ࣐ژе୾ᆱޠѡНᢏՄᄇȂҔѠпᄈఽҒҖߒпٿޠᅹѡϟॴໍ՘྘ྜ ᇅࢻᡑޠᢏᄇȂѠп࣐ఐఽژҖ୾ޠစᏱึ৥ᇅϭȃѡНϟ౿૿ᅌᡑȂ ၅щΚڏᡞ݃ጃϟѭᏱጤસȄ ᜱᗥມȈୄѡНᇴȃѡစུ၍ȃᆱུᡑݳȃུᜍѡѭȃΡ२ᜍᐄݳ 2007.12.27 ׺ጉȇ2008.02.24 ቸࢦ೾ႇȇ2008.03.10 ঔॐጉԞӈȄ

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Questioning vs. Acknowledging Classical Ways

ũFrom Kang You-wei to Wang kuo-wei

Chang Li-chu

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Abstract

From late Ching to Early Minkuo, Kang you-wei viewed Book of Ancient Texts as pseudograph while Wang kuo-wei acknowledged Book of Ancient Texts. These two views seem contradictory with each individual purpose in classics and historical study. The aim of Kang you-wei’s efforts to defy Book of Ancient Texts is to encourage the revolutionary changes suggested in Book of New Texts so that political reform could be initiated through political debates. Despite its political purpose, Kang’s view sided with Book of New Texts, which defy all classical ways. Wang Kuo-wei corrected the established questioning tendency about classical ways, by establishing interacting proofs found in small Learning, ancient etymology, and literature reviews, and by authenticating the trueness of Confucian relic as well as Book of Ancient Texts. Although he didn’t show much concerns about strengths and weakness nor the rise of fall of Books of New Texts and Book of Ancient Texts, the accomplishment of his authentication is of great influence in the study of classics. Kang you-wei’s and Wang kuo-wei’s doctrines help the record of development of questioning tendency from late Ching to early Minkuo, providing a specific historical clue of the rise and fall of Book of New Texts and Books of Ancient Texts, as well as the development of classics study. Key Words: Pseudo Book of Ancient Texts, New insight into Book of Ancient

Texts, Weixin reform, New criticism of ancient history

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Κȃࠊّ

ఐఽϭНᏱ྄౿ȂՍೆԇᇅȞ1719-1788ȟȮࢍऎҔ᜞ȯᑀڦȮϵՁȯ пึදཌྷّτဏۗȂೆख़ડȞ1750-1816ȟέ፤ȮѿЫȯϛ༉ȮࢍऎȯȂ ٯණяቔ⛷ȶഅᖕຏആȷϟᇴȄڐࡤቔഈ࿱Ȟ1776-1829ȟԥȮѿЫࢍ ऎՄᜍȯȂҼᒞȮѿЫȯΞѭȃߩȮࢍऎȯစ༉Ȃ࢑ଅٲȃϛ࢑၍စϟ ਫȇڐ၍စ޲Ȃቔ⛷ܛᙉΤηȄᠼՍࣣȞ1792-1841ȟȃᚮྜȞ1794-1859ȟ ๊ηഎϛ߭ѡНȂᠼՍࣣԥȮѿЫ؛ࣰȯȂᚮྜࠍ׿ᔟȮЪ༉ȯȃȲၒזȳ пІ଼ȃ᎓ȮۧਫȯȂٯҔԓпȮϵՁȯϟဏវȮၒȯȃȮਫȯΡစȂՅ ԚȮၒѡཌྷȯᇅȮਫѡཌྷȯȄԫѵߘ᠋ٜηᒲȮᙅȯ39 ጖࣐ቔ⛷ܛୄആȂ έҍȮڻۣȯȂ຀ԥȮᙅစ೾፤ȯȂထစϭНᇴяౚȂࢉఘఃົّȶՍቔ ਫяՅȮѿ༉ȯ઎ୄԚୱᚡȂՍᚮਫяՅȮЪၒȯ઎ୄԚୱᚡȂՍߘਫ яՅȮ໌ᙅȯ઎ୄԚୱᚡȄȷ࢑ࢉఽхϜఐ෉Ӷڏԥ݃ᡘ׾९ཏᜌޠள ԏᏱࣃึඵίȂϵՁᏱӱȶනစឋ࢈ȷйȶڐϜӼߩள౵ဏѠܐϟ፤ȷȂ ᏳयȶՍᚮਤпᗚȂೄඹၿౚȷޠؗஜ௒ݸȂ1ಥܼΚ௮йጸ࣐ᑺ౿Ȅ ϛႇȂ൸Ᏹ೛ޠлࢻึ৥ّȂԫਣᗷดϑႇΠ஽።ӫޑଌຣޠՄᐄ ᏱԄСϜЉޠୂპӓ౿ਣ෉ȂᄈܼՄᐄҒࢻޠϛᅗᖑॲҼफ़ԥϟȂϭН Ᏹঢ়؂࢑ΩშװᙾᅖᏱᅴ࿦ՄᒲϟᏱॴȇկ࢑ϭНᏱ޲ࠔґ҇എ௷ҍѡ НȂηӼٯґܺతՄᜍРݳ፤˕˕پԄೆԇᇅڿดѢȮϵՁȯՅሼȮѿ ЫȯȂկ࢑уηѢȮЪ༉ȯՅሼ᎓ҝȇೆख़ડηლ຀ȮЪၒՄᜍȯȂڐᇴ Ҽ௄ȮЪ༉ȯȇ2Յఐఽ໲ϭНᏱτԚޠஷԥ࣐Ȟ1858-1927ȟлΩ຀ձ ȮུᏱୄစՄȯȂη࢑೾ႇଌຣՄᜍޠРݳߟ৸ȂпစѭՄᜍםԓΩშ ࡯ඉ՚ᅖϭНစᏱϟ঩ᇽޠȂࢉजᝳᏱ޲Օᅮ୦ηᇴȶϭНစᏱវึޠ Κقӗᢏᘉᇅຨ፞ϊᏱڸඉѡޠл஼ਁਁࣻᜱȄȷ3ԫᇑҦܼ஽።ӫޑ ଌຣȃᒲҔਯ၅ޠՄᜍݳȂଷӶୂპӓ౿෉һяΚ஼ԚݏᎄྶޠՄᜍѡ 1 αၐեӅȂȮࢍऎϵՁݨ౶ȅזȯȂȮΫήစݨ౶ȯȞѯіȈ᛻НӠਫᓣȂ1982ȟȂॳ 3ȇ ఘఃົȂȮఽхᏱ೛྆፤ȯȂԞӶȮ໾Ӗࡊ஠໲ȯь 6ȞѯіȈϜ๽ਫ׌Ȃ1978ȟȂॳ 54-55Ȅ 2 _{α፤୥ՄకजؿȂȮ፤ԨΚུᇅఐఽᏱ೛ȯȞ୾ҴѯᢋτᏱȈ୾ҴѯᢋτᏱϜНःف} ܛീς፤НȂ2004ȟȂॳ 128Ȅ 3 _{ȪजȫՕᅮ୦຀ȃሂথណȂ}_{Ȯ௄౪ᏱژᐕᏱ˕˕Ϝ๽ࡕ୾ఐ෉ࡧདྷᇅަཽᡑϾ८८ᢏȯ}

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ᝳԚᕽ൑пѵȂ࿌ԫΚՄᜍݳೞᏱ޲ණାژᏱ೛ޠȶРݳ፤ȷା࡚Ȃೞ ࿌ԚΚᆎᏱ೛ӔݳȃՅߩᏱ೛ҭޠђпၽңਣȂ߰૗ԥົяᐍ౪ȃՄᜍ ѡᝳޠڐуጓᛠԚ൸я౫Ȃη֊૗஋ົ຺ՄᐄຝഐȃՅѬ࢑আ৸Մᜍݳ п୉࣐ᜍԚᏱ೛౪፤ޠРݳഋ৸˕˕پԄୂპਣ෉ଷΠಁܛڻޤޠစ ѭՄᐄԚ൸ѵȂҦᔝᎫስॗՅԥրܼ౪Ᏹȶၿ኉םαᏱȷዂԓȂᙾՅ஽ ።ᄃӶࣩȃစᡜڦӪޠȶୂპུဏ౪ᏱȷȂҼ࢑೾ႇȶҦມ೾ၿȷРݳ ፤п࡛ᄻޠၿ኉ᏱུᡞقȄ࢑пఐఽϭНᏱᑺ౿ȂӤኻηѠп௄ୂპᏑ ޲ܛই࣐ࡿᏳࡧདྷޠȶଌຣ݃Յࡤဏ౪݃ȷِ࡚яึȂӤኻ௄ȶҦມ೾ ၿȷޠРݳ፤ِ࡚ٿࣽȂՅᇰ࣐ఐఽϭНᏱҼ࢑пՄᜍݳᜍԚڐܛՍூ စڑဏ౪ϟᏱ೛Ԛݏȇ࢑ࢉఐఽϭНᏱঢ়൸࢑೾ႇՄᜍݳȂՅпึඵ஽ ።׾९ࡧདྷޠ՚ᅖϭНစ༉ಜ࣐ҭޠȂ࢑ᄈϭНစпȶစ೛ȷ๗Ӭȶݾ ೛ȷޠစзϟᏱޠဤᄃᄃ፻ȂԫٯѠпՍᠼՍࣣȃஷԥ๊࣐΢ϟআଋစ ဏпᜐϹਣ࢈Յூژ݃ᜍȄӱԫȶఐఽϭНᏱȷޠစзϟᏱڸȶୂპུ ဏ౪Ᏹȷޠၿ኉লᏱȂᗷดϸրڏԥ࢈ݾᏱᇴȃ׾९्ؒڸ஽።ၿ኉ল ᏱޠϛӤဏ౪ҭޠȂ܅ԫੇഋȇկӤኻഎ࢑ڦ৸Մᜍݳޠڏᡞᄃ፻Ȃഎ ࢑೾ႇȶпՄᜍᜍԚࡧདྷȷޠРݳ፤ၽңڦூޠᏱ೛ԚݏȄ࢑ࢉఐఽϭ НᏱڸୂპՄᐄᏱϟ໣Ȃ࢑Κᆎഀ៊ܓȃՅߩᄈҴܗᘟບܓޠᏱ೛ึ৥Ȅ

Ρȃஷԥ࣐пစ೛НႻ࢈፤ޠϭНҴൠ

19 зख஽።ަཽᡑ९ȃ״ցਣ࢈ȃჃ֛९ུښ๊࡚စзࡧዙȂҔ ࢑пϭНᏱϟඉᑺ࣐ڐলᏱஆᙄޠȄ᝸՚ᅖ௱൶ϵՁᏱ࣐ۣРলᏱᄳࡿ Ᏻࡧདྷϟ౿྄ΚਣࡤȂեӅӶݎᅖѡНᑺ౿ޠτ༗ίȂΩԉϭНઑ㎁Ȃ упȮࢍऎϵՁ၍ຣȯᖃ๗ϵՁঢ়ݳȂՅึදܛᒞȶߩள౵ဏѠܐϟ፤ȷȄ у௄ᖃ๗п܂ᐤѭޠା࡚ᗀȶᡑȷȂ௄ڏᡞޠᐤѭୱᚡϜ྆ࢃяᐤѭึ ৥ҦմՅାޠໍϾѭᢏȂᡞ౫ΠϵՁঢ়஽።ᡑ୞ޠᐤѭᢏȄեӅԫΚᄈ ᐤѭҐ፵ޠল౪྆ࢃȂఃึΠఽхϜဩп७ޠစзࡧዙȂఐఽஷԥ࣐Ӷ ८ᄈϛூϛ੾ђᡑ९ޠంᚾ࢈׌ਣȂ൸࢑Ҵ٘ӶளԏϭНᏱᑺ౿ޠஆᙄ αȂ֝ԞΠឌԄቔഈ࿱ȮࢍऎϵՁեЫមپȯϜԪಒึ݃ѡНঢ়ܛᇰ࣐ ᚕۊณጌȃϵՁঢ়ࠔই࣐ٸᐄȂϲৡវึᡑܿໍϾᐤѭলᏱޠȶ஼ή зȷȃ፤ݾ୾ϟၿȶጐࠍ҇ᡑȷޠȶ೾ήಜȷڸȶಠڻеᏈȷȃȶڨڽ׾ ښȷ๊ܛᒞȶߩள౵ဏѠܐϟ፤ȷϟဏȂӤਣᗚ᝸ܜΠᚮྜ๊΢ޠᏱ೛

