西方國家對中共的經濟制裁
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(2) •. ' .. ';'. '. ~~.~~ .~~.~fi. -·1. -. -.I. ••. .•. ~~~~~~. ~ifJ.I._N_~~,. .. 0. ,<11. ,. ·.~mtf(~5:~nriiii.!?l ti~f4-~*-F<~!Iii;~",*. 0 ~l • • a~~.~~~·~@) ~11~.~~~!Ill~~~,* '~~llljgI1t\ .~iiIBfi~~*:fK:ffl• •·• ~1{H5rjgI~~ • •~~~t!~ ... ~ J.R1%$mt:ii~. ,. . :111" "I. (Megara) Ji(~W.~~!EMM~. 0. .. •• ,. .. jgI~g~:::$~~a~~~:iI!!lIIK~~ttl.~~~HD( ~ 'flH~I1J~ ~ mr--Wi?<tiH~iKit~~~-K~~.mli.J1 ~~.i'Jl!l§L~e:g~•. a~*~~~~!Ill~ .. $lmW~$1llJl~~~ 0 ~.~~itii~~titHtl:::nQ.~,*, (Peloponnesian War) ~~BSI~~¢i!iR~'BJ ~~$!!~-~-¥~. 0. li1~:I~Hllitiitl.~~DlJI(e (~~~. 0. , ~~llmti;tl~I!a~.H;tl~\tti~W:~it~ .. eli!!:it$lmW~~ 1.~~~~~ .. l-E:-~g~i1aF'JII~ 1ll!1~~~~~~;!J;r• • 1E1:!i.w.Etiitl. "l±l~~DlJI(~~~mW~~Etiitl.-< • •& ' ~~~~ , mrr!!{i.;!J;r~ .. ~~ lll!1~~~$l~~~*jI(~~ .. ~'*.~) ~~~~, w.' ~~, f<-<~~Jjrg!a~ii. ~~:fflii~~~~. 0. 0, @) **<-W:tiHE~B~mW~~iIE~.~1i1 0 !E.~W.:j1~ rxBSlii.~~~:J\ll:I1!lIK~;lt~I-E:-JIT[~~f$ .. ft~·· ::r:W.~-R ( Economic Leverge) .. iHe;Bl-Ei!iR~NE~~.~i!iR~.~-R." NII~;!J;r~lR:! nlt!.~~ (Economic Coercion) ... (,ft"$lKII, _ , ¥Kill' • •) "1!i~tt!:m~.'tU!:I:m•••• •...RII. (1(1111.) '''ES~IlJ~il~nI:{ 0. ttI@)~lI.i! • .p{.fli.lIf·· Kim Richard Nossal, -International Sanctions as International Punishment," Intern(Jtional Organization, vol. 43, No.2, (Spring 1989), pp. 301-322; David A. Baldwin, ·The Power of Positive Sanctions," World Politics, voL 24. No. 1. (October 1971), pp. 19-38; Klaus Knorr, The Power of Nations: The Political Economy of International Relations (New York: Basic Books, 1975), Chaps. 1 and 6; David A. Baldwin, Economic Statecraft (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1985). ~.~i! • .p{• •ftllf··M. S. Daoudi and M. S. Dajani, Economic Sanctions: Ideals and Experience (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983); James M. Lindsay, -Trade Sanctions as Policy Instruments: A Reexamination," International Studies Quarterly, 30 (June 1986); Stefanie Ann Lenway" Between War and Commerce: Economic Sanctions as a Tool of Statecraft," International Organization 42 (Spring 1988); John Galtung, ·On the Effects of International Economie Sanctions with Examples from the Case of Rhodesia, "World Politics 19 (April 1967); Peter Wallensteen, "Characteristic of Economic Sanctions, ~ Journal of Peace Research, III (1968), pp. 248-67. ; James Barber and Michael Spicer, "Sanctions Against South Africa-Options for the West," Journal of International Affairs. vol. 55. No.3 (July 1979), p. 385. ~.~~"IHnlll" ~~II. (,ft$1~.~C· iii. ;we. m::._. M. S. Daoudi and M. S. Dajani.Economlc Sanctions: Ideals and Experience (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 19B3).. ~=NCm:•• 4J.~¥•••• G-7' \m~Z*.I1;:) ·"~Dlili. (,ft"*,II.~\lii'). JU@) Ibid.,.
