中東穆斯林婦女傳統地位的改變與影響 - 政大學術集成

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(1)խࣟᗪཎࣥഡՖႚอ‫ۯچ‬ऱ‫᧢ޏ‬ፖᐙ᥼ Ꮵႁྱ** 中阿文庫. ኴ૞. 28. ഡՖ‫ۯچ‬ऱ‫᧢ޏ‬ਢ 20 ‫׈‬ધխࣟषᄎ᧢ᔢऱԫႈૹ૞ਐ ᑑΔխࣟ‫چ‬೴‫ڶ‬ထլ‫הࠡ࣍ٵ‬ഏ୮ࡉ‫چ‬೴ऱᖵ‫׾‬ႚอΕࡲඒ ᨠ࢚ፖਙए᧯ࠫΔઌኙ࣍ࠡ‫ה‬ഏ୮ࡉ‫چ‬೴ۖߢΔխࣟ‫چ‬೴ഡ Ֆ‫ۯچ‬ऱ‫᧩ޓ᧢ޏ‬൓‫މڴ‬ፖᓤᠧΖ ‫ْ࣍ط‬ཎᥞൎᓳՖࢤ‫ڇ‬୮அխऱߡ‫ۥ‬Δ‫ף‬Ղሐᐚ଩෻ऱ ๵ᒤ‫֗א‬ႚอऱषᄎ฾ঋΔխࣟᗪཎࣥഡՖႚอՂ‫ڇ‬षᄎΕ ਙएΕᆖᛎ࿛ֱ૿ઃ๠࣍‫܅‬Հऱ‫ۯچ‬ΖԲᖏ‫ࠐא‬խࣟषᄎ࿇ ‫؎س‬Օ᧢֏Δ‫ا‬ගഏ୮౑౑ᗑ‫م‬ΔխࣟᗪཎࣥഡՖऱႚอ‫چ‬ ‫ڇۯ‬ദৗፖ୮அΕඒߛΕ༉ᄐ‫֗א‬ਙए೶ፖ࿛Ꮖ഑Ղ‫ૹڶ‬Օ ᠏᧢ፖ༼֒Δ‫ٵ‬ழՈ‫᧢ޏ‬Աᖞଡխࣟऱඒߛᑓ‫ڤ‬Εᣊীፖኙ ွΔࠌषᄎ࿨ዌ‫ޓ‬᝟࣍‫ڍ‬ց֏ࡉ‫ٽ‬෻֏ΔឩՕֆ‫ᦞا‬ऱᔞ‫ش‬ ᒤ໮ࡉᏆ഑Δ‫֗א‬আၞՖࢤࢤܑრᢝऱ༼೏Ζ‫܀‬ᕣጥ‫ڼڕ‬Δ խࣟᗪཎࣥഡՖ‫ۯچ‬ऱ‫ޓ‬ၞԫ‫֒༼ޡ‬ս૿ᜯԫຑۭऱܺᣄ ፖਗᖏΖ. ᣂ᝶ဲΚխࣟΕْཎᥞΕᗪཎࣥഡՖΕ୮அΕႚอΕඒߛΕ ༉ᄐΕਙए೶ፖ. **. ‫ء‬ᓵ֮ᆖ؆ᐉຏመ৵‫࿆ע‬ ഏ‫م‬ਙएՕᖂॳࢮ‫܄‬፿֮ᖂߓᝑஃ. 407.

(2) Change and Impact of the Muslim Women’s Traditional Status in the Middle East 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. Liou, Yea-Lin. Abstract Change of women’s status was a leading indicator of social change in the Middle East in the 20 th century. In contrast with other states and regions of different historical traditions, religious concepts, and political institutions, the development of Muslim women’s status in the Middle East is more tortuous and complicated. In most Middle Eastern countries, the traditional status of Muslim women remains very low in the society, politics and economy due to gender ideology stressing women’s family roles in Islam and due to the moral ethics and social customs of the tradition as well. There are dramatic and huge transformations in the most Middle Eastern countries since their independence after the World War II, and these lead to the change and progress of the Muslim women’s social status in the field of marriage, family, education, employment and political participation. As we have seen in the region, while women have made some gains in education, employment, and political rights, the improvement of Muslim women’s status updates the educational mode, type and object of the region, makes the social structure more pluralistic and reasonable, expands the scale and realm of civil right, and. 408.

(3) keeps upgrading the sex consciousness of women. However, what needs to be stressed is that further promotion of the Muslim women’s status in the Middle East is faced with a series 中阿文庫. of difficulty and challenge.. 28. Key words: Middle East, Islam, Muslim women, family, tradition, education, employment, political participation.. 409.

(4) 1. ছߢ ٤‫੺׈‬ऱഡՖ‫چڂ‬഑Εຆ༄Εၸ్Ε֮֏ଅঋΕጟග࿛ 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. ऱ஁ฆۖ‫ڶ‬ᄕՕऱ‫س‬੒णउ஁ܑΔ‫܀‬থ‫ڶ‬ԫଡ٥‫ٵ‬រΔٍ‫ܛ‬ ઌኙ࣍ߊࢤۖߢΔՖࢤઃ๠࣍ઌኙለ‫܅‬Հऱ‫ۯچ‬Ζ‫֮ࣔڇ‬ழ ‫ז‬հছऱ‫੺׈‬ՂՕ‫ڍ‬ᑇ‫چ‬೴ΔഡՖլႛ޲‫۞ڶ‬աߏԳऱತ ขΔᝫ๯ᅝ‫ॵګ‬᥆࣍ߊԳऱತขࢨ೸঴Δ੷۟๯ᅝ‫܂‬໎೯ࡉ ‫س‬ขऱՠࠠΔഡՖᚨ‫ڶ‬ऱ‫ࡉۯچ‬༇ᣤ๯ൎ௺ଷኆΔՕຝ։ഡ Ֆྤऄࠆ࠹‫ࢤߊٵ‬ԫᑌऱഗ‫ܓᦞء‬ΖഡՖ๯ᎁ੡ਢ੡Աࣚ೭ ߊࢤۖ๯໌ທΔࢬ‫א‬๯ߊࢤࢬอएΔլࠠٚ۶ᗑ‫ᦞم‬Δ‫س‬੒ ՂᏁ૞ࠉᘸߊࢤΔദছ૞ႉൕ‫׀‬ᘣΔദ৵૞ႉൕՁ֛Δ‫ڇ‬ԫ ࠄषᄎխ੷۟‫ڇ‬Ձ֛‫ڽ‬৵ΔഡՖՈໜ؈‫س‬੒ऱᦞ‫ܓ‬Ζࠏ‫ڇڕ‬ ‫זײ‬խഏཏሙૹߊ᎘ՖΔᎁ੡Ֆ՗ྤթঁਢᐚΔ੷۟‫࣠ڕ‬ഡ Ֆ؈‫װ‬Ձ֛Δঁᄎ۞ව௙֛੡ࠡຩᆻΙ‫ݦײ‬ᢊ֮ࣔழཚऱഡ Ֆ‫܅ۯچ‬ՀΔഡՖ༉ᇿؑ໱Ղऱ೸঴ԫᑌ‫ױ‬ၞ۩၇ᔄΙ‫ײڇ‬ ‫ٱ‬৫ΔഡՖፖՉի஁լԱ‫֟ڍ‬Ζ ۖխࣟ‫چ‬೴‫۫ڇ‬ցছնՏ‫ڣ‬ᤕભԳऱભ౉լሒ‫֮ࠅۏ‬ ࣔழཚΔഡՖ‫ᦞڶ‬ᗑ‫۞࣍م‬աऱՁ֛ۖൕࠃ೸၉੒೯Δ‫ױ‬༳ ጥࢨᤩ࣋۞աऱ؉ជΔ‫ڶ‬ழՈ౨‫ګ‬੡Ֆ‫׆‬Δ‫܀‬ᅝழᤕભԳऱ ߊࢤս‫ᦞڶ‬ᔄൾ۞աऱࡠ՗ࢨஞࡠ՗ࣂ႘Ι‫ײ‬ୗ֮֗ࣔխऱ ഡՖ๯ᅝ‫܂‬ቜԳΔ‫׽‬ൕࠃፖ୮அࠃ೭‫ڶ‬ᣂऱՠ‫܂‬Δ‫܀‬ભഏᖵ ‫׾‬ᖂ୮৖კΘ‫ޙ‬ி౏௽ᎁ੡߷ଡழཚୗ֗ഡՖऱषᄎणउ ֺ‫ٵ‬ழཚࠡ‫ה‬ԫࠄഏ୮ഡՖऱणउ૞‫ړ‬Ζ۟࣍‫ْڇ‬ཎᥞհছ ፞ਡழཚऱॳࢮ‫୾ת܄‬ՂΔ‫ڶ‬වՖ᚛ऱ฾ঋΔഡՖऱ‫ۯچ‬༟ ኰΔ޲‫ڶ‬ತขᦞΔਢॵ᥆࣍ߊԳऱತขΔ‫࣠ڕ‬Ձ֛‫ڽ‬ՋΔࢬ ‫ڶ‬ತขઃូ᥆࣍ࠝ՗Ζْཎᥞᘋದ৵Δව୭੒ୖՖ᚛๯ᎁ੡ ਢॺൄᝲૼፖྲྀ‫ݴ‬ऱ۩੡Δ‫ڇ‬π‫ײ‬ᥞᆖρխ࠹ࠩᣤᏩᥧຂΔ. 410.

(5) ‫ֲأڇ‬ᐉ‫ܒ‬ழట‫ࢮॳ׌‬ലኙ‫ڼ‬ၞ۩ֆ‫إ‬ऱᐉ‫ܒ‬Ζ1 ٣वᗪߔ ᚈᐚ‫ڇ‬ႚᐾْཎᥞऱ‫ٵ‬ழՈ‫଀ޏ‬Աᅝழऱॳࢮ‫܄‬षᄎΔ៶‫ط‬ ๵ᒤತขᦞΕᤉࢭᦞΕඒߛፖᠦദ࿛ΔᓿղഡՖഗ‫ء‬ऱঅᎽΔ 中阿文庫. ࠌࠡ‫ڇ‬୮அ‫س‬੒ΕദৗΕඒߛ‫֗א‬ᆖᛎ࿛ֱ૿ᖑ‫ܓᦞڶ‬Δ‫ޏ‬ ၞԱഡՖऱषᄎ‫ۯچ‬Ζ ᅝழࠡ‫ڶ޲ࠀ֏֮ה‬ຍᑌऱषᄎ‫֗א଀ޏ‬ኙഡՖᦞ‫ܓ‬. 28. ऱঅᎽΔֱ۫ഏ୮ᙈ۟ 17 ‫׈‬ધ‫א‬৵թၲࡨᣂࣹՖᦞΔ૎ഏΕ ભഏፖऄഏ࿛ֱ۫ഏ୮࿇‫س‬ԫຑۭऱ᧢֏ΔኙഡՖऱࣴီࡉ ॺԳሐኪ৫‫ڇ‬ԫࡳ࿓৫Ղթ‫᧢ޏࢬڶ‬Δࠏ‫ڕ‬ऄഏԫऴࠩ 1965 ‫ڣ‬թᇞೈբദഡՖऱᦞ‫ࠫૻܓ‬ΔࠌഡՖ‫ᦞڶ‬ᤉࢭࢨ᠏ᢤತ ขΔ‫ᦞڶ‬ᗑ‫م‬๠෻۞աऱತขΖ2 ᖞ᧯ۖߢΔ‫ ڇ‬20 ‫׈‬ધ٤‫׈‬ ੺թኙഡՖᦞ‫ܓ‬ऱૹီፖঅᎽ‫ڶ‬ԫࠄૹՕ৙‫ق‬ፖൻਜΔࠏ‫ڕ‬ รԲ‫੺׈ڻ‬Օᖏ৵Δᜤ‫ٽ‬ഏ٣৵ቇ‫܉‬ψ‫੺׈‬Գᦞ৙ߢω Ε ψ௣ ೈኙഡՖࣴီ৙ߢω Ε ψ‫ॺڇ‬ൄणኪࡉࣳᇘᓢડխঅᥨഡՖࡉ ࠝ࿙৙ߢω࿛๵ࡳ‫א‬অᎽഡՖᦞ‫ܓ‬Ι1951 ‫ڣ‬ഏᎾ໎ՠิ៣ຏ መψߊՖՠԳ‫ٵ‬ՠ‫ٵ‬ሟֆપω Ι1958 ‫ڣ‬ഏᎾ໎ՠՕᄎຏመψᆃ ַ༉ᄐ֗៭ᄐࣴီֆપω Ι1960 ‫ڣ‬ᜤ‫ٽ‬ഏඒઝ֮ิ៣ຏመψ࠷ ᒬඒߛࣴီֆપωΙ1979 ‫ڣ‬ᜤ‫ٽ‬ഏຏመψ௣ೈኙഡՖԫ֊‫ݮ‬ ‫ီࣴڤ‬ֆપω Ι1995 ‫ٺڣ‬ഏਙࢌࡉॺਙࢌഡՖิ៣‫״ࠇקڇ‬ ၲร؄‫ڻ‬ഡՖംᠲ‫੺׈‬ՕᄎΔࠀ᡽ᆟ‫א‬௣ೈኙഡՖԫ֊‫ڤݮ‬ ऱࣴီ੡ഗ៕ऱψ‫ࠇק‬৙ߢ۩೯ጼ૞ω Ζ. 2. խࣟᗪཎࣥഡՖऱႚอ‫ۯچ‬ ۞۫ց 7 ‫׈‬ધದْཎᥞኙॳࢮ‫܄‬षᄎᒔኔၞ۩Աԫ྾‫ޏ‬ 1 π‫ײ‬ᥞᆖρ Κ ψᣄሐߊ৘ូ‫܃‬ଚΔՖ৘থូ‫ࢮڜ‬ႯΛྥۖຍਢլֆؓऱ։಻Ζω ΰ53:21-22α Ι ψ‫܃‬ ଚլ૞‫ڂ‬੡୭ࢢۖව୭۞աऱࠝՖΔ‫ࠎݺ‬࿯‫ה‬ଚࡉ‫܃‬ଚΔව୭‫ה‬ଚᒔਢՕᆞΖωΰ17:31α 2 Gamal M. Badr, "Islamic Criminal Justice", (The American Journal of Comparative Law, 1984), 32 (1): 167-169.. 411.

(6) ଀Δ༼ࠎഡՖԫࠄᦞ‫ܓ‬ፖঅᎽΖᙟထْཎᥞឩ୶۟ᖞଡխࣟ ‫چ‬೴Δࠩվֲឩ୶ࠩ٤‫੺׈‬ሒԼ༓ᏙԳՑΔխࣟ‫چ‬೴Գ‫ا‬Օ ຝ։ઃ‫س‬੒‫ْڇ‬ཎᥞऱ๵ᒤհՀΔᗪཎࣥഡՖऱദৗΕᠦദ 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. ‫֗א‬ᤉࢭᦞ࿛‫ٺ‬ଡ‫س‬੒ᐋ૿֗षᄎ‫ۯچ‬Ո෡෡࠹ࠩࠡᐙ᥼Ζ ْཎᥞඒᆠխΔഡՖ‫ߊٵ‬Գԫᑌਢట‫׌‬ऱ໌ທढΔْཎ ᥞലՖԳࡉߊԳီ੡ؓ࿛Δ3 ࠀঅᎽࢬ‫ڶ‬ՖԳࡉߊԳऱ‫ٽ‬ऄ ᦞ‫ܓ‬ፖ۞‫ط‬Ζ π‫ײ‬ᥞᆖρ᜔٥ 114 ີխ‫ ڶ‬5 ີऱີ‫ټ‬ઃፖഡՖ ‫ڶ‬ᣂΔ૪֗ኙഡՖംᠲऱᓵ૪ፖഡՖ‫ٽ‬ऄᦞ墿ऱፂᥨΔ‫ץ‬ਔ Ֆ՗ࠆ‫࠹ڶ‬ᅃ塄ᦞΕ4 ۞‫׌‬ദ಻ፖᠦദᦞΕ5 լ࠹૘ৱᦞΕ6 ತขࢬ‫ᦞڶ‬Ε7 ᤉࢭᦞΕ8 ૣᆏլ࠹ᄤᝏᦞΕ9 ‫נ‬அᢞࠎᦞΕ 10. ‫ޣ‬वᦞΖ11 ۖഡՖ؆‫נ‬೶ፖषᄎࣚ೭Δ‫ڕ‬ඒ஼Ε‫ڇ‬ᖏञழ. ೶ፖ৵ֱ᠔᛭ࣚ೭࿛Δ‫׽‬૞ਢฤ‫᧯ٽ‬౨ऱՠ‫׊܂‬ՠ‫܂‬ழၴլ ਢৰ९ΔഡՖऱ؆‫נ‬ഗ‫ء‬Ղਢ๯๺‫ױ‬ऱΖ۟࣍Ֆ՗೶ਙᦞΔ ഗ࣍ഡՖ‫ڇ‬ਙएՂ‫ڂ‬٣֚‫س‬෻ՂऱլঁΔ‫ࢬ֗א‬౨ࢭ࠹ऱਙ एࢭᖜፖᚘԺΔْཎᥞᎁ੡‫א‬ᙇᖗࢤऱ೶ፖ੡ࠋΖ‫ْڼڂ‬ཎ ᥞ৳ऄհՀऱխࣟᗪཎࣥഡՖֱֺ۫ഡՖ‫ڰޓ‬ᖑ‫ڍޓڶ‬ऱ ᦞ‫ܓ‬Δ π‫ײ‬ᥞᆖρխࣔᒔᓿղՖࢤ‫ߓ׀ڇ‬षᄎխᖑ‫ڶ‬ತขᦞΔ լቝൕছ‫ࢤߊ࣍ૻ׽‬ᘣ᥆Ι‫ᦞڶ‬ᗑ‫م‬๠෻۞աऱತขΙ‫ᦞڶ‬ ᤉࢭࢨ᠏ᢤತขΙ‫ᦞڶ‬᡽ૡ࿨ദፖᠦദऱৈપΔߊ՗૞ፖՖ 3. π‫ײ‬ᥞᆖρΚψߊՖਢઌ‫س‬ऱΖωΰ3:195α π‫ײ‬ᥞᆖρΚψߊ՗ਢፂᥨഡՖऱΔ‫ڂ‬੡ॳࢮࠌ‫ה‬ଚֺ‫ڔ‬ଚ‫ޓ‬ᚌ။Ζωΰ4Κ34α 5 π‫ײ‬ᥞᆖρΚψᅝ‫ڔ‬ଚፖԳࠉ៖ۖઌյ‫ٵ‬რऱழଢΔ‫܃‬ଚլ૞ॴַ‫ڔ‬ଚ჌࿯‫ڔ‬ଚऱՁ֛Ζωʳ ΰ2:232αΙ޲ᆖመᅝࠃഡՖऱ๺‫ױ‬ΔܑԳլ൓੡‫ڔ‬ଚ‫׌܂‬ፖԳᒬ࿨ദৗΔᗪᆣᎅΚψլࡉኒഡ ೸ၦΔ༉լ౨ࡉ‫ڔ‬࿨ദΖլᆖ֟Ֆ‫ٵ‬რΔ༉լ౨ࡉ‫ڔ‬࿨ദΔ‫ާאױڔ‬ᚈ।‫ٵق‬რΖωʳ 6 πᆣಝρΚψլ๺‫܃‬ଚቝᠮ‫ؚ‬ԫೋᙻᕊԫᑌᠮ‫܃ؚ‬ऱࡠ՗Ζω 7 π‫ײ‬ᥞᆖρΚψߊԳല‫הڂ‬ଚऱ۩੡ۖ࠹໴ሟΔഡՖՈല‫ڔڂ‬ଚऱ۩੡ۖ࠹໴ሟΖωΰ4Κ32αΔ ഡՖ۞աತข‫ױ‬ᗑ۞ᆖᛜΕक़၄Ε᎐ᛎΔࢬᛧ໴ሟ٤᥆۞աࢬ‫ڶ‬Ζ 8 π‫ײ‬ᥞᆖρΚψߊ՗൓ࠆ‫۟ࡉئ׀‬ᘣࢬᙊತขऱԫຝٝΔՖ՗Ո൓ࠆ‫۟ࡉئ׀‬ᘣࢬᙊತขऱ ԫຝٝΔྤᓵ‫ה‬ଚࢬᙊತข‫ڍ‬ኒΔଡԳᚨ൓ऄࡳऱຝ։Ζωΰ4Κ7αΙψట‫׌‬੡‫܃‬ଚऱ՗Ֆۖ ࡎ‫܃ח‬ଚΔԫଡߊ՗൓ࠟଡՖ՗ऱٝ…ωΰ4Κ11α 9 π‫ײ‬ᥞᆖρΚψՅ‫ܫ‬࿇ૣᆏऱഡՖۖլ౨ᜰ‫נ‬؄ଡߊ՗੡ߠᢞ…ຍ࿛ԳਢᆞԳΖωΰ24Κ4αΙ ψՅ‫ܫ‬࿇ૣᆏۖಇᇨॾ‫׌‬ऱՖ՗Δ‫ה‬ଚ‫ڇ‬վ‫ࡉ׈‬৵‫ؘ׈‬ᔡံࡃΔല࠹ૹՕ٩ፆΖωΰ24Κ23α 10 π‫ײ‬ᥞᆖρΚψ‫܃‬ଚᅝൕ‫܃‬ଚߊ՗խᝮᓮࠟଡ‫܂‬ᢞΔ‫ࠟڶ޲࣠ڕ‬ଡߊԳΔൕ‫܃‬ଚࢬᎁ‫ױ‬ऱᢞ ԳխᓮԫଡߊԳࡉࠟଡՖԳ‫܂‬ᢞΔຍଡՖ՗ᙊ‫ݱ‬ऱழଢΔ߷ଡՖԳ‫༼ױ‬ᙌ‫ڔ‬Ζωΰ2Κ282α 11 ᗪᆣᎅΚψ‫ޣ‬वਢ‫ޢ‬ଡᗪཎࣥऱ֚៭ΖωΕψഡՖਢભᐚऱՠٰΖω 4. 412.