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ԚݏȂٯԚ࣐ఐఽϭНᏱϟ໲τԚ޲Ȅܛп 18 зखޠளԏϭНᏱ൸࢑ ೾ႇᠼՍࣣȃᚮྜ๊΢ϟ״ցܓᇅ׾९ܓȂՅᇅ 19 зखஷԥ࣐ȃఘః ົ๊΢ϟစзᏱᇴȂ࡛Ҵକޣ௦ᖓᛯᜱ߾ޠȄ ஷԥ࣐ȂΚ՞યӶ୞ᕞਣхᐤѭਣᘉαȂདྷ्ഇႇᡑݳ׾ښпఀκ შԇȂདྷ्නЖ՚Ᏹп׾ആ༉ಜᏑᏱޠхߓ΢ޑȇ࣐ٙᡑݳᆱུޠлᏳ ޲ȂуҔ࢑೾ႇϵՁᏱՅ໲ఐఽ࢈ዙᇅࡧዙስᏳ޲ܼΚٙޠȄϵՁᏱޠ ᆡᡝӶܼȶᡑȷȂҔ࢑ңᡑܿޠᢏᘉٿࣽަཽښ๊๊࡚ϟᅌᡑȂӱԫஷ ԥ࣐௦ڨΠᄒ҂ȶ൶ϭ׼ѡȷޠᢏᘉȂ࣐Π൷ؒఐఽ֘лҴᏵښޠᐤѭ ਴ᐄȂуܼ࢑ውดܨతΠԟԒܛࡼ൶ۉѡНစޠѡᏱҴൠȂٯпȶਃڐ ߩȷޠᄙ࡚ฐџܛ຀ȮեЫޮᙳȯȂ׾ࡼпȶήಜȷࡧདྷ࣐ਰЗޠЍφ ȶ׾ښڨڽȷᇴȂ௵ڦȶЍφᘊৈȂԇڻȂпȮࢍऎȯ࿌ུеȂᡑݳ׾ ښȷޠ՚ᅖϭНစҴൠȄϛႇஷԥ࣐ޠϭНစҴൠٯґܴԉࣃրȂуΚ Р८ڿڦုӇ๳ޠȶષе׾ښȷϟဏȂկࠔґڦȶН፵ⷑሏȷȃȶήеϟ ၿसඊᕘȷޠȶήಜȷඊᕘᢏȇу҉ખᐤѭඊᕘӵпϊஷȃτӤϟзڸ ݎᅖեӅȶᐄ༅ʖЁ҂ʖЋ҂ȷޠᐤѭໍϾᢏࣻ๗ӬȂՅԚ࣐ȶήзȷ ໍϾᢏȂࢉڐҼᇅᠼՍࣣȶήзȷᇴϟȶзབѡབݾȂབߗབ༅ȷԥրȄ ्ϟȂஷԥ࣐࢑ஆܼᆱུᡑݳޠሰ्Ȃп࢈ݾՄ໕࣐яึޠȄ ఐఽঅΫ኶୾ᕘժᖼᒓϟ኶ξԒґԥᡑ׌Ȃٙ೏ϛৡӕֳڨᑪഹޠ ӡκϟርȂஷԥ࣐ܳఀзϟעȃึኛᡑݳȂу࿡ಂࣽзࣩՅమනЖ՚Ᏹ п׾९࢈ښȂկ࢑ѳڻࠔᗚλՍؗᆄӶΚбȶડۡϟݳϛѠᡑȷޠࡍ࡛ ঘ౪ߴԉݦ൝Ϝȇஷԥ࣐ޠᡑݳτॏΚ໡ۗᓝᓝڨਚȂᜳႁЉ᠚Ȃ೼ٻ у౐Ϲᡞཽژమ՘ᡑݳȂॷӒ҇໹௄਴Ґαሼঈࡍ࡛ԉᙠࣃޠ౪፤ݢᏣ ˕˕٦ٳᆱៗࡍ࡛ࡧདྷޠѡНစڑпІуҍೱ࣐ȶഭФϛϧȂ໾ଝዤ ᆄȂڗϟϛޤฯȂ᛿ϟϛ૗ΤȷޠᆼԦۣ჊Ȅ4ܛп्࣐ႁԚᡑݳϟȶ؂ ུԼ࡚ȷȂஷԥ࣐ѬԂᙾӪ׺Τឋ࢈፤ٲޠϭНစҴൠȂᡑݳᆱུηᚗ ᆔቇίӵΚР८഻ུ࣐ᇴȂл஼ܛᒞડۡᙠݳᄃࣲቔ⛷࣐ჵڦ࢈᠍Յୄ ആȃٯߩЍဒҐԠȂΩّȶቔ⛷ϟୄϛᘊȂЍφϟၿϛ຀Ȅȷ5пԫ௱ ᙛߞ෉ٿޠѡНစᇅᙠݳ༉ಜȂԫ࣐ȮུᏱୄစՄȯϟл஼ȇѫР८ࠍ 4 _{ஷԥ࣐ȂȮΝԪαਫཋጢȅαఽࡕಒѳਫȯȂԞΤጾີᡤጢȈȮஷࠓ੖ӒҢᒹ຀ཋёȯ} ь 12ȞѯіȈ׊ཿਫ׌Ȃ1976ȟȂॳ 81Ȅ 5 _{ஷԥ࣐ȂȲȮུᏱୄစՄȯఅȳȂȮུᏱୄစՄȯȂԞΤȮஷࠓ੖ӒҢᒹ຀ཋёȯь 1Ȃ}

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ηԝڽဒ፲ӵනЖᏑᏱ࣐༺නȂуᙥЍφȶ׾ښȷᇴпᜍ݃ȶᐤਣᡑ९ȷ Ґ֊ဒᏱ༉ಜڸЍφࡧདྷϟᆡᆟȇѬጣቔ⛷ୄѡНစᑺକࡤȂϵՁᏱ ኁȃ׾ښဏ෻ȃήзᇴཌྷȂЋ҂ϟݾᇅτӤϟ዆ႀㅝ࢐ϛ݃Ȃԫ࣐ȮЍ φ׾ښՄȯϟ्ဏȄϛႇஷԥ࣐ϟȶԝѡȷᡑݳȂ࢑௵ѫ៧ᗒ৸ϟනЖ ՚Ᏹпᄈ༉ಜစᏱڸၿ኉Ᏹђп౪፤׾ആޠРԓȂȮୄစՄȯڸȮ׾ښ ՄȯΚлȶખȷȃΚлȶҴȷȂࢌᒲѡᏱϟୄȂඉпЍφ׾ښࡈ༉ᡑݳϟ ӬݳܓȂܛпஷԥ࣐࢑๗ӬϵՁᏱȶήಜȷȃȶήзȷᇴڸȮᙅଅȅᙅၽȯ ޠτӤ౪དྷȂՅпȶԝѡ׾ښȷȃȶѡစུ၍ȷϟ२༮Ꮡঢ়စڑРԓ२࡛ ᏑᏱቌঅȂٯ୉࣐ᡑݳϟ౪፤਴ᐄޠȄܼ࢑ᏑᏱηҦԫՅΚᡑԚ࣐֘л ҴᏵښޠӬݳٸᐄΠȄ ӶȮୄစՄȯϜȂஷԥ࣐пеೃᑢᅖȃቔ⛷ᑢЍᏱȂᐚҴକΠЇᄈ ௄ݎᅖژఽܛ൶ۉޠѡНစ༉ᄰቿȇуܛңп҉ᔟᙠۣ჊ߴԉЗᄙޠᡑ ݳ౪፤ஆᙄ˕˕ୄѡНᇴȂএ፤ȶۗձୄȂ༅ဒښ޲ȂՍቔ⛷ȇҁ՘ୄ စȂᑢЍಜ޲ȂԚܼ᎓ҝȄȷܛпуӶȲȮུᏱୄစՄȯఅȳّȂᎨڎ ξԒٿޠѡНစᏱึ৥Ȃȶࠜۉୄစ࣐ဒݳȷȂᏳयȶჵЍφϟစпᇅڻ ϵȂՅ׼Ѝφ࣐༉ȄȷӱԫуኦձΠȮЪၒȯୄᜍȃѡНȮۧਫȯୄᜍȃ ȮڻۣȯୄᜍȃȲ݃இУцȳୄᜍȃຳЫȮܿȯୄᜍȃȮѿЫ༉ȯୄᜍȃ Ȯ୾ᇮȯୄᜍȃѡНȮ፤ᇮȯୄᜍȃѡНȮׄစȯୄᜍȃȮᅮ໰ȯୄᜍȃ Ȯϊᅮ໰ȯୄᜍȃȮᇴНȯୄᜍ๊๊пႈ׿ထစȄуᗚᙥлࡋୱ๏Յ፤ТȈ ЊȶѡᏱȷܛпூӫ޲Ȃп፞စϟяܼЍᏪȂቹпѡНηȄ ЊЍᏪࢌຏȂѡНҼ䐯ୄՅϑؽȂեѡϟϢȉࡤᅖϟਣȂᏱ ϸϭѡȂࢌԝܼЍᏪȂՍпѡ࣐൶Ȃԫུ⛷ܛп୶ڐ෣ୄ޲ ηȄȌȌδࡤзܛࡿҭ࣐ȶᅖᏱȷ޲Ȃࣲၧȃ଼ȃ೩ȃ᎓ϟ ᏱȂΞȶུᏱȷȂߩȶᅖᏱȷηȇ֊׉΢ܛ൶ख़ϟစȂΞӼ ୄစȂߩЍφϟစηȄ6 ࢉஷԥ࣐Ωᒲቔ⛷ܛލҴᏱۣޠȮڻᙅȯȃȮ໌ᙅȯȃȮЪၒȯȃȮѿ༉ȯ๊ ѡНစȂࣲڐ୆ਯਫϟ᠍ՅୄኦȂҭޠӶܼమէೃᑢᅖȂܛпӒᒘ෻༅ ЍφϟཌྷّτဏȄуέᇴપࣳฐਫΞଭᄈҖ໣ᙡਫȂٯґࢱІȮϳစȯȂ ᅖΫѳീςܛ༉ϑ࢑Ѝߟ٘ҐȂȶȮϳစȯґლκુȷȇՅЍφܛңԆᡞ 6 ஷԥ࣐ȂȲȮུᏱୄစՄȯఅȳȂॳ 3Ȅ