(3) --p. _._.. -. '---J -0 •• ". r'. -~- •. i€:glm:., 4JlIll€iI _ _ G-7 '. ~_.. 'IIIt....I C). -Il!:III.w...>C:tlIltJllll'~ ...>C:t_JII!'IIt'M'. (a··*,IIl.«Hii') •...-Rii. (1(1111.0 ... ~~@~:@«l!I{. ...,.....~_" "101''11"_ - .... tI"I1I!II.1IIC ....p.._'ilII\_. i',l;l1I!II.'. lit!~I1••1,l;:) ·"/i!(!lIiIi.. ",' ~mJ!<!!rIlm~~t'-tr\lIl[~Iii'*lJ!fut .. **r\lllm\(:-~\(:-Im~ 0. @ m:1D(~~.. "'~':;::'~"\IP r. .... (Trade Sanctions) ~*. au@ Ibid., IIR4Q1IIll; M.S. Daoudi and M. S.Dajani,Economic Sanctions: Idtlals and Experitlnctl (London: Routledge &. Kegan Paul. 1983).. iiil~I!L(.~~~ii;:.~. 0. @. (asymmetrical interdependence) •. l!:~. (Economic Sanctions) .. ~·l $!1I[~<4l:!£~*-;!::j.:i!1lm1tl1fll.<~':~.~ '" IE!J.oE-~s:gBml-.Ift.~ .. *~~ii\~$IllI$i o ~!Ut!~~ (Economic Warfare) .. ~._~~~*~~~~~~Ift.~ .. ~ 1~1lm~liE:ilt~~8IBl-.IH~~~Ift.~ .. ~~~ ~1tt~~~IHt~~+<:&1~Mn" ~~ .. ~lIlJ.oE-liE:~8IBl-.IHl;!it, ~~:gVS!8IBl-~.mz4l1!§.~" ~-WWi!:.J..j~~lIl~.~~~'~ " fIII(~ , ?tt~~tm~ ,,~~~~:ftr&§~~cg~r<~:ftr&Ilm~1E~it. *1X~~:lflWlfJ;~~*Hr'~~~~I!~~$W~!If!l.J~1j:U~~ rJ.oE-iii\~~~ft;:f~!lIJ 0. 0. 0. r${!lIJ (dependence) tliiilit (Klaus Knorr) ~~ rJ.oE-iiii~ft;:f~!lIJ ~.-R.~*~ @ -W~lfJ;~~1Xi1-H- .. ~:ftr&1lm (The ,Sender) B{~~~§ (The Receiver) ~~1\!!i!!!-W~$B{Wl!:!ttiit~~-H- .. D\ll~J.oE-~~~t:Rlil ";f~HirJ~§li?~!1J\!f· o. ~1!~~~~1iSit, WlfJ;~ifif' -33:cr:lflll!!!!~~~' ?tt~.~it~~ .. -H-~~,*~. J(:-~~~~ft;:f~• •~-H-" ~mzJII~~1]*~~. ~~§~N."~~~~I!~~,*~~~oM~"~~li?~1\!~rJ.oE-ii~~ft;:f~!lIJ 0. .~~ r~.J ,,~.~~~~~ (Theotonio Dos Santos) m:f-~~ (Fernando Henrique Cardoso )~~1lQ" ; i8~~.~ 1 lIl~l!!Ilm~~~l!!.*1\!!i!!!J.oE-):l-it.~1\!fg~ @ -W~fg~-H- "~~1§1R(i (~~~Ilm) :lfl~lfJ;~~t~~~:fni::~. ~1R(i (~~§) 'WlfJ;~~. @ ~..Lj~~l!!~~t:R~. 0. .1. (. (Economic Statecraft) 1\!~. ~*..Lj .. ~!lI~~~~!I!ii~~~!lI (external reliance) .. li?