(7) ՗࿨ദ૞ᐛ൓‫ڔ‬ऱ‫ٵ‬რΙഡՖ‫ڇᦞڶ‬ദ৵অఎ۞աऱࡩּΖ ْཎᥞ‫ڇ‬ԫࡳ࿓৫Ղ༇ૹഡՖΔᓿղՖࢤ壆‫ܓᦞڍ‬Δࠀጠቈ ߪ੡‫ئ‬ᘣऱ೛ՕΔՖࢤ‫ࠡۯچ‬ኔ‫ڶ‬ৰՕऱ༼֒Ζ 中阿文庫. ྥۖຍࠄঅᎽഡՖᦞ墿ऱ๵ࡳࠀ‫آ‬๯ኧࢍ຃ኧΔࠌ൓ႚ อՂഡՖऱ‫ۯچ‬սྥլ೏Δࠀ‫ڼ׊‬ጟൣउ਍ᥛԱԫՏ‫ڣڍ‬ऴ ࠩ෼‫ڇ‬Ζ‫׼‬ԫֱ૿Δπ‫ײ‬ᥞᆖρխऱ๵ࡳ‫ך‬የ‫ᦞ׀‬ऱ৸უΔ. 28. ൎᓳߊԳऱᚌ။ࢤΔ᧩෼ߊࢤኙՖࢤᖑ‫ڶ‬࿪ኙऱᦞ৖Δࠏ‫ڕ‬ ߊ՗‫ױ‬ഞ؄ࡠΔՈ‫ױ‬ᙟრ༉ՑᙰٖࡠΖ֘ᨠഡՖথ‫׽‬౨჌࿯ ԫ‫ۯ‬Ձ֛Δ‫ؘ׊‬ႊਢᗪཎࣥΔૉუᠦദ༉൓္ᓮऄஅ‫ٵ‬რΖ ഡՖऱࣚ堸Ո࠹ࠩૻࠫΔഡՖլ౨‫ڇ‬ֆฒ૿ছᑊ᥻۞աΔᏁ ࢶᚮᙰդΕ९๲ࢨࠡ‫ה‬ᔟᓈढΖ12 ٦‫ף‬Ղْཎᥞ‫ߊڇ‬Ֆᣂএ խᎁ੡ߊԳࡉՖԳਢઌյࠉᘸऱΔࢬૹီऱਢߊԳࡉՖԳ‫ڇ‬ ୮அխࢬࢭᖜऱլ‫ٵ‬ຂٚፖᆠ೭ΔߊԳᏁࢭᖜԫ୮հຂΕᤣ 塄୮அΔՖԳঞਢᕁࡐ୮அഗ៕Δ֭਍Ձ֛Εᅝଡ‫ࡠړ‬՗Δ ‫֗א‬ඒߛ՗ՖΕᅝଡ‫ئړ‬ᘣΖ‫ڼڂ‬ഡՖ‫ڇ‬ႚอषᄎխᏁᖜٚ ऱਢࡠ՗ፖ‫ئ‬ᘣऱߡ‫ۥ‬Δࢬ‫ފ‬ዝऱਢൕ᥆ृࡉ๯অᥨृΕ‫א‬ ֗‫ߛس‬ऱՠࠠΔഗ‫ء‬Ղ๠࣍ॵ᥆࣍ߊ՗ऱ‫ۯچ‬Ζ ‫ٵ‬ழΔࡲඒ‫ࠡڇ‬࿇୶መ࿓խԫ౳ຟᄎլ‫ٵ‬࿓৫‫چ‬ፖ‫׈‬ঋ षᄎઌյᐙ᥼Δْཎᥞ‫ڇ‬ႚᐾመ࿓խ࠹ࠩ‫֏֮چٺ‬ፖႚอ฾ ঋऱᐙ᥼ΔࠡഡՖᨠՈข‫س‬Աઌᚨऱ᧢֏ΔᏺൎԱዣီഡՖ ऱႜ‫ٻ‬Ζ‫ْڇ‬ཎᥞႚᐾॣཚऱᗪᆣፖ؄Օশߺ࿇ழཚΔഡՖ ऱ‫ۯچ‬ᙟထْཎᥞऱ࿇୶ۖ‫ٻ‬Ղ༼֒ΔഡՖ‫ڇ‬ਙएΕ૨ࠃΕ ᢌ๬Ε֮֏࿛լ֟Ꮖ഑ઃ౨‫נ‬Գᙰ‫چ‬Ζ‫܀‬ਢၞԵْཎᥞ০ഏ ৵Δ‫ڶࠠڇ‬ൎ௺‫ᦞ׀‬৸უऱْཎᥞषᄎխᗪཎࣥഡՖऱ‫ۯچ‬ ᙟհՀ૾ΔࠀᙟထልౙΕࡳࡺषᄎऱ࿇୶ፖኙ؆૨ࠃऱឩ ്ΔْཎᥞᓿղഡՖऱຝ։۞‫ط۞֗אᦞ׌‬Εؓ࿛ऱᨠ࢚Ո 12. ᇡߠπ‫ײ‬ᥞᆖρΰ24:24α Ζ. 413.

(8) ດዬໜ؈Ζπ‫ײ‬ᥞᆖρխᣂ࣍‫ޏ‬࿳ഡՖ‫ۯچ‬ऱᓵ૪ࡉ๵ᒤՈ ‫ڼڂ‬๯լ‫ٵ‬࿓৫‫چ‬চஇΔࢨ๯լ‫ߡٵ‬৫‫چ‬ᇭᤩࢨ‫ڴ‬ᇞΔఎՀ ऱ‫׽‬ਢ૿౅Ε෡ᎷΕ֛ᦞՀऱࡠ՗ࡉ‫ߛس‬ՠࠠΖ13 ഡՖ‫ؘ‬ႊ 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. ৩ࡺ‫ڇ‬୮Δլ൓ፖߊ՗൷ᤛΔ‫נ‬॰‫ؘ‬ႊᚮՂᙰդΕ૿౅ࢨ९ ๲Δທ‫ߊګ‬ՖࢤܑऱሶᠦΔॴᡶഡՖ൷࠹ඒߛΕ‫נ‬؆੒೯Ε ༉ᄐΔၞۖᖄીᆖᛎՂྤऄᗑ‫م‬Δ‫ޓ‬ሚᓵ೶ፖਙएΕᅝՂਙ एᏆ๱Δ‫ڼڂ‬९ཚ‫ࠐא‬խࣟᗪཎࣥഡՖ‫ڇ‬षᄎΕਙएΕᆖᛎ ࿛ֱ૿ઃ๠࣍‫܅‬Հऱ‫ۯچ‬Ζ ‫׼‬ԫֱ૿Δْཎᥞ‫چٺٻ‬ႚᐾऱመ࿓խΔ֠ࠡਢࠩԱॳ ࢸཎཛ৵ཚΔْཎᥞբ‫ګ‬੡ೈॳࢮ‫܄‬Գհ؆Δ壆‫اڍ‬ග٥‫ٵ‬ ॾٛऱࡲඒΔኾԵࠀᘜ‫ٺٽ‬լ‫اٵ‬ගΕ֮֏ΕࡲඒऱցైΔ ‫ڼ‬ழഡՖ‫ْڇ‬ཎᥞषᄎխऱ‫ڼڂۯچ‬Հ૾Ζࠡխ່ૹ૞ऱ଺ ‫ڂ‬հԫਢंཎ֮֏խᆃᙛഡՖΕലഡՖᅝ‫ࢤߊ܂‬नढऱႚอ ฾ঋΔ‫֗א‬ദৗ‫ݙ‬٤‫׌܂ࢤߊط‬ऱᨠ࢚Δຟ൅ၞࠀᐙ᥼Աْ ཎᥞΖॳࢸཎཛऱ၆ගଚΔ֠ࠡਢᖵٚশߺ࿇ऎ᦭ࡐ‫ڶ‬ऱं ཎ֮֏ፖ฾ঋΔࠀٛ‫ו‬ൎՕऱਙएႨԺۖ‫شܓ‬Ա੡ਙएࣚ೭ ऱࡲඒ壀ᖂ୮ଚΔ‫ނ‬π‫ײ‬ᥞᆖρխլ‫࣍ܓ‬ഡՖᇞ࣋Εࢨ᥆࣍ ௽௘යٙՀ‫ڶ‬ಾኙࢤऱԫࠄऄ๵ၞԫ‫ۼ࢏ޡ‬ΕឩՕΔ‫ڇۖڂ‬ ԫࠄࡲඒᖂृΕऄᖂ୮ऱᇭᤩՀΔᗪཎࣥഡՖऱࣚ堸๯ᇞᦰ ੡‫ؘ‬Ꮑᔟ።٤ߪΖ੷۟ൕԼԶ‫׈‬ધ৵Δߊࢤല‫ײ‬ᥞᆖխߊՖ ૞ઠထ൓᧯ऱ๵ࡳᇭᤩ੡ഡՖᏁ٤ߪ‫ץ‬፷۪ࣚ‫׊‬ሶᠦၲࠐ լ๯઎ߠࢨᦫߠΔທ‫ګ‬վֲ๺‫ڍ‬ᗪཎࣥഡՖઠထ९๲Εᙰ դΕ૿౅‫׊‬෡ࡺ១‫נ‬ፖՕฒሶᠦΔൕۖലഡՖ৩ᆃ‫ڇ‬ᐋᐋᣤ യऱࣚ堸ፖ෡ᎷխΖ14 խࣟᗪཎࣥഡՖऱႚอ‫ݮ‬ွ‫ڍ‬ਢ‫ࢬط‬ ᘯऱψ୮ගዊᥩω֗ߊࢤऱᐥඨࢬႿທ‫ࠐנ‬Δࠢীऱᗪཎࣥ 13. ೶ߠ്‫ݳ‬ᇨထΔτْཎᥞፖഡՖυΔ πॳࢮ‫੺׈܄‬ρΔ1996 ‫ ڣ‬03 ཚΔ଄ 29Ζ ᇀᙘដထΔ τْཎᥞඒഡՖᨠऱषᄎࢤܑᇞᦰυ Δπ‫ز‬࿸ᜤ‫ٽ‬Օᖂᖂ໴ρΔ24 ࠴ร 6 ཚΔ2008 ‫ڣ‬Δ଄ 33Ζ. 14. 414.

(9) ୮அխऱՖࢤߡ‫࢓࢓ۥ‬ਢᅝଡᄵႉऱՖࠝΕᄵਫ‫ڍ‬ขऱࡠ ՗Εსფऱ‫ئ‬ᘣΕൎ݇ऱധധΔઃ෡ࠥ֘ᚨԱխࣟഡՖऱ݂ ࡒࡎሎΔຍᑌऱൣउԫऴ࢏ᥛࠩ 19 ‫׈‬ધඡཚթ࿑‫ޏࢬڶ‬࿳Ζ 中阿文庫. 3. խࣟᗪཎࣥഡՖႚอ‫ۯچ‬ऱ‫᧢ޏ‬. 28. 19 ‫׈‬ધխᆺ‫ڇ‬Ւۘࠡऱْཎࡖ໵ຬᥛ‫נ‬෼Ֆ՗ᖂீΕՖ ՗ஃᒤᖂೃΔ‫֗א‬ԫ‫ء‬ᖕᎅ‫ ڇڰ‬1869 ‫ڣ‬༉բ‫נ‬ठऱՖࢤᠧ ፾πၞ‫ޡ‬ρ ΰProgressα Δ‫׼‬ԫ‫ټء‬੡π‫੺׈‬ፖഡՖρ ΰThe World and Womenαऱၜ‫ע‬ঞ‫ڇ‬ඡ༓‫ڣ‬৵࿇۩Ζ15 ྥۖ‫ ڇ‬19 ‫׈‬ધࡉ 20 ‫׈‬ધॣऱߊΕՖࢤ‫܂‬୮ຟ‫׽‬ൎᓳഡՖ‫ڇ‬୮அऱૹ૞ߡ‫ۥ‬Δ ഡՖ൷࠹ඒߛਢ੡Աඒߛ‫ړ‬Հԫ‫ז‬Ζ19 ‫׈‬ધ‫أ‬ୗ֗ऱ‫ۦ‬ᇷশ ዿՕᖂ൷࠹รԫ‫ޅ‬Ֆᖂ‫س‬Δ‫ڼ‬ᜰམᔼᖔԱᖞଡْཎᥞ‫੺׈‬Δ 1908 ‫ڣ‬ၲᢅՕᖂՈၲࡨࢵ‫گ‬Ֆ‫س‬Ζ16 Օຝ։ࠐ۞༄‫ڶ‬୮அऱ ‫ࠄڶ‬Ֆࢤ‫ ڇ‬19 ‫׈‬ધ‫أ‬ழբ൷࠹ඒߛΔ‫ױ‬ൕᅝழՖࢤᠧ፾ၲ ࡨ‫נ‬෼ऱᑇၦ൓वΖรԫ‫܄ࢮॳء‬Ֆࢤᠧ፾ਢπՖॹ‫ڣ‬ρ ΰal-Fatatα Δ‫ط‬ԫ‫ۯ‬ඖ‫ࠅܓ‬ഡՖ Hind Nawfal ࣍ 1892 ‫ࠅڇڣ‬ ᖵ՞Օ‫נ‬ठΔᇢቹ‫ګ‬੡ԫٝઝᖂΕᖵ‫֮֗׾‬ᖂऱॺਙएࢤ‫ע‬ ढΔ1909 ‫ڣ‬հছၲᢅΕࠅᖵ՞Օࠟ‫چ‬բ‫נ‬෼۟֟ 13 ጟՖࢤ ִ‫ࢨע‬ᠨၜ‫ע‬Ζ 19 ‫׈‬ધୗ֗ᗪཎࣥ‫଀ޏ‬୮ᗪߔᚈᐚΘॳؒຟΰSheikh Muhammad ‘Abduhα17 ᎁ੡ୗ֗հࢬ‫א‬ಐಯᆵ৵Δਢ‫ڂ‬੡ᗪ ཎࣥଚ࢙ฃԱْཎᥞऱటᘥΔ֠ࠡਢኙഡՖ๻ՀԱૹૹॴ ᡶΖࠡ‫ݬ‬՗‫ࡥݦ׬‬ΘॳඕΰQasim Aminα࣍ 1899 ‫נڣ‬ठऱ 15. Trevor Mostyn (ed.), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Middle East and North Africa, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 124. ്‫ݳ‬ᇨထΔ଄ 30Ζ 17 ᗪߔᚈᐚΘॳؒຟࡉ Jamal al-Din al-Afghani ‫ٵ‬ਢᇢቹᓳࡉْཎᥞ壄壀‫א‬ႉᚨ෼‫ז‬Ꮑ‫ޣ‬ऱ‫׌‬ ૞ॳࢮ‫ط۞܄‬ႚอ੔ᖂृΖ 16. 415.