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η൸࢑પᅖ໣ጕᡞȂҼณѡȃϭϟրȂ࢑пܛᒞȶѡНȷ޲Ȃࣲȶቔ⛷ ϟᙉ༅ୄኦȷ޲ηȄԫҦܼఽᏑϟᇬݳ೩᎓ȃлѡН޲ȂࣲՍဵ࣐ȶᅖ Ᏹȷȇஷԥ࣐ϛᒞดȂࢉ׾ᆏ࣐ȶུȷᏱȂ݃ڐࣲུೃϟᏱȂߩᅖхϟ ᏱηȄ Վܼஷԥ࣐ϟпȶήзȷᇴ๗Ӭ՚РໍϾ፤ܛໍ՘ޠစڑၜមȂࠍ ࢑Ӓ೾ႇᄈ΢᜹ަཽґٿഷࡤ໧ࢳޠໍϾ๗ݏ҇࢑Җл࢈ښޠȶτӤ౪ དྷȷႲ೪ȇดࡤӕҦԫଜ௱ȂࡿяఐఽϟርҔ࿌ȶᐄ༅зȷᇅȶЋ҂зȷ ϟ໣ޠȶЁ҂зȷਣхȂӱԫӶȶөӱਣۤȷϟȶໍϾϟ౪ȂԥΚۢϟ क़ၿȂϛ૗ົ࡚ȂࢌՎڐਣȂՍ࿌ᡑ೾ȷޠ঩ࠍίȂூяΠఐఽϛ૗㙷 ๊ȃѬ૗ᎍңܼȶ֘лҴᏵȷښޠ๗፤Ȅࢉஷԥ࣐ϟစڑၜម൸࢑Ӓ೪ ۢΠȶ֘л஠ښȷᇅȶҖлӔڸȷϟ໣ޠႇ෯םԓ˕˕ȶ֘лҴᏵȷϟ ֘ҖӔݾښ࡚Ȃп୉࣐ᡑݳᆱུҭዀȇӕ஡ȶ஠ښʖҴᏵʖҖлȷڸȶᐄ ༅зʖЁ҂зʖЋ҂зȷђпЩߤȂٻூȶҴᏵȷښԚ࣐ȶЁ҂зȷޠ ࣻᄈᔗ࢈ښȇഷࡤࠍϬดӲᘫژ༉ಜစڑٯւң୉࣐ၦྜȂ྄ΩՍᏑঢ় စڑϜׯึяѠпࣻЩߤޠཌྷّτဏȂᐄԫՅ஡༉ಜစڑ׾ആԚ࣐ȶ֘ лҴᏵȷϟၸᡞȂϭНစҼೞ׾ആԚ࣐ᡑݳޠ౪፤ٸᐄȂЍφೞ׾ആԚ ࣐֘лҴᏵښޠ᐀ៗ޲ᄳ঩ۗጛആ޲Ȅӱԫஷԥ࣐ܛ፤ȶԝѡ׾ښȷচ ԥᚗ२ోဏȈΚР८ࢌ࢑ᄈЍφኦȮࢍऎȯϟԝ፞Ӓеп՘ȶષе׾ښȷ ޠ޼ۢȇѫР८ηចోՍϐҼԝڽӒဒȂՍ۩пึඵЍφȶ׾ښȷᆡઢ ٿࡈ༉ᡑݳϟӬݳܓȄ ༉ಜᏑᏱစႇΠஷԥ࣐ޠ഻ആܓၜម˕˕ឌԄЍφლȶᜐзনȷȂ ஷԥ࣐֊ّȶзনϟښ࣐ЍφܛࠉȂՅᒶᖟϟښ࣐Ѝφܛ഻ȂࢎࢎดؽȊ ᒶᖟ޲ȂЍφϟښηȄȷ7έԄЍφ፤ȶৣȷՅᒞȶڐލη֘φȷȂȮ፤ ᇮݨȯϜஷԥ࣐֊ᇰ࣐࢑ឋଲښȶڎឪफ़ໍȷޠ࢈ឪᆡઢȂТȶࢉឋଲ пҴڎឪՅԚݾݳȂ઎ЍφϟཏࠛȊȷՎܼ۞φޠȶܓ๢ȷᇴȂηӶஷ ԥ࣐Ȯ۞φཌྷȯޠᅌᛱίȂԚ࣐ȶ΢΢ܓ๢Ȃ൞๴Ҽϛႇܓ๢Ȃࢉ൞๴ ᇅ΢΢҂๊ȂԫΞ۞φ݃΢΢࿌ՍҴȂ΢΢ࣲ҂๊Ȅȷ8፞Ԅԫ᜹Ȃϛ ാݜᖟȄՅԄԫΚٿȂᏑঢ়Κೲᆱៗ൶ڡີ፯઼๊ޠࡍ࡛ঘ౪ҴൠȂη 7 _{ஷԥ࣐ȂȮЍφ׾ښՄȅЍφ഻Ꮡఁ׾ښՄȯ}_{ȂԞΤȮஷࠓ੖ӒҢᒹ຀ཋёȯь 2Ȃॳ} 383-384Ȅ 8 _{ၐ୥ܮ຀Ȃ}_{Ȯఽхޠဏ౪Ᏹᙾ࠯ȅᙛႇୂპུဏ౪ᏱέΚॳȯ}_{ȞѯіȈ٩ϧਫ׌Ȃ2006ȟ}_Ȃ

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൸ᄖۼೞᙾඳԚ࣐ଢؒՍҦȃ҂๊ᇅҖ᠍ޠ֘лҴᏵ᐀ៗ޲ȂᏑᏱ؂Κ ᡑՅԚ࣐ᡑݳޠӬݳܓᐤѭ਴ᐄΠȄԫѵȂԄݏשউՍᐤѭ๗ݏђпӲ ྘ޠၘȂࠍஷԥ࣐ܛ௱୞ޠᏑᏱᙾ࠯Ȃη࢑ᏑᏱ׈ԚߒؐӵȃᡓᒯӵҦ ༉ಜᙾӪ౫хϾࡧདྷޠ࠷ᐡȄஷԥ࣐೾ႇȮୄစՄȯȃȮ׾ښՄȯϟ२༮ ᏑᏱဏ౪Ȃጃᄃᄈࡍ࡛ԉᙠࣃആԚΠؗ२҉ᔟȇପӬуܛණяޠᡑડۡ ԚݳȂέτᖛߩឋ්࢈пІ״ຠཐᕫЋӮτᑺρФ๊Ȃϛ༊ᝓ२ࢆ᏾Π ࡍ࡛᠍ࡅȂηᄈᆱུၽ୞םԚΠޣ௦ޠҔ८Ⴣ֛Ω໕Ȅ ϭНစᏱޠ౿՘୞཯ΠᙠࡧདྷᡞقȂᐄఘఃົȞ1873-1929ȟّȈȶఽ ᏱҔಜࣃϟҴရᘉȂ਴Ґ୞཯ȷȂםԚΠȶࡧདྷࣩϟΚτᗽॴηȄȷՅ Ӷ፞ӼፓᚖӱષޠձңίȂఽ්ഷࡤηٗӪΠᄖۼዜκϟၰȄկ࢑ᗷด ௄࢈ݾቺ८ᇴȂ឵ܼᙠ༉ಜޠ֘лࡍ࡛஠ښਣх๗؃Πȇ࿌ӲژᏱ೛ቺ ८ਣȂࠍҐٿ൸ԇӶ፞ӼލឋޠȮୄစՄȯȃȮ׾ښՄȯөਫȂࠔη८ᖞ ΠུՄᜍݳޠࢆ᏾ᇅᔯᡜȄஷԥ࣐өਫޠձңл्Ӷ୉࣐࢈ݾαᆱུᡑ ݳޠٸᐄȂӱԫڐܛҴᇴȂȶ܂܂ϛ௕ܢయᜍᐄܗԣ၍ᜍᐄȷȃȶ҇మ஽ ϟп௄שȷȇ9έл्਴ᐄȮѭଅȯпҔȮᅖਫȯȂδȮѭଅȯܛґІ޲ ߰ຝ࣐ୄȂڐܛІϟՅϛӬϐཏ޲ҼᆏڐୄȂ࢑п੽ԥ፞ӼѠឋϟ࿾ҭ ٯЖึᏱ޲ΤࡊᐈИȄਣᏑϜпኇڜЋᆀ؄ጹऽ຀ᆏޠᙠᏱࣃఽࢻԨΚ ུ֊෇ӼԪयਫ៞ᜳȇхߓᙠᏱࣃޠȮᖏఁᘏጢȯηԞԥȲնᢏᄇȞᖓ ؘȟ፝ྒྷ࿲ȮུᏱୄစՄȯбȳȃȲНٹெȞਇȟᝓ୥ஷԥ࣐ᄨȳ๊ೱّ ஷԥ࣐ȶឣڐᙌჃȂਊඌࡤໍȷȃȶᇯޯᅭ᠚ȷϟ࠸፝᎜ᕐڐਫ޲ȇ10Յ й֊ഀՍ⡃࣐ȶᄈܼȺϭНᏱࣃȻ࣐ౢ੩ޠࡈ༉ၽ୞޲ȷޠఘఃົȂഎ ՍّȶՍήΫпࡤȂϑ๙πϛፚȺୄစȻȂҼϛࣦፚȺ׾ښȻȷȂٯйȶᄉ କՅሼϟȄȷ11йЊஷԥ࣐ᗷดೱറቔ⛷ᑢ༅ЍᏱȂկ௄ѫΚঐِ࡚ᇴȂ ࠔη๊ܼ௄Ї८ܸᖟΠቔ⛷ȂࢉԨΚུᇴуȶຝ⛷ႇ२ȂՎٻᇅѼύލ ৱȄȷٯᇰ࣐уᄈܼѡНঢ়Ҽႇ࡚ືմȂȶຝ଼ȃ᎓ႇሇȂΞ؇Њφϟ ϛसоȉȷՅй೼྄Ѡ૗ആԚᅹစȃᅹဒޠȶఃࡤҢпྒྷစϟᅛȷȃȶᏱ 9 _{αၐఘఃົȂȮఽхᏱ೛྆፤ȯȂॳ 56-57Ȅ} 10 ၐȲնᢏᄇȞᖓؘȟ፝ྒྷ࿲ȮུᏱୄစՄȯбȳȃȲНٹெȞਇȟᝓ୥ஷԥ࣐ᄨȳȂԞ ӶងᗗȂȮᖏఁᘏጢȯȞѯіȈϜःଲНলܛȂ2005ȟȂॳ 53ȃ60Ȅ 11 ఘఃົȂȮఽхᏱ೛྆፤ȯȂॳ 61ȃ63Ȅ

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೛ᙾݣȷȃȶ΢ЗᙾඌȷࡤݏȄ12࢑пᗷดڐਣஷԥ࣐ϟᇴϬดȶ᜶ดӪ ॴȂ௄෭ࣦಁȷȃȶ୾ϜߤڸϛнȷȂկЇᄈᇅၓᜳ޲ҼӼȄ ϛႇ҈Ԙᆱུڿดᐒ߇Κ౫ӵԼС֚߰ѷంΠȂஷԥ࣐ܛң࣐ᡑݳ ౪፤ஆᙄޠȮུᏱୄစՄȯȃȮЍφ׾ښՄȯȂηೞ፞ӼᏱ޲ᜐ࣐ӿᘟစ ဏȃ౟஽ߤཽȂ֊ڐଢᓎ޲ఘఃົηЇᄈȶ୆ଋҴဏȷϟпҴᏵ౟஽ߤ ཽܼѡᏱȂуᇰ࣐୞п՚ᏱጣߤϜᏱȂЇय౓༅઎౪ȂТȶ֏໰ϛ᜺௵ ᘞႥᕔੁ؄ϟᖆူȂᆩ๗ܼ֏ঢ়ݙ؋ϟՃཇȂՅݯݯՍቂூཏȇ֏ၗན ੁ؄ηȂ௚࿌ࡧܛпಌෛϟȂՅե҇ٻᇅݙ؋౓ڐӫᄃ޲ȉȷ13կ࢑ஷ ԥ࣐ޠ຀ձӶ࿌ਣл्࢑୉࣐ᡑݳޠ౪፤ݢᏣȂ࢑ᙥစ೛пНႻ࢈፤ ޲Ȃٯߩ൑હޠᏱ೛ҭޠ˕˕ஷԥ࣐຀Ȯᙅၽݨȯਣ֊෇ّ݃ȶᡆ࠘ϭ зϟ੿ȂཫூЍφᙠРȷϟԝЍпఀϜ୾ӍშȇӶ๞ӏᆲࣳࡕޠஞᄨϜȂ ؂݃Ҫᇴၿȶпٻԉᙠϟ৷ȂณܛআπпከשࣳαུݳȄȷ14࢑пڐቌ অᔗ൸ដ୞Πࡍ࡛ಜݾ໧ቺޠ౪፤ஆᙄِ࡚ٿࣽȂڐܛ৥౫ޠȂҔ࢑Κ ϮᏑ޲ӶᐤѭᇅНϾԇκ๙៊ᜱᓟϜȂӍშпᏱ೛๗Ӭ࢈ݾޠРԓٿ၍ ؛ȶਣх፟ᚡȷޠഷτևΩȄ࢑ࢉஷԥ࣐൸࢑ഇႇȶන՚ΤᏑȷޠȶѡ စུ၍ȷРԓȂᙥҦ፮ϡ༉ಜစڑ౫хϾཏဏޠРԓȂп๢ཏߴԇᏑঢ় စڑٯ۾៊ڐҢڽΩȄ