~~~ll\lBlllBt!1\!. '" J.oE-~ J ~ll!!!!~-IIIl-ffi>1+l.-ljI{I~~;!n_~~~-ljI{I 0. :l(:1IlI!S!2" •••Ii:'ll!gt:....... <.~. ~~~. ••<4Hii' '" n!{1'!I4J+KJ!f) ... IlSIlSIJm(. C). :l(:1!.!ili! '" n&Ut~~~WlJ.lltfi(. (}L-) J .. ii:• •*~" .11<~" 1ft: .. n!{1I4J+4JJ!f+ J ~ .. !Ill( J ~ 0 .ft.~. Tariff War) • '~IUliltl ~t(~~.:aO~:iiii~l!{la._ 0 lXanll.J'~1,l;:jI ( special economic actions ) • 'luetUWUili" .r......~~ . . cSl!{~"_ 0 4QtIr Peter Wallensteen, ·Characteristics of Economic Sanctions," Journal of Peace Rtlstlarch S, (l968),pp.24S-67. lames M. Lindsay. "Trade Sanctions as Policy Instruments: ,.. Re~ examination," Inttlrnational Studitls Quarttlrl, (1986) 30. p•. , 1S4; WaUensteen, 0/1. cit. . Wallensteen, op. cit. :l(:ili!~" ~iiii-/l{ 0 Klaus Knorr, "International Economic Leverage and Its Uses," In Klaus Knorr and Frank Trager, eds., Economic Issutls and National Stlcurit, (Lawrence, Kans.: University Press of Kansas, 1977). p. 102; Robert O. Keohane and loseph S. Nye, lr.• 0/1. cit.. " ~~.;;J~~~\lBIll~t~~:itl1\!~. 1iIi@. t.ti~. II@. 1iIi@. '"'@. p. 492.. 4;1;1@ David, A. Baldwin, "Interdependence and power: a conceptual analysis." Inttlrnational Organization, 34. vol. 4. Autumn 1980,. jg!~IU~ii'Hi"#\$:li.a..
(4) 5"~~ .~. .~~. III". *•••. ~~~~~~ 0. ~lDlgmK~~. ... !fa 1~l~~.~mHH.-lfIf~:WJ£lH~m!ll~-lfIf. .* m:.&. 0. 0. 0. ••. 0. 0. i<1Sl. ;jmI1!R~WN!;ue~:iflIlll:ifl!fal)l!I .. ~4Q;\t~9I!ft.-lfIf:ifl~rm:: .. lii'~r.R~I!Hj:Hli·· @ Xlltf# ( compliance) .. a~lIim;ue~a~IIi~IUll:iflll;!~~!!~H~;ue~IIi:ifl.litt :j(1lll:m.w~~~a~lIi:iflliOIt-<~ ~ .. *w!(;-~J&<4Q~:ifl.~" ~~l~UiN!.J..j:ifl~:!Kw;1~:j(~~~ ~~ ~IIi.w 1 -F!llltR{!:)-i!ii\.-K~J(~WN!a~" m;m;K~1Hll ~ (Mussolini) ~~~~~)§1 ( Abyssinia) ~~ ... 1 -F!<ll{!:)-:Jl!KIliWN!;ue~~~)§1-N~J.ltI( .. ;m:j(it!