(10) πՖࢤऱᇞ࣋ρ ΰThe Liberation of Womenαࡉհ৵ऱπᄅՖ ࢤρΰNew WomenαઃࡅᩃঅᎽՖࢤඒߛΕ۞‫ط‬Εؓ࿛֗ՠ ‫܂‬ऱᦞ‫ܓ‬Δ֧ದঅ‫ښ‬ԳՓऱञᤜፖՕฒᐖऑऱಘᓵΔ๯ီ੡ 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. ॳࢮ‫੺׈܄‬ऱՖࢤ‫׌‬ᆠհ‫׀‬Ζ‫ڇה‬πՖࢤऱᇞ࣋ρխ༼‫נ‬Κ ψ‫ݺ‬ᇆ‫ۯޢ״‬ట෻ऱფ‫ࠐृړ‬ᛀီୗ֗षᄎഡՖऱ‫ۯچ‬ωΔ ‫ޅ‬ေᅝழषᄎࢬฐ۩ऱԫ֛‫ࠫࡠڍ‬Ε፞૿౅‫֗א‬෡Ꮇࠫ৫࿛ ฾ঋΔᎁ੡ຍࠄ฾ঋլႛፖْཎᥞྤᣂΔՈሔْ֘ཎᥞऱ壄壀Ζ‫ה‬෡ॾୗ֗ऱ࿇୶‫ؘ‬ႊٛᘸՖࢤΔࠀ֧‫ْش‬ཎᥞඒᆠࠐ ᢞࣔ֗ࡅᩃࠟࢤؓ࿛ऱ‫إ‬ᅝࢤΔ‫ה‬ऱထ‫܂‬ՕՕᐙ᥼Աْཎᥞ ፖॳࢮ‫੺׈܄‬ऱՖࢤሎ೯Ζ 3.1 ୮அऄऱ‫଀ޏ‬ խࣟᗪཎࣥഡՖ‫ۯچ‬ᖞ᧯ࢤऱ‫ ࣍ࡨ᧢ޏ‬20 ‫׈‬ધॣΔ‫ڇ‬ ၠቹ೷Ւۘࠡ০ഏ‫ܛ‬ല‫ر‬ᇞছΔ࣍ 1917 ‫ڣ‬ቇ‫܉‬ψၠቹ೷୮ அᦞ‫ܓ‬ऄωΔ‫ڇ‬ദৗፖᠦദֱ૿ၞ۩‫଀ޏ‬Δၲ໌ᗪཎࣥഏ୮ ψ୮அऄω‫଀ޏ‬ऱ٣ࠏΖ18 ࠏ‫ڕ‬Κ๵ࡳࡠ՗‫ױ‬ፖߪ൛ૹఐऱ Ձ֛ᠦദΖ19 ۞ 1920 ‫זڣ‬ದΔൕၠቹ೷Ւۘࠡ০ഏ։ᠦ‫נ‬ ࠐऱ‫ٺ‬խࣟᗑ‫م‬ഏ୮٣৵ၞ۩ᣂ࣍ദৗፖ୮அᦞ‫૿ֱܓ‬ऱ ‫׈‬ঋ‫׌‬ᆠ‫଀ޏ‬ΔՒۘࠡ‫ݙ‬٤ආ࠷‫׈‬ঋ֏ऄ৳Δࠡ‫ה‬խࣟഏ୮ ೈ֟ᑇᗪཎࣥഏ୮ΔՕ‫ڍ‬ᑇ٥ࡉࠫፖຝ։‫ࠫ׌ܩ‬ഏ୮‫ֱ۫א‬ ऄ৳੡‫׌‬૞ࠉᖕΔլ‫ٵ‬࿓৫‫౏چ‬Եْཎᥞऄऱփ୲Δၞ۩‫م‬ ऄࡉْཎᥞऄऱ‫׈‬ঋ֏‫଀ޏ‬Ζ Ւۘࠡഏ‫أ້׀‬ዿΰKemal Ataturkα࣍ 1923 ‫ڣ‬ਐࡳԫଡ ࡡ୉ᄎૹᄅᛀಘْཎᥞ୮அऄΔ1926 ‫ࠉڣ‬ᖕψᅗՓഏ‫ا‬ऄω 18. ႓‫ا‬ᘋထΔ τॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮ऱ୮அऄ‫଀ޏ‬υ Δπॳࢮ‫੺׈܄‬ρΔ1994 ‫ ڣ‬01 ཚΔ଄ 41Ζ E. H. Wight, “Legal Reforms as Indicator of Women’s Status in Muslim Nations”, in Lois Beck and Niddi Keddie (eds.), Women in the Muslim World, (Harvard University Press, 1978), p. 56. 19. 416.

(11) ΰSwiss civil codeαଥૡ୮அऄΔ20 ਢխࣟᗪཎࣥഏ୮ଈ‫ڻ‬ ൕࢤܑፖֆ‫ܓᦞا‬ኙ଺‫ْڶ‬ཎᥞ৳ऄၞ۩෡֊ઊ৸ፖ‫ޏ‬ ଀Δᆖ‫ط‬षᄎΕᆖᛎፖਙएՂऱؓᦞൻਜࠐঅᎽഡՖ‫ڇ‬୮ 中阿文庫. அΕषᄎխፖߊࢤؓ࿛ऱ‫ۯچ‬ΔՈట‫إ‬੡ഡՖᛧ࠷‫૿ֱٺ‬ऱ ֆ‫ܓᦞا‬໺ࡳऄ৳ഗ៕ΔຍਢխࣟᗪཎࣥഡՖ‫ૹۯچ‬Օ᠏᧢ ऱၲࡨΖ1926 ‫ڣ‬ՒۘࠡՕഏ‫ا‬ᤜᄎຏመᄅ‫ا‬ऄΔᐒೈ‫݋‬ᡶഡ. 28. Ֆ۞‫ط‬ፖ༇ᣤऱ‫ࠫࡠڍ‬Εٖࡠࠫ࿛ႚอᆃࠏΔ21 ՕՕᓢᚰႚ อْཎᥞ৳ऄΙᄅ‫ا‬ऄᝫൕ༉ᄐࡉਙएᦞ‫ܓ‬ՂঅᎽഡՖᦞ 墿Δ࣍ਢഡՖଚ൓‫א‬ၞԵ᠔‫س‬ΕऄࡴΕ৳ஃ࿛۩ᄐΙ1934 ‫ڣ‬ ഡՖᝫᛧ൓٤ഏՕᙇऱᙇᜰᦞࡉ๯ᙇᜰᦞΙ1962 ‫ڣ‬ଥ‫إ‬Ա ψತขᤉࢭᦞωऱ๵ࡳΖ22 Ւۘࠡऱؓᦞൻਜࠌխࣟᖵ‫׾‬Ղ ९ཚ࠹࢙ࠩီΔ੷۟ਢႃ᧯ࢤࡉ᧯ࠫࢤ࠹ࣴီऱഡՖᦞ墿‫ڶ‬ ࢬឩՕΕ‫֒༼ࢬڶۯچ‬Ζ ْி࣍ 1925 ‫ڣ‬៖៳Θ‫ۀ‬ኆ࠷ْி‫ࠀۯ׆‬৬‫֣م‬೬ፂ‫׆‬ ཛ৵Δኔ۩ԫຑۭ۫֏ऱᇷ‫׌ء‬ᆠषᄎ‫଀ޏ‬Δᐒೈԫࠄْཎ ᥞႚอ฾ঋΔ‫ڇ‬ഡՖᦞ墿ֱ૿ቇ‫܉‬๺‫ڍ‬ᄅൻਜΔቔᚐഡՖ༉ ᄐፖ೶ਙΔ༼೏ԱഡՖ‫ۯچ‬Ζ‫ڇ‬ദৗ୮அՂΔ1935 ‫ڣ‬ኔ۩ᄅ ऱψദৗऄω ΔലՖ՗່‫܅‬࿨ദ‫᤿ڣ‬ൕ 9 ᄣ༼೏ࠩ 15 ᄣΙ23 1967 ‫ڣ‬ਙࢌԾቇ‫܉‬ψ୮அঅᥨऄω Δૻࠫԫ֛‫ࡠڍ‬Δೈॺψ‫ڶ‬ ᙒᨃ༓ࢪऱࡠ՗መԫᑌऱ‫س‬੒Δᢞࣔรԫଡࡠ՗լ౨‫ࢨߛس‬ ‫ڶ‬լएհ఑ωΔթւ๺ߊ՗ഞรԲࢪࡠ՗Δࠀ๵ࡳՁ֛ૉ૞ ٦ദΔഡՖ‫ᦞڶ‬ᠦദΖ 24 ຍࠄ๵ࡳ޲‫ࣔڶ‬ᒔᆃַԫ֛‫ࡠڍ‬ ࠫΔ‫א܀‬ᆖᛎ౨ԺΕؓ࿛ኙৱऱයٙࠐૻࠫԫ֛‫ࡠڍ‬Δ‫׼‬؆ ኙՁ֛ऱٖࡠᦞ‫ܓ‬Ո‫ࠫૻאף‬Δ๵ࡳՁ֛Ꮑ‫إڶ‬ᅝ෻‫ط‬թ‫ױ‬ 20 21 22 23 24. Trevor Mostyn (ed.) , p. 128. ႓ፂ‫ا‬ထΔ πխࣟഏ୮ຏ‫׾‬ΚՒۘࠡ࠴ρ Δ‫ࠇק‬Κ೸೭‫ٱ‬஼塢Δ2002 ‫ڣ‬Δ଄ 205Ζ E. H. Wight, p. 58~59. ១ΘWΘ‫܌ڮ‬ထΔ πْிΚመ‫װ‬Ε෼‫ࠐآࡉڇ‬ρΔోપΔ1976 ‫ڣ‬Δ଄ 204Ζ ॳչࢮ॓Θ֣೬ፂΔ πْிֆ‫ڃ׌‬ᖋᙕρΔ‫ࠇק‬Κᄅဎ‫נ‬ठषΔ1984 ‫ڣ‬Δ଄ 149Ζ. 417.

(12) ٖࡠΖ ۞ 20 ‫׈‬ધॣ‫ࠐא‬Δᙟထ‫ا‬ග‫׌‬ᆠΕ‫׌ا‬ሎ೯ऱ࿇୶Δ ԫࠄॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮ٍຬᥛቇ‫܉‬ψ୮அऄωΔ‫׌‬૞ಾኙദৗΕᠦ 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. ദΕᤉࢭፖ՗Ֆ጑ᥨᦞ࿛௫֗ഡՖᦞ墿ऱംᠲၞ۩‫଀ޏ‬Δ‫א‬ ᔞᚨ෼‫֏ז‬ऱᏁ૞Ζࠏ‫ڕ‬ୗ֗ፖ૎ୗ٥ጥऱᤕկ࣍ 1920 ‫ڣ‬ ۟ 1929 ‫ڣ‬٣৵ቇ‫ڶ܉‬ᣂദৗፖᠦദऱऄ৳Δհ৵ୗ֗։ܑ ࣍ 1943 ‫ڣ‬Ε1946 ‫ڣ‬ቇ‫܉‬ψᤉࢭऄωፖψᙊ᧷๠։ऄω Δ1957 ‫ڣ‬ᝫቇ‫܉‬ψॺᗪཎࣥଡԳߪٝऄωΔၲ໌ॳࢮ‫଀ޏ੺׈܄‬٣ ࣾΖรԲ‫੺׈ڻ‬Օᖏਢॳࢮ‫܄‬ഡՖ‫ۯچ‬൓ࠩ᧩ထ༼೏ऱ։ֽ ᚢΔ๺‫܄ࢮॳڍ‬ഏ୮‫ڇ‬ഏ୮‫م‬ऄՂΔᒔ‫م‬ഡՖፖߊ՗‫ٵ‬࿛ऱ ऄ৳‫ۯچ‬Δપ‫؟‬ΰ1951α Εඖ‫ࠅܓ‬ΰ1953α Εડ‫ࠅ۫؍‬ΰ1956αΕ ᐰ੖ୂΰ1958αΕْࢮ‫܌‬ΰ1959αΕ଺‫׌ا‬ᆺ॰ΰ1974αΕॳ ዿ֗‫ࠅܓ‬ΰ1984αΕઝ৖௽ΰ1984α࿛ഏ౑౑ࠫૡ୮அऄΔ ࠡխ‫଀ޏ‬༏৫່Օऱਢْࢮ‫܌‬Εડ‫ࠅ۫؍‬ፖ଺‫׌ا‬ᆺ॰Ζ25 ડ‫ ڇࠅ۫؍‬1956 ‫᜔طڣ‬อ Habib Bourguiba ထ֫ીԺ‫ګݙ‬ຏ መॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮່ၞ‫ޡ‬ऱψଡԳߪٝऄω Δ๵ࡳ່‫܅‬࿨ദ‫᤿ڣ‬Δ ࡉ‫ؘ‬ႊ࠷൓࿨ദհߊՖᠨֱ‫ٵ‬რΔՖࢤࡉߊࢤᖑ‫ڶ‬ઌ‫ٵ‬ᠦദ ᦞ‫ܓ‬Δᐒַߊࢤ໢ֱ૿ٚრٖࡠऱᦞ‫ܓ‬ΔߊՖᠨֱञ࠷՛৘ ጑ᥨᦞऱؓ࿛ᦞ‫ࠀܓ‬Ꮑ‫ە‬ᐞ՛৘ऱრᣋΔ‫֗א‬ᐒೈԫ֛‫ࡠڍ‬ ࠫΖ26 ॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮ऱ୮அऄ‫׌଀ޏ‬૞‫ڶ‬༓ֱ૿Δ‫ڇ‬ദৗֱ૿Δ ْࢮ‫܌‬ᆃַ‫ࢨئ׀‬ٚ۶Գലദৗൎ‫ף‬࿯ՖࠝΔߊ՗‫ࡠڍ‬੡ॺ ऄ۩੡Ζ27 ડ‫ࠅ۫؍‬Ε଺‫׌ا‬ᆺ॰Εୗ֗ፖॳዿ֗‫ࠅܓ‬๵ࡳ ദৗਢ֛ࡠᠨֱऱؓ࿛ৈપΔ‫ؘ‬ႊ‫ٵ‬ழᐛ൓ᠨֱᎁ‫ױ‬Ζડ‫؍‬ ۫ࠅၞԫ‫ޡ‬๵ࡳഡՖ‫ᦞڶ‬ᒬ࿨ദৗΔլᏁٚ۶অᥨԳΖॳዿ 25 26 27. 418. ႓‫ا‬ᘋထΔ଄ 41Ζ “Arab Women”, Economist, June 19, 2004, p. 28. Phebe Marr, The Modern History of Iraq, (Westview Press, 1985), p. 172..

(13) ֗‫ࠅܓ‬๵ࡳഡՖ‫ױ‬լ᥽অᥨԳऱ֘ኙΔ‫ط‬ऄࡴ‫׌‬਍ૡ‫م‬ദ પΖ‫ٺ‬ഏ‫م‬ऄՈીԺ࣍ᒔ‫܅່م‬ദ᤿Δԫ౳੡ߊ՗ 18 ᄣΔ ْࢮ‫܌‬๵ࡳ௽௘ൣउՀ‫૾ױ‬੡ 16 ᄣΔ28 Ֆ՗‫ڇ‬ડ‫ࠅ۫؍‬Ε 中阿文庫. ᐰ੖ୂΕॳዿ֗‫ࠅܓ‬੡ 15 ᄣΔୗ֗੡ 16 ᄣΔપ‫؟‬ፖඖ‫ࠅܓ‬ ੡ 17 ᄣΙ29 Ոኙ‫ࠫࡠڍ‬೚Ալ‫ٵ‬࿓৫ऱૻࠫΔડ‫ࠅ۫؍‬ᆃ ַ‫ࠫࡠڍ‬Δሔृല๠‫א‬ፆཱིࢨ጑ᆃΖْࢮ‫܌‬ፖඖ‫ࠅܓ‬๵ࡳ‫ڍ‬. 28. ࡠ‫ؘ‬Ꮑᒔኔച۩٣वᗪߔᚈᐚऱ‫ڶ‬ᣂಝᎂΔۖ‫׊‬ऄஅ‫ڇ‬ᢞᖕ ᒔᨼऱൣउՀ‫ࢴᦞڶ‬࿪ߊ՗ऱ٦ദ‫ع‬ᓮΖୗ֗ፖॳዿ֗‫ࠅܓ‬ ๵ࡳՁ֛٦ദழࡠ՗‫عױ‬ᓮᠦദΔᐰ੖ୂፖᕟ֣ኊ๵ࡳࡠ՗ ‫ڇױ‬ദપխᐊࣔՁ֛լ൓౏ԲࢪΔૉՁ֛ሔપΔࡠ՗‫༼ᦞڶ‬ ‫נ‬ᠦദΙ‫ڇ‬ᠦദֱ૿Δඖ‫ࠅܓ‬Εْࢮ‫܌‬ፖᐰ੖ୂ๵ࡳՁ֛ٖ ࡠᏁ‫إڶ‬ᅝ෻‫ط‬Ζඖ‫ࠅܓ‬Εْࢮ‫܌‬ፖપ‫؟‬ᝫ๵ࡳ‫ط‬ऄೃᐉ෻ Ձ֛ऱᠦദ‫ع‬ᓮΖඖ‫ࠅܓ‬Εୗ֗Εᐰ੖ୂΕॳዿ֗‫ࠅܓ‬ፖઝ ৖௽๵ࡳՁ֛Ꮑ‫ٻ‬๯ٖऱࡠ՗༼ࠎԫ۟ࠟ‫ࢨڣ‬լࡳᑇᠰऱ ‫س‬੒၄Ζୗ֗ፖॳዿ֗‫ࠅܓ‬ᝫ๵ࡳ‫ݿ‬塄‫ڣګآ‬՗Ֆऱ๯ٖհ ࡠ‫ᦞڶ‬অఎ۰ৢΖୗ֗࣍ 2000 ‫ڣ‬ऱψԳߪऄω ΰPersonal Status Lawα༼‫נ‬ഡՖ‫عױ‬ᓮψKhul‘ΰextractionαω‫ڤݮ‬ऱᠦദΔ ඄ղ‫ڇ‬քଡִփ༈‫ྤࡳܒޣ‬መ؈ऱᠦദΰno-fault divorceαΖ ડ‫ࠅ۫؍‬լ‫܀‬඄ᦞऄೃᐉ෻ࢬ‫ڶ‬ᠦദ‫ع‬ᓮΔࠀ๵ࡳࡠ՗‫אױ‬ լ٨ᜰٚ۶෻‫נ༼ط‬ᠦദΙᣂ࣍՗Ֆ጑ᥨᦞΔ଺‫׌ا‬ᆺ॰Ε ୗ֗ፖॳዿ֗‫ࠅܓ‬๵ࡳ‫ئ‬ᘣ‫ױ‬অఎኙߊ৘ऱ጑ᥨᦞ۟ 10 ᄣΔՖ৘۟ 15 ᄣࢨദছΔ଺‫׌ا‬ᆺ॰ᝫ๵ࡳ‫ئ‬ᘣऱছ૪጑ ᥨᦞլ࠹ᠦദऱᐙ᥼Ζᐰ੖ୂፖઝ৖௽๵ࡳ‫ئ‬ᘣኙߊ৘ऱ጑ ᥨᦞ۟ॹਞཚΔኙՖ৘ऱ጑ᥨᦞ۟࿨ദΖડ‫ࠅ۫؍‬Εඖ‫ࠅܓ‬ ፖْࢮ‫܌‬๵ࡳ‫ط‬ऄೃဪެ௫֗጑ᥨᦞംᠲऱि౑Ι۟࣍ತข ᤉࢭᦞֱ૿Δْࢮ‫܌‬Εୗ֗ፖᤕկ๵ࡳՁ֛‫ڇױ‬ᙊ᧷խᏺ‫ף‬ 28 29. Phebe Marr, p. 172. ႓‫ا‬ᘋထΔ଄ 41Ζ. 419.