ήȃе୾ᆱϟུᜍѡѭ

20 зखᏑᏱഃؐᒋΤΠзࣩܓ౫хϾໍโпࡤȂпఘఃົȃе୾ ᆱȞ1877-1927ȟ࣐хߓޠȶུѭᏱȷ໡ۗ஽።ུՄᜍݳȂٯ໡яΠΚ อऐખᙠ᛺ᢌޠᏱ೛ུ੊ຬȄଷΠ୉࣐ߗхϜ୾ѭᏱུᙠⷑሏхߓ΢ޑ ޠఘఃົȂ෇ᙥ፞Ȯѡਫ઎ୄІڐԒхȯȃȮུѭᏱȯȃȮϜ୾ᐤѭःفݳȯ ๊Ȃпقಜ౪፤Рԓ፤ख़஽።ᄃޑޠུՄᜍݳȂឌԄ೾ႇԇӶᙠѭȃထ ᝳ๊ᙠԥНԆଅᓄѵޠȶ঩ۗѭਠȷȂ਴ᐄ჌࢑ȶ౫ԇϟᄃᙻȷȃȶᒹί ϟѡޑȷޠߝҰȃᙐᛙ๊Κ᜹ȶᒹޑȷٿໍ՘ȶᒲ㪪ȷ๊Ȃ15е୾ᆱ؂ 12 ȲԨٹெ๏ஷԥ࣐ಒήਫȳȂȮᖏఁᘏጢȯȂॳ 11-13Ȅ 13 ఘఃົȂȮఽхᏱ೛྆፤ȯȂॳ 64Ȅ 14_ஷԥ࣐Ȃ_{Ȳᙅၽݨఅȳ}_{Ȃॳ 5ȇ}_{Ȳ৿ᗃЉ਀ԑചጢ᝹ਫпֆᡑݳ׸ȳ}_{ȂᙾЖՍݔջӏܛُ} ఽϲଡ଼ۻתҐȂၐЫ຀ȂȮ९ུࣃѽ΢ஷԥ࣐ȯȞіٶȈϜ୾΢ҖτᏱяޏަȂ1998ȟȂ ॳ 91Ȅ 15

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࢑Ҵ٘Ӷ࿌ਣϜ୾τ໕ُзޠߝҰѡᏣޑȃ੉ቨҧଽȃᅖਤФᙐȃමྶ ϟϳ්ІভቹҐ๊஁ᄃϟᜍᐄஆᙄαȂՅпڏᡞᙵᆉޠःفԚݏဤᄃΠ ᄈུѭᏱϟᄃ፻ȄЏڐупӵίᄃޑȃિαᒹНϤᜍޠȶΡ२ᜍᐄݳȷ ՄᄇϜ୾ѡхᐤѭȂ໡ܦΠ࿌ਣޠݾᏱॴ੊Ȃ؂ᄈϜ୾ѡѭःف౱ҢΠ ྄τኈ៫Ȅ Љၦᑘਃޠе୾ᆱლစௌ෭ӶলᏱȃစᏱȃϊᏱȃѭᏱȃҧଽߝНȃ ѡᏣޑȃӵ౪пІມȃᔜԣȃϊᇴ๊өᡞНᏱϟ፞Ӽስ஀ϜȂ೼ٻூу ޠᏱ೛Щକу΢؂ӼΠΚᆎཽ೾Ȅ௄ 1911 Ԓژ 1916 ԒȂуέᓎ຀ᇕᛴ ׊൳ޠᛴਐҞȞ1866-1940ȟ஛൴СҐٶഎȂைࡥӶᛴЫȶτ໵ਫ৳ȷ Ϝᙵ൳ޠѡᝳȃ࿭۴ȃҧଽȃយჂȃࡍݬȌȌ๊ѡਫНޑϜȂӤਣη࣐ ᛴਐҞᐍ౪ϥΫᎸ࿳ڣᙡਫȃ኶ξ೾ѡᏣޑምНڸܦҐпІξᎸӈޠѡ ߨሜᏣȃѡᏣޑ๊ȄᛴਐҞп௄ٲѡᏱःف෉ϟȂٯпȶЇစ߭ѡȷȃȶԉ Ӓࡠࡤȷᇴ݉Πе୾ᆱܺతпࠊܛᏱȃᙾݾစѭϊᏱȇԫΚРӪႀԚ࣐ е୾ᆱՍࡤΫӼԒޠᏱ೛ߟ৸Ȃܼ࢑ڐᏱҦѡНԆՅѡѭȃՅ՚іҖఋ ѭӵηȄ е୾ᆱᇅᛴਐҞޠ࢈ݾҴൠഎ࢑л஼ඉၻޠߴࣳӌφȂуউӶٛҽ ९ڽࡤଡژСҐȂኴຝӔڸ࢈᠍ȇ1916 Ԓе୾ᆱӲ୾ࡤȂᇅα੖Κ״ ఽ්ᒹՃһ܂ᓝᖆȂٯ෇Ӊᙜྠ቉ޠϊ්יȂூژྠ቉਀ᛁйঠ೩Ӷ๚ ࿲࠳ᚪ଼ȂΚೲпȶᒹՌȷՍڽޠе୾ᆱᄈԫЖ࣐ੇᄹȄе୾ᆱ܇ܼఽ ࡊпІܗᒞуӱੈఽՅՍܼؗఽࡊޠ߇༫Ȟᓡڸ༫݁݃෺ȟޠНϾߴԉ םຬȂ16ηᇅуՍСҐߖ୾пࡤ֊ۗಥ੽ԇޠ᝶φԥᜱ˕˕༉ᇴϜуᄀ ѠѷџΚϹηϛ૗ഹΠ᝶φȂуຝ᝶φ࣐ӫ៘ҢڽȇՅуΚӕܣဓܼі τȂηᐄᇴӱ࣐іτ࢑ȶϥѳȷུНϾၽ୞ޠτҐᕋȃ९ڽ੊ਁᐩࠕȂ ႃनΠу܇ܼఽࡊޠ౪܉Ȅ17е୾ᆱޠࡧདྷҴൠȂࠍڸ࿌ਣϜ୾ഌӌࡧ དྷࣩӶಒΚԪзࣩτ᏾ࡤᄈ՚РН݃౱Ңᛅᅹȃᄈࡕ୾лဏདژѷగȃ ٯᄈݎРН݃Ңя߭ЗࣻΚयȂࢉڐࡧདྷҼՍٛҽ९ڽпࠊޠ་З՚ 16 ᜱܼе୾ᆱՍయޠ঩ӱȂಁᇴીઽȂԥᏱ೛ᇅ࢈ݾޠҮࣾȃߞφϟോᇅአЅϟ๙ȃ ᒹՃੈఽȃႂ༇ᇅ৽ិ९ڽឪ๊๊፞ᇴȄၐ୥ଁऽӏȂȮུѭᏱޠ໡ύ˕˕е୾ᆱຠ ༉ȯȞα੖Ȉα੖΢ҖяޏަȂ1999ȟȂॳ 226-243Ȅ 17 ԫᐄеᏱ੖ȂȲ֕ڐ݀ӒҢޠΚ጖ᅌᗀጉȳȂȮН༙ൣȯȂ2004 Ԓ 12 У 22 СȂНϜᄈ ܼ֕ڐ݀ 1943 ԒޠݢᅖτᏱᅌᗀȃٯีၸܼѳώԚഎȮॴρϨעȯޠȲе୾ᆱӒҢ Ң҂Іڐᅌᇴȳԥഌϸᙾख़Ȅ

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ᏱȂΚᙾՅԚ࣐ᄈϜ୾ѡхޠၿ኉НϾІڐзࣩܓձңԥܛ෉ࡠޠЗ ౪Ȅ࢑пуӶྠ቉ೞഃяয়ȂуҼᚕ໡Πϊ්יٯڨဓܼఽ๽ःفଲ ࡤȂ߰यΩܼᗀख़ȮۧਫȯȃȮᇴНȯȃȮѡѭུᜍȯȂٯኦձȲයЫዻՄ មȳȃȲջჂምՄមȳȃȲޡჂምՄមȳȂ׾ॐȲЪϵჂምՄមȳȂᄈۡڻ፞ २Ꮳ๊ηԥមНȄӱԫпе୾ᆱϟ२ຝѡНԆᏱȃѡॲ᜸Ᏹȃαѡѭȃ ߝҰᏱϟ߭ѡҴൠڸུᜍѡѭޠᏱ೛ձ࣐пІقӗܓစᏱ፤ᇴȂࣻၷܼ ஷԥ࣐ϟ࣐Πᡑݳఀ୾ȃኁଷࡍ࡛஠ښȃჃ୞΢З๊੬ۢ࢈ݾҭܛ௵ڦ ޠ׼ѡȃວѡҴൠȂпІܛആԚޠ҈ԘࠊࡤႳڿࣃᡚڴ࣐ȶᖟ୾सصȷ ޠϵՁᏱॴ᜶౫ຬȂࣦՎೞᇰ࣐ȶ᛺ᢌዜບȷՅആԚΠఽ්ϟྟκȂ18 η൸֖౫ΠҴൠ྄࣐ϛӤޠᄈЩܓ፤ख़Ȅ ఽҒҖߒȂΚР८࢑ᅹѡࡧདྷഃؐᑺକȂѫР८ࠍηҦܼ፞Ӽᄃޑ ၦਠڸུяρޠུึ౫Ȃٻூ΢উᄈܼѡѭःفޠᑺ፹СઊᐩࠕȄ࿌ਣ Ӷ࢈ݾαȂӱȶ҈ԘᡑݳȷѷంȂఘஷκڽ੖ѵȇᏱ೛αࠍԥݭࠓԋ໩ ੉ቨҧଽϟུึ౫Ȃ࢑піٶ࿌ਣॴ՘ήᆎᏱୱȈȞΚȟஷԥ࣐ޠϵՁ ϟᏱȂ࣐ᆱུၽ୞ӶϜ୾׳ژ౪፤਴ᐄȄȞΡȟ߽୾ڐਣᄈש୾՚іᜟ ᛡሴԥ߮խ़ᓟȂӤਣѿۡ෍ܦϟᜟ࢈๋ࠍሴ࣐ԚѓȂࢉЖକ୾΢ᄈܼ ՚іӵ౪ޠःفᑺ፹ᇅ२ຝȄȞήȟ৆ІВЩঘޠӵίѭਠ௥فȂҼЖ ึΠ୾΢ᄈܼ୧ڻҧߝНޠᑺ፹ІःفȄ19࢑ࢉЩၷஷԥ࣐ϵՁᏱȶ൶ ϭ׼ѡȷϟሇວѡНҴൠȂпІڐܛᏳयࡤٿޠᓁҝӤȃ៬Ꮁথ๊΢ϟ ᅹѡȃጽѡࡧདྷȂࠍе୾ᆱϟѡНԆȃѡѭІ՚іҖఋѭӵःفȂ࡟ᡘ 䗏 ดޠڐःفᑺ፹ӶܼࡤΡ޲ȄӕЩၷஷԥ࣐ܛ፤ȶЍᏪࢌຏȂѡНҼ ୄՅϑؽȷޠᢏᘉȂࠍе୾ᆱϟུᜍѡѭІڐȲഷߗΡήΫԒϜ୾ུึ ُϟᏱୱȳܛ፤ȂᒞՍᅖпٿϜ୾Ᏹୱαഷτޠึ౫ԥήȂڐϜಒΚτ ึ౫߰࢑ȶЍφᏪϜਫȷȂࠍஷȃеڎ΢ࣻѿޠ౪፤Ҵရᘉ࢑ᡘดѠُ ޠȄӕᇴژе୾ᆱȮᢏஇ໲ݔȯϟȲѡНՄȳ9 ጖ȂȲѡНՄȳҐٿᖃ ᚡ࣐ȲᅖхѡНՄȳȂࡤٿӶጢΤȮ໲ݔȯਣփџȂयᚡԠϛ݃ȇНϜ ᗷดе୾ᆱٯґࡿ݃߾ଭᄈஷԥ࣐ϟȶୄѡНᇴȷՅึȂկ࢑ᄇڐϲৡȂ 18 ဩ኉ᎄȂȲဩӣഌᇅҰ᎗ϳਫȳȂȮᖏఁᘏጢȯȂॳ 341ȃ342ȇѫѵڐȮစᏱ೾ᇵȯҼ ّȶՎஷԥ࣐ȃᄒ҂ϟ৷Ȃနڐ٤ᇴȂစᏱఓޢȂՅఽަҼӱϟՅࡑౚȄଢ঩ᆍۗȂ ՎϭܼᠼȃᚮบԥᎸฯȄȷᙾЖՍചڐ੏ȂȮఽхϵՁᏱȯȞіٶȈݎРяޏަȂ1997ȟȂ ॳ 323Ȅ 19