-=i~:t:~~1H.'" l-F!<O~:Jl!KIIi~~~m .. ~~.~:Jl!KIIi-<.·"l-F!<-F!{!:)-~~IIi~~~~~~~"~~~-=i;m~~• • -N~~-<~o :rUEIl (subversion) .. a~IIi~PI!~Ii~~~IIi:ifl~~-<~:j(~. 0 ~~ •• ~ . .~ I-F!gr<Mfll-F!tRtR{!:)-~ "fMtt:lt ~~.~$;IiK" ~jjl1BK$K~~ .. ~* ll!!!UI.:ifl~~-< '''IX~:Jl!KIIi~ 1 -F!KO{!:)-~ 1-\t!!!la~1nrn .. <~Ii!~Ii-¥~~~.'; ~ 1.=!l!\~~. ~ltiN!a~*J.ltt!lIIJ!!!(;-~*-N~ ... :j(~~~ ··ltiN!;ue~~~~~.W~Ji1:iflIIH~:t:I .. ~-K:iflWN!*~ ...~~~~.J..j~!(;-~~"~$.J..j~!(;-~~"~~.fi~~~~~;m~*o (deterrence) .. ;ue~lIiiiHi!'lil~;ue~Ii!(;-~t;S 1 ~lln:;MI:{~-a\tt.:iflll;!~ ;ue~1Ii I ~j§~l~:j(a~:iflll;!ijij~il-R .. ~~~~IIi~tIl{WN!.J..j:iflMa~I~~:ifl~*I!l" nR J ~j§l!mII-m-*w~-f\<l!¢Wlli~:iflll;!~ .. 1~.~'j\WN!;ue~ 0 ~~ •• 1-F!<O .tIt:Jl!K1Ii -¥~.~~mJ-= .. i!ii\.~.~~~~~~ .. ~.~... r<~~~J!ni;: '''IX~'' 1-F!g[OMflg[ I {!:)-:Jl!KIlii!ii\m*~~-£f-IIi~~~ ~a~"J~j§~~m*~~"nR~j§.~m*!(;-~• • • -K~~~Bo :mIilIU~••• (international symbolism) .. ~~IIi:iflIlll • .wttjffl;ue~:iflii~~IIim!it!.:ifl:j(~t!lIllI( .. !(;-~Wlli~ :iflll;!~ .. ~ *jffla~IIi!(;-*l@:~;ue~IIi:iflll;!~ $m!lt!~~i!ii\~~)§1 ~~~~~ .. ~IHlm(~J.ltI(~:t:Ilim!~~1H. ·.. Iffi ~1Ii~i!ii\ ~~.~~1H~~ ... ~~~-<~ .. ~~i!ii\.=!l!\:ifl.~~~~."~~~WIlim!~.~.o 1£t1ilK:• • • • (domestic symbolism) .. ;ue~IIi~.-lfIf~ll!$~~:ifl~* .. ~-lfIf<~Ii!~~IIi~~~:ifl~:t:~~~IIi~. ~~i!ii\~~~.:ifl~~"!fa~~~~IIi:ifl~~~~~:iflWN!;ue~~~o~~··l-F!<O{!:)-:Jl!KIIi-¥~.~~~~~~:Jl!KIIi-<~. Q"~t"11,. (1986) 30. pp.. "!fa~~:iflWN!Jj~nlX~l-F!<-F!{!:)-K~-£f-~.~~~-<~"Iffi~IIi~~.-lfIf~.~~ .. ~-£f-~~~~:iflWN!a~o. Ii$ Iames M. LiDdsay, -Trade Sanctions as Policy Instruments: ARe-examinations.· International SINdi" 1S5-156.. JIlt I . .. @. "'"'1....,)'.ltlhl-!""tW ...... _-=- .... n:r ....,. ~~~.-K.*• • ( James M. Lindsay) ~~lt~~ 1-F!11111{!:)-~*:ifl+-F!$!.~Jj~$!~~~ .. ~:33:-l{ 1~E -lfIf~-li't'.