(14) ࡠ՗ऱᤉࢭٝᠰΖ30 3.2 ඒߛऱཏ֗ 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. խࣟ‫چ‬೴່෡ࠥऱ࿇୶༉ਢඒߛΔ1923 ‫ڣ‬խࣟ‫ீڇ‬৘࿙ Գᑇႛ၌መ 100 ᆄΔપ‫׭׽‬ᅝழ᜔ԳՑ 2%Δ‫ٺڇ‬ഏ౑౑ᗑ ‫م‬հ৵ඒߛ๻ਜᖿᏺΔൕ 1923 ‫ ۟ڣ‬1989 ‫؎່ڣ‬Օऱषᄎ‫ޏ‬ ᧢հԫ༉ਢཏ֗ඒߛΖ1970 ‫ ۟ڣ‬1985 ‫ڣ‬ႛॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮༉৬ ‫ م‬80,000 ࢬᄅ՛ᖂΕ10,000 ࢬᄅխᖂ‫ ֗א‬32 ࢬᄅՕᖂΔࢨ ਢല଺‫ڶ‬๻ਜឩՕΖ31 լመࠩ 1950 ‫׌זڣ‬૞‫ڇ‬ᖂԳՑս‫׽‬ ‫ڶ‬൷࠹ॣ࿛ඒߛΔ1950 ‫ ࠩڣ‬1960 ‫ڣ‬൷࠹խ࿛ඒߛԳᑇঞՕ ‫֒༼ڶ‬ΔࠩԱ 1980 ‫ڣ‬Δ௅ᖕᜤ‫ٽ‬ഏอૠᑇ‫ق᧩ڗ‬Δ‫్ٺڇ‬ ඒߛխՒۘࠡપ‫ ڶ‬500 ᆄߊࢤࡉ 350 ᆄՖࢤᖂ‫س‬Δْிঞ‫ڶ‬ 550 ᆄߊࢤࡉ 350 ᆄՖࢤᖂ‫س‬Δॳࢮ‫੺׈܄‬อૠપ‫ ڶ‬1,850 ᆄߊࢤࡉ 1,200 ᆄՖࢤᖂ‫س‬Ζપ‫ ؟‬90%ऱഡՖຟ‫ڶ‬൷࠹ॣ࿛ ፖխ࿛ඒߛΔլመ‫ڇ‬ୗ֗༉‫ ڶ׽‬60%Δْࢮ‫ ܌‬1995~1996 ‫ڣ‬ ཏຏ೏խՖࢤᖂ‫ ׭س‬38.8%Δ32 ᤕկঞ‫ ڶ׽ࠩ܅ޓ‬30%ऱֺ ࠏΖ33 ْிࡉ௧᨜ॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮ದॣ֮ळ෷ೣ೏Δ‫ف࣍ط܀‬ईತ ༄൓ࠩषᄎᆖᛎऱ؎Օ࿇୶Δඒߛཏ֗෷߰ຒ༼೏Δْி 1935 ‫ڣ‬ழՖᖂ‫س‬Գᑇ‫׭‬ᖂ‫᜔س‬ᑇऱ 25%Δ34 2000 ᖂ‫۟ڣ‬ 2001 ᖂ‫ ڣ‬800 ᆄ՛ᖂ‫س‬խՖᖂ‫ ׭س‬48%Δ500 ᆄॣխᖂ‫س‬խ Ֆᖂ‫ ׭س‬45%Δ400 ᆄ೏խᖂ‫س‬խՖᖂ‫ ׭س‬49%ΙْிՖࢤ 30. ႓‫ا‬ᘋထΔ଄ 41-42Ζ Robert F, Amove and Carlos Alberto Torres, Comparative Education, (Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1999), p. 348. 32 UN. Statistical Abstract of the ESCWA Region, 16 th issue, (New York: United Nations, 1996), p. 119. 33 Nadia Hijab, “Islam, Social Change, and the Reality of Arab Women’s lives”, in Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and John L. Esposito (eds.), Islam, Gender, and Social Change, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 45-55. 34 ‫׬‬ዿΘ۫ᢅ‫܌‬ዿ೷ထΔ πْཎᥞඒ‫اٺ‬ගፖഏ୮‫׾‬ρ Δ‫ࠇק‬Κ೸೭‫ٱ‬஼塢Δ1985 ‫ڣ‬Δ଄ 566Ζ 31. 420.

(15) ‫్ٺڇ‬ඒߛխऱֺࠏ‫ڇإ‬ດ‫ڣ‬ᏺ९Ζ35 ‫ؾ‬ছْிऱՕΕխΕ ՛ᖂԫ‫את‬Ղऱᖂ‫س‬ਢՖᖂ‫س‬ΔߊՖࠟࢤऱ֮֏ֽᄷ஁၏‫׽‬ ‫ ڶ‬5%Ζ36 ॳ೷ऱᤕկ Sultan Qaboos ‫ ڇ‬1970 ‫ڣ‬Ղ‫؀‬৵Δ‫ܛ‬ 中阿文庫. ኔ۩۞‫ط‬ၲ࣋ਙ࿜Δ‫ࠌܛ‬ഏփ‫֟ڶ׽‬ᑇ༓ࢬᖂீΔսՕԺቔ ᚐՖࢤ൷࠹ඒߛΙ‫׬‬ሒ 98%ऱഡՖຟ‫ڶ‬൷࠹ॣ࿛ፖխ࿛ඒ ߛΔ37 ‫ޥ‬௻‫܄ࢮॳچ‬ਙࢌ‫ڣޢ‬ᏺᐸറཱི 11 Ꮩભց‫ڇ‬ඒߛᆖ. 28. ၄ՂΔՖ՗ॣ࿛ඒߛࡉխ࿛ඒߛཏ֗෷‫ ط‬1965 ‫ڣ‬ऱ 11%ࡉ 1%ΔՂ֒ࠩ 1985 ‫ڣ‬ऱ 61%ࡉ 33%Ζ38 Բᖏ৵‫ڂ‬੡ᆖᛎ᧢଀ࡉඒߛ࿇୶ΔխࣟഡՖ൷࠹ඒߛՕ ‫֒༼ڶ‬Δ֠ࠡਢ൷࠹೏࿛ඒߛऱԳᑇࡉֺࠏՕᏺΖՖࢤٍၲ ࡨ൷࠹଺റ᥆࣍ߊࢤऱՕᖂറᄐඒߛΔൕඒߛࡉ᠔ᖂ࿛ႚอ ለᔞ‫ٽ‬ՖࢤऱᏆ഑Δឩ୶ࠩ‫ڕ‬ᖲඳΕᆖᛎᖂΕՒֵՠ࿓Ε֏ ᖂΕ৬ᗰ࿛Ꮖ഑Ζ۞ 1950 ‫ࠐאזڣ‬խࣟᗪཎࣥഏ୮ऱඒߛ ࠫ৫ຟ‫ڶ‬լ‫ٵ‬࿓৫ऱᓳᖞࡉ‫᧢ޏ‬Δԫֱ૿ՕԺ࿇୶෼‫ז‬ඒ ߛΔ‫׼‬ԫֱ૿༚ᘋ֗‫଀ޏ‬ႚอඒߛࠫ৫Δ௧᨜ขईഏઃኔਜ ‫܍‬၄ඒߛΔࠡ‫ה‬ഏ୮ঞਜ۩խ՛ᖂ‫܍‬၄ඒߛ֗Օᖂᑻᖂ८ࠫ ৫Ζ39 ࠩ 1989 ‫ڣ‬խࣟ‫چ‬೴પ‫ ڶ‬100 ၴՕᖂࡉԫࠄ೏࿛ᖂீΔ પ 16%ԳՑ൷࠹೏࿛ඒߛΖْࢮ‫ ܌‬1995~1996 ‫ڣ‬೏࿛ᖂீՖ ࢤᖂ‫ ׭س‬33.6%Ι40 ୗ֗ऱՖՕᖂ‫׭س‬Օᖂ‫᜔س‬ᑇऱ 40%Ι ‫ ࠅֺܓ‬1959 ‫ڣ‬ழ‫ ڶ׽‬2,500 ԳၞՕᖂ༉ᦰΔࠩ 1997 ‫ڣ‬ഏփ 13 ࢬՕᖂ‫ ڶ‬25 ᆄ‫ټ‬ᖂ‫س‬ΔՖՕᖂ‫᜔׭س‬ᑇऱ 50%Ι41 1999 ᖂ‫ ۟ڣ‬2000 ᖂ‫ْڣ‬ி 56 ᆄՕᖂ‫س‬խՖᖂ‫ ׭س‬47%Δ42 પ‫؟‬ 35. ്ᖠដထΔ τْிՖࢤඒߛխऱႚอࢤፖ෼‫ࢤז‬υ Δ πඒߛေᓵρ Δ2007 ‫ڣ‬Δ01 ཚΔ଄ 129-130Ζ ‫׆‬ᥳᙖΔ π‫ޥ‬௽ॳࢮ‫܄‬ऱഏ୮ፖਙएρΔ۫‫ڜ‬ΚԿ௠‫נ‬ठषΔ1997 ‫ڣ‬Δ଄ 265Ζ 37 UN. Statistical Abstract of the ESCWA Region, 16 th issue, p. 119. 38 UN. Statistical Abstract of the ESCWA Region, 16 th issue, p. 127. 39 ‫௺ࠇ׆‬ထΔ π೯ᛯխࣟ‫ߡီڍ‬։࣫ρΔ‫ࠇק‬Κ‫੺׈‬वᢝ‫נ‬ठषΔ1996 ‫ڣ‬Δ଄ 239Ε315Ζ 40 UN. Statistical Abstract of the ESCWA Region, 16 th issue, p. 119. 41 ᬄᚨख़ထΔ τ೏࿛ඒߛኙխࣟഡՖਙएᆖᛎ‫ۯچ‬ऱᐙ᥼υΔ πႆতඒߛρΔ2001 ‫ڣ‬Δ76 ཚΔ଄ 77Ζ 42 ്ᖠដထΔ଄ 129-130Ζ 36. 421.

(16) ऱՖՕᖂ‫ࠏֺس‬Ո೏࣍ 50%Ζ43 ௧᨜ॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮࿛ഏऱ೏࿛ඒߛ଺ຟᆃַՖࢤ༉ᖂΔऴ ࠩ 1970 ‫זڣ‬ᅝ‫چ‬Օᖂթ‫ڂ‬੡ഏ୮࿇୶ࢬᏁၲ࣋ՖࢤԵᖂΔ44 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. ‫ڇ‬ᛧ࠷ሰᠰ‫ف‬ईತ༄৵ᏺ‫ף‬ഡՖඒߛᆖ၄Δࠌ൓ഡՖඒߛ࿓ ৫Օ‫֒༼ڶ‬Ζ‫׬‬ሒࡉઝ৖௽ऱഏ‫م‬Օᖂխ೏ሒ 70%ਢՖࢤᖂ ‫س‬Δ45 ‫׬‬ሒऱՖጚՓ‫֗س‬ՖՕᖂ‫ڶࢬ׭س‬Օᖂ‫ࠏֺس‬ऱԿ։ հԲΙ1996 ‫ڣ‬ઝ৖௽Օᖂપ‫ ڶ‬2,000 ‫ټ‬Ֆࢤฅᄐ‫س‬Ι֣ࣥ࣍ 1928 ‫ڣ‬๻‫م‬รԫࢬֆ‫م‬Ֆ՗ᖂீΔ෼‫ڇ‬ՖՕᖂ‫᜔׭س‬ᑇऱ 90%Ιॳࢮ‫܄‬ᜤ‫ٽ‬Օֆഏ 1988 ‫ ۟ڣ‬1990 ᖂ‫ڣ‬ՖࢤՕᖂ‫س‬Ե ᖂԳᑇሒ 1,050 ԳΔ‫׭‬ᇠᖂ‫ڣ‬ԵᖂԳᑇऱ 70%Ζ‫ڇ‬Օᖂ‫ٺ‬ೃ ߓխऱՖ‫س‬Գᑇբ၌መߊ‫س‬Δ46 ਙࢌᝫറ॰੡ഡՖၲᙄՖ՗ ៭ᄐ‫ݾ‬๬ഛಝఄΙ47 ‫ޥ‬௻‫܄ࢮॳچ‬ऱՖ՗೏࿛ඒߛࡨ࣍ 1960 ‫זڣ‬Δ1982 ‫ڇڣ‬ֆ‫م‬ᖂீᦰ஼ऱՖ‫᜔س‬ᑇբሒ 25 ᆄԳΔ‫׼‬ ؆ᝫ‫ ڶ‬11,000 ‫ټ‬Ֆ‫ߊڇس‬Ֆ‫ீٵ‬ऱՕᖂ༉ᦰΖ48 1993 ‫۟ڣ‬ 1994 ‫ڣ‬Ֆ՗ೈԱ៭ᄐ‫ݾ‬๬Εࡲඒፖ௽௘ᖂீհ؆ऱࢬ‫ڶ‬ᣊܑ ऱᖂீ‫ڇ‬ᖂԳᑇ݁‫ ׭‬43%Д45%Δ‫ڇ‬ஃᒤᖂீ‫ޓ‬ሒ 65%Δ49 ෼ ‫ ڶڇ‬55%ऱՕᖂ‫س‬ਢՖࢤΖ50 3.3 ༉ᄐֺࠏ༼೏Ε៭ᄐᏆ഑ឩՕ ඒߛֽᄷऱ༼೏۞ྥᖄીഡՖߨ‫נ‬୮॰༉ᄐՠ‫܂‬Δխࣟ ‫چ‬೴ऱ໎ՠऄՕ᧯Ղਢؓ࿛ऱΔข೗ൻਜ൓ࡵΔ‫ڶ‬ऱ੷۟ৰ 43. “Arab Women”, p. 26. Judith E. Tucker, ‘Women in the Middle East and North Africa : the 19 th and 20 th Centuries’, in Haideh Moghissi (ed.), Women and Islam: Critical Concepts in Sociology, vol. 1, Imagines and Realities, (London and New York: Routledge, 2005), p. 84. 45 “Arab Women”, p. 26. 46 ᬄᚨख़ထΔτ೏࿛ඒߛኙխࣟഡՖਙएᆖᛎ‫ۯچ‬ऱᐙ᥼υΔ଄ 76-77Ζ 47 ᎓ഏ࢘Δ π១ࣔ۫ࠅ‫ۍॺק‬ઝ٤஼ρΔ‫ࠇק‬Κխഏषᄎઝᖂ‫נ‬ठषΔ2000 ‫ڣ‬Δ଄ 658Ζ 48 ്ᖫརΔ τഡՖፖࢤᄮ֮֏υΔ πতࠇՕᖂᖂ໴ρ Δ1990 ‫ڣ‬ร 5/6 ཚΔร 115- 121 ଄ 49 UN. Statistical Abstract of the ESCWA Region, 16 th issue, p. 127. 50 “Arab Women”, p. 26. 44. 422.

(17) Օֱ‫چ‬࿯ղ९೗Δࠌ൓խࣟᗪཎࣥഡՖ༉ᄐֺࠏ࿑‫༼ڶ‬೏Δ լመຍࠄऄ৳Օ‫ڍ‬ᔞ‫࣍ش‬ֆ୮໢‫ۯ‬ΔۖॺߏԳᖲዌΖ‫ࠄڶ‬ഏ ୮‫܌ࢮْڕ‬Εપ‫؟‬ΔਙࢌᗨᄕቔᚐഡՖ༉ᄐΔ‫ ڕ‬1960 ࡉ 1970 中阿文庫. ‫܌ࢮْזڣ‬ऱၞ‫ޡ‬ၲ࣋Ꮖ٣ࢬ‫܄ࢮॳڶ‬ഏ୮Δ‫ڇ‬༉ᄐΕ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٵ‬ΕᜲֽΕࣚ‫ݰ‬Ε‫܍‬࿔ᦞ࿛๺‫૿ֱڍ‬ᓿղഡՖፖߊࢤ‫ٵ‬ᑌऱ ᦞ‫ܓ‬Δ੷۟‫࣍ܓޓڶ‬ഡՖऱ๵ࡳΔ‫܌ࢮْڼڂ‬ऱ៭ᄐഡՖ‫ڇ‬. 28. ॺልᄐ໎೯ԺխऱֺࠏՕ੡༼೏Ζ51 ‫ޥڇ‬௻‫܄ࢮॳچ‬Εઝ৖ ௽Ε‫׬‬ሒࡉॳࢮ‫܄‬ᜤ‫ٽ‬Օֆഏ࿛ขईഏΔਙࢌឈીԺ࣍ᏺ‫ף‬ ‫ء‬ഏऱՖࢤ໎೯ԺΔս‫ڂ‬Օၦ֧ၞՕၦ؆໎ۖ‫ګ‬யլኦΖխ ࣟ๺‫ڍ‬ഏ୮ऱਙࢌ֗อएृᇢቹᓿղՖࢤ‫ڍޓ‬ऱᦞ‫ܓ‬Δ‫֗א‬ অᎽ‫ߊۯޢ‬ΕՖࢤฅᄐ‫س‬ऱՠ‫܂‬ᖲᄎΔ‫܀‬սլᣋ‫װ‬ᤛ৷ൎۖ ‫ڶ‬ԺऱႚอࡲඒႨԺΖৰ‫ڍ‬ഡՖ‫׽‬౨‫ڇ‬ඒߛࡉ೜ൈᓡ‫س‬ຝ॰ ՠ‫܂‬Δࢨਢᖜ֮ٚ஼۩ਙΔ֠ࠡ‫ޥڇ‬௻‫܄ࢮॳچ‬ऱՠ‫܂‬໱‫ٽ‬ ‫ؘ‬ႊച۩ࢤܑሶᠦਙ࿜ΔߊՖլ൓‫ڇٵ‬ԫၴᙄֆ৛ՠ‫܂‬Ζ‫ڶ‬ ᔊऱਢຍࠄીԺ‫ޏ‬࿳ऱഏ୮Δࠡ‫᧢ޏ‬থਢ່ᒷኬऱΔઌ֘‫چ‬ ‫ڇ‬ԫࠄഏ୮‫ڕ‬ୗ֗ഡՖ‫נ‬؆ՠ‫܂‬բᆖਢ༓Լ‫ࠐڣ‬ฒࢬ൷࠹ ऱࠃኔΖ52 ൕ 1970 ‫ ۟זڣ‬1990 ‫זڣ‬խࣟຝ։ഏ୮ഡՖऱ༉ᄐ෷ ΰᇡߠ। 1α‫ױ‬઎‫נ‬ഡՖ༉ᄐֺࠏऱ᧢֏Κ. 51 52. Phebe Marr, pp. 272-273. Trevor Mostyn (ed.), p. 128.. 423.