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ࠍᇅȮུᏱୄစՄȯᎍԚଭᎣࣻᄈȄࢉ౫хᏱ޲ࢺ୾ዉҼّȶᓘԋϛᅗ ஷԥ࣐ȃ஭ᎍϟ൶ៗϭНሇວѡНȂȌȌႀᇅ፤៞ѡНୱᚡȂᙥΩᕥਣ ᄓȄȷуᇰ࣐е୾ᆱϟѡНᇴȂଷΠ΢ܛዤޤޠНԆᏱཏဏᇅቌঅϟѵȇ ΢ܛґІޠȂҔ࢑ڐȶඉԥᒲҔஷԥ࣐п७ᅹѡНစϟҭޠȄȷ20ӱԫ ๗Ӭе୾ᆱРݳ፤नࡤޠࡿᏳࡧདྷڸᏱ೛ഋᙿђпᢏᄇȂࠍڐᏱ೛Ԡᘫ ϟᜍѡҭޠܓѠпᗆด໡ਮؽȄ Ӷе୾ᆱᙥяρ؆ਠᜍѭٯՄមНԆޠႇโϜȂ֖౫Πᐤѭःف྄ ାޠРݳ፤ཏဏȄڐܛңпՄមѡᏣޑНԆޠՄᐄݳȂӶڐȲЪϵჂՄ មזȳϜѠп౲ُᆓখȄТȈ ॄՄϟѭٲᇅښ࡚НޑȂпޤڐਣхϟ௒ޒȇҐϟȮၒȯȃ ȮਫȯȂпؒڐНϟဏپȇՄϟѡॲȂп೾ڐဏϟ୆আȇ୥ ϟᘕᏣȂпᡜڐНԆϟᡑϾȄҦԫՅϟ܅Ȃ֊ҧп௱ΛȂࠍ ܼԆϟϛѠមȃဏϟϛѠ೾޲Ȃ҇໣ԥᕖౚȂดࡤᚔڐϛѠ ޤ޲Ȃп߸ࡤϟ֘φȂࠍஹоڐߗϟؽȄ21 ӱԫе୾ᆱӶѡԆਫȃѡߝНІ੉ቨНԆՄមαȂְԥ඼ดԚ൸Ȅу຀ ԥȮ׉хߝН຀ᓄߓȯڸȮ୾්ߝН຀ᓄߓȯȂՅ೾ႇԄԫӓ८ޠՄᄇȂ ٻу૗஋ᅿ៕׉ȃఽ΢ߝН຀ख़Ȃٯ࣐ڐ୧ڻѭःفࠕෛ਴ஆȄឌԄу ӶȲѭᛮ጖౶ᜍȳϜ֊пȮᇴН၍Ԇȯ࣐лȂέпߝНȃҧଽН๗ӬΠ НᝧଅၸȂࣻϤ౶೾ᜍ݃ٯђпഃԆՄមȂՅூяΠȶ᏾୾ਣપңᛮНȂ ϳ୾ңѡНȷϟНԆᏱαΚτ९ڽޠ२्๗፤Ȅ22ѫѵу෇ւңҧଽН ᜍᄃȮѭଅȯܛଅၸޠ୧хеقȂஆҐαಓӬᐤѭᄃርȇέ೾ႇҧߝН ڸНᝧȂᄈ୧ڻښ࡚ІНϾ୉яΠُ၍ᑀژޠវមȂپԄуՄមяȶ੉ пࠊณჷஹϟښȷȂ࢑п੉୧ഷл्ޠе՞᝸ܜݳ࢑ȶъಥכІȷȂ࢑ȶп ȺכІȻ࣐лȂՅпȺφ᝸ȻህϟȄȷϛႇ೼ኻޠښ࡚ৡܿఃލȂࢉڻ ښ׾࣐ҴφȃҴჷȂȶҦ༉φϟښՅჷஹϟښҢౚȷȂȶҦჷஹϟښՅۡ ݳᇅ݉೛Ρ޲ҢౚȄȷ23ӱԫש୾ᐤڎξԒޠȶ༉φȷ᝸ಜݳڸۡݳȃ 20 ࢺ୾ዉȂȮе୾ᆱϟစѭᏱȯȞ୾ҴѯᢋτᏱȈѯᢋτᏱϜНःفܛീς፤НȂ1987ȟȂ ॳ 316Ȅ 21 е୾ᆱȂȲЪϵჂՄមזȳȂȮۢҐᢏஇ໲ݔȯȞѯіȈзࣩਫ׌Ȃ1991ȟȂॳ 294Ȅ 22_{е୾ᆱȂȲ᏾୾ਣપңᛮНϳ୾ңѡНᇴȳȂȮۢҐᢏஇ໲ݔȯȂॳ 305Ȅ} 23 αၐе୾ᆱȂȲ੉ڻښ࡚፤ȳȂȮۢҐᢏஇ໲ݔȯȂॳ 451-462Ȅ

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ോ݉ȂпІࡍ࡛φכȃ֘ЉφՌ፞߯ȃኃ኶ϟښ๊Ȃഎ࢑Ӷڻхпࡤۢ ښޠȄसԫࣲ࣐е୾ᆱᄈུܼѭᏱРݳ፤ޠڏᡞᄃ፻ІᎄྶԚݏȄ е୾ᆱ࢑ڠ຺ޠРݳ፤޲Ȃٯй࢑Ўԥޠȃ૗пലяःفԚݏՍש ᄃ፻ڐ౪፤ޠᏱ޲Ȅ1925 ԒуӶȮѡѭུᜍȯϜҔԓණяΠȶΡ२ᜍ ᐄݳȷȂ፤Ϝዀᖟпȶӵίུ؆ਠȷᇅȶિαϟ؆ਠȷϤᜍȂٯᒞҦԫ ᆎ؆ਠȂȶשᎇڿூᐄп၅Ҕિαϟ؆ਠȂҼூᜍ݃ѡਫϟ࢛ഌϸӓ࣐ ᄃᓄȂ֊Լঢ়ϛ໰ႾϟّȂҼϛณߓұΚ८ϟٲᄃȄȷՅଷΠᄈܼڐϑ ೞᜍ࣐݃ᄃᓄ޲Ȃ֏΢ȶϛ૗ϛђп޼ۢȷпѵȇуᗚ੽ίΠΚঐ྄२ ्ޠӆ์˕˕ȶᗷѡਫϟґூᜍ݃޲Ȃϛ૗ђп֐ۢȄȷ24ԄԫΚٿȂ ࣐߰٦ٳӶϭС ۧณ٘ ஋ᜍᐄ٘пᜍ݃ ڐ࣐ᄃ ᓄޠѡਫႲ੽ί Πޫ ໣Ȃ֊Ӷ౵Сٯґ҇ดϛཽԥ٘஋ޠᜍᐄ٘пᜍ݃ڐ࣐ᄃᓄηȄ ϛႇе୾ᆱηϛ࢑Κک߭ѡȂуҼݾϭНȂܼȮࢍऎȯуლݾϵՁȃ ܼȮၒȯლݾቇၒȂՅڐՄစᜍѭηচԥѡϭҴൠȂуηᇰӤ׉΢ᅹѡ НȮۧਫȯȂ؂ґლԣៗቔ⛷Ȅ25ܛпуٯϛ࢑ЇᄈᅹѡȂу࢑஽።ѭ Ᏹޠؒ઎ᆡઢȄӶȮѡѭུᜍȅᖃ፤ȯу֊ّ݃Їᄈࡤ΢ڦȮԽਫଅԒȯ ܛଅৈпٿԒ኶ІࣳظᗅϟϥࡕήеԒ኶Ȃп၅ЋѭϵϟਫȂٯᒞȶԫ ߭ѡϟႇηȄȷկуᄈܼߗзᅹѡϟॴȂηᇴᅹѡϟႇȂӶܼȶΞڂ൞ ๴ऊϟ΢ޑՅҼᅹϟȄȷ26ӱԫуڸஷԥ࣐Ҵൠੇ౵ޠޠѡНᢏȂл् ࢑௄စѭϤᜍِ࡚ޠѡНԆпІစᏱేྜࢻᡑяึȂЇᄈਣॴᄈܼѡН ႇ࿌Յѷ઎ޠ୒ሴّ፤ᇅҴൠȄ

ѳȃஷԥ࣐ᇅе୾ᆱҴൠੇ౵ޠѡНᢏ

௄ 19 зखҒژ 20 зखߒȂ௄ஷԥ࣐ژе୾ᆱȂӤኻഎ࢑ᙥֆތਸ Ꮡঢ়စڑޠՄᜍݳȂկ࢑࿌ӤኻᆺฑӶѡНစਣȂڎ΢ࠔ਴ᐄܛڦ؆ޠ НᝧၦਠϛӤȂՅөՍூяϛӤޠ౪፤๗ݏ˕˕ᜱܼѡНစȂஷԥ࣐ᇰ ࣐પฐਫц༊ଭᄈҖ໣ᙡਫȂуᇴȮѭଅȯࢌϢȶߩീςܛᙜᙡ޲ோᐷȷȂ ࠍѠޤീςܛᙜ޲ϛฐȂڐТȶീςܛᙜȂߴԉࣣ२ȂґლฐᐷȄȷܛ пу௦຀ᇴȶฐਫٮᏑᗷԥे࢈ȂณᜱȮϳစȯԇκȄȷȶЍЫϟҐȂ 24 е୾ᆱȂȮѡѭུᜍȈе୾ᆱഷࡤޠᗀဏȯȞіٶȈఽ๽τᏱяޏަȂ1994ȟȂॳ 2-3Ȅ 25_{፤୥ࢺ୾ዉȂȮе୾ᆱϟစѭᏱȯȂॳ 319-320Ȅ} 26

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ڏӶϛુȄณѡНϟӫȂҼณࡤяѡНϟਫȄȷ27пԫ፤ᜍᅖΫѳϭН ീςܛ༉֊࢑Ѝߟ٘ҐȂΩវڐȶ൶ϭ׼ѡȷޠϭНစҴൠȄӱԫȮୄ စՄȯϜуڏ፤ܛᒞȶѡНȷ޲ȂΞ࢑ቔ⛷ȶҦୄԆՅആୄଌຣȷ޲ ηȂ28ࢉኦȲȮᅖਫȅ᛻НעȯᒲୄȳΚНȂп፤ȶѡᏱܛп՘ȂࣲҦ ȮΝ౲ȯηȄȷᇑȮᅖਫȅ᛻Нעȯ߾Ґϟܼቔ⛷ȮΝ౲ȯȂӱԫஷԥ ࣐ᇰ࣐࢑ቔ⛷ӱȶਏਯਫϟ᠍Ȃձ࣐ȮΝ౲ȯȂနڐᙉߤؽȇบ৽ณѠ ኊ߭Ȃܼ࢑ᒯȮᅮ໰ȯȃձȮᅖਫȯȂпΚЉίϟՇҭȄȷ29уٯΚڂᇰ ࣐ȮᅖਫȯܛၸᏈӔеᚾЍφᏪՅூѡНစΚٲȂҼ࢑ቔ⛷ܛᙉߤȄ࢑ ࢉуඉ਴ᐄȮѭଅȯݭ໣ᝧеȃᏈӔезঢ়ࣲґၸЍφᏪϜѡНٲȂН Ԇଅၸ݃ᡘӵȶᇅȮᅖਫȯੇ๙ȷȂՅএ፤ȮᅖਫȯܛၸЍᏪѡНٲԥ ȶΫୄȷȂࡼ፤ȶЍЫᒹਫᙡܼኃϜȂззϛ๙Ȃ፞ᏑпਣಭϟȄጕᇅ ᛮНࣻܜȂณ௄ԥѡНȄȷ֊у௄પጕᇅᛮНࣻߗࣻܜȂл஼НԆਫᡞ ҐณѡȃϭНୣրȇݸйȮѭଅȅᏑݔ༉ȯη๙ณȮЪၒȯȃȮڻۣȯȃȮѿ ༉ȯ๊ଅၸȂ30ӱԫуέӶȲȮᅖਫȅݭ໣ᝧеȃᏈӔе༉ȯᒲୄȳΚ НϜᖃ፤пȶ๙ณᝧеூਫȃӔеᚾᏪٲȄȷஷԥ࣐ϟୄѡНᢏȂӶ၏ НϜٯѠпఽྀӵڏُڐ૖๝ȄڐᒞТȈ ࡹѡᏱඌ΢ഷࣦȂಌ΢ഷԟ޲ȂೄसȮᅖਫȯȄȌȌϭࡹါ ࢺȮ՚ٶᚖଅȯȂᒞȮᅖਫȯҐቔ⛷ձȂੳڿܛϛڦȂϛႇ Ρ࿳೩ّȇቔޤංȮѭ೾ȅҔѭ጖ȯҼᒞቔ⛷៊ЋѭϵਫȂ ֊ձȮᅖਫȯηȄᇑါࢺџᅖϛሊȂบُȮᅖਫȯᙠҐȂΞ ޤȮᅖਫȯᄃяܼ⛷Ȃࢉࣲ࣐ѡᏱϟୄᇴȄȌȌ⛷ആୄစȂ ஞጞՅϏȂቹпѡНᡞ໫໫ȇଋϟݭ໣ІᏈӔȂচΩആȮᅖ ਫȯȂΚК௬ထᛤȂȌȌਯпЋѭϵȂ፵ᄃ๙ϛӤȄ31 ஷԥ࣐ᐍঐୄѡНစޠᢏᘉȂ൸࢑Ҵ٘Ӷα፤уᇰ࣐ȶѡНȷ௄НԆਫ ᡞȃژѡНစ༉пІଌຣȃΞՎݭ໣ᝧеூਫڸᏈӔеᚾᏪ๊ٲȂഎ࢑ яՍቔ⛷ܛആୄȄՎܼڐܛпଋϟѡН޲Ȃஷԥ࣐ᇴ՚ᅖҒߝҰᏱτ 27 ஷԥ࣐ȂȲપฐȮϳစȯґლκુՄಒΚȳȂȮུᏱୄစՄȯȂॳ 1ȃ5-6Ȅ 28_{ஷԥ࣐ȂȲȮᅖਫȆ᛻НעȯᒲୄಒήȳȂॳ 50Ȅ} 29 ஷԥ࣐ȂȲȮᅖਫȆݭ໣ᝧеȃᏈӔе༉ȯᒲୄಒѳȳȂॳ 105Ȅ 30_{ஷԥ࣐ȂȲȮᅖਫȆ᛻НעȯᒲୄಒήȳȂॳ 46-47Ȅ} 31 ஷԥ࣐ȂȲȮᅖਫȆݭ໣ᝧеȃᏈӔе༉ȯᒲୄಒѳȳȂॳ 103Ȅ