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(6) ~LfUl!\::~~ .iliR~~. iliR~¥il. nl:{1li!~Jl:I-t--~. ':I(f\\ ~li!~81~~~~iDf!D!~~~~~Kn~~*,.}L-~~~·· @. :C~~1lI (~§~:l!iI1(fiH .. ~}L-~f$m-IlI),*~~~1lI (~}L-~f$NIlI) -Ni!lil.~~W~atKn. .. )§ aq IP( ~I$! I Illl{flJ.E- :~nl!t~ \t1i!ii$ .... nNIlI~m-IlI.n~~.~~IlI~.IlI~~.~~-)§.~.O~~I$!NIlI.o~*. 0. .. ~~NIlI. m:m-InIiiNIlI~33:o~~*K.33:o.:iii-ErlifatR .. )§NIlI~J.E-I$!~ 1 :iii1e~'". !lNI1~HiEm-llI33: 0" e.m-IlII$!~ 1 ~gllll>1+l" NIlI~;!;I1'ffj\.~~.~i€I*~~~· ... If!m-IlI~NIlI. o~~.la~Iil~~*K~Il~BJ~~~ .. 1BIr<la~f!,~~~ftl~• •~~l\I:·" .. ~~~~m-IlI~~~~~o. ~NIlII$!.IlI.~~IlI. ~i4:lIll~~lt!Il~-ff-" ~~~l1lll1~ • .II~. .. ~. 1 f\\~W~~~.~J.E-liB:~~:ij:!i!:il4a. KK. .. ~limNIlI~!ii$m-IlI:MH~~. 0. gltlllE~~Jii\m-1lI ' NIlI~~~**.~it:!~~f!\l!I .. lEI~~iH~~~~~-A\atKn .. 1l!!!~.~m- N1I:1q:&1:\\::~~~la~t{P{~it:! -m~~.W~~~~~atKn:ml\{_-k~ .. lEI~Jii\~iB~~~~~~!lIjIE~{wf.€\ll@~J.l~~ .. ~1l!!! 1 ~:iii!l;Jii\.& .. J.E-~~lil~ .. """~mt~~~IlI~t\ll~~\lI1llI.*~ 0. ~~~IlU.~!l:mit:!~~~~IlI~IUI(~-R)§I~I[. 1lU. . . . Kniili:~*~~~~. 0. J. 0. \9 :ftlK1lI~6i;ti~.~ '~IlI~~~~. 0. ilt~il?J~~llE~~~-J:><ii:$;\1I!Uii~WllE~~~!lIjIEJ.E-~'DlP .. lig .. iJlIlllli~ ( John GaItung) ~~ r~~WllE~~la~~~ ~.. 1~*~I$!Kn{w~ J @:t!)gI (Margaret Doxey) ~~ rti:$5'4aIllJii\#iE~lilllE~~~tR* .. kl[-<~~$f:~~~~. gai~I!l-Ri4:l~~f§~I$!~I$:&1 J @~~~~ (Peter Wallensteen) ~~ r~lilllE~~~~IlI~.~-ff-~.~Ift.~· .. 1 ~ , ilKllI~~~~i<lliiK-<.-<Jii\:ftlKilKl:llIlilllE~~iflf~ .. :ftlKllIlilllE ~l!gSJ.E-I$!~~~~. ~~*5',ru*.,~a~~,.~~~~~~!lIjIEJ.E-~ • • -ff-~~o@e.~1l!!!I~ • • Jii\~~~~~-R:\\::~Ill~it:!~.{W. ;]1 .. ~~33:~:iiir:t~1q~ 0 ~~ e' Ji?H.~~ (David A. Baldwin) ~l*t~!l!.~W(Economic Statecraft) ltlm~:1t:t~U~. (Trade Sanctions as Polir.v. Tn~tr11""''''nto.. A. ttl@ d® .. tm(I!I!O ttl@ Galtung, op. cit.. p. 409. diIii@ Margaret Doxey, "International Sanctions: A Framework for Analysis with Special Reference to the UN and Southern Africa, to International Organization, XXVI (Summer 1972). p. 547.. Wallen steen, op. cit.. p. 262.. r••~~~.l!((I(. (~) J ." tm(IIOitl!II.! 0. tIiI$. ~iudsaY).il r~.~~~~~~~HIIIlj(·· I 'l511¢~il?JJ. t~ ~.~ 'bid., p •. J01, ~:\ftE". CJames.lItI. n_.