(18) । 1Κխࣟຝ։ഏ୮ഡՖ༉ᄐ෷. 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. ഏ୮. 1970 ‫ڣ‬. 1980 ‫ڣ‬. 1990 ‫ڣ‬. 1994 ‫ڣ‬Ͽ. ࠡ‫ڣה‬ٝ. ୗ֗. 9%. 9%. 16%. 9%. 17.7%(1995). ْࢮ‫܌‬. -. 8%. 11%. -. -. પ‫؟‬. -. 9%. 10%. 10%. 11% (1993). ઝ৖௽. 8%. 14%. 21%. 27%-. -. ඖ‫ࠅܓ‬. 10%. 9%. 15%. -. 17% (1991). Ւۘࠡ. 14%. 15%. 18%. 45%-. -. ᇷறࠐᄭΚ 1. UN. WISTAT CD-ROM, (Geneva: UN. 1994) 2. ILO, Yearbook of Labor Statistics 1996, 1997, (Geneva: ILO, 1996, 1997) 3. Tab 2E, Valentine M. Moghadam, Modernizing Women: Gender and Social Change in the Middle East, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003, p. 51. Ͽ ֧۞ UNDP, Human Development Report 1995, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 66-68.. 1970 ‫זڣ‬խࣟՖࢤԳՑऱ໎೯Ժ 11.4%Δઌለ࣍ࢮԭભ ੊ऱ 26.8%Εࠅ੊ऱ 42.9%‫੊ॺ֗א‬ऱ 45.8%ΔխࣟഡՖ‫ڇ‬ รԿ‫੺׈‬ഏ୮ऱ໎೯೶ፖ෷ਢ່‫܅‬ऱΖ53 1975 ‫ڣ‬ၲ࿇խഏ୮ Ֆࢤ‫ؑৄڇ‬ऱ༉ᄐ෷ሒ 25%ΔխࣟഡՖঞ‫ ڶ׽‬5%ऱ༉ᄐ෷Ζ ‫ؾ‬ছઌለ࣍ࣟࠅഏ୮؄։հԿऱ‫ڣګ‬ഡՖ‫ڶ‬ՠ‫܂‬Δॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ ୮ᖞ᧯Ղપ‫ڶ׽‬Կ։հԫऱ‫ڣګ‬Ֆࢤ‫ڶ‬ՠ‫܂‬Ζ 54 ‫܀‬ୗ֗۞ 1994 ‫ࠐאڣ‬Ֆࢤ໎೯ԳՑբᏺ‫ ף‬6.5иΔᏺ‫ף‬ຒ৫ਢߊࢤऱ 5 ଍‫ڍ‬Δ2004 ‫ڣ‬٤෺Ֆࢤ៭໱‫ڶ۾‬෷ؓ݁ଖ੡ 40-50иΔୗ ֗ഡՖऱ໎೯Ժ‫ڶ׭‬෷੡ 24иΔડ‫ࠅ۫؍‬Ֆࢤঞ‫ ڶ‬36иΖ55 20 ‫׈‬ધխᆺऱอૠᑇᖕ᧩‫ق‬Ֆࢤ‫ڇ‬ልᄐ໎೯ԺՂ೶ፖԺৰ ‫܅‬ΔՖࢤ‫ࠅֺܓڇ‬Εડ‫ࠅ۫؍‬Εॳዿ֗‫ ׭׽ࠅܓ‬2%ऱ໎೯ ԺΙ‫ْڇ‬ிΕપ‫؟‬Εୗ֗‫ ׭׽‬4%ࠩ 6%ऱ໎೯ԺΙ‫ڇ‬ඖ‫ࠅܓ‬ ࡉᐰ੖ୂ‫ ׭‬10%ऱ໎೯ԺΖ 53. Trevor Mostyn (ed.), p. 127. “Arab Women”, p. 27. Maria Golia, “Egypt: Waiting for the Gender Renaissance”, The Middle East, February 2007, pp. 57-58.. 54 55. 424.

(19) ‫ٵ‬ழՖࢤ‫ᜲڶڇ‬ᇷ໴ሟऱ໎೯ԳՑՂ๯‫܅‬۷Δ༓२‫׭‬Ա 40%Д75%ྤᜲᇷ୮அ໎ՠऱልᄐԳՑΔ56 ኙ࣍۞୮ᖑ‫ڶ‬ऱ ል‫נבض‬ऱಥ᣸ࢬࠠ‫ڶ‬ऱૹ૞ࢤ༓‫ݙ׏‬٤๯࢙ီΖࡴֱอૠ 中阿文庫. ᇷற‫ݙ‬٤լ౨֘ਠၢ‫ޘ‬ഡՖ‫س‬ขࢤ੒೯ऱ௽ᔆࡉᒤ໮Δ57 ೈ Աຍࠄอૠᑇᖕऱլᒔࡳࢤհ؆Δ२ࠐৰ‫ڍ‬ኙၢ‫ޘ‬ഡՖऱઔ ߒຟൎᓳልᄐऱᇷ‫׌ء‬ᆠ֏Ⴈ‫ݙؘ‬٤ඈೈՖࢤऱ‫س‬ขԺΔۖ. 28. ᠏ী‫ొګ‬ጰ‫ڶ׽‬௣၄౨ԺΖխࣟᗪཎࣥഡՖՕ‫ڍ‬ᑇսൕࠃႚ อ៭ᄐΔ‫ڕ‬ᐿ塄՗ՖΕ‫ך‬ᅝ୮೭໎೯ृΕᐓஃΕঅࡥΕᜯழ ࢤልᄐՠԳፖ‫ڇ‬୮ՠ‫܂‬ऱૠٙՠԳΔࠡ໎೯Ժ‫ڶ‬ԫ‫ת‬ਢլૠ ԵࡴֱอૠᇷறऱΖ‫܀‬ഡՖ༉ᄐᏆ഑‫إ‬լឰឩՕխΔൕඒ ୉Ε៭୉Εࣚ೭୉ΕᥨՓ࿛៭ᄐດዬ௫ߩԫࠄ଺‫ߊط‬Գࢬ‫ނ‬ ਍ऱ৳ஃΕඒ඄Ε᠔‫س‬࿛റᄐᏆ഑Δ‫ٵ‬ழՈჄᇖࠡ‫ה‬ԫࠄ៭ ᄐ‫ڕ‬ՠ࿓Ε໾᧯ΕሿഇᄐΕ੷۟ሀഏٞᄐΔࠏ‫ْڕ‬ி 1978 ‫ڣ‬ऱอૠᇷற᧩‫ق‬Օપ‫ ڶ‬19.5 ᆄഡՖၞԵറᄐᏆ഑Δࠡխ 45%ਢඒஃΔ‫ץ‬ਔ‫ ڶ‬1%ऱՖඒ඄Δ38%ਢՖ৳ஃΔ58 ْிՖ ՗᠔ᖂೃഛ塄ԱՕ‫׃ޅ‬ઝΕ෻᛭Εፖ࣋୴ᖂ࿛ֱ૿ऱՖࢤറ ᄐԳթΖ 3.4 ࿨ദ‫᤿ڣ‬ऱ༼೏Ε‫ߛس‬෷ऱ૾‫܅‬ ‫ڰ‬ദૻࠫԱഡՖ๺‫૿ֱڍ‬ऱ۞‫ط‬Δ‫ڕ‬ᤉᥛ࠹ඒߛΕၞԵ ៭໱࿛Δ‫ٍߛڰ‬ኙ‫݁᚛ئ‬ข‫س‬լߜᐙ᥼Δ௅ᖕอૠ։࣫Δഡ Ֆऱ‫ߛس‬णउᄎ࠹ࠩၲࡨ‫س‬৘՗‫᤿ڣ‬ऱᐙ᥼Ζ‫آ‬ၲ࿇ഏ୮ऱ բദഡՖ౒‫ߛس׎‬Ղऱ۞‫ᦞط‬Δመ೏ऱ‫سנ‬෷૰ࠌഡՖ‫ڇ‬ৰ ‫ڣڍ‬փຟ‫سڇ‬塄৘՗Δ೜ൈ࠹ࠩჾ୭ΔՈྤऄᛧ൓ߩജऱඒ 56. Nadia Haggag Yousseff, “ Women and Agricultural Production in Muslim Societies”, Comparative International Development 3, 1977, no. 1: 41-88. Magort Badran, “ Women and Production in the Middle East”, Trends in History 2, 1982, no. 3: 59-88. 58 Middle East Journal, No. 3, 1978, p. 304. 57. 425.

(20) ߛፖಝᒭΔՠ‫܂‬౨Ժٍ࠹ࠩૻࠫΔ౒֟ߨ‫נ‬୮அ༉ᄐऱᖲ ᄎΖᖕഏᎾิ៣อૠΔ1980 ‫ ۟ڣ‬1985 ‫ڣ‬٤‫੺׈‬ഡՖ᜔ؓ݁ ‫ߛس‬෷੡ 3.55Ζ59 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. ْிऱ‫ߛس‬෷ൕ 1986 ‫ڣ‬ऱ 3.91%૾‫ ࠩ܅‬1996 ‫ڣ‬ऱ 1.47%Δ60 ۟࣍ॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮Δຍࠄ‫ڇࠐڣ‬আၞՖࢤ೜ൈऱ‫ޏ‬ ࿳ֱ૿ਢྤԳ౨ֺऱΔೈԱՖࢤؓ݁ኂࡎଖ‫ ط‬1970 ‫ڣ‬ऱ 52 ᄣ༼೏ࠩ෼վऱ 70 ᄣհ؆Δ‫ڇ‬መ‫ װ‬20 ‫ڣ‬ᇙؓ݁‫ޢ‬ଡՖࢤ‫س‬ ขऱ᚛ࠝᑇၦ‫ޓ‬ਢ྇֟Աԫ‫ת‬Δ‫ֺ׽‬٤‫݁ؓ੺׈‬ଖ࿑೏Δࠏ ‫ॳڕ‬೷ൕ଺‫ޢء‬ଡՖԳ‫ ߛس‬10 ଡ՛৘૾‫ ࣍֟ࠩ܅‬4 ଡΖࠌ ‫س‬ขᑇՀ૾ऱ‫׌‬૞଺‫ڂ‬ਢՖࢤ࿨ദ‫᤿ڣ‬ऱ৺ᝪՂ֒Δ‫ ڇ‬10 ‫ڣ‬ছ‫ڶ‬؄։հԿऱॳࢮ‫܄‬Ֆࢤ‫ ڇ‬20 ᄣছ࿨ദΔ෼‫ڇ‬ຍଡֺ ࠏ૾‫ࠩ܅‬ႛ‫ڶ‬ԫ‫ת‬Ζխࣟ‫چ‬೴Օຝ։ഏ୮‫ڰ‬ദൣउսॺൄཏ ሙΔԫ౳ࠐᎅՖ৘ 16 ᄣΕߊ৘ 18 ᄣ‫ױܛ‬࿨ദΔ෼‫֟྇ڶڇ‬ ऱ᝟ႨΖ61 լመፖ‫੺׈‬Ղࠡ‫چה‬೴ԫᑌΔ‫ڇ‬๺‫܄ࢮॳڍ‬ऱՕ ৄؑΔ‫ؘ࣍ط‬ႊ᝚ᙒ‫سב֭א‬੒ࢬᏁऱ೏௣၄Δ‫֗א‬༉ᖂࢨ ༉ᄐऱᏁ૞Δઃ૰ࠌՖࢤ࢏ᒷ࿨ദ‫ ࠩ᤿ڣ‬30 ᄣؐ‫׳‬Ζ62 3.5 ψՖࢤ໊៖ωऱᐒೈ բ‫ڶ‬२ 2500 ‫ڣ‬ᖵ‫׾‬ऱψՖࢤ໊៖ω Δ‫ڇ‬խࣟ‫چ‬೴Εॺ੊ ऱ 26 ଡഏ୮Ε್ࠐࠅΕ‫؍ٱ‬ΕఽᕙΕ֣۫ࡉᖾ੊ऱՒထࡺ ‫ا‬խຟ‫ڶ‬ຍԫႚอ฾ঋΔࠡխ౉್‫ࠅܓ‬Εᤕկࡉ۪౉ֺࠅ່ ᣤૹΖ63 ຍࠀॺْཎᥞऱ฾ঋΔ‫ڇ‬ԫࠄॺ੊ࡉॺ੊ॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ ୮ਢ‫ڇڰ‬ऄ‫׆۔‬ழ‫ז‬༉բੌ۩ࠩ෼‫ڇ‬ऱ‫۔ײ‬ႚอΔ‫ץ‬ਔ໊ೈ 59. ‫ޕ‬ᎬࣾΔ πՖࢤऱ෼णፖ‫ࠐآ‬ρΔ2008-03-03Δhttp://www.douban.com/group/topic/2724551/ Human Development Report of the Islamic Republic of Iran, (New York: United Nations, 1999), p. 25. 61 Trevor Mostyn (ed.), p. 127. 62 “Arab Women”, pp. 26-27. 63 ້਷‫ޙ‬㠪‫ڜ‬ထΔπԳᣊࢤᖂഗ៕ρΔል‫ᦰޘ‬ढ‫נ‬ठषΔ1989 ‫ڣ‬Δร 48 ଄Ζ 60. 426.

(21) Ֆࢤອᆳࡉອ୏ऱԫຝٝΔ‫۟੷ࠄڶ‬ਢ٤ຝ໊ೈΖ‫ڂ‬੡ઌॾ ‫ڼ‬ᜰ‫ױ‬ᨃՖࢤ‫࠹࣐ޓ‬壄ۖ‫ߛسڶޓ‬ԺΔຍኙߊࢤۖߢᄕࠠ‫ܮ‬ ֧ԺΔ‫ױ‬অᢞՖ՗ऱ࢘ૣլԲΔ‫܀‬ኙՖࢤۖߢΔೈԱߪ᧯ऱ 中阿文庫. ႞࿀ΕࢨᖄીࢤᐥՂऱ‫ܐ‬ტ؆Δᝫ‫ױ‬౨‫֊ڂ‬ೈۖ႞Ցტ਩ທ ‫ګ‬լ؋Δࢨԫᔘ՗֨ᨋऱ႞ฉᣄ័Δ੷۟ਢาပტ਩ۖ‫ڽ‬ՋΖ 2006 ‫੺׈ڣ‬ᓡ‫ิس‬៣໴‫ܫ‬ਐ‫੊ॺנ‬ᐼশࢮ‫א‬তࡉխࣟ. 28. ‫چ‬೴ഏ୮Δ‫ڣޢ‬પ 300 ᆄՖ৘ອຝ๯ਜղլᅝψ໊៖ωۖၞ ۩ອு֊ೈ๬Δ‫ؾ‬ছ٤෺પ‫ ڶ‬36 ଡ‫א‬Ղഏ୮ս‫ڶ‬Ֆࢤ໊៖ ऱ฾ঋΔ൷࠹መऱՖࢤપ 1 Ꮩ 5000 ᆄԳΖឈྥ‫ڇ‬ԫࠄഏ୮ ‫ߦڕ‬তΕؒ‫౏ٳ‬ऄ౉Ε֕‫ܓ‬িࠅΕ्ࠅΕ࡜֗‫ࡉࠅܓ‬ᆺ॰࿛Δ ຍጟႚอଅঋऱཏ֗෷‫ڇإ‬Հ૾Δ‫ڇ܀‬ୗ֗ࡉᤕկՖࢤ໊៖ ऱ฾ঋսྥฐ۩Ζ64 Օᒤ໮௣ೈψՖࢤ໊៖ωຍᑌऱ฾ঋս Ꮑ૞ਙࢌΕ‫ا‬ၴࡉഏᎾषᄎ‫ڍޓ‬ऱ‫ܘ‬ԺΔԫࠄฝ‫ا‬ഏ୮‫ڕ‬ᖾ ੊Ε‫ף‬ஞՕΕભഏ࿛Ոᚨࠫૡऄ৳ᆃַΔຘመ٤෺ᔞᅝऱտ Եࡉ֭གΔ៶‫ط‬٤෺ႃ᧯‫ܘ‬ԺΔੌႚՏ‫ڣ‬ऱຍԫଅঋ฾ክթ ‫ױ‬ඨ‫ڇ‬ຍԫ‫ז׈‬խ௣ೈΖ 3.6 ኴೈ૿౅ΕๅՀ९๲ 1923 ‫ ڣ‬Huda Sha‘rawi ൕᢅ್ၲ‫ݙ‬ഏᎾഡՖᄎᤜ৵‫ࠩڃ‬ ୗ֗Δ‫ڇڔ‬ၲᢅ߫ీᅝฒֆၲኴՀ૿౅Δ๯ᎁ੡ਢ࿇೯ॳࢮ ‫੺׈܄‬ऱՖࢤᇞ࣋ሎ೯Ζ९ཚ‫܄ࢮॳࠐא‬ഡՖԫऴ‫ڇ‬ၞ۩ߊ Ֆؓ࿛ऱ‫ݼ‬ञΔԫࠄৄؑഡՖΔ௽ܑਢवᢝၸᐋࡉ៭ᄐഡՖ ଚኴൾ૿౅ࠀߪထ۫‫ࣚڤ‬ᇘ؆‫נ‬ऱ။ࠐ။‫ڍ‬Δխࣟഏ୮խ‫ޥ‬ ௻‫܄ࢮॳچ‬ፖْிኙഡՖ؆‫נ‬ऱࣚ堸‫ڶ‬ൎࠫऱ๵ࡳΔ‫הࠡ܀‬ ԫࠄഏ୮२‫ࠐڣ‬ኙᗪཎࣥՖࢤࣚ堸ऱ๵ࡳດዬᠾᆙΖৰ‫ڍ‬ഏ 64. “Arab Women”, p. 27.. 427.