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౿Ȃȶᇑܜ҂ࢌεȂჂᘕᅛяȂۗՅཫᛴȂ᝸ՅձୄȄȷ֊΢উᄈܼไ зޠяρយჂᘕᏣ๊Ȃڐᄙ࡚௄Κ໡ۗޠ྄Ωཫᛴȃژࡤٿࠍસܓആձ ᠡୄȂӱԫቔ⛷ϛկηആୄѡНԆ˕˕ȶ⛷ࢌԂۊԆȂέӉਯਫȂ౐ᑜ ԫԠȂȌȌΞആձНԆȂୄആយჂȂଋϟήхȂ༉ϟࡤзȄȷ32ٯйᗚ ୄആѡНစޠ௳ڨྜࢻ˕˕ȶѡНϟᏱȂڐ༉௳፞΢ӫȂࣲ⛷ୄኦȄȷ33 ࢉᒞቔ⛷ΞӒϟпᑢჵᏱಜȂп୉࣐ֆೃᑢᅖȃᑢჵ࢈ಜޠ౪፤ݢᏣȇ ࡤٿࠍໍΚؐӵ஡ѡНစଋ፞Ȯᅖਫȯп՘зඌಁȄڐᒞੳڿȮᅖਫȯ ߾Ґܼቔ⛷ᙠҐȂܛϛڦ޲୳Ρ࿳ّՇȇԄԫΚٿȂቔ⛷ܛୄആޠѡН စȂႀூпᙥоȮᅖਫȯՅีஇΤࡊٯആԚڎξԒᏑ޲ᇳ߭ѡНစޠᇳ ᙳΠȄӱԫஷԥ࣐ᒲୄޠΚঐ२्౪፤਴ᐄȂ൸࢑ٸᐄȮѭଅȯпਯҔ Ȯᅖਫȯϟ㪪ᇳȄ ࢉᖃ๗ஷԥ࣐፤ቔ⛷ആձୄစޠစႇȂ࢑௄Κ໡ۗޠቔ⛷८ᄈᅖз ౿྄ΚਣޠȮࢍऎȯᏱȂҼȶࡧՍᐚΚᏱȷȇӱԫႀ୆ਯਫϟ᠍ȃႈ៕ ઝᝳϟ߰ȂՅȶআઝਫՅ՘ڐୄȄȷуӒȶਯூѿЫȮ୾ᇮȯȂп࣐Ѡ ᙥϟមစȂп୶ڐԀȷȂܛпቔ⛷ϟୄആѡНစ࢑Ӓ௄Ȯѿ༉ȯึᆓޠȇ ௦຀уέኍІȶϛձѡԆѡّȂࠍЉίςᜳ෣ȂࢉଋϟѡНȄȷӱԫу έୄആѡНਫᡞȂԫ֊ቔ⛷ϟȶпѡНୄစϟۗηȄȷࡤٿࠍ࢑ቔ⛷ȶࢌ ϑୄȮѿ༉ȯؽȂ҇ࡧኊᡜȂΞ૗ُ߭Ȃܼ࢑ႈୄထစؽȄȷ34ՎԫȂ уϑႈୄထစѡНΠȄՅԫΚ૖๝Ȃη൸࢑ஷԥ࣐፤ȶቔ⛷пୄစᑢЍ ᏱȷޠആձୄစτयစႇȄ Їᢏе୾ᆱޠȶѡНȷᢏȂࠍԥᄡดϛӤޠҴൠࣽݳȄуᇰ࣐ᏪϜ ਫ࢑Ѡпᐄ߭ޠȂٯᇰ࣐೼࢑ڎξԒٿש୾ՄѡᏱޠ२τึ౫ȄՎܼе ୾ᆱϟᜍҴѡНစȂࠍл्࢑௄ѡНԆȃѡНቹҐڸစᇴঢ়኶ܗࣃրڎ ঐР८ٿђп፤ᜍȄȮᢏஇ໲ݔȯϜуኦԥȲȮѭଅȯܛᒞѡНᇴȳпӒ ፤ѡНਫᡞȂڐТȈ ՍપԑЉίȂӤΚНԆȂܼ࢑ጕȃᗶ՘ՅѡНȃᛮНኁȄด ᅖߒѡНȃᛮНϟਫґლ๙ηȄȌȌЋѭϵՍזّȶપኧџ ѡНȂฐྟȮၒȯȃȮਫȯȂࢉ݃இҰࡊߝვҞޏშᝳය༅Ȅȷ 32 ஷԥ࣐ȂȲȮᅖਫȆ᛻НעȯᒲୄಒήȳȂॳ 50Ȅ 33_{ஷԥ࣐ȂȲȮᅖਫȆᏑݔ༉ȯᒲୄಒϥȳȂॳ 122Ȅ} 34

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ՅݢࡕϰࡍήԒȂѨ଼᎑࣐ЋѭцȂ⊟ѭଅҰࡊߝვϟਫȂ ࢑પҰࡊߝვϟਫȂՎݢࡕਣґκηȄࢉЋѭϵঔȮѭଅȯ ਣܛᐄѡਫȂसȌȌδӒપϳ୾ᒹਫȂߩ࿌ਣቹҐ޲Ȃࣲᒞ ϟѡНȄ ᐄԫѠޤࡤᏑܛңпᆏڴѡНԆᡞޠȶѡНȷϟӫȂٯߩԄݎᅖࡤϟ྆ ࣲຝ࣐ЍφᏪϜਫܛ஠᏿ȇδȶӒપϳ୾ᒹਫȷȂѬ्ڐቹҐਫᡞϛ࢑ ࿌ਣܛ೾՘ޠጕȃᗶНȂ߰എѠпᆏϟ࣐ȶѡНȷȄݸй࿌зܛϬดԇ ӶޠѡቹҐȂηٯϛѬԥᏪϜਫՅϑȇ࢑пݏԄஷԥ࣐ܛ፤Ȃᒞቔ⛷୆ ആᏪϜਫޠᇴݳпඌಁȃέୄആѡНԆᇅѡНစȂᐄԫп֐ۢѡНစ༉ Іڐࢻ༉Ȃࠍᡘดٯϛ૗݉ѡНঢ়ϟЗπȄࢉе୾ᆱέ፤пȈ Ȯϳ᛻ȯϟਫ࣐પܛฐȂࢉѡቹҐၷЎȄดᅖϜઝԥȮܿȯ ѡНစȂݭ໣ᝧеԥѡНӒપᙠਫȮڻۣȯȃȮۧਫȯȃȮᙅȯȃ ȮᙅଅȯȂڿϛᑀЍᏪਫ࣐ดȄ35 уᇴଷΠݢࡕҒᏈӔеᚾЍφԊՅூᏪϜਫ࢑ѡቹҐпѵȇ࿌ਣᗚѫѵ ԥᅖϜઝܛᙡਫڸݢࡕߒݭ໣ᝧеܛூϟӒપѡНᙠਫ๊ȂηഎпѡН ਫቹȄ࢑пȶЍᏪਫϟѠີȂпڐ࣐ѡНစࢉȂߩ৷пڐНԆ࣐ѡНࢉ ηȄȷуᇰ࣐ࡤ΢ϟܛп२ຝᏪϜਫȂ߾ӱڐ༉စϟѓȃߩпڐѡНਫ ᡞηȂࢉέТȶՎЍᏪਫяȂܼ࢑ȮۧਫȯȃȮᙅȯȃȮࢍऎȯȃȮ፤ᇮȯȃȮׄ စȯȂࣲԥѡНȄȷ36η൸࢑өစ௄Ӓપژᅖхޠঢ়ݳేྜȂՎԫႀࣲ ԥᚅดѠ൷ޠ૖๝ጤસؽȄࢉܼԫѠпُяе୾ᆱէᜍп࿌ਣϬӼѡቹ ҐޠңཏȂл्൸Ӷᜍ݃ѡНਫᡞϛ४ܼᏪϜਫȂਡᜍ྄ӼޠѡНထစ ٯߩቔ⛷ܛ૗ୄആηȇпԫѠખஷԥ࣐୒ဤΚᆓޠȶЊѡᏱܛпூӫ ޲Ȃп፞စϟяܼЍᏪȂቹпѡНȷϟᇴȄйЊȲЋѭϵՍזȳϜѨ଼ ᎑ҼՍّȶԒΫྒࠍᇬѡНȷȂՅ࿌ਣЍᏪਫґяșșᄈԫȂᗷดஷԥ ࣐Κೲпቔ⛷ܛᙉߤٿࣽࡠȂ୳ࡤ΢ሴпԫՅᇰ࣐ஷԥ࣐ӉཏџڦȂᇑ ڐܼȮѭଅȯϟѠпᜍҴϐᇴ޲Ȃሆᐄ߭ϟȇ໣ԥϛӬϐཏ޲Ȃሆᒞቔ ⛷ܛᙉΤȄࢉᄈԫе୾ᆱѫមпȶЋѭϵՍЯፚਣϑජЉۣȂڐঢ়ۤԥ 35_{пαЖࣲُّе୾ᆱȂȲȮѭଅȯܛᒞѡНᇴȳȂȮۢҐᢏஇ໲ݔȯȂॳ 307-309Ȅ} 36 ӤࠊພȂॳ 309Ȅ

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ԫᆎᙠᝳηȄȷٯйᇰ࣐೼η࢑ᜍ݃ȶѡНȷᆏᒞߩᑀᏪϜਫܛᑀԥޠ ᜍᐄϟΚȄ е୾ᆱଷΠᖟᜍᅖਣѡቹҐϬӼȂпᜍ݃ѡНਫᡞߩᑀᏪϜਫܛ௵ пѵȇуඉҔҐఽྜӵȃ௄Ԇᡞϟྜࢻᅌᡑ๊਴Ґୱᚡໍ՘ᐤѭՄᜍȂ ՅூژΠӒપਣхݎρϳ୾ңȶѡНȷȃ՚પңȶᛮНȷȂпІᗷดᛮН ڸѡНȶڐ঩ࣲяܼ੉ڻѡНȷȂկ࢑ڐਫᡞԥրޠᏱ೛२्౪፤Ȅᜱ ܼȶપጕȷȂ֊؄ලܛ࠸፝ȶਫӤНȷ޲Ȃ߾௵ң؄ලȲঙᎱ጖ȳȃሂା Ȳࣘᐤ጖ȳȃऩШིȲീᏱ጖ȳ๊ȶڦѭᛮτጕȂܗሴࣹ׾Ȃܛᒞϊጕ ޲ηȄȷࢉе୾ᆱᇴȶપϟϊጕҐяτጕȇՅȲঙᎱȳή጖ґяȃτጕ ґࣹ׾пࠊȂܛᒞપН֊ᛮНηȄȷȶጕНڿӼяܼᛮНȂࠍ؄ලпࠊ પϟНԆȂᒞϟጕНѠηȂᒞϟᛮНҼѠηȄࠍȲѭᛮ጖ȳНԆȃપϟ НԆȂ֊ڻપ໣՚ρϟНԆηȄȷܼԫȂΚР८ѠُપጕᇅᛮНϟ໣ጃ ԥ྄ஞϹޠȶܗሴࣹ׾ȷȃᄃርα൸࢑Κᡞึ৥ޠᅌᡑᜱ߾ȇկ࢑е୾ ᆱ؂२्ޠึ౫ȂࠍӶܼѫР८уέՄᄇяᛮНпІᛮНܛ௄яޠપ ጕȂഎѬ࢑Ӓપਣхࢻ༉Ӷ՚પޠНԆȂՎܼݎρϳ୾࿌ਣܛٻңޠН ԆȂࠍ࢑ȶѡНȷȄӱԫஷԥ࣐ܛ፤ȶጕᇅᛮНࣻܜȂณ௄ԥѡНȷȂѬ ૗୒൸પጕᇅᛮНࣻܜޠΚРᜱ߾ٿᇴȇՎܼᏪϜਫȃѡНစޠȶѡНȷ ਫᡞȂе୾ᆱТȶڐᡞᇅᛮНȃጕНሴϛࣻߗȂϳ୾ᒹᏣҼดȄᏪϜѡ Н޲Ȃڻપ໣ݎρϟНԆηȄȷ37֊уϛկ௄ᄃርޠቹݳЩᄈяѡНᇅ ᛮНޠਫᡞৰ౵ȇ؂ڏԥऐખܓޠȂ࢑уඉпϳ୾яρᒹᏣէᜍϟȂᜍ ᐄጃ᢫ӵᒲݚΠӒપѡНਫᡞϟԇӶȄՅԫη֊упڏᡞޠՄᜍԚݏȂ пӵίяρڸિαᒹНϤᜍޠུՄᜍݳȂՍשᄃ౫ΠڐܛණএޠȶΡ२ ᜍᐄݳȷȇуٯᐄԫঔҔΠ೩བྷȮᇴН၍Ԇȯഌӌӱ؆ਠϛ٘ܛആԚޠ ᇳᙳȄ٦ቅϨቅ঩ӱᏳयࡤٿѡНϛ՘ȉ೼൸࢑પЭޠӱષΠȄᇑȶȮϳ ᛻ȯϟਫ՘ܼቇᏈȂࣘІሂᚮՅكࢻҁܼપȂڐਫࣲпݎРНԆਫϟȂ ᅖ΢пڐңпਫȮϳ᛻ȯȂᒞϟѡНȄՅપ΢ܛጬϟНᇅܛฐϟਫȂࣲ ԫᆎНԆȄȷȶδϳ୾НԆϟԇܼѡᝳ޲Ȃϑฐᐷ㤕ྟȇՅҖ໣СңН ԆȂέߩપНϛூ՘ңȄȌȌࢉՍપྟϳ୾пՎྀᅖϟርȂΫᎸԒ໣Ȃ ϳ୾НԆႀႆՅϛ՘Ȅȷ࢑ࢉѡНϟԇܼȮϳ᛻ȯѡᝳ޲Ȃϑ᎐પࣳฐ 37_е୾ᆱȂ_{Ȳѭᛮ጖ᜍזȳ}_ȃ_{Ȳ᏾୾ਣપңᛮНϳ୾ңѡНᇴȳ}_Ȃ_{ȮۢҐᢏஇ໲ݔȯ}_{Ȃॳ 254ȃ} 305Ȅ

(18)

ᐷ㤕ྟȂηӱԫΞԥѨ଼᎑ϟᒞȶપኧџѡНȷȃඵ໱ϟّȶપ㤕ྟѡ НȷпІ೩བྷТȶѡНҦપ๙Ȅȷ38ࢉစе୾ᆱϟၐಡՄᒲѡНԆࢻ༉ Іᅌᡑึ৥ȂՅѡНȃᛮНϟ࣐ඌηѠп၍ؽȄ ӕᇴژѡНစޠྜࢻୱᚡȂе୾ᆱέԥȲᅖਣѡНҐ፞စ༉ՄȳΚ НȂНϜڏ፤ѡНစл्ԥȶݭ໣ҐȷȂ֊ȮᅖਫȅෂΫήе༉ȯܛᆏ ȶᝧеܛூਫȂࣲѡНӒપᙠਫȄȮڻۣȯȃȮۧਫȯȃȮᙅȯȃ Ȯᙅଅȯȃ Ȯ۞φȯȃȮՃφȯϟ឵Ȃࣲစ༉ᇴଅȂΝΫφϟ৷ܛ፤ȷ޲ȂпȮڻۣȯ ࣐پȂڐȶစณϭᏱȂՍШஸࠆпѡНΡԆȂดڐ঩Ґϟ࣐ѡНȂቸؽȊȷ έԥȶЍᏪҐȷȂ֊Ȯᅖਫȅ᛻НעȯܛϢȶᏈ৿еᚾЍφԊȂమпኅ ڐয়ȂՅூѡНȮۧਫȯІȮᙅଅȯȃȮ፤ᇮȯȃȮׄစȯȂδ኶Ϋ጖Ȃࣲ ѡԆȷ޲ȇଷԫϟѵȂԄȮڻܿȯѫԥȶᅖϜઝҐȷȂе୾ᆱᒞȶȮܿȯ ࣐άကϟਫȂપਣґฐȂڐԥѡНҐȂҼڿڐܛȄȷέԥȶຳЫҐȷȂ ֊ȮࡤᅖਫȅᏑݔ༉ȯܛᇴȶݎກຳޣȂ༉ȮܿȯȂ௳౧٤еᐘȂ࣐ຳ ЫᏱȄҐпѡԆȂဵѡНȮܿȯȷ޲ȇȮۧਫȯࠍᗚѫԥȶӆЫҐȷȂ֊ ȮѭଅȅᏑݔ༉ȯТȶપਣฐਫȂӆҢᏪᙡϟȄڐࡤսτକȂࢻκȂᅖ ۢȂӆҢؒڐਫȂκ኶Ϋ጖ȂᑀூΡΫΟ጖Ȃ֊пఁܼቇᏈϟ໣ȷ޲Ȃ е୾ᆱٯ፤Тȶ࢑ӆҢܛᙡ࣐પґฐпࠊቹҐȂ࿌࢑ѡНȂڐ༉௳כφ ࠍᙾቹ࣐ϭНȄȌȌ࿌ዊ໩τϊৈ߯ϟзȂᇑϑϛඉԥ঩ҐؽȄȷࢉе ୾ᆱӶᖃ፤ 10 ᆎȃ15 ҐѡНစҐࡤȂέᄈܼȶࡤᅖϟߒȂܛᒞѡН޲Ȃ ஠ࡿЍφᏪϜਫȷޠጣࢉђпᇴ݃˕˕ΚԄࠊख़е୾ᆱпӼРᖟᜍޠՄ ᜍРԓȂ፤ᜍѡНਫᡞϟጃᄃԇӶȇᄈܼѡНစ༉ޠ௳ڨྜࢻȂуηӼ ᖟѡНစҐȂпᜍ݃ѡНစϛ४ܼᏪϜਫȂѬϛႇӱαख़፞စȶڐԇܼ ࡤᅖ޲Ȃ௚ЍφᏪϜਫІȮѿЫ༉ȯȂࢉࡤᅖпࡤȂѡНϟӫႀ࣐ᏪϜ ਫܛ஠ԥؽȄȷ39ՎܼѡН፞စӶݎᅖпࡤϛُ༉ޠ঩ӱȂࠍуមпᅖ ਣѡНစ༉Ӷ༉௳כφпࡤȂϑӼೞᙾቹԚ࣐ϭНစҐΠȂпԫᏳयѡ НҐȶ࿌ਣϑຝ࣐┍ᒨȂϛඉࣣ௕Ȅȷȶࡤᅖп७Ȃ፞ᏑܛُȂτܱ༉ ቹᗶۢϟҐȄȷ40ܛпуέኦȲᅖਣѡН፞စԥᙾቹҐᇴȳђпၐ፤Ȅ ڐТȈ 38 ӤࠊພȂȲ᏾୾ਣપңᛮНϳ୾ңѡНᇴȳȂॳ 305-306Ȅ 39_{αၐе୾ᆱȂȲᅖਣѡНҐ፞စ༉ՄȳȂॳ 320-327Ȅ} 40 ӤࠊພȂॳ 321ȃ325Ȅ

(19)

ЊϭНᏱঢ়፞စȂ࿌પᅖϟርȂڐ຀ܼԽ۶޲ȂڿณߩѡНȂ ดՎНෂϟзȂϑӓ࣐ܿϭНȂܼ࢑Ꮘ୾ᇅݭ໣ܛூ޲Ȃႀ ஠ԥѡНϟӫؽȇѡНঢ়စԄȮۧਫȯȃȮЪၒȯȃȮ໌ᙅȯȃȮڻ ۣȯȃȮࢍऎѿЫ༉ȯȃȮ፤ᇮȯȃȮׄစȯȂҐࣲѡНȂՅȮЪ ၒȯȃȮڻۣȯȂࡤᅖϑณ঩ਫȂ௚ЍᏪϟȮۧਫȯȃȮᙅစȯȃ ȮࢍऎȯȃȮ፤ᇮȯȃȮׄစȯІ஼ᇖܛᝧϟȮࢍऎѿЫ༉ȯۧ ԇȂܼ࢑ЍᏪϟਫႀ஠ԥѡНϟӫؽȄ41 ࢉӶе୾ᆱᚅด ঢݚѡ Нစܼࡤᅖпࡤ Ԛ࣐Ꮺ Ϝਫ஠ᆏޠٲ௒ ঩ې ίȂࡤ΢ᄈܼϭѡНึ৥ϟ౿૿੒ߞ࿌Ѡԥ؂Ӽ८Ӫޠᢏᄇȃ౪၍Ȅ

ϥȃ๗ᇮ

ఽϜဩп७ޠϭНစึ৥ᅛᗎᑺ౿Ȃڐਣ्ؒަཽ׾९ޠᏑ޲Ԅᠼ Սࣣȃᚮྜȃஷԥ๊࣐ȂഎනЖϭНစϟȶᡑܿȷলᏱڸȶනစឋ࢈ȷ ᆡઢп࣐ࡿᏳࡧདྷȂӱԫ 19 зखޠစзࡧዙȂ൸࢑пϭНစϟඉᑺ୉ ࣐লᏱஆᙄޠȄ࢑ࢉమᙥᡑݳ׾ښпఀκშԇȃ໲ఐఽࡧዙᇅ࢈ዙܼΚ ٙޠஷԥ࣐ȂڐᏱ೛Ҵൠ߾пȮᙅଅȅᙅၽȯޠτӤ౪དྷȂ๗ӬΠ՚ᅖ ုӇ๳ȶષе׾ښȷᇴڸݎᅖեӅȶᐄ༅ʖЁ҂ʖЋ҂ȷޠȶήзȷໍ ϾᢏȂՅ஡ϭНစ׾ആԚ࣐ѠпପӬఐఽ֘лҴᏵښޠ׾ښᇴȄηӱԫ ஷԥ࣐ޠစᏱᢏȂࡼȶ൶ϭ׼ѡȷϟȶୄѡНȷᇴҴൠȂуএ፤ܛᒞȶѡ Нȷ޲Ȃࣲȶቔ⛷ϟᙉ༅ୄኦȷ޲ηȄՅуܛң୉ᡑݳ౪፤ஆᙄޠȮུ ᏱୄစՄȯᇅȮЍφ׾ښՄȯȂࢌᒲѡᏱϟୄȂඉпЍφ׾ښٿࡈ༉ᡑ ݳϟӬݳܓȂٯй೾ႇΠȶѡစུ၍ȷϟ२༮Ꮡঢ়စڑРԓȂනЖ՚Ᏹ п२࡛ᏑᏱቌঅȄڐᇴϟ౿՘ȂԥΩӵᚭ୞ΠᙠࡧདྷᡞقȂᄈఽᏱҔಜ ࣃϟҴရᘉആԚ਴Ґ୞཯ȂՅםԚࡧདྷࣩϟΚτᗽॴȂ؂ᄈҖ୾пٿབ ᅌབ੩ޠᅹѡॴዙڏԥޣ௦ϟߵໍձңȄ Վܼе୾ᆱȂࠍΚР८೏ӶРᑺґՕޠᅹѡࡧዙϜȂѫР८έ೏Ӷ ፞ӼུяρᄃޑȃᏱ޲ᄈܼѡѭःفᑺ፹СઊᐩࠕޠᏱ೛ݦ൝㠆ȄՍ௄ 1899 Ԓึ౫ҧଽНȃҧଽᏱᑺକȂڐ൩ஆ޲ԥܛᒞȶҧଽѳஇȷޠٺ ၘ˕˕ഢஇȞᛴਐҞȟᏳ྇ӒၰȃᢏஇȞе୾ᆱȟ᝸пՄѭȃ࡞இȞု ձᇾȟୣրਣхȃჂஇȞ഍ݲसȟึڐ᜞پȄࢉе୾ᆱ֊пڐܛ᏿ߞޠ 41

(20)

ւңѡНԆᏱڸѡᝳпՄᜍѡхᙅᏣȂΚԆϟՄᜍ܂܂൸࢑ΚഌНϾ ѭȂپԄڐȲᇴ⠹ȳȃȲᇴ‏ȳȃȲᇴᘕȳȃȲᇴࠀȳαȃί጖๊Ȃഎ૗ُڐ ౐ࠕޠᐕᏱᇅѭᏱஆᙄȇڐȲυԆᇴȳࠍ೾ႇᘕᏣϟ෢ᜌڸѡᝳ୥ϤՄ ᜍȂᜍ݃ѡυφԥԆȂٯ࣐ΚΚၐᜍȂึ΢ܛґึȇέȲមѭȳȃȲមҦȳ αȃίȃȲមЉȳȃȲម࢔ȳȃȲមԡȳȃȲម՚ȳȃȲមޑȳȃȲមزȳȃȲមᙅȳ ๊Ȃٯࣲ၍មᖆஞȂ౐ԥ഻ᕖȂាាτᢏȄ࢑ࢉе୾ᆱȮᢏஇ໲ݔȯϜ л्਴ᐄϳ୾ᒹᏣڸѡᝳп࡛ҴޠѡНᢏȂႀᇅஷԥ࣐ޠȶୄѡНȷᇴ я౫ΠҴൠϛӤޠࣽݳȇуϟᒲҔѡНစጃดԇӶȂ൸࢑Ҵ٘Ӷ਴ஆ౐ ࠕȃᜍᐄጃ᢫ޠѡНԆՄមαȂՅூя྄ڐᆡጃϟՄᒲ๗ݏޠȄе୾ᆱ ლ፤ڎᅖϊᏱঢ়ӼяܼѡᏱঢ়Ȃуᇴȶጣܛ༉စ༉ҐӼңѡНȂڐ၍စ ໹ூϊᏱϟֆȂڐ౵ԆҼ٘ٽϊᏱϟၦȂࢉϊᏱঢ়ӼяڐϜȄȷуٯᖟ ᜍᅖхѡᏱঢ়Ԅ஼භȃ਻෤ȃ؈ݔȃፐ׊ȃ৹١ȃၧ໊ȃ೩བྷ๊Ȃȶࣲ пϊᏱӫঢ়ȷȂࢉᒞȶڎᅖѡНᏱঢ়ᇅϊᏱঢ়ᄃԥϛѠϸϟ༗Ȃԫ٘ᜍ ڐܛ༉စҐӼ࣐ѡНȄȷ42Յе୾ᆱҐٙ൸η࢑Κ՞ᙥϊᏱϟѓпᜍҴ ѡНစޠڏᡞᄃ፻޲Ȅӱԫଭᄈஷԥ࣐௄࢈ݾҭޠяึޠቔ⛷ୄѡစ ᇴȃȶ൶ϭ׼ѡȷޠୄѡНᢏпІҖ୾ٿབᅌབ੩ޠᅹѡȃጽѡᏱॴ๊Ȃ е୾ᆱҔ࢑п๗ӬΠϊᏱȃѡНԆᏱڸНᝧଅၸޠစѭϤᜍРԓȂпᄈ ѡНԆ௄ٻңȃࢻ༉ژѡНቹҐȂᄈѡНစ௄௳ڨྜࢻژึ৥ႇโϟᙲ ᝓՄᒲȂᜍҴΠᏪϜਫڸѡНစϟԇӶȇՎܼупུяρ؆ਠԄҧଽ НȃߝН๊ܛᜍᄃޠȮѭଅȯ୧ڻѡѭଅၸІښ࡚ՄᄇȂ؂࢑ԟ൸ၸӶ з΢π࿭ޠՄᜍԚ൸ΠȂࢉе୾ᆱၗ࣐Җ୾пٿུѭᏱϟ२ᚋȃхߓ΢ ޑηȄ ϛႇஷԥ࣐ୄѡНစϟᇴڸе୾ᆱϟᜍҴѡНစȂࣽծࣻᄈޠҴ ൠȂڐᄃ൴ԥစᏱȃѭᏱޠϛӤҭޠȄஷԥ࣐ᐚକЇᄈѡНစޠᄰቿȂ л्࣐ΠึඵϭНစޠᡑܿলᏱȂԂ೾ႇනစឋ࢈ٿႁژᡑݳຨؒȇᗷ ൴ԥ࢈ݾҭޠȂկಥᘫ࢑ȶ൶ϭ׼ѡȷޠϭȃѡНϟލᇅစᏱጓᛠϲޠ ϭНစҴൠȄе୾ᆱࠍл्ଭᄈȶୄѡНȷᇴॴ՘пࡤᏳयޠᅹѡॴ੊Ȃ ෉૗ԥܛᏳҔȄӱԫуᄈܼӶϭНစ౿՘ίೞ֐ۢΠޠѡНစђпՄ ᒲȂпᒲҔୄѡНᇴȂࢉڐܛึඵޠл्ᗚ࢑ѭᏱޠؒ઎ᆡઢȄܛпу ޠᜱᛅ२ᘉٯϛӶစᏱጓᛠϲޠϭȃѡНဏ౪ᓻӜȂܗ޲ϭȃѡНစޠ 42 е୾ᆱȂȲڎᅖѡНᏱঢ়ӼϊᏱঢ়ᇴȳȂॳ 331-336Ȅ

(21)

౿૿੒ߞึ৥Ȃٯϛᆘ࢑စϭȃѡНϟލȇկ࢑Ԅݏ൸ڐܛᒲҔޠ๗ݏ пІܛึදޠኈ៫ΩٿࣽޠၘȂࠍέጃด࢑ᄈܼစᏱጓᛠϲѡНစᏱޠ ྄ԥΩ៞ᜍȂᄈܼࡤٿޠѡНစᏱึ৥ԥ྄Ҕ८ϟᇩઊȄȪೱӉጢਯȈ ᄒஏ૯ȫ

л्୥Մਫҭ

஠຀ е୾ᆱȂȮۢҐᢏஇ໲ݔȯȂѯіȈзࣩਫ׌Ȃ1991 е୾ᆱȂȮѡѭུᜍȈе୾ᆱഷࡤޠᗀဏȯȂіٶȈఽ๽τᏱяޏަȂ1994 եӅȂȮࢍऎϵՁݨ౶ȯȞȮΫήစݨ౶ȯȟȂѯіȈ᛻НӠਫᓣȂ1982 Օᅮ୦຀ȃሂথណȂȮ௄౪ᏱژᐕᏱ˕˕Ϝ๽ࡕ୾ఐ෉ࡧདྷᇅަཽᡑϾ ८८ᢏȯȂࠓٶȈԱង΢ҖяޏަȂ1997 ݔջӏȂȮ९ུࣃѽ΢ஷԥ࣐ȯȂіٶȈϜ୾΢ҖτᏱяޏަȂ1998 ஷԥ࣐຀ȃጾີᡤጢȂȮஷࠓ੖ӒҢᒹ຀ཋёȯȂѯіȈ׊ཿਫ׌Ȃ1976 ଁऽӏȂȮུѭᏱޠ໡ύ˕˕е୾ᆱຠ༉ȯȂα੖Ȉα੖΢ҖяޏަȂ1999 ఘఃົȂȮఽхᏱ೛྆፤ȯȞȮ໾Ӗࡊ஠໲ȯȟȂѯіȈϜ๽ਫ׌Ȃ1978 ఘఃົȂȮϜ୾ᐤѭःفݳȯȂѯіȈ٩ϧਫ׌Ȃ1984 ചڐ੏ȂȮఽхϵՁᏱȯȂіٶȈݎРяޏަȂ1997 ஼ᝌ੶ȂȮఽхޠဏ౪Ᏹᙾ࠯ȯȂѯіȈ٩ϧਫ׌Ȃ2006 ဩ኉ᎄȂȮᖏఁᘏጢȯȂѯіȈϜःଲНলܛȂ2005 еᏱ੖ȂȲ֕ڐ݀ӒҢޠΚ጖ᅌᗀጉȳȂȮН༙ൣȯȂ2004.12.22 Ᏹ՞፤Н ࢺ୾ዉȂȮе୾ᆱϟစѭᏱȯȂѯᢋτᏱϜНःفܛീς፤НȂ1987 కजؿȂȮ፤ԨΚུᇅఐఽᏱ೛ȯȂѯᢋτᏱϜНःفܛീς፤НȂ2004

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ቸࢦཏُᄣ्

ಒΚ՞ቸࢦ΢Ȉ Ґ፤НϟϲৡȂᜱ߾ఐఽՎҖߒ໣ϟစᏱѭȃࡧདྷѭȃРݳ ፤๊Ᏹ೛αϟ२्ឋᚡȄձ޲пᙐ฼጖ൾȂᄈпαࣻᜱ፤ᚡ ձା࡚ᐩᕼԓϟᇴ݃Ȃຝഐ׊ᗰȂ௥ଇ౐ΤȄ ҐНϟ੬ՔԥΡȈΚȃᄈఽхᏱ೛ڏ׊ᢏϟᇰᜌȂோڐึ৥ ᗎ༗Ȃ݃ڐᏱ೛ூѷȂ೾ڐྜࢻȂՄڐᡑϾȂ౵ϜؒӤȂӤ Ϝؒ౵ȂܼఐఽՎҖߒစϭѡНᏱ౿૿ூѷϟࢉȂ૗ՍѭᏱ ጤસȂঢݚՎ࿌Ȃூڐ޼⩈ȄΡȃпஷԥ࣐ᇅе୾ᆱձ࣐ఐ ఽՎҖߒᅹѡᇅᜍѡᏱॴϟڎτхߓܓ΢ޑȂпЩၷڐᏱ೛ ౵ӤȄܛ፤Ρঢ়Ᏹ೛Ȃ૗Սτ໕຀ձϜᆤڐ्Ԡȃϼҝණ्Ȃ ٯ୥ጌу΢ःفԚݏȂઊпঐ΢ःفЗூȂՅᘫܼϭѡНစ Ᏹ౿૿ூѷϟࢉϟਣхܓᏱ೛፤ᚡȂ఩౪ફดȂ➲सࣼҭȄ ಒΡ՞ቸࢦ΢Ȉ ձ޲НԆࢻᄲȂᄈஷԥ࣐ȃе୾ᆱпՎఐఽᏱ೛ԥ೾ዻޠΠ ၍ȄНത౐Τ఼яȂ࢑Ᏻ፤ܓޠ຀ձȂᎨ᠟ܓାȄлጤҦᄈϭ НȃѡНစޠࣽݳৰրଇ፤ஷȃеޠ౵ӤȂᄈஷȃеޠᏱ೛ࡧ ၰԥఽྀޠϮಞȄНതл्ଇ፤ஷȃеޠᏱ೛ҴൠȂᇅ፤Нᚡ ҭȶᅹѡᇅᜍѡȷءԥЋӼᜱ߾ȄஷޠୄѡНစᏱᇴ࢑࣐࢈ݾ ౪܉݉ଡ଼Ȃеޠѡѭུᜍ࢑्ؒᐤѭޠ઎ࣻȂΞऌᏱᐍ౪୾ࢉ ޠᄃᜍȄࠊ޲ᇅ઎Ҕޠଢؒᒲୄณਗ਼ȂՅࡤ޲Ϙ࢑ᅹѡՅᜍѡ ޠဤᄃ޲Ȅ