(7) .. ••. (JamesM. Lindsay) ~ rzun(~~~~~~~HrmK" 1~]!!j::~~J (Trade Sanctions as Policy Instruments: A Re-exan:tination) ~1J1~i<'<1I-~i'li\t!!t~:iii\llJllI~ .. ~~~~o ® ~.4~~.~:iii~$"W~~~~~~~g~~~~~~~~~~~.~~~~.~:iiim~~~~W~~~~~~oe W~~~~~i:~~~~~.a:~~t41~-J;:lfim7J!lfl~ 00 ~~.~~~~Ilij'{~!lI;(~!:a:iii~}!l}M 0 ~~<~mr~w~;=ae~\lf.~~~ m~~'~.~~~.~~.~.~~"~~~~~~~~4:iii~~ ~~~~~m~.~~~*~$~~~~~~ ~. ~~.~~E"~~'~'I ~~~**~-R~\t?~~~-R" o,~:!I "~~I.*~.I1.ti~~BE: I ~1lB(~~.:1j:i~it.ti:iii~~. 0. ••~~~.~~~~~_. 0. ... HITilj( .. ~'~~~~M .. ~~iii\~m~ 0 t3 =a~rt>;(_1Bl@~~~ .. ~~W~tI~ .. it~lliI5~ .. ~~1i33:.JI:llJ.lJfHiH~ .. ~iiiii\;( ~~ , llImK ' ~. ~ ~~~.~~ 0 ~~~-!::I4~~iiti$!~·· iii\~;=ae~~~1~1I !" :jmI:!R~~ I ~ilf~ ..~:mn~1ii • ~~~~ 1 W:l~~i\:mn~!i{~$~~ ~ I 1' :It-!::l~~~l~iftG.!i{Ir<~K~~~~.tiR • • • ~~~W~Il¢(~~~:iii!il(~mt:t£!.~l/IL(. 0. :1m ~\I1 ' ~~~l~lr<~iftG.~~*~:mItti1Bl@IIl~. ~~~-!::I" iH\~;=ae~~:m~~"Wl:\-:I:t1~~:iii~~Hl!!:'!~~\tt<{!$.J!!!:! -~. m,~~. ~~:iii~-!::I~~~«~·~~~~~M~~~!i{~$4:iii~~~~o®. 0. 0. 0. 0. r Kg:r.~J ~ "l!ml1£ilE!"~RE~iii\-H-=M(W~~~:iii~IJ1" ru;M~~~~1!R{:iiilI1.$-> •• i'li\~;=ae~\lJ-,~:iiiIi!\I!l!Il .. ~~ ~~:m~;lj5 :jprr:!Rtiil!J(~W~;=ae,~1tl*~:am .. ;(~*~~Ilij'{ • ::r:.U!f;~~~~"~*=M(~.I:*tnl+<~-R D(~~~:!K~ .. 1I-:i:l<~.~:iDK~~t!!ll¥i.~$.I!!!lH~.~~~~.~li!~:iii~~~~.~~t!!:iii.~o~a~w~~~:mm~(~~,1lI ~,.~,~l1£~.~.'~~~~~.)~~~~~mK~~~. ,~~~.~~.~~~~~·~E~mK~~~_ ,OO.iili:~~'U~l- :!I~:iii~~~Ilij'{*'tIIl~i\li!~;sEH1~:m~~~ 1.tlll!~4~~~1~ -H:i!t::!I~\1llIlI~~t;'-.~~Ilij'{:l1IKI!:mM!-~ .. • :m~=M(~-H~~• • ~~~.~~-H~.~.-H-:i:l<~~~U!f;:m.~\lJ-,~·*,.-H-:i:l<W~~¥:mli! ... W~~$!~:iiie.~. 1(-\1. Iilii@ Stefanie Ann Lenway. "Be~ween War a,nd Commerce: Economic Sanctions as a Tool of Statecraft," International Organizations. 42, 2, Spring 1988, pp. 397·426. tliiO Lindsay, op. cit., pp. 169·170. Ibid•• p. 170. p. 170. ~. 4Ii!..~t3 .. Ibid... lm-lt:::e;~,~-a-~$W;H'!ia~.