(22) ୮ਢ‫ط‬ഡՖ۞ߪࢬ೚ऱᙇᖗΔ‫ױ‬౨ਢ៶‫ࣚط‬堸।ሒଡԳࡲඒ ऱಇᇨΔࢨ໢ొլუᇿᙟֱ۫ழࡸઠထۖբΔࢨႛႛਢࠐ۞ ୮அፖႚอऱᚘԺΖ 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. ᐖऑۖߢΔॳࢮ‫܄‬Ֆ‫س‬ઠᚮᙰդΕ૿౅ࢨ९๲ऱֺࠏ‫ڶ‬ ᒷኬᏺ‫ף‬ऱ᝟ႨΔ‫ٺ‬ഏൣउ஁ฆৰՕΔൕᕟ֣ኊΕડ‫ࠅ۫؍‬ ऱ 10%Д20%Δඖ‫ࠅܓ‬Εપ‫؟‬ऱ 60%Δْࠩࢮ‫֗܌‬ઝ৖௽ऱ 80%Ζ‫ڇ‬ୗ֗ऱၢ‫چޘ‬೴Δ଺‫ء‬Հ‫ض‬ՠ‫܂‬ழլᄎઠᚮ૿౅ऱ ഡՖΔՈ‫ؑৄڇ‬᝟‫ٻ‬অ‫ښ‬ऱழࡸੌ۩൅೯ՀΔ‫່ڇ‬२ຍࠄ‫ڣ‬ ᚮದԱ૿౅Ζ65 ୗ֗ৄؑՖࢤઠᚮᙰդΕ૿౅ऱੌ۩Δຝ։ ਢ‫ڂ‬੡ৰ‫ڍ‬ՖࢤᏁ૞‫נ‬؆ՂᖂΕՠ‫܂‬Δْཎᥞႚอऱ؆۪༼ ࠎԱႚอ୮அऱՖࢤԫଡֱঁԾ۞‫ط‬ၞ‫ࢤߊڶנ‬໱‫ٽ‬ऱֱ ऄΖ ࢬ‫א‬Օຝ։ֱ۫ԳኙխࣟഡՖऱუቝլጐྥ‫إ‬ᒔΔԫ ऴ‫ࠐא‬؆Գᤚ൓խࣟᗪཎࣥഡՖ઎ࠐቝਢ๯٤ߪ‫ץ‬፷Ε৩ᆃ ‫ڇ‬യ৛ᇙऱ೒ᏒΔࠀՕᆥ‫ޅ‬ေ‫ڔ‬ଚ࠹ࠫ࣍૿౅ΕᙰդΕ९๲ ऱܺቼΔࠡኔ‫ࠄڶ‬ਢഡՖ۞աऱऱᙇᖗΔኙᅝ‫چ‬ԳࠐᎅΔ‫ڶ‬ ऱԳᙇᖗঅ‫ښ‬ႚอऱࣚ堸‫׽‬ਢഗ࣍ࡲඒ෻‫ط‬Δࢨਢ֘‫ݼ‬؆ࠐ ֮֏ऱੌ۩Ζ ؆Գൄൄኙ࣍෡Ꮇࠫ৫ՀऱխࣟᗪཎࣥഡՖ‫אދ‬ฆᑌ ऱณ٠Δᎁࡳ‫ڔ‬ଚऱ‫س‬੒࠹ࠩᆃᙛΔຍᑌऱ઎ऄՈլ‫ݙ‬٤‫إ‬ ᒔΖ‫ޥא‬௻‫܄ࢮॳچ‬੡ࠏΔഡՖլ൓໢ᗑ؆‫נ‬Εᕏᕍ޳߫Δ ؆‫נ‬ள۩Ꮑᛧ൓ߊࢤ጑ᥨԳऱ๺‫ױ‬Δ‫ڔ‬ଚऱֲ՗ឈྥመ൓໢ ᓳྤᔊΔ‫܀‬থሶᠦԱ؆੺ऱ໕᥄Δࠆ࠹‫س‬੒ऱኑᙩΖৰ‫ޥڍ‬ ௻‫چ‬Ֆࢤኙ࣍ຍᑌऱঅᥨΕ‫א‬୮அ੡խ֨ऱ‫܂‬ऄ‫֗א‬ኙْཎ ᥞऱಇᇨტࠩྤֺᧀ႙Ζ‫ڔ‬ଚ‫سڇ‬੒Ղ࠹ࠩৰ‫ࠫૻڍ‬ΔথՈ ᇖᚍࢤ‫چ‬ᛧ൓ತ༄ՂऱየߩΔഡՖऱ‫܅‬ᓳഝဎ।෼‫ڇ‬႕‫ۥ‬؆ ๲ऱ๱ՑΕᏆၴࡉᕓ堸Ղऱᒁ᛫ֽདྷࢨᨵ‫ف‬Δ‫֗א‬ઠ‫ڇ‬؆๲ 65. 428. “Arab Women”, p. 27...

(23) ᇙऱ‫ྨټ੺׈ཱིٺ‬೏్ࣚ堸Ζ‫׼‬؆‫ޥڇ‬௻‫چ‬ऱ೸ᄐ੒೯խΔ ՖࢤऱತԺլ୲՛㏺Δመ‫ޥװ‬௻‫ڶچ‬ৰ‫ࠃڍ‬ᄐਢ୮ගࢤऱΔ Ֆࢤ੡Ա୮ගࠃᄐ‫ܘ‬Ժՠ‫܂‬ΔࠉᅃْཎᥞඒᆠΔՖԳ‫ױ‬ᖑ‫ڶ‬ 中阿文庫. ۞աऱತ༄ࠀ‫಻֭ط۞ױ‬Δࢬ‫ڇא‬ᖵ‫׾‬Ղ‫ޥ‬௻‫ࢤߊچ‬ፖՖࢤ ‫ڇ‬೸ᄐՂᆖൄਢ๠࣍ؓ࿛ऱ‫ۯچ‬Ζ෼‫ڇ‬ጻሁऱैٌ࣐ؑቔᚐ Ա‫ޥ‬௻‫چ‬Ֆࢤ‫ڇ‬ᅝ‫ैچ‬ปؑ໱ऱ‫ދ‬ᇷΔ‫ڂ‬੡‫ڇױ‬୮խငᔞΕ. 28. റࣹ‫چ‬ၞ۩‫ދ‬ᇷΔᗑ‫׌۞م‬Εྤૻࠫ‫چ‬ၞ۩೸ᄐ੒೯Ζ ୗ֗Εડ‫ࠅ۫؍‬Εᐰ੖ୂ࿛ഏ౑౑࣍ 1992 ۟ 1993 ‫៶ڣ‬ ‫ܗ‬ᑛ੊ᓡਣᐾ࣋ࠡሽီᆏ‫ؾ‬Δ1999 ‫ٺ܄ࢮॳڇڣ‬ഏᆢ࿜ᆢ Ժං೯Հ࿇୴๻ໂ٣ၞऱॳࢮ‫ ܄‬A-3 ᇆᓡਣΔሎ‫ش‬෼‫ז‬೏ઝ ‫ݾݾ‬๬Δ๻‫ ڶ‬54 ଡ᙮ሐΔ‫ٵױ‬ழᐾ࣋ 300 ‫ڍ‬୚ሽီᆏ‫ؾ‬Δ ᓡਣ៿።૿ᐖሒ༓‫܄ࢮॳڶࢬ׏‬ፖՕ‫ڍ‬ᑇ۫ᑛഏ୮Ζ66 ॳࢮ ‫ا܄‬ฒՂጻរᚰࢨ‫ؚ‬ၲሽီΔ‫ױ‬ᨠᓾࠩൕ່ࣟᢰऱॳ೷່ࠩ ۫ᢰᡦᜯՕ۫੉ऱᐰ੖ୂऱሽီᆏ‫ؾ‬Δ200 ‫ڍ‬ଡॳࢮ‫܄‬ᓡਣ ᙮ሐઌᤉ‫נ‬෼Δࠀ౑౑ං‫נ‬ᑓُભഏๅՑߐψᨠរωΰThe Viewαऱᣊ‫܄ࢮॳۿ‬፿ᆏ‫ؾ‬Δ‫ؚ‬ధॳࢮ‫ٺ੺׈܄‬ጟඕტऱष ᄎᤜᠲΔಘᓵ‫ץ‬ਔ‫᧐ࢤٵ‬ΕഡՖᦞ墿֗‫ټ‬Գ๶ᓫΕᄅፊΕᨠ ฒࠐॾ࿛Ζ‫׼ڇ‬ԫଡ‫ټ‬੡ψ‫נ‬࿇ωऱᆏ‫ؾ‬խΔք‫ټ‬ՖࢤࠐᎏΕ ֨෻ᖂृΕழࡸറ୮ፖࠡ‫ה‬Ꮖ഑ऱ᥽ംՂᆏ‫ؾ‬Օᓫ‫ڔ‬ଚ૿ᜯ ऱ‫ٺ‬ጟਗᖏΔ‫ץ‬ਔ‫ڕ‬۶‫ࣚ܌‬ൎ௺ऱ୭ฺΔၲ୶ᄅࠃᄐ࿛Ζ1995 ‫ڣ‬ฆ૨ડದऱॳࢮ‫୾ת܄‬ሽီ‫؀‬ψֱ֘‫ٻ‬ωᆏ‫ڜؾ‬ඈਙएฆ ᤜ։՗ፖਙए壄૎Δ‫֗א‬ಇᇨᗪཎࣥፖ‫്׌‬ᘜԵ෼‫੺׈ז‬ऱ ‫׈‬ঋ੔ᗪཎࣥኙᓫΔ‫ޓ‬ਢᔼ᧫ॳࢮ‫੺׈܄‬Ζୗ֗ࠀၲᙄԱॳ ࢮ‫੺׈܄‬รԫ୮Ֆࢤ᙮ሐ Nefertiti ChannelΔ༼ࠎऱᆏ‫ץؾ‬ਔ ෪ᓳΕભ୲Ε೜ൈΕࠝ࿙ᥨ෻࿛Δ࠹ᦟ०ऱᆏ‫ؾ‬ਢ‫ط‬᠔‫ڃس‬ ࿠‫ڶ‬ᣂ೜ൈऱംᠲΔ‫֗א‬റ੡ߊࢤᨠฒၲᙄऱඕტψࢤωᇩ 66. ᚁ٢ᗊထΔ τ߰ຒ࿇୶ऱॳࢮ‫܄‬ᓡီυΔ πॳࢮ‫੺׈܄‬ρ Δ2003 ‫ ڣ‬04 ཚΔ଄ 57Ζ. 429.

(24) ᠲΖຍࠄᆏ‫ؾ‬ፖփ୲լႛՕՕᓢᚰॳࢮ‫܄‬ႚอषᄎΔՈࠌ൓ ഡՖଚ៶‫ڼ‬ᛧ൓ৰ‫ڍ‬ऱ‫۩ੌ੺׈‬ᄅᇷಛ‫֗א‬ડధႚอऱ٣ ၞᨠ࢚Ζ 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. խࣟᗪཎࣥഡՖঅ‫ښ‬ऱ‫ݮ‬ွ‫ڕ‬վ‫׏ۿ‬Ո‫ڶڼڂ‬Ա‫ޏ‬ ᧢Δ֠ࠡ‫ޥ‬௻‫چ‬ഡՖ‫ؚ‬ၲሽီ༉‫ױ‬઎ࠩપ‫ࡉ؟‬ᕟ֣ኊഡՖ‫ױ‬ ‫א‬೚ࠄ‫ڔ‬ଚࢬլ౨೚ऱࠃΔ‫ץ‬ਔለ᎘ঁऱઠထࡉၲ߫Δࢨਢ լᓵ‫್ڇ‬ཎၲ௽ࢨ್ࢮ໔չऱሽီᆏ‫ؾ‬ຟ‫ױ‬઎ࠩიᒭԾዦ ॽऱՖࢤᆏ‫׌ؾ‬਍ԳΔᕟ֣ኊऱሽီᆏ‫ؾ‬ᤁञ‫ޓ‬ᖿ௺Δຑ௛ ွ໴‫ܫ‬ऱՖᐾ໴୉ଡଡຟਢࣔॽᤌณΕ‫ח‬Գ‫ؾ‬լ᠏ᅪΖ‫חޓ‬ ԳՕၲณ੺ऱਢ‫ڇ‬ᐖ࠹Օฒᦟ०ऱᓡਣሽီ᙮ሐխΔᖞ֚լ ឰᐾ࣋ऱॳࢮ‫܄‬ᑷ॰ੌ۩ଃᑗᐙׂΔዦॽՖዚ֫ቝֱ۫ࣔਣ ԫᑌઠထ堚ළऱ᥻ॊࣚᇘΔჽଈ‫ݫ‬ৎ‫چ‬ਫൣୁഀੌ۩ዚ‫ڴ‬Δ ࠏ‫੺׈܄ࢮॳڇڕ‬ᄕ࠹ᦟ०ऱ‫ټڶ‬ᕟ֣ኊՖዚਣ Nancy Ajram ፖୗ֗Ֆዚਣ Ruby ઃ‫֧ܮ‬Օᆢዚಮऱࣹ‫ؾ‬ፖശਈΖຍ ᑌऱ෼ွ֧࿇ৰՕञᤜΔլ‫׽‬ਢՖࢤ‫׌‬ᆠृ࿇‫ݼנ‬ᤜΔ‫ࠌܛ‬ ‫ڇ‬ለ੡ၲ࣋ऱୗ֗ΔഏᛜऱᐖᐾΕሽီ‫؀‬բᆖᆃַ֜መ֧ದ ञᤜऱՖਣՂᆏ‫ؾ‬Δࠀ‫׊‬լ଱ՖᢌԳઠထ᥻ߚΕ᥻ᜪ࿛መ࣍ ᑊ᥻ऱࣚ堸Ղᆏ‫ؾ‬Δᎁ੡ຍᑌᄎྲྀ୭ഏ୮ऱ‫ڣ‬᎘ԳΔ‫ڇ‬堚ట ‫ڝ‬ऱਣཚնᝑሐխΔᆖൄᄎૹᇩࢻᚰຍࠄ‫܅‬ঋլႁऱଃᑗᐙ ׂΖ67 3.7 ೶ፖषᄎ੒೯Ε৬‫م‬ഡՖิ៣ ॳ ࢮ ‫ ੺ ׈ ܄‬ഡ Ֆ ሎ ೯ ऱ ‫ ڤ إ‬ᖵ ‫ ׾‬ಖ ሉ ਢ ࡨ ࣍ Huda Sha‘rawi ऱֆၲኴൾ૿౅Δ‫ٵࡉڔ֗א‬۴ଚ࣍ 1923 ‫ڣ‬٥‫໌ٵ‬ ‫م‬ऱψୗ֗ഡՖ࠰ᄎω Δ68 ൕࠃৰ‫ڍ‬೜ൈࡉඒߛऱს࿳੒೯Δ 67 68. 430. “Arab Women”, p. 27. Trevor Mostyn (ed.), p. 127..

(25) ᚥ‫ࡉࠝࡰܗ‬ᠦദഡՖ‫ݨࠩބ‬ᥨ໱ࢬፖ៭ᄐಝᒭΖ‫ڇ‬෼‫֏ז‬ഏ ୮ࡸ‫آ‬৬‫م‬հழΔ‫ڰ‬ཚຟਢ‫ط‬ຍࠄᑷ֨ֆ墿ऱഡՖቸ᧯ᇞެ ๠෻ᅝழլ੡Գࢬᣂ֨ऱഡՖംᠲΔ࠰‫྇ܗ‬᎘Ա߷ଡழ‫ז‬ऱ 中阿文庫. ༟ኰणउΖऴࠩվֲխࣟ‫چ‬೴‫ط‬ഏ୮ᇷ‫ܗ‬ऱഡՖቸ᧯ࡉՕ‫ڍ‬ ᑇऱࠡ‫ה‬ഡՖቸ᧯ઃႃխ壄Ժ‫ڇ‬ᢝ‫ڗ‬ሎ೯ΕᖂீΕࡰࠝೃࡉ षᄎ壂‫ܓ‬࿛Ꮖ഑Δ‫ط܀‬ഏ୮૤ຂՕຝ։ऱຍࠄֆ٥ࣚ೭ࡉᚥ. 28. ‫ܗ‬Ζࠏ‫ ڕ‬1975 ‫᜔ڣ‬อ Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan ऱ ࡠ՗ Sheikha Fatima ৬‫م‬ψॳࢮ‫܄‬ᜤ‫ٽ‬ՕֆഏഡՖᜤᅩω ΰU.A.E Women's Federationα Δ‫֒༼ڇڱ‬Ֆࢤ൷࠹ॣ࿛ඒߛΖ խࣟᗪཎࣥഡՖၲࡨߨ‫נ‬୮॰৵Δᗨᄕ೶ፖषᄎ੒೯Δ ၲࡨ৬‫م‬ഡՖ۞‫ࢤ׌‬ऱิ៣ΔഡՖᓵᕽٍઌᤉ‫נ‬෼ΖԲᖏ৵ ༓Լ‫ࠐڣ‬խࣟഏ୮‫נ‬෼๺‫ڕڍ‬ഡՖ࠰ᄎΕს࿳ᖲዌፖՖ࿙૨ ࿛ഡՖิ៣Δ‫ڕ‬ψપ‫؟‬ഡՖᜤᅩω Ε ψୗ֗ഡՖᦞ‫ܓ‬խ֨ω Ε ψઝ ৖௽ഡՖ࿇୶ቸ᧯ω࿛Δ‫ࢬ֗א‬ᜰᙄऱ‫ٺ‬ᣊഡՖᓵᕽΕઔಘ ᄎΖഡՖ࠰ᄎՈൕࠃഡՖᦞ墿ऱञ࠷Δ‫ڕ‬Ֆࢤऱ‫ط۞్ٺ‬ඒ ߛΕࠟࢤऱؓ࿛Εْཎᥞ୮அऄᣂ࣍࿨ദΕᠦദऱ‫଀ޏ‬Δ֠ ࠡਢԫ֛‫ࢤߊࡉࡠڍ‬լ᥽ࡠ՗რᣋऱٚრٖࡠ࿛Ζࠏ‫֣ࣥڕ‬ ‫ ڇ‬1955 ‫ڣ‬๻‫م‬รԫଡഡՖิ៣Δၲࡨ೶ፖਙएࢤऱ੒೯Δ ‫ ڇ‬1965 ‫ڣ‬ᝫ༼‫נ‬ञ࠷ߢᓵ۞‫ط‬Ε๻‫م‬೸ᄐՠᄎ‫הࠡ֗א‬ष ᄎֆᆠऱ္‫ޣ‬Ι69 પ‫؟‬ऱ‫׌‬૞ഡՖቸ᧯ψપ‫؟‬ഡՖᜤᅩωԫ ऴ੡ഡՖञ࠷๯ਙࢌࢨࠡ‫ה‬ֆ٥ቸ᧯ࢬ࢙ီऱՖࢤഗ‫ᦞء‬ ‫ܓ‬Ι70 ‫ڇ‬ୗ֗પ‫ ڶ‬16,000 ଡॺਙࢌิ៣ΔીԺ࣍ᏺၞ‫ڶ‬ᣂഡ Ֆ೜ൈΕඒߛ‫֗א‬ኙࡲඒრᢝᤚᙌࡉऄ৳ᦞ墿࿛ֱ૿Ζୗ֗ ᝫ৬‫م‬ል‫ޘ‬ഡՖଟᑗຝΔ࿇୶ૠ྽‫ߛس‬Ε୮ਙΕ‫֫֗א᚛ڮ‬ ՠᢌഛಝ࿛ႈՠ‫܂‬Δຏመष೴࿇୶ૠ྽ഛ塄ഡՖიຝΖ71 ْ 69. http://www.enawa.org/scripts/wwwopac.exe?database=brief&isutf8=1&%250=100539 ৔ՕᖂထΔ τْཎᥞඒፖᖏ৵խࣟ෼‫֏ז‬υ Δ πփ፞‫اײ‬ගՕᖂᖂ໴ρ Δփ፞‫اײ‬ගՕᖂᖂ໴Κ षᄎઝᖂठΔ2002 ‫ڣ‬Δ04 ཚΔ଄ 1-6Ζ 71 ༙ᖫཕထΔ πْཎᥞඒፖխࣟ෼‫֏ז‬ၞ࿓ρΔ۫‫ק۫ڜ‬Օᖂ‫נ‬ठषΔ1997 ‫ڣ‬Δ଄ 178Ζ 70. 431.

(26) ிψChildren’s Rights Support AssociationωીԺ࣍ञ࠷ഡՖፖ ࠝ࿙ᦞ‫ܓ‬Δ࿇ದԳ Shirin Ebadi ( ̵ΩΎΒϋ Ϧϳήϴη - Širin Ebâdi )ਢ ْிऱԳᦞ৳ஃΔ2003 ‫ڣ‬ᝫ‫ڼڂ‬ᛧ൓Աᘭߦዿࡉؓᑻ௘ዊΖ 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. 3.8 ೶ፖਙएΕᛧ൓೶ਙᦞ 1920 ‫ڣ‬հছΔխࣟ‫چ‬೴။ࠐ။‫ڍ‬ऱᗪཎࣥഡՖၲࡨᤚ൓ ‫ڔ‬ଚ‫ڶ‬ञ࠷ֆ‫ࡉا‬ਙएऱᦞ‫ܓ‬Δឈྥ‫ڔ‬ଚऱ္‫ֺޣ‬լՂᑛ੊ ࡉભഏՖࢤऱᖿၞΖୗ֗‫଀ޏ‬୮ Malak Hifni Nasif མᚥ‫ܗ‬ഡ Ֆඒߛ࠰ᄎΰEducation Union of Womenα࣍ 1914 ‫ ڣ‬3 ִ‫ګ‬ ‫م‬Δ‫ڔ‬ေᓵֱ۫Ֆࢤᗨᄕ༈‫ދޣ‬ปᦞ‫܀‬থ࠹ે࣍ၞ‫ۖڍ֜ޡ‬ ௣֏լߜΔ‫ ࣍ڔ܀‬1911 ‫ڣ‬รԫࡻୗ֗ഏᄎխ༼‫נ‬ऱ 10 រॺ ൄᄵࡉΕխ्ऱ‫ޏ‬࿳ഡՖ‫ۯچ‬ૠ྽Δথսᔡࠩ‫ެܡ‬Ζ72 Բᖏ‫א‬৵խࣟᗪཎࣥഡՖ‫ڇ‬೶ፖਙएֱ૿‫ࢬڶ‬ડధΔՒ ۘࠡਢ‫ ڇڰ‬1930 ‫זڣ‬༉࿯ղഡՖ‫ދ‬ปᦞΙᕟ֣ኊഡՖ࣍ 1953 ‫ڣ‬ਢรԫଡॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮ഡՖ൓‫א‬ᅝᙇഏᄎᤜ୉Ιୗ֗མਢഡ Ֆሎ೯ऱ٣ᔴΔՖࢤᖑ‫ދڶ‬ปᦞբ၌መ 50 ‫ڣ‬Δ1994 ‫ڣ‬ᙇᜰ խ‫ ڶ‬87 ‫ټ‬ഡՖ೶ᙇΔ10 ‫ټ‬ᅝᙇΖ73 ୗ֗ഏᄎ٣ছኙՖࢤऱ অᎽ‫ټ‬ᠰਢ 7иΔ‫܀‬ຍႈऄூբ࣍ 1986 ‫ڣ‬ᐒַΔՖࢤ‫ڇ‬ഏᄎ ऱஂ‫໌ڻ‬Հ़ছᄅ‫܅‬Δ‫׭׽‬Ա 2иΙ74 ْிഡՖ‫ ڇ‬1963 ‫ ڣ‬9 ִรԫ‫ڻ‬೶‫ף‬ᤜᄎᙇᜰ‫ދ‬ปΔᗪߔᚈᐚΘ֣೬ፂഏ‫׆‬ٚࡎऱ 30 ‫ۯ‬೶ᤜೃᤜ୉խ‫ ڶ‬2 ‫ټ‬ਢՖࢤΖ75 1997 ‫ْڣ‬ிഏᄎᙇᜰ խՖࢤᤜ୉‫ ط‬9 Գᏺ‫ף‬੡ 13 ԳΔᐚ႕ᥞؑՈ‫נ‬෼Ֆ೴९Δ ຍࠄՖࢤᤜ୉ઃࠠ‫ڶ‬Օᖂ‫א‬ՂᖂᖵΙ76 ْࢮ‫ ڇ܌‬1980 ‫ڣ‬ऱ 72 73 74 75 76. 432. Trevor Mostyn (ed.), p.125. ᬄᚨख़ထΔτ೏࿛ඒߛኙխࣟഡՖਙएᆖᛎ‫ۯچ‬ऱᐙ᥼υΔ଄ 77Ζ Maria Golia , pp. 57-58. ۫ΘփΘ၄‫ݦ‬ዿထΔ πխࣟ‫׾‬ρ ΔՀ‫ם‬Δ‫ࠇק‬Κ೸೭‫ٱ‬஼塢Δ1980 ‫ڣ‬Δ଄ 686Ζ Middle East Journal, No. 3, 1993, p. 423..

(27) ഏ୮ᤜᄎᙇᜰխ‫ ڶ‬19 ‫ټ‬ഡՖᅝᙇᤜ୉Ι77 પ‫؟‬Հᤜೃ 110 ‫ټ‬ᤜᄎ‫ټ‬ᠰ‫ڇ‬ഏ‫׆‬᡽ᆟऄ‫ח‬ຏመ৵Δ࿯ղഡՖ 6 ଡஂ‫ࠀۯ‬ٚ ࡎ 7 ‫ټ‬Ֆࢤ೶ᤜ୉Δ78 પ‫؟‬Ֆࢤ‫ڇ‬ഏᄎխᖑ‫ ڶ‬5иऱஂ‫ڻ‬Ι 中阿文庫. ᐰ੖ୂՖࢤ‫ڇ‬ഏᄎխᖑ‫ ڶ‬10иऱஂ‫಻ڻ‬ᠰΙඖ‫ࠅܓ‬Ֆࢤ‫ڇ‬ഏ ᄎխՈ‫׭‬Ա 10иऱஂ‫ڻ‬Ζ79 խࣟᐖՕഡՖᆢฒ૞‫ޣ‬ፖߊ՗‫ڇ‬षᄎՂࠆ‫ٵڶ‬࿛ᦞ. 28. ‫ܓ‬Δ‫ڔ‬ଚञ࠷ᛧ൓‫ދ‬ปᦞΕ೶ᙇᤜ୉࿛ਙएᦞ‫ܓ‬ऱࡅᜢֲ ೏Δࠌ൓অ‫ښ‬ऱ௧᨜ॳࢮ‫ٺ܄‬ഏਙࢌٍլ൓լၲࡨૹီឩՕ ഡՖᦞ‫ܓ‬Δॳ೷࣍ 1994 ‫ڣ‬ቇ‫܉‬ऄ‫ח‬଱๺Ֆࢤ೶ᙇࠀ‫ڶ‬ᘬᤜ ᄎΰMajlis As-Shuraαऱ‫ދ‬ปᦞΔ2000 ‫ڣ‬ழॳ೷ᘬᤜᄎ 83 ‫ټ‬ ஂ‫ۯ‬խ‫ ڶ‬2 ‫ټ‬ՖࢤᅝᙇΙ80 2001 ‫֣ࣥڣ‬ഡՖᛧ൓‫ދ‬ปᦞΔ‫ٵ‬ ‫ڣ‬ऱؑਙᙇᜰխՖࢤ‫ދ‬ปԳᑇ‫ࢤߊ࣍ڍ‬Δ֣ࣥഡՖ‫ ڇ‬2002 ‫ٵڣ‬ழ೶‫ؑף‬ਙ֗ᤜᄎᙇᜰΔࠀ‫مګ‬ഡՖՠᄎΙ‫׬‬ሒഡՖ࣍ 2003 ‫ڣ‬ᖑ‫ދڶ‬ปᦞΕᝫ‫ױ‬೶ᙇΙॳࢮ‫܄‬ᜤ‫ٽ‬Օֆഏ࣍ 2006 ‫ ڣ‬12 ִଈ‫ڻ‬ᜰ۩٤ഏࢤᙇᜰΔࠀଈ‫ڻ‬ᙇ‫נ‬ԫ‫ۯ‬Ֆࢤഏਙ᥽ ംࡡ୉Δਢԫ‫ۯ‬ԿԼ‫ڍ‬ᄣऱ৬ᗰஃ‫ۦ‬஄֣۫Δམ‫ڇ‬૎ഏ࠹ඒ ߛΔࠀ‫ڇ‬Օᖂඒ஼Δ‫ڔ‬ᛧ൓ 265 ปΔ൓ปᑇ‫ټ‬٨รԿΙઝ৖ ௽ഡՖ۞ 1962 ‫ڣ‬ഏᄎ‫ࠐאمګ‬Δঁ๯ଷኆਙएᦞ‫ܓ‬Δऴࠩ 2005 ‫ ڣ‬5 ִഏᄎᜰ۩ᖵ‫ࢤ׾‬।ެ৵ΔഡՖթ౨‫ދ‬ปࡉᤁᙇֆ ៭Ζ2006 ‫ ڣ‬5 ‫ټ‬ઝ৖௽ՖࢤᐊՀᖵ‫׾‬Δ‫ګ‬੡ᇠഏรԫ‫࿆ޅ‬ಖ ੡ഏᄎᤜ୉ଢᙇԳऱՖࢤΔ੡ઝഏ 44 ‫ࠐڣ‬ᆃַՖࢤ೶ਙቤ Հ‫؁‬រΖ‫ ڇ‬4 ִၴऱؑᤜ୉ᙇᜰխΔՈ‫ ڶ‬2 ‫ټ‬Ֆࢤ೶ᙇΔࠡ խ 1 Գऱปᑇ‫ߡڇ‬ດ໢ԫஂ‫ڻ‬ऱ 8 ‫ټ‬ଢᙇԳխΔඈ‫ټ‬รԲΙ ‫ޥ‬௻‫܄ࢮॳچ‬ਙࢌଷኆՖࢤ‫ދ‬ปΕ೶ᙇऱᦞ‫ܓ‬ΔᆃַՖࢤ೶ ፖֆ٥ࠃ೭ࡉਙएΔ2005 ‫ڣ‬ଈ‫ڻ‬ᜰ۩ऱ٤ഏࢤ్ؑᙇᜰΔഡ 77 78 79 80. ᬄᚨख़ထΔτ೏࿛ඒߛኙխࣟഡՖਙएᆖᛎ‫ۯچ‬ऱᐙ᥼υΔ଄ 77Ζ http://www.news.sina.com.cn/w/2004-02-17/14291825369s.shtml . Maria Golia, pp. 57-58. http://www.enawa.org/scripts/wwwopac.exe?database=brief&isutf8=1&%250=100539. 433.

(28) Ֆլ౨‫ދ‬ปΔՈլ౨೶ᙇΔլመ‫ ڇ‬2005 ‫ټࠟࢍڣ‬ഡՖᅝᙇ ‫ٳ‬ሒ೸ᄎ෻ࠃΔ‫ۦ‬ᤕဒ೷ΰLama al-SulaimanαࡉჃ๛ΰNashwa Taherα‫ڇ‬ᄕ੡অ‫ښ‬ऱ‫ޥ‬ഏଈၲଅ௛Δ‫ګ‬੡รԫ‫ޅ‬ᆖ‫ط‬ᙇᜰᛧ 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. ൓៭೭ऱՖࢤΔ‫ؚ‬ధࢤܑऱᢋ᨝Ζ81 խࣟ‫چ‬೴Օ‫ڍ‬ᑇਙࢌऱփᎹຏൄຟ‫֟۟ڶ‬Ոਢ۟‫ڍ‬ԫ ‫ۯ‬Ֆࢤຝ९ΔՖࢤຝ९ຏൄ૤ຂऱਢषᄎ壂‫ܓ‬Εඒߛࢨ೜ൈ ࠃ೭Ζْࢮ‫ ڇ܌‬1959 ‫ڣ‬ٚࡎԱॳࢮ‫੺׈܄‬รԫ‫ۯ‬Ֆࢤຝ९Ι ֣ࣥ Dr. Nada Abbas Haffadh ๯ٚࡎ੡ᓡ‫س‬ຝ९Δ‫ګ‬੡֣ࣥร ԫ‫ۯ‬Ֆࢤ‫נ‬ٚփᎹຝ९Δψ2002 ‫܄ࢮॳڣ‬Գᣊ࿇୶໴‫ܫ‬ω௽ ܑ༼֣ࠩࣥ‫֒༼ڇ‬Ֆࢤᦞ墿Ղऱ᧩ထၞ‫ޡ‬Ι82 પ‫؟‬མ‫ڶ‬ԫ‫ۯ‬ Ֆࢤषᄎ࿇୶ຝ९ Mrs. In‘am al-MuftiΔհ৵‫ؚޓ‬ధႚอ࣍ 1984 ‫ڣ‬ٚࡎ Layla Sharaf ੡ᄅፊຝ९Δਢଡ༽‫ڶ‬ઌᅝᦞԺऱ ៭‫ۯ‬Δ‫܀‬ᙟ৵༉᢯៭ԱΙ1983 ‫ڣ‬ડ‫ࠅ۫؍‬รԫ‫ۯࠟڶڻ‬Ֆࢤ ๯ٚࡎ੡փᎹᎹ୉Ι‫܄ࢮॳڇ‬ᜤ‫ٽ‬ՕֆഏΔՖࢤֆ៭Գ୉‫׽‬ ሒࠩ೫ຝ९ࢨ‫ڻ‬९៭‫ۯ‬Ι2009 ‫ ڣ‬2 ִ‫ޥ‬௻‫ؚ܄ࢮॳچ‬ధਙᕽ 堚ԫ‫ۥ‬ຟਢߊࢤऱክࠏΔഏ‫ؒॳ׆‬ຟࢮΰAbdullahαٚࡎՖ ࢤᎹ୉ᖜٚഡՖඒߛຝऱ೫ຝ९Δਢ‫׾‬Ղรԫ‫ޥۯ‬ഏऱՖࢤ Ꮉ୉Ζ83. 4. խࣟഡՖႚอ‫᧢ޏۯچ‬ທ‫ګ‬ऱᐙ᥼ 4.1 ‫᧢ޏ‬ᖞଡխࣟऱඒߛᑓ‫ڤ‬Εᣊীፖኙွ ൕԲᖏ‫ࠐא‬խࣟഡՖඒߛ࿓৫լឰ༼೏Δ଺‫ء‬ऱխࣟඒ ߛ᧯ࠫՈ‫ڂ‬ਙࢌ‫׈‬ঋ֏ऱ‫଀ޏ‬ፖՕၦ‫׈‬ঋᖂீऱ๻‫م‬ข‫س‬ 81. 82 83. 434. Maria Golia, pp. 57-58. http://www.enawa.org/scripts/wwwopac.exe?database=brief&isutf8=1&%250=100539 http://tw.news.yahoo.com/article/url/d/a/090215/19/1ehv4.html.

(29) ᄕՕ᧢֏Δ‫଺ط‬٣໢ొऱࡲඒ଩෻ඒߛ᠏᧢੡ࡲඒፖ‫׈‬ঋࠀ ۩ऱᠨ૩ඒߛΔচஇԱ៱ழ‫ࡲז‬ඒᖂृ‫ڇ‬वᢝၸᐋࢬ࿇ཀऱ ‫׌‬૞‫ش܂‬Ζ‫ڼڂ‬ഡՖ‫ۯچ‬ऱ‫᧢ޏ‬ኙᖞଡխࣟषᄎऱᐙ᥼෡ 中阿文庫. ᎛Δଈ٣ঁਢ‫᧢ޏ‬ᖞଡխࣟऱඒߛᑓ‫ڤ‬ΕᣊীፖኙွΔࠀං ೯խ֮ࣟ֏ඒߛࠃᄐऱၞ‫ޡ‬Ζ1990 ‫ ۟ڣ‬1994 ‫ڣ‬ၲ࿇խഏ୮ ॣ࿛ඒߛ෷੡ 2.4%Δॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮ॣ࿛ඒߛ෷੡ 4.7%Δխ࿛. 28. ඒߛ෷੡ 5.2%ΖխࣟՖࢤԵᖂ෷ؓ݁ᏺ९ 4%Δၲ࿇խഏ୮ ᖞ᧯ᏺ९෷‫ ڶ׽‬3%ΖխࣟՖ՗൷࠹೏࿛ඒߛऱֺࠏ੡ 9.7%Δֺၲ࿇խഏ୮ऱ᜔᧯ֺࠏ 6.8%ٍࠐ൓೏Ζ1990 ‫ॳڣ‬ ࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮ऱՕΕխΕ՛ᖂՖ՗ඒߛጵ‫ٽ‬ཏ֗෷੡ 48%Δ൷२ ၲ࿇խഏ୮ऱؓ݁ᑇଖ 49%Ζ84 ᖞଡॳࢮ‫چ܄‬೴ 15 ᄣ‫א‬Հ ऱՖ՗Δբൕ 1960 ‫݁ؓڣ‬ႛ൷࠹ 6 ଡִऱඒߛ༼֒ࠩ‫ؾ‬ছ ሒ 4.5 ‫ڣ‬ΔլመՖ՗༉ᖂ෷ս‫ߊڶ׽‬՗ऱ؄։հԿΔ85 ॳࢮ ‫܄‬ഏ୮Ֆ՗൷࠹ඒߛऱ‫ګ‬९෷ֺࠡ‫چה‬೴‫ݶ‬ຒΔ1970 ‫ࢮॳڣ‬ ‫܄‬Ֆ՗‫ڇ‬խᖂΕՕᖂඒߛፖߊ՗ऱ஁၏։ܑ੡ 54%Ε65%Δ ࠩ 1991 ‫ڣ‬։ܑՀ૾ࠩ 32%Ε35%Ζ86 խࣟഡՖᢝ‫ڗ‬෷լឰ༼೏Δ֮ळ෷Ո‫܅૾ڼڂ‬Δ1923 ‫ڣ‬ ழխࣟ‫چ‬೴ᢝ‫ڗ‬෷પ‫׭‬ᅝழ᜔ԳՑ 10 %Δ෼‫ڇ‬ᢝ‫ڗ‬෷༼֒ࠩ પሒ 65 %Ζࠏ‫ْڕ‬ிऱՖࢤᢝ‫ڗ‬෷‫ ڇ‬1987 ‫ڣ‬բ༼֒ࠩ 52%Δ 1997 ‫ڣ‬٦༼೏ࠩ 72ʸΙ87 ઝ৖௽ऱՖࢤᢝ‫ڗ‬෷෼‫ڇ‬ሒ 83%Δ ߊࢤঞ੡ 94%Ιડ‫ࠅ۫؍‬ऱߊՖᢝ‫ڗ‬෷஁၏ൕ 1970 ‫۟ڣ‬վ բ๯ࢮ२ 80%Ιપ‫ޓ؟‬ਢ‫ޏ‬࿳ߊՖᢝ‫ڗ‬෷ሒࠩ‫ۍ‬։հ‫ۍ‬Ζ88 ഡՖࠀၲࡨ൷࠹଺٣‫׽‬଱ߊࢤᖂ฾ऱᆖᛎᖂΕՒֵՠ࿓Ε֏ ᖂΕ৬ᗰ࿛ՕᖂറᄐΔ༼೏ࠀឩ୶ഡՖऱवᢝ࿨ዌΔՖՕᖂ 84 85 86 87 88. Robert F, Amove and Carlos Alberto Torres, p. 357. “Arab Women”, p. 26. ႓‫ا‬ᘋထΔ τൕอૠᑇ‫ڗ‬઎ॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮ඒߛ࿇୶෼णυ Δ πॳࢮ‫੺׈܄‬ρ Δ1999 ‫ ڣ‬01 ཚΔ଄ 68Ζ Human Development Report of the Islamic Republic of Iran, p. 25. “Arab Women”, p. 26.. 435.

(30) ‫س‬પ‫ ڶ‬30%༉ᦰ෻ՠઝऱറᄐᓰ࿓Ζ89 ࠏ‫ޥڕ‬௻‫܄ࢮॳچ‬ൎ ՕऱࡲඒႨԺԫ‫ٻ‬ԺॴՖࢤឩՕ൷࠹ඒߛ֗ၞԵ៭໱ΔՖ՗ խ࿛ፖ೏࿛ᖂீऱറᄐ‫׌‬૞ਢඒᖂΕᥨ෻Ε᠔᛭Εဪᜓ֗ष 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. ᄎᖂ࿛Δທ‫ګ‬Ֆࢤ‫׌‬૞༉៭࣍ඒߛΕ۩ਙ֗᠔᛭ԿՕႚอ៭ ᄐΔ‫ڇ‬ጥ෻Գ୉Ε৬ᗰՠԳΕઝᖂ୮Εଆ۩୉Εᤞኘ࿛៭ᄐ խऱֺࠏᄕ‫܅‬Ζ‫ؒॳ܀‬ຟࢮഏ‫ ࣍׆‬2008 ‫ڣ‬৙ؒലၲᙄ‫ޥ‬ഏ รԫࢬՖ՗ՕᖂΔۖ‫׊‬ຍஆՖ՗Օᖂല༼ࠎ‫ޥ‬ഏԫ౳Օᖂխ Ֆࢤৰᣄᖂ฾ࠩऱ壆‫ڕ‬᠔ᖂΕᢐᖂΕጥ෻Εሽᆰ֗፿ߢ࿛ᓰ ࿓Δ‫א‬ᏺ‫ף‬Ֆࢤ༉ᄐᖲᄎΖ90 4.2 ᐙ᥼‫ٺ‬ၸᐋഡՖऱ‫س‬੒ፖᆖᛎԺ ෼‫ז‬ᇷ‫׌ء‬ᆠᆖᛎऱ‫ګ‬९࢏‫ࠩۼ‬խࣟ‫چ‬೴‫ٺ‬ଡᏆ഑ᒤ ໮Δ٦‫ף‬Ղഏ୮৬‫م‬৵ᗨᄕեቃᆖᛎऱ࿇୶Δຟዌ‫ ګ‬20 ‫׈‬ ધխࣟᗪཎࣥഡՖ๺‫سڍ‬੒‫᧢ޏ‬ऱ଺‫ڂ‬Ζྤᓵਢԫऴ‫ڇ‬ယᜍ ऱߦຟ‫ཾڂ‬ड‫ا‬ගऱഡՖΔࢨਢၢ‫ޘ‬ΕৄؑഡՖΔ‫ ڇ‬20 ‫׈‬ ધຟ‫ڶ‬ઌᅝՕऱ‫א᧢ޏ‬ᔞᚨຍ٤ᄅऱધցΖ91 ৰ‫ڍ‬റ୮ຟ‫ٵ‬ რ 20 ‫׈‬ધດዬ‫ཾ᧢ޏ‬डഡՖऱ‫س‬ขࢤ੒೯ࡉᆖᛎԺၦΔດ ዬᏺൎऱഏ୮Ժၦࡉؑ໱ᇷ‫ء‬ᆖᛎऱ‫ګ‬९ࠌ൓ཾडຝᆵ။ ᘜԵؑ໱ᆖᛎΔঁ။আࠌߊࢤ༈‫ޣ‬ຝᆵ؆ऱ‫گ‬ԵΔߊࢤ᠏ۖ ᅝड‫ے‬ԳΕ‫۽‬ልࢨਢ‫ৄڇ‬᠜ᇙᅝՠԳΔՖࢤঞໜ؈Ա‫ץ‬ਔᅃ ற೯ढΕᚥᙻᕊ‫ے‬ೋᚲ؊Ε፹‫܂‬؊ईࡉࠂሠΕჸ።ࢨࣈೈെ ᜃ࿛ՠ‫܂‬Δ‫଺֗א‬٣ፖ೯ढઌᣂ壆‫ڕ‬ᗑ‫م‬ᆖᛜ೯ढ၇ᔄऱᆖ ᛎ੒೯Ζ‫࣍ط‬ഏ୮ਙ࿜ࡉؑ໱ᐙ᥼ԺΔ။ࠐ။‫ڍ‬Գᙇᖗࡳࡺ լ٦ཾडΔഡՖ‫׽‬൓ઠᚮದᙰդ૿౅ࠀࡉߊࢤሶᠦ‫א‬ᔞᚨᘜ 89 90 91. 436. ႓‫ا‬ᘋထΔ τൕอૠᑇ‫ڗ‬઎ॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮ඒߛ࿇୶෼णυ Δ଄ 68Ζ http://tw.news.yahoo.com/article/url/d/a/081030/16/18jv3.html Judith E. Tucker, p. 80..

(31) Ե‫ޘ‬᠜ৄؑऱᛩቼΖ92 ‫ࡺࡳڇ‬ऱልᄐ‫چ‬೴ൣ‫ݮ‬ՈਢԫᑌΔؑ໱ऱ‫ګ‬९ࡉᄅՠᄐ ‫ݾ‬๬ऱ֧ၞຟ‫ڶ‬ൎᓳࠟࢤլؓ࿛ऱႜ‫ٻ‬Δࠏ‫ڇڕ‬ᐰ੖ୂ 中阿文庫. Gharb ऱ‫ֱچ‬ΔՖࢤ‫ڇ‬ऄഏཷ‫ا‬ছ‫ފ‬ዝॺൄ੒ᥬऱᆖᛎߡ‫ۥ‬ ‫א‬ፂ਍୮அ‫س‬ૠΔՈ‫ڶࠆڼڂ‬๯ࢭᎁऱತขᦞΔᕣጥսྤऄ ᤉࢭል‫ض‬Δ‫ױ܀‬ൕߊࢤᘣ᥆൓ࠩढᔆՂऱ֭གΖ‫ ڇ‬20 ‫׈‬ધΔ. 28. ል‫ا‬ດዬࠩഏ୮ࢨߏԳᖑ‫ڶ‬ऱል໱ՠ‫܂‬᝚ᙒΔ‫ࢤߊڶ׽‬ᄎ๯ ᆤ቟੡९ཚ໎ՠΔՖࢤ‫׽‬౨ᖜٚࡱᆏࢤऱ࿍ཚ໎ՠ᝚࠷‫܅‬კ ᜲᇷΔ‫ঁא‬ᝫ౨ଫ᥽୮ᇙශྤᜲᇷ໴ሟऱՠ‫܂‬ΖՖࢤ‫נב‬ऱ ‫ז‬ᏝਢᄕՕऱΔ‫א‬ছ‫ڇ‬ል‫ض‬ᇙՠ‫܂‬ፂ਍୮ૠឈྥ߬ેথ‫ڶ‬ᆖ ᛎঅᎽΔ‫܀‬෼‫ڇ‬ၢ‫ޘ‬ഡՖ‫ٵ‬ᑌ߬Ⴇՠ‫܂‬Δথ޲౨ࡉߊࢤԫᑌ ࠆ‫ֽᜲڶ׊ࡳࡐڶ‬ऱՠ‫܂‬Δᝫ؈‫۔ײװ‬୮அࠫ৫࿯ղ‫ڔ‬ଚऱ 壂‫ܓ‬Ζ93 ْி‫֣ڇ‬೬ፂ‫׆‬ཛழ‫ז‬ΰ1921-1979αՈ‫ڶ‬ઌ‫ۿ‬ऱ ൣउΔഏ୮ኔ۩ՠᄐ֏ࡉልᄐ෼‫֏ז‬ऱᆖᛎ࿇୶Δࠌ൓ၢ‫ޘ‬ ᆖᛎ᠏ীΔৰ‫ڍ‬ል‫ا‬ऱ‫گ‬Եყ᝟྇֟Δߊࢤ‫׽‬൓‫ף‬Ե໎ՠؑ ໱Δຏൄਢฝࡺࠩ‫ڶ‬រ၏ᠦ؆ऱՕৄ᠜Ζ‫ڇ‬ႚอऱ୮அᆖᛎ խՖࢤ‫׌‬૞ਢආႃ‫໊گ‬ል‫܂‬ढΕᅃற堶塄੪ఌ‫֗א‬፹‫܂‬ልข ঴ΔۖՖࢤ෼‫ྤګ᧢ڇ‬ՠ‫ױ܂‬೚Δ‫׽‬౨ৱ‫ڇ‬୮խற෻୮೭Δ ൓‫ݙ‬٤ࠉᘸߊࢤᘣ᥆ऱ‫گ‬Եመ੒Ζ‫ף‬Ղ֘ኙՖࢤ‫נ‬؆ՠ‫܂‬ऱ ᨠ࢚௅෡ᆳࡐΔࠌ൓ഡՖլႛ๯ଷኆልᄐՂऱᆖᛎ੒೯Δ‫ٵ‬ ழԾ๯ࢴ࿪࣍ᄅীኪऱՠ‫܂‬հ؆Δຍैᄅ᝟Ⴈ‫ ڇ‬1979 ‫ْڣ‬ ி଀ࡎ‫פګ‬৵Δ‫ڂޓ‬੡ᣂࣹՖࢤᏁ‫ڶ‬ᔞᅝ੒೯ᒤ໮ऱᄕԺ৙ ᖄۖ‫ף‬ຒ‫ګݮ‬Ζ94 ‫׼‬؆Δ‫ࢤ੺׈‬ᇷ‫׌ء‬ᆠऱ‫ྥؘ‬᝟ႨΔٍ‫ܛ‬ ࠌ൓໎೯യႃ‫س‬ข᠏ฝࠩለ֟ՠᄐ֏ഏ୮ऱ٤෺֏ᆖᛎ࿇ 92 ᇡߠ Lois Beck and Nikki R. Keddie (eds.), Women in the Muslim World, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978. 93 Fatima Mernissi, “Women and the Impact of Capitalist Development in Morocco, Part II”, Feminist Issues 3, 1983, no. 1: 61-112. 94 ᇡߠ Erika Friedl, “The Dynamics of Women’s Sphere of Action in Rural Iran” in Nikki R. Keddie and B. Baron (eds.), Women in Middle Eastern History : Shifting Boundaries in Sex and Gender, (New Haven and London : Yale University Press, 1991).. 437.

(32) ୶Δ௽ܑਢൕ 1960 ‫זڣ‬ၲࡨΔբᆖ༼೏‫֫ڇ‬ՠᄐ‫س‬ขᖄ‫ٻ‬ ՠ‫܂‬ऱၢ‫ޘ‬ഡՖ᠏ฝࠩ‫נ‬Ցؑ໱ᖄ‫ٻ‬ऱ۩ᄐխՠ‫܂‬Ζ‫ڇ‬Ւۘ ࠡ૿ᜯ‫ٵ‬ᑌൣउΔංᐖᄅልᄐ‫ݾ‬๬ࡉಝᒭऱഏ୮ਙ࿜‫࣍ܓڶ‬ 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. ߊࢤΔࠌ൓ၢ‫ޘ‬ഡՖ๯ඈೈ‫ڇ‬෼‫ז‬ልᄐຝ॰հ؆Ζ95 ‫ؑৄڇ‬ഡՖխΔ20 ‫׈‬ધऱ࿇୶ኙ࣍խขၸ్ࡉ‫܅‬ၸᐋഡ Ֆ‫ॺڶ‬ൄլ‫ٵ‬ऱૹ૞ࢤΖլ‫ٵ‬ऱխࣟഏ୮࣍լ‫ٵ‬ऱழၴ࿇୶ ೏࿛ඒߛཏ֗֏Δኙ࣍խ೏ၸᐋऱߊՖ‫׏ۿ‬ຟၲඔԱၞԵറ ᄐᏆ഑ऱᖲᄎΔྤᓵழၴ‫ڰ‬ඡΔՖࢤറᄐඒߛऱၲ࣋ኔᎾՂ ࠌ൓խขၸ్ഡՖ൓‫א‬ՕၦၞԵറᄐᏆ഑Ζխࣟ‫چ‬೴റᄐഡ Ֆຏൄࠐ۞ဍ૎ഡՖࢨխขၸ్ഡՖΔ๺‫ڍ‬Գຟམ‫ڇ‬ഏ؆࠹ ඒߛΔຍै᝟Ⴈլ‫׽‬࿇‫ڇس‬ඒߛࡉ᠔ᖂ࿛ႚอለᔞ‫ٽ‬Ֆࢤऱ ՠ‫܂‬Δᝫឩ୶ࠩՠ࿓Εᖲඳ࿛Ꮖ഑Ζ96 Ֆࢤ‫ڇ‬റᄐᏆ഑Ղ࠷ ൓ૹՕၞ୶Δ‫נ‬෼ৰ‫ڍ‬റᄐഡՖΔ‫ڔ‬ଚຏൄ౨ॺൄ߰ຒ‫چ‬៚ ່֒ࠩ೏៭‫ۯ‬Δ໴౐Εᠧ፾ᙰය௣ஒൄ౨઎ࠩᄅ៚‫נ‬ऱՖ ࢤΔ‫ڕ‬પ‫؟‬รԫ‫ۯ‬Ֆࢤଆ۩୉Δْࢮ‫܌‬Εᐰ੖ୂΕՒۘࠡऱ ՖऄࡴΔઝ৖௽Օᖂْཎᥞऄࡉऄ৳ᖂೃऱՖೃ९ΕՖࢤ௧ ੉‫س‬ढᖂ୮ΕՖࢤሽᆰઝᖂ୮ΕՖࢤᆖᛎᖂृΕՖࢤሽᐙ፹ ׂԳࢨሽီ፹‫܂‬ԳΕՖࢤ‫گ‬ଃᖲᐖᐾ୉࿛Ζ97 ௧᨜ॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ ୮‫ ڇ‬1970 ‫ॣזڣ‬ኔᎾՂࠀྤറᄐՖࢤ‫נ‬෼Δ‫᧢ޏ܀‬থॺൄ ᚭᏣࢤΔࠏ‫ڕ‬ઝ৖௽៭ᄐഡՖൕ 1965 ‫ڣ‬ऱ 1,000 Գ༼೏ࠩ 1985 ‫ڣ‬ऱ 25,000 ԳΔࠡխ၌መ 50%ਢറᄐՖࢤΖ98 ࠡ‫ה‬௧ ᨜ഏ୮ൣउઌ‫ٵ‬Δ൷࠹ለࠋඒߛऱՖࢤለ୲࣐‫ࠩބ‬ՠ‫܂‬Δ‫ڇ‬ ֣ࣥ 70%ऱՠ‫܂‬Ֆࢤຟ࠹መ೏խ‫א‬ՂඒߛΖ99 լመ‫ޥ‬௻‫چ‬Ֆ. 438. 95 Deniz Kandiyoti, “Sex Roles and Social Change: A Comparative Study of Turkey’s Women”, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 3, 1977, no. 1: 57-73. 96 Judith E. Tucker, p. 84. 97 Trevor Mostyn (ed.), p. 128. 98 Lubna Ahmad al-Kazi, “ The Transitory Role of Kuwaiti Women in the Development Process”, Unpublished Paper Presented at the CCAS Annual Symposium, April, 1986. 99 Munira A. Fakhro, Women at Work in the Gulf: A Case Study of Bahrain, London: Kegan Paul International, 1990..