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(9) 1. 47.. Unwin Hyman. 1988.). ilie .WPaul Kennedy, The Rile and Fall of the Creat Power: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000, (London:. Q. ... .. .•. :fK.lI[~) .;. ~~IlI$l~~.Ill.:mI!1~ ~ .wniH+!~~iii!!J!Q)ii1J-" I {I!lrmj(.jI@!~I)lQ)ii~:liiiMI11E:~HE. ::i;i*4l§lI[~" • • •lE!ljruI .. ~~~llh~!!J!illDll!!~~.~" -P{{tr ' l![~~If~ .. :!{nIH+lI!1~:m!ll.~I!1tK:~~ I ~.\i\1t.~tiRe~ro; t§:I1HIt( ~~~!E. H:t,tm~IJI~~rJJ.g&_l!.. .'~ • • • ~@~~.~*~I!1.~~ • • • • • •~~.~~~~R~."'·. Q. Q. 0. e. ·... r Kg[J .itMil4rJ1J I J!:I-~ • fgI~lI[~~ 1 :gl]lI[~iiUIit~1J-:fK@~N!J;~.~~ .. .jI@!~l.~J1J~:WlR .. .jI@!:gll.~lS~.jI@!~ .. ~lJIl~1J-:fK~ll@\§l~!l .; .w!ll~~.@~~~R-NJL- .. 1J-:fK ~J.E-~J.E-~:a~:gJ]Q)iiIt{@.~.~... :l!lIhiR4l§I!1~~.iri1J-:fKl:liS • • @.~\§1)1!l ZUIKI!1~~ .. ~:«:.~.w r Kg[J .it-N~1:::1~• •b I ~1*,WN!J;~@~.~~ .. ~i¢l~irit{~~4tqr~filI!.lft.:ltl rr~ I :g1\-<~~~* .. OR*.jI@!l1l~~:\ie .. J::!t!"=HliS.jI@!.~ • • ~I!IE::mBml-$llI .. ~~~1J-:fK~~BIIl(.~:mif(alUi:a .•-:l):1J--:!:t1<1!1 .1J-:fKI!IE:Bml-• •~@j.Qi~ ... :m:1J-:fK*.wI!¢• • ~ I ~~-<l!!-Ntciii .. ~~.~~:j(<¥!IP(~I§~-N~~ .. S ~~*,J!:I-Kllt!.::pm • -m~~mI~ .. J:: 1J--:!:tl:liS.jI@!ml!!{tm.j.Qi~·· n:illKI!1~.$l~$ttc~Bm~iIi~.tC1J--:!:t~1J-:fKl:±i~~@~~ .. :j(1J-~ I ~~:il!I:l!{ ~ llt!.lii:illKBmtt£.1i!Ei ~@1J-1!1~Iitc~ ~.$ 1 1~~~:!{ 1J-:fKjl!U!!!HR$l. ~ fgj. ~~+ g[ ~:iIlKlg@:«:t\1l~i!ll .. @ ~.*J!:I-K~~tEKBm4l1.1tI!(Financia[ Times).jI@! 1.If~ r$l~.Itl\~:a~~~*~~~{Il!:J .-~-P{.ffii~ r. 1tl\!!J!1 • • I!IE:"~~.~1J-~:m.~~• • ~~~• •I!IE::m .. ~ • • ~§:m-~• • ·~.Itl\I • •lii·~~~ • •*~~ ~.~_~~ • • •:ltl@.... j • •If~~.~.~4tqr@.~K.If$.~-~.H~~-<~~• •~1J-E~Ii~:ltl-~ • • • • •~~.w.t\1l • • @~ •• ~~ltl\a.~•• ~~~l:liS.@~.~~=.~a.~~=':ao.HE.•••• ~~~ @ ~*,J!:I--\'l~.wfgI~~l!!Ul~EHIlPP~@+ll~~~:fK~IllI!1~ll@;f••• 1 ~~~~.iD!t!.:a.HE..1I (credit. :Jm.{~oo.. insurance). 1<~. ili® Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, June 10, 1989, p. 1414. 1fltI@ Ibid•• June 24, 1989. p. 1564. iliO Robin Pauley, "The World Demands a High Price for a return to normality,· Financial Times, June 30, 1989. p.6. lWe Ibid.· il@ Ibid. ilia ·Ibid. ·lIil~I!.Iii-tt-:fK:iillilJ!;:m!~